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Sorokowska A, Chabin D, Kamieńska A, Barszcz S, Byczyńska K, Fuławka K, Urbanek A, Oleszkiewicz A. Olfactory performance and odor liking are negatively associated with food neophobia in children aged between 3 and 9 years. Nutr J 2024; 23:105. [PMID: 39261883 PMCID: PMC11389506 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-01011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child food neophobia, i.e., rejection or avoidance of novel foods at a young age, is a prevalent nutrition problem that affects the quality of children's diet and impedes the development of healthy food preferences. Sensory sensitivity can relate to the degree of food neophobia, but previous studies rarely focused on the olfactory component of this problem in children. OBJECTIVE We aimed to thoroughly examine the relationship between various aspects of olfactory sensitivity and food neophobia in children. METHODS 246 children aged between three and nine years took part in a food neophobia assessment as well as in a comprehensive, psychophysical olfactory testing. RESULTS We found that certain smell perception aspects such as lower odor liking, poorer odor identification ability as well as lower sensitivity to an unknown non-food odor all significantly predicted higher food neophobia in children. Among individual characteristics of either a child or a caregiver, only the child's age significantly and positively predicted food neophobia. The exploratory model looking into the role of family environment factors predicting self-reported food neophobia in children revealed that food neophobia was associated with lower control given to a child in this child's feeding process, as well as with a more frequent use of food as a reward in feeding. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that suppressed olfactory perception and performance can play a unique role in child nutritional difficulties. The study inspires further considerations of olfaction-engaging interventions to counteract food-neophobia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sorokowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Dawida 1, Wroclaw, 50-527, Poland.
| | - Dominika Chabin
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Dawida 1, Wroclaw, 50-527, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kamieńska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Dawida 1, Wroclaw, 50-527, Poland
| | - Sabina Barszcz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Dawida 1, Wroclaw, 50-527, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Byczyńska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Dawida 1, Wroclaw, 50-527, Poland
| | - Klaudia Fuławka
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Dawida 1, Wroclaw, 50-527, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Urbanek
- Institute of Pedagogy, University of Wroclaw, ul. Dawida 1, Wroclaw, 50-527, Poland
| | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Dawida 1, Wroclaw, 50-527, Poland
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Benz P, Zablotski Y, Schulz B. Evaluation of Stress Scores of Healthy Adult Cats during Barometric Whole-Body Plethysmography and Its Correlation with Measurement Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2249. [PMID: 39123775 PMCID: PMC11311053 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP) is considered to be a particularly gentle method of assessing lung function in cats. However, there have been no studies to date investigating the stress experienced by cats during measurements. The prospective study included 48 healthy adult cats. Each cat was measured in the plethysmographic chamber for a total of 30 min and stress levels were determined every 10 min using a stress ethogram. At the beginning of measurements, 75% of cats were assessed as tense. Over the three time periods, a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in the total stress score was observed. In addition, all measurement parameters correlated significantly with the stress score, with the exception of enhanced pause and tidal volume. It can therefore be assumed that cats will initially experience stress during examination in the plethysmographic chamber, but stress will decrease significantly over time. As the stress level correlates with many measurement parameters, this should be taken into account when interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Benz
- Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (Y.Z.); (B.S.)
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3
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Hauke G, Lohr-Berger C, Shafir T. Emotional activation in a cognitive behavioral setting: extending the tradition with embodiment. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1409373. [PMID: 39118852 PMCID: PMC11306023 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1409373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The neuroscience-based concept of "embodied cognition" or "embodiment" highlights that body and psyche are closely intertwined, i.e., effects of body and psyche are bidirectional and reciprocal. This represents the view that cognitive processes are not possible without the direct participation of the body. Traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) addresses emotional processes on a conceptual level (dysfunctional thoughts, beliefs, attributions, etc.). However recent findings suggest that these processes already start at the level of bodily sensations. This opens up a way of working in therapy that includes the level of bodily sensations, where the development of emotional meaning is supported by bottom-up processes. Bidirectionality of embodiment can be effectively exploited by using body postures and movements associated with certain emotions, which we refer to as embodiment techniques, to deepen the physical experience of poorly felt emotions and support the valid construction of emotional meaning. This embodied approach offers several advantages: Prelinguistic or hard-to-grasp aspects can be identified more easily before being processed verbally. It is also easier to work with clients who have limited access to their emotions. Thus, in this paper we describe a new embodied CBT approach to working on the dysfunctional schema, which is based on three modules: body focus, emotional field, and interaction focus. In addition, using specific zones in the space of the therapy-room allows the embodiment of problematic interactions, as well as of power and powerlessness, closeness and distance, etc. Directly experiencing these processes on one's own body in the protected space of therapy allows faster and deeper insights than would be possible with conversations alone. Finally, the vitalizing power of emotions is used to create coherent action plans and successful interactions. This working method is illustrated by means of a case from practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tal Shafir
- The Graduate School of Creative Arts Therapies, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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4
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Walker JJ, Meunier E, Garcia S, Messaoudi B, Mouly AM, Veyrac A, Buonviso N, Courtiol E. State-dependent alteration of respiration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2024; 375:114740. [PMID: 38395215 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder. Besides major deficits in motor coordination, patients may also display sensory and cognitive impairments, which are often overlooked despite being inherently part of the PD symptomatology. Amongst those symptoms, respiration, a key mechanism involved in the regulation of multiple physiological and neuronal processes, appears to be altered. Importantly, breathing patterns are highly correlated with the animal's behavioral states. This raises the question of the potential impact of behavioral state on respiration deficits in PD. To answer this question, we first characterized the respiratory parameters in a neurotoxin-induced rat model of PD (6-OHDA) across three different vigilance states: sleep, quiet waking and exploration. We noted a significantly higher respiratory frequency in 6-OHDA rats during quiet waking compared to Sham rats. A higher respiratory amplitude was also observed in 6-OHDA rats during both quiet waking and exploration. No effect of the treatment was noted during sleep. Given the relation between respiration and olfaction and the presence of olfactory deficits in PD patients, we then investigated the odor-evoked sniffing response in PD rats, using an odor habituation/cross-habituation paradigm. No substantial differences were observed in olfactory abilities between the two groups, as assessed through sniffing frequency. These results corroborate the hypothesis that respiratory impairments in 6-OHDA rats are vigilance-dependent. Our results also shed light on the importance of considering the behavioral state as an impacting factor when analyzing respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Jacques Walker
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Estelle Meunier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Samuel Garcia
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Belkacem Messaoudi
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Anne-Marie Mouly
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Alexandra Veyrac
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Nathalie Buonviso
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Courtiol
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
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5
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Benz P, Zablotski Y, Schulz B. Influence of acclimatization time on parameters of barometric whole-body plethysmography in healthy adult cats. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299252. [PMID: 38470892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary function testing by barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP) is a long-established and well-accepted, non-invasive investigative procedure in cats. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate, if different acclimatization times influence the measurement parameters of BWBP in healthy adult cats. ANIMALS 48 healthy adult cats. METHODS In the prospective observational study, healthy cats were placed in a measuring chamber and BWBP was performed over 30 minutes. Parameters obtained during the three measurement units of 10 minutes each (T1, T2 and T3) were compared. RESULTS All measurement parameters except for tidal volume per body weight changed significantly (p<0.05) over the three time periods. From T1-T2, the parameters minute volume per body weight (p<0.001), peak inspiratory flow per body weight (p<0.001), peak expiratory flow per body weight (p = 0.002), pause (p = 0.03), enhanced pause (p = 0.03) and quotient of peak expiratory flow divided by expiratory flow at end expiratory volume plus 50% tidal volume (p = 0.03) changed significantly. From the time interval T2-T3, only respiratory rate (p = 0.02), inspiratory time (p = 0.02), expiratory time (p = 0.04), and relaxation time (p = 0.01) changed significantly. All measurement parameters except for tidal volume per body weight changed significantly (p<0.05) between T1 and T3. Age had a significant influence on all parameters except for peak expiratory flow per body weight and peak inspiratory flow per body weight. The parameters were not influenced by sex. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE All measurement parameters except tidal volume per body weight were significantly affected by acclimatization time. Controlling for age and sex, there was still a significant influence of acclimatization time on all parameters except for tidal volume per body weight. Standardization of the acclimatization time for future studies would be appropriate in order to maintain comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Benz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bianka Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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6
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Grossman P. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), vagal tone and biobehavioral integration: Beyond parasympathetic function. Biol Psychol 2024; 186:108739. [PMID: 38151156 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Linchpin to the entire area of psychophysiological research and discussion of the vagus is the respiratory and cardiovascular phenomenon known as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; often synonymous with high-frequency heart-rate variability when it is specifically linked to respiratory frequency), i.e. rhythmic fluctuations in heart rate synchronized to inspiration and expiration. This article aims 1) to clarify concepts, terms and measures commonly employed during the last half century in the scientific literature, which relate vagal function to psychological processes and general aspects of health; and 2) to expand upon an earlier theoretical model, emphasizing the importance of RSA well beyond the current focus upon parasympathetic mechanisms. A close examination of RSA and its relations to the vagus may 1) dispel certain commonly held beliefs about associations between psychological functioning, RSA and the parasympathetic nervous system (for which the vagus nerve plays a major role), and 2) offer fresh perspectives about the likely functions and adaptive significance of RSA, as well as RSA's relationship to vagal control. RSA is neither an invariably reliable index of cardiac vagal tone nor of central vagal outflow to the heart. The model here presented posits that RSA represents an evolutionarily entrenched, cardiovascular and respiratory phenomenon that significantly contributes to meeting continuously changing metabolic, energy and behavioral demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grossman
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
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7
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Ritz T. Putting back respiration into respiratory sinus arrhythmia or high-frequency heart rate variability: Implications for interpretation, respiratory rhythmicity, and health. Biol Psychol 2024; 185:108728. [PMID: 38092221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on respiratory sinus arrhythmia, or high-frequency heart rate variability (its frequency-domain equivalent), has been popular in psychology and the behavioral sciences for some time. It is typically interpreted as an indicator of cardiac vagal activity. However, as research has shown for decades, the respiratory pattern can influence the amplitude of these noninvasive measures substantially, without necessarily reflecting changes in tonic cardiac vagal activity. Although changes in respiration are systematically associated with experiential and behavioral states, this potential confound in the interpretation of RSA, or HF-HRV, is rarely considered. Interpretations of within-individual changes in these parameters are therefore only conclusive if undertaken relative to the breathing pattern. The interpretation of absolute levels of these parameters between individuals is additionally burdened with the problem of residual inspiratory cardiac vagal activity in humans. Furthermore, multiple demographic, anthropometric, life-style, health, and medication variables can act as relevant third variables that might explain associations of RSA or HF-HRV with experiential and behavioral variables. Because vagal activity measured by these parameters only represents the portion of cardiac vagal outflow that is modulated by the respiratory rhythm, alternative interpretations beyond cardiac vagal activity should be considered. Accumulating research shows that activity of multiple populations of neurons in the brain and the periphery, and with that organ activity and function, are modulated rhythmically by respiratory activity. Thus, observable health benefits ascribed to the cardiac vagal system through RSA or HF-HRV may actually reflect beneficial effects of respiratory modulation. Respiratory rhythmicity may ultimately provide the mechanism that integrates central, autonomic, and visceral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA.
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8
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Cruciani G, Cavicchioli M, Tanzilli G, Tanzilli A, Lingiardi V, Galli F. Heart rate variability alterations in takotsubo syndrome and related association with psychological factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20744. [PMID: 38007581 PMCID: PMC10676391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological factors may have a precipitant role in takotsubo syndrome (TS). Aberrant Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has been reported in TS, suggesting inflexibility of the autonomous nervous system. Nevertheless, results on HRV alterations and their link with psychological factors in TS are conflicting. This work aimed to systematically explore whether TS may be associated with HRV alterations and their association with specific psychological profiles in TS patients. A literature search was conducted across databases (Pubmed, Scopus, PsycInfo, Web of Science) and empirical studies including TS patients which were evaluated in one or more HRV indices were retrieved. HRV and psychological outcomes were extracted. 10 empirical studies with 194 TS patients were included. Results showed significant alteration of HRV in TS patients, with indices compared to controls, and a progressive increase over time. Nevertheless, retrieved data presented mixed results, as also shown by a large heterogeneity in the meta-analytic findings. 2 studies found significant relationships between HRV alterations and trait-rather than state-psychological outcomes (i.e., coping strategies and emotional arousal), pointing to the need to explore the role of psychological vulnerabilities, rather than single traumatic stressors, in the association between HRV and TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Cruciani
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cavicchioli
- Department of Psychology, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Tanzilli
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tanzilli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Lingiardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Galli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Choi J, Kaongoen N, Choi H, Kim M, Kim BH, Jo S. Decoding auditory-evoked response in affective states using wearable around-ear EEG system. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2023; 9:055029. [PMID: 37591224 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/acf137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective.In this paper, an around-ear EEG system is investigated as an alternative methodology to conventional scalp-EEG-based systems in classifying human affective states in the arousal-valence domain evoked in response to auditory stimuli.Approach.EEG recorded from around the ears is compared to EEG collected according to the international 10-20 system in terms of efficacy in an affective state classification task. A wearable device with eight dry EEG channels is designed for ear-EEG acquisition in this study. Twenty-one subjects participated in an experiment consisting of six sessions over three days using both ear and scalp-EEG acquisition methods. Experimental tasks consisted of listening to an auditory stimulus and self-reporting the elicited emotion in response to the said stimulus. Various features were used in tandem with asymmetry methods to evaluate binary classification performances of arousal and valence states using ear-EEG signals in comparison to scalp-EEG.Main results.We achieve an average accuracy of 67.09% ± 6.14 for arousal and 66.61% ± 6.14 for valence after training a multi-layer extreme learning machine with ear-EEG signals in a subject-dependent context in comparison to scalp-EEG approach which achieves an average accuracy of 68.59% ± 6.26 for arousal and 67.10% ± 4.99 for valence. In a subject-independent context, the ear-EEG approach achieves 63.74% ± 3.84 for arousal and 64.32% ± 6.38 for valence while the scalp-EEG approach achieves 64.67% ± 6.91 for arousal and 64.86% ± 5.95 for valence. The best results show no significant differences between ear-EEG and scalp-EEG signals for classifications of affective states.Significance.To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first work to explore the use of around-ear EEG signals in emotion monitoring. Our results demonstrate the potential use of around-ear EEG systems for the development of emotional monitoring setups that are more suitable for use in daily affective life log systems compared to conventional scalp-EEG setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Choi
- School of Computing, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - HyoSeon Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minuk Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hyung Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Jo
- School of Computing, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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10
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Grossman P. FUNDAMENTAL CHALLENGES AND LIKELY REFUTATIONS OF THE FIVE BASIC PREMISES OF THE POLYVAGAL THEORY. Biol Psychol 2023:108589. [PMID: 37230290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The polyvagal collection of hypotheses is based upon five essential premises, as stated by its author (Porges, 2011). Polyvagal conjectures rest on a primary assumption that the brainstem ventral and dorsal regions in mammals each have their own unique mediating effects upon vagal control of heart rate. The polyvagal hypotheses link these putative dorsal- vs. ventral-vagal differences to socioemotional behavior (e.g. defensive immobilization, and social affiliative behaviors, respectively), as well as to trends in the evolution of the vagus nerve (e.g. Porges, 2011 & 2021a). Additionally, it is essential to note that only one measurable phenomenon-as index of vagal processes-serves as the linchpin for virtually every premise. That phenomenon is respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), heart-rate changes coordinated to phase of respiration (i.e. inspiration vs. expiration), often employed as an index of vagally, or parasympathetically, mediated control of heart rate. The polyvagal hypotheses assume that RSA is a mammalian phenomenon, since Porges (2011) states "RSA has not been observed in reptiles." I will here briefly document how each of these basic premises have been shown to be either untenable or highly implausible based on the available scientific literature. I will also argue that the polyvagal reliance upon RSA as equivalent to general vagal tone or even cardiac vagal tone is conceptually a category mistake (Ryle, 1949), confusing an approximate index (i.e. RSA) of a phenomenon (some general vagal process) with the phenomenon, itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grossman
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
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11
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Ullah A, Zulfiqar MH, Khan MA, Zubair M, Mehmood MQ, Massoud Y. Fast Response Facile Fabricated IDE-Based Ultra-sensitive Humidity Sensor for Medical Applications. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:16842-16850. [PMID: 37214719 PMCID: PMC10193570 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An eco-friendly, biodegradable, flexible, and facile fabricated interdigital electrode-based capacitive humidity sensor with applications in health and medicine has been reported here. Several sensors use copper tape as electrodes on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, with non-woven paper as the sensing layer. Two different configurations of sensors were tested, i.e., with and without pores in the PET substrate. The sensing performance of both sensors has been tested for relative humidity ranging from 35 to 100% at temperatures ranging from 20 to 50 °C. The capacitance of the sensor varies linearly in response to the change in humidity. The sensor with pores shows a response from 28 to 630 pF as the humidity varied from 35 to 100%, whereas the sensor without pores responded from 22 to 430 pF. The response and recovery times of the fabricated sensor are observed as ∼2.4, and ∼1.8 s, respectively, and the sensitivity is 9.67 pF/% RH. The sensors are tested multiple times, and repeatable results are achieved each time with an accuracy of ±0.22%. Further, the sensor's response is also stable for different ranges of temperatures. Finally, to demonstrate an application of the proposed sensor, it has been utilized to monitor respiration through nose and mouth breathing. The low-cost, stable, repeatable, and highly sensitive response makes our fabricated sensor a promising candidate for practical field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ullah
- MicroNano
Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamza Zulfiqar
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Engineering and Technology (UET), Narowal Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atif Khan
- Innovative
Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Innovative
Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano
Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Yehia Massoud
- Innovative
Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955 Saudi Arabia
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12
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Candia-Rivera D, Norouzi K, Ramsøy TZ, Valenza G. Dynamic fluctuations in ascending heart-to-brain communication under mental stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R513-R525. [PMID: 36802949 PMCID: PMC10026986 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00251.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical information exchange between central and autonomic nervous systems, as referred to functional brain-heart interplay, occurs during emotional and physical arousal. It is well documented that physical and mental stress lead to sympathetic activation. Nevertheless, the role of autonomic inputs in nervous system-wise communication under mental stress is yet unknown. In this study, we estimated the causal and bidirectional neural modulations between electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillations and peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic activities using a recently proposed computational framework for a functional brain-heart interplay assessment, namely the sympathovagal synthetic data generation model. Mental stress was elicited in 37 healthy volunteers by increasing their cognitive demands throughout three tasks associated with increased stress levels. Stress elicitation induced an increased variability in sympathovagal markers, as well as increased variability in the directional brain-heart interplay. The observed heart-to-brain interplay was primarily from sympathetic activity targeting a wide range of EEG oscillations, whereas variability in the efferent direction seemed mainly related to EEG oscillations in the γ band. These findings extend current knowledge on stress physiology, which mainly referred to top-down neural dynamics. Our results suggest that mental stress may not cause an increase in sympathetic activity exclusively as it initiates a dynamic fluctuation within brain-body networks including bidirectional interactions at a brain-heart level. We conclude that directional brain-heart interplay measurements may provide suitable biomarkers for a quantitative stress assessment and bodily feedback may modulate the perceived stress caused by increased cognitive demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Candia-Rivera
- Department of Information Engineering & Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kian Norouzi
- Department of Applied Neuroscience, Neurons, Inc., Taastrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Zoëga Ramsøy
- Department of Applied Neuroscience, Neurons, Inc., Taastrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Neuroscience, Singularity University, Santa Clara, California, United States
| | - Gaetano Valenza
- Department of Information Engineering & Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Bouhout S, Aubert A, Vial F, Choquenet B. Physiological benefits associated with facial skincare: Well-being from emotional perception to neuromodulation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023. [PMID: 36872851 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to demonstrate the specific nature of well-being induced by a facial skincare by deciphering its physiological and psychological impacts out of a therapeutic context. METHODS Objective and subjective evaluations were performed on two groups of healthy participants. One group of 32 participants received 1-h facial skincare, while the second group of 31 participants were subjected to a resting condition during the same period. Electroencephalography, electrocardiography, electromyography, and respiratory rate measurements were assessed before and after both experimental conditions. Prosody and semantic analyses were also performed to evaluate the emotional perception in both groups. RESULTS Physiological relaxation was observed after both experimental sessions; however, the effect was higher after the facial skincare. The cerebral, cardiac, respiratory, and muscular relaxation induced by facial skincare was 42%, 13%, 12%, and 17% higher, respectively, than that induced by the resting condition. In addition, non-verbal and verbal assessments showed that positive emotions were more markedly associated with the perception of facial skincare. CONCLUSION The comparison between parameters recorded after a rest period allowed us to distinguish the physiological and psychological signature of facial skincare. Moreover, our results suggest an involvement of positive emotions in the physiological relaxation enhancement. All these observations contribute to the very scarce data available on the specific profile of well-being associated with facial skincare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francis Vial
- Emospin, Tours, France
- Spincontrol, Tours, France
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14
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Arthurs JW, Bowen AJ, Palmiter RD, Baertsch NA. Parabrachial tachykinin1-expressing neurons involved in state-dependent breathing control. Nat Commun 2023; 14:963. [PMID: 36810601 PMCID: PMC9944916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36603-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Breathing is regulated automatically by neural circuits in the medulla to maintain homeostasis, but breathing is also modified by behavior and emotion. Mice have rapid breathing patterns that are unique to the awake state and distinct from those driven by automatic reflexes. Activation of medullary neurons that control automatic breathing does not reproduce these rapid breathing patterns. By manipulating transcriptionally defined neurons in the parabrachial nucleus, we identify a subset of neurons that express the Tac1, but not Calca, gene that exerts potent and precise conditional control of breathing in the awake, but not anesthetized, state via projections to the ventral intermediate reticular zone of the medulla. Activating these neurons drives breathing to frequencies that match the physiological maximum through mechanisms that differ from those that underlie the automatic control of breathing. We postulate that this circuit is important for the integration of breathing with state-dependent behaviors and emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Arthurs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Anna J Bowen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nathan A Baertsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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15
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Nicolò A, Sacchetti M. Differential control of respiratory frequency and tidal volume during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:215-242. [PMID: 36326866 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a testable model explaining how ventilation is regulated in different exercise conditions has been repeatedly acknowledged in the field of exercise physiology. Yet, this issue contrasts with the abundance of insightful findings produced over the last century and calls for the adoption of new integrative perspectives. In this review, we provide a methodological approach supporting the importance of producing a set of evidence by evaluating different studies together-especially those conducted in 'real' exercise conditions-instead of single studies separately. We show how the collective assessment of findings from three domains and three levels of observation support the development of a simple model of ventilatory control which proves to be effective in different exercise protocols, populations and experimental interventions. The main feature of the model is the differential control of respiratory frequency (fR) and tidal volume (VT); fR is primarily modulated by central command (especially during high-intensity exercise) and muscle afferent feedback (especially during moderate exercise) whereas VT by metabolic inputs. Furthermore, VT appears to be fine-tuned based on fR levels to match alveolar ventilation with metabolic requirements in different intensity domains, and even at a breath-by-breath level. This model reconciles the classical neuro-humoral theory with apparently contrasting findings by leveraging on the emerging control properties of the behavioural (i.e. fR) and metabolic (i.e. VT) components of minute ventilation. The integrative approach presented is expected to help in the design and interpretation of future studies on the control of fR and VT during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
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16
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Sedentary behaviour, but not moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, is associated with respiratory responses to acute psychological stress. Biol Psychol 2023; 177:108510. [PMID: 36716988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute psychological stress induces respiratory responses, and stress-induced respiratory changes can be used to non-invasively reflect metabolic regulation. Respiratory and cardiovascular responses to stress are both driven by sympathetic mechanisms. Higher volumes of sedentary behaviour and lower volumes of physical activity are associated with elevated sympathetic tone and larger cardiovascular responses to stress. The aim of this study was to test whether these associations translate to measures of respiratory stress reactivity. METHODS Daily hours of sedentary behaviour (thigh-mounted activPAL) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; wrist-mounted ActiGraph) were assessed across seven days. Breath-by-breath respiratory (e.g., breathing frequency [BF], end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure [PetCO2], carbon dioxide output [V̇CO2] and respiratory exchange ratio [RER]) responses to an 8-min Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test were then measured using a Cortex MetaLyzer3B. RESULTS Healthy participants (N = 61, mean age ± SD = 25.7 ± 8.9 years) recorded high volumes of sedentary behaviour (9.96 ± 1.48 h/day) and MVPA (1.70 ± 0.71 h/day). In adjusted models (with the inclusion of sedentary behaviour, MVPA, and other a priori selected covariates) hours of daily sedentary behaviour were associated with baseline to stress changes in BF (Β = 0.695, 95% CI = 0.281 - 1.109, p = .014), VT (Β = -0.042, 95% CI = -0.058 - -0.026, p = .014), PetCO2 (Β = -0.537, 95% CI = -0.829 - -0.245, p = .014), V̇CO2 (Β = -0.008, 95% CI = -0.014 - -0.003, p = .030), and RER (Β = -0.013, 95% CI = -0.021 - -0.005, p = .022). Daily hours of MVPA were not linked with respiratory responses to stress. DISCUSSION Sedentary behaviour, but not MVPA, is associated with respiratory stress reactivity. Future work should untangle the underlying mechanisms of these findings and explore the consequences for cardiometabolic disease.
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17
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Effectiveness of mind-body exercise via Baduanjin on physical and psychological outcomes in patients with pulmonary ground-glass nodules: A non-randomized controlled pilot study. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2023; 50:101679. [PMID: 36399997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing incidence and mortality of lung cancer, ground-glass nodules (GGNs) have become an ongoing public health concern. In clinical practice, the physical and psychological distress of GGN patients is easy to overlook during the follow-up after diagnosis. Such patients typically have limited medical options and few of these options involve mind-body exercises. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the effectiveness of the mind-body exercise Baduanjin on physical and psychological outcomes among GGN patients. DESIGN We conducted a prospective, non-randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03420885). SETTING This trial was conducted at three medical sites, both located in Shanghai, China, between April 2017 and January 2020. PARTICIPANTS Patients with GGN. INTERVENTION Sixty GGN participants were divided into a health education control group only receiving health education (n = 30) and a Baduanjin intervention group receiving health education plus a Baduanjin training program (n = 30). Both groups were treated for 16 weeks. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Outcomes were assessed at baseline and week 16. The primary outcomes included pulmonary function (FVC, FVC%, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF) and psychological condition (SAS score, SDS score). The secondary outcome was quality of life (SF-36). RESULTS Compared with the health education control group, the Baduanjin intervention group had significant improvements in pulmonary function (FVC, FVC%, FEV1), psychological outcomes (SAS score, SDS score), and quality of life (SF-36). The significant differences in pre-intervention and post-intervention between groups were as follows: FVC (MD = 0.21, 95%CI: 0.10 to 0.33, P = 0), FVC% (MD = 6.90, 95%CI: 3.10 to 10.70, P = 0.001), FEV1 (MD = 0.18, 95%CI: 0.07 to 0.29, P = 0.001); SAS score (MD = -4.90, 95%CI: -8.28 to -1.52, P = 0.005), SDS score (MD = -5.83, 95%CI: -9.46 to -2.21, P = 0.002); physical component summary (PCS) of SF-36 (MD = 5.03, 95%CI: 2.54 to 7.51, P = 0), mental component summary (MCS) of SF-36 (MD = 5.78, 95%CI: 2.64 to 8.92, P = 0.001). Linear regression analysis was performed to study the influence of confounder variables on the improvements of primary outcomes, and no significant change was found. Moreover, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis demonstrated that ameliorations in lung function (FVC, FVC%, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and PEF) were significantly associated with a decrease in anxious symptoms and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION GGN patients in the Baduanjin intervention group showed greater benefits in pulmonary function and psychological outcomes than those in the health education control group, and the effectiveness was stable. The findings support Baduanjin as an effective, safe, enjoyable, and promising complementary intervention for management of GGN in patients with physical and psychological distress.
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18
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Sajno E, Bartolotta S, Tuena C, Cipresso P, Pedroli E, Riva G. Machine learning in biosignals processing for mental health: A narrative review. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1066317. [PMID: 36710855 PMCID: PMC9880193 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1066317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Machine Learning (ML) offers unique and powerful tools for mental health practitioners to improve evidence-based psychological interventions and diagnoses. Indeed, by detecting and analyzing different biosignals, it is possible to differentiate between typical and atypical functioning and to achieve a high level of personalization across all phases of mental health care. This narrative review is aimed at presenting a comprehensive overview of how ML algorithms can be used to infer the psychological states from biosignals. After that, key examples of how they can be used in mental health clinical activity and research are illustrated. A description of the biosignals typically used to infer cognitive and emotional correlates (e.g., EEG and ECG), will be provided, alongside their application in Diagnostic Precision Medicine, Affective Computing, and brain-computer Interfaces. The contents will then focus on challenges and research questions related to ML applied to mental health and biosignals analysis, pointing out the advantages and possible drawbacks connected to the widespread application of AI in the medical/mental health fields. The integration of mental health research and ML data science will facilitate the transition to personalized and effective medicine, and, to do so, it is important that researchers from psychological/ medical disciplines/health care professionals and data scientists all share a common background and vision of the current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sajno
- Humane Technology Lab, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy,Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy,*Correspondence: Elena Sajno, ✉
| | - Sabrina Bartolotta
- ExperienceLab, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy,Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Cosimo Tuena
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Cipresso
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy,Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Pedroli
- Department of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Humane Technology Lab, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy,Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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19
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Wainio-Theberge S, Armony JL. Antisocial and impulsive personality traits are linked to individual differences in somatosensory maps of emotion. Sci Rep 2023; 13:675. [PMID: 36635384 PMCID: PMC9837047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory experience is an important component of emotion, playing a prominent role in many traditional emotion theories. Nonetheless, and despite the extensive literature on the influence of individual differences in emotional processing, the relation between personality traits and emotion-related somatosensation has received little attention. Here, we addressed this question in a large sample of healthy individuals through the "bodily maps of emotion" behavioural paradigm, in which participants indicated the location and extent of their body sensations for the 6 basic and 4 additional social emotions (contempt, envy, pride, shame). We found that emotional somatosensation in specific body areas, including the heart, the stomach, and the head, was related to specific personality factors, particularly antisocial attitudes and impulsivity. Moreover, the similarity of individual participants' maps to the group-average was likewise negatively correlated with antisocial tendencies. Overall, our results suggest that differences in individuals' sensitivity to somatosensation from different body areas, as well as the typicality of their topographical patterns, may partly underlie variation in higher-order social and affective traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren Wainio-Theberge
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle boulevard, Verdun, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jorge L Armony
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle boulevard, Verdun, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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20
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Balban MY, Neri E, Kogon MM, Weed L, Nouriani B, Jo B, Holl G, Zeitzer JM, Spiegel D, Huberman AD. Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100895. [PMID: 36630953 PMCID: PMC9873947 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Controlled breathwork practices have emerged as potential tools for stress management and well-being. Here, we report a remote, randomized, controlled study (NCT05304000) of three different daily 5-min breathwork exercises compared with an equivalent period of mindfulness meditation over 1 month. The breathing conditions are (1) cyclic sighing, which emphasizes prolonged exhalations; (2) box breathing, which is equal duration of inhalations, breath retentions, and exhalations; and (3) cyclic hyperventilation with retention, with longer inhalations and shorter exhalations. The primary endpoints are improvement in mood and anxiety as well as reduced physiological arousal (respiratory rate, heart rate, and heart rate variability). Using a mixed-effects model, we show that breathwork, especially the exhale-focused cyclic sighing, produces greater improvement in mood (p < 0.05) and reduction in respiratory rate (p < 0.05) compared with mindfulness meditation. Daily 5-min cyclic sighing has promise as an effective stress management exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Yilmaz Balban
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric Neri
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manuela M. Kogon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Stanford Center for Integrative Medicine, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Lara Weed
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bita Nouriani
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Booil Jo
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gary Holl
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jamie M. Zeitzer
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care Service, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - David Spiegel
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Stress and Health, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Andrew D. Huberman
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,BioX, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Corresponding author
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21
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Trentini E, Dan-Glauser E. Use of difference index approach to analyze the early dynamic efficiency of reappraisal and suppression. METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.metip.2023.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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22
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Respiratory psychophysiology and COVID-19: A research agenda. Biol Psychol 2023; 176:108473. [PMID: 36535514 PMCID: PMC9756651 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
After multiple waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become clear that the impact of SARS-CoV-2 will carry on for years to come. Acutely infected patients show a broad range of disease severity, depending on virus variant, vaccination status, age and the presence of underlying medical and physical conditions, including obesity. Additionally, a large number of patients who have been infected with the virus present with post-COVID syndrome. In September 2020, the International Society for the Advancement of Respiratory Psychophysiology organized a virtual interest meeting on 'Respiratory research in the age of COVID-19', which aimed to discuss how research in respiratory psychophysiology could contribute to a better understanding of psychophysiological interactions in COVID-19. In the resulting current paper, we propose an interdisciplinary research agenda discussing selected research questions on acute and long-term neurobiological, physiological and psychological outcomes and mechanisms related to respiration and the airways in COVID-19, as well as research questions on comorbidity and potential treatment options, such as physical rehabilitation.
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23
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Liu P, Zhang Y, Xiong Z, Wang Y, Qing L. Judging the emotional states of customer service staff in the workplace: A multimodal dataset analysis. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1001885. [PMID: 36438381 PMCID: PMC9691964 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1001885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emotions play a decisive and central role in the workplace, especially in the service-oriented enterprises. Due to the highly participatory and interactive nature of the service process, employees' emotions are usually highly volatile during the service delivery process, which can have a negative impact on business performance. Therefore, it is important to effectively judge the emotional states of customer service staff. Methods We collected data on real-life work situations of call center employees in a large company. Three consecutive studies were conducted: first, the emotional states of 29 customer service staff were videotaped by wide-angle cameras. In Study 1, we constructed scoring criteria and auxiliary tools of picture-type scales through a free association test. In Study 2, two groups of experts were invited to evaluate the emotional states of customer service staff. In Study 3, based on the results in Study 2 and a multimodal emotional recognition method, a multimodal dataset was constructed to explore how each modality conveys the emotions of customer service staff in workplace. Results Through the scoring by 2 groups of experts and 1 group of volunteers, we first developed a set of scoring criteria and picture-type scales with the combination of SAM scale for judging the emotional state of customer service staff. Then we constructed 99 (out of 297) sets of stable multimodal emotion datasets. Based on the comparison among the datasets, we found that voice conveys emotional valence in the workplace more significantly, and that facial expressions have more prominant connection with emotional arousal. Conclusion Theoretically, this study enriches the way in which emotion data is collected and can provide a basis for the subsequent development of multimodal emotional datasets. Practically, it can provide guidance for the effective judgment of employee emotions in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- School of Business, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Business, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyue Xiong
- School of Business, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- School of Business and Tourism Management, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Linbo Qing
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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24
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Toften S, Kjellstadli JT, Thu OKF, Ellingsen OJ. Noncontact Longitudinal Respiratory Rate Measurements in Healthy Adults Using Radar-Based Sleep Monitor (Somnofy): Validation Study. JMIR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 7:e36618. [PMID: 38875674 PMCID: PMC11041471 DOI: 10.2196/36618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory rate (RR) is arguably the most important vital sign to detect clinical deterioration. Change in RR can also, for example, be associated with the onset of different diseases, opioid overdoses, intense workouts, or mood. However, unlike for most other vital parameters, an easy and accurate measuring method is lacking. OBJECTIVE This study aims to validate the radar-based sleep monitor, Somnofy, for measuring RRs and investigate whether events affecting RR can be detected from personalized baselines calculated from nightly averages. METHODS First, RRs from Somnofy for 37 healthy adults during full nights of sleep were extensively validated against respiratory inductance plethysmography. Then, the night-to-night consistency of a proposed filtered average RR was analyzed for 6 healthy participants in a pilot study in which they used Somnofy at home for 3 months. RESULTS Somnofy measured RR 84% of the time, with mean absolute error of 0.18 (SD 0.05) respirations per minute, and Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement adjusted for repeated measurements ranged from -0.99 to 0.85. The accuracy and coverage were substantially higher in deep and light sleep than in rapid eye movement sleep and wake. The results were independent of age, sex, and BMI, but dependent on supine sleeping position for some radar orientations. For nightly filtered averages, the 95% limits of agreement ranged from -0.07 to -0.04 respirations per minute. In the longitudinal part of the study, the nightly average was consistent from night to night, and all substantial deviations coincided with self-reported illnesses. CONCLUSIONS RRs from Somnofy were more accurate than those from any other alternative method suitable for longitudinal measurements. Moreover, the nightly averages were consistent from night to night. Thus, several factors affecting RR should be detectable as anomalies from personalized baselines, enabling a range of applications. More studies are necessary to investigate its potential in children and older adults or in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ståle Toften
- Department of Data Science and Research, VitalThings AS, Tønsberg, Norway
| | | | - Ole Kristian Forstrønen Thu
- VitalThings AS, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
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Cotur Y, Olenik S, Asfour T, Bruyns-Haylett M, Kasimatis M, Tanriverdi U, Gonzalez-Macia L, Lee HS, Kozlov AS, Güder F. Bioinspired Stretchable Transducer for Wearable Continuous Monitoring of Respiratory Patterns in Humans and Animals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203310. [PMID: 35730340 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A bio-inspired continuous wearable respiration sensor modeled after the lateral line system of fish is reported which is used for detecting mechanical disturbances in the water. Despite the clinical importance of monitoring respiratory activity in humans and animals, continuous measurements of breathing patterns and rates are rarely performed in or outside of clinics. This is largely because conventional sensors are too inconvenient or expensive for wearable sensing for most individuals and animals. The bio-inspired air-silicone composite transducer (ASiT) is placed on the chest and measures respiratory activity by continuously measuring the force applied to an air channel embedded inside a silicone-based elastomeric material. The force applied on the surface of the transducer during breathing changes the air pressure inside the channel, which is measured using a commercial pressure sensor and mixed-signal wireless electronics. The transducer produced in this work are extensively characterized and tested with humans, dogs, and laboratory rats. The bio-inspired ASiT may enable the early detection of a range of disorders that result in altered patterns of respiration. The technology reported can also be combined with artificial intelligence and cloud computing to algorithmically detect illness in humans and animals remotely, reducing unnecessary visits to clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Cotur
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Selin Olenik
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tarek Asfour
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Michael Kasimatis
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ugur Tanriverdi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Hong Seok Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrei S Kozlov
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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STOPS: A Coping Framework for Surgeons Who Experience Intraoperative Error. Ann Surg 2022; 276:288-292. [PMID: 35797637 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the steps faculty surgeons take upon experiencing intraoperative error and synthesize these actions to offer a framework for coping with errors. BACKGROUND While intraoperative errors are inevitable, formal training in error recovery is insufficient and there are no established curricula that teach surgeons how to deal with the intraoperative error. This is problematic because insufficient error recovery is detrimental to both patient outcomes and surgeon psychological well-being. METHODS We conducted a thematic analysis. One-hour in-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with faculty surgeons from 3 hospitals. Surgeons described recent experiences with intraoperative error. Interviews were transcribed and coded. Analysis allowed for development of themes regarding responses to errors and coping strategies. RESULTS Twenty-seven surgeons (30% female) participated. Upon completion of the analysis, themes emerged in 3 distinct areas: (1) Exigency, or a need for training surgical learners how to cope with intraoperative errors, (2) Learning, or how faculty surgeons themselves learned to cope with intraoperative errors, and (3) Responses, or how surgeons now handle intraoperative errors. The latter category was organized into the STOPS framework: Intraoperative errors could produce STOPS: Stop, Talk to your Team, Obtain Help, Plan, Succeed. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study provides both novel insight into how surgeons cope with intraoperative errors and a framework that may be of great use to trainees and faculty alike.
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Karakulak A, Başkurt AB, Koseoglu G, Aycan Z. Worrying About Leadership: Is It a Liability or an Advantage for Leadership of Women and Men? Front Psychol 2022; 13:675522. [PMID: 35432079 PMCID: PMC9012187 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.675522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Worries about leadership (WAL) is a new construct tapping worries an individual may feel about possible negative consequences of accepting a leadership role. Three studies investigate how WAL is associated with men’s and women’s willingness for leadership and their perceived leadership potential rated by others. The first is a laboratory study on 328 participants, which shows that WAL is negatively associated with women’s willingness for leadership, while it is not related to that of men. The second study, which is a field study with multilevel-nested data from 429 employees and 101 supervisors, reveals that male subordinates are more likely to receive a favorable judgment of leadership potential by their supervisors when their WAL increases, while female subordinates’ WAL is irrelevant to this judgment. The final study, which is an experimental study on 122 supervisors, shows that supervisors view hypothetical male leadership candidates with high WAL as having higher warmth and lower competence (than those with low WAL), which both mediate the effect of WAL on judgments of their leadership potential made by the supervisors. Even though supervisors also view female candidates with high WAL as warmer, this does not evoke higher perceptions of leadership potential. Implications for increasing gender parity in leadership are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Karakulak
- Department of Psychology, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Policy Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Gamze Koseoglu
- Department of Management and Marketing, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Zeynep Aycan
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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How to Investigate the Effect of Music on Breathing during Exercise: Methodology and Tools. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22062351. [PMID: 35336520 PMCID: PMC8953998 DOI: 10.3390/s22062351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Music is an invaluable tool to improve affective valence during exercise, with the potential contribution of a mechanism called rhythmic entrainment. However, several methodological limitations impair our current understanding of the effect of music on relevant psychophysiological responses to exercise, including breathing variables. This study presents conceptual, methodological, and operational insight favoring the investigation of the effect of music on breathing during exercise. Three tools were developed for the quantification of the presence, degree, and magnitude of music-locomotor, locomotor-breathing, and music-breathing entrainment. The occurrence of entrainment was assessed during 30 min of moderate cycling exercise performed either when listening to music or not, and was complemented by the recording of relevant psychophysiological and mechanical variables. Respiratory frequency and expiratory time were among the physiological variables that were affected to a greater extent by music during exercise, and a significant (p < 0.05) music-breathing entrainment was found in all 12 participants. These findings suggest the importance of evaluating the effect of music on breathing responses to exercise, with potential implications for exercise prescription and adherence, and for the development of wearable devices simultaneously measuring music, locomotor, and breathing signals.
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Divergent brainstem opioidergic pathways that coordinate breathing with pain and emotions. Neuron 2022; 110:857-873.e9. [PMID: 34921781 PMCID: PMC8897232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Breathing can be heavily influenced by pain or internal emotional states, but the neural circuitry underlying this tight coordination is unknown. Here we report that Oprm1 (μ-opioid receptor)-expressing neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBL) are crucial for coordinating breathing with affective pain in mice. Individual PBLOprm1 neuronal activity synchronizes with breathing rhythm and responds to noxious stimuli. Manipulating PBLOprm1 activity directly changes breathing rate, affective pain perception, and anxiety. Furthermore, PBLOprm1 neurons constitute two distinct subpopulations in a "core-shell" configuration that divergently projects to the forebrain and hindbrain. Through non-overlapping projections to the central amygdala and pre-Bötzinger complex, these two subpopulations differentially regulate breathing, affective pain, and negative emotions. Moreover, these subsets form recurrent excitatory networks through reciprocal glutamatergic projections. Together, our data define the divergent parabrachial opioidergic circuits as a common neural substrate that coordinates breathing with various sensations and behaviors such as pain and emotional processing.
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Ritz T. An apnea-hypothesis of anxiety generation: Novel, respiratory, and falsifiable. Biol Psychol 2022; 170:108304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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The influence of the respiratory cycle on reaction times in sensory-cognitive paradigms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2586. [PMID: 35173204 PMCID: PMC8850565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioural and electrophysiological studies point to an apparent influence of the state of respiration, i.e., whether we inhale or exhale, on brain activity and cognitive performance. Still, the prevalence and relevance of such respiratory-behavioural relations in typical sensory-cognitive tasks remain unclear. We here used a battery of six tasks probing sensory detection, discrimination and short-term memory to address the questions of whether and by how much behaviour covaries with the respiratory cycle. Our results show that participants tend to align their respiratory cycle to the experimental paradigm, in that they tend to inhale around stimulus presentation and exhale when submitting their responses. Furthermore, their reaction times, but not so much their response accuracy, consistently and significantly covary with the respiratory cycle, differing between inhalation and exhalation. This effect is strongest when analysed contingent on the respiratory state around participants' responses. The respective effect sizes of these respiration-behaviour relations are comparable to those seen in other typical experimental manipulations in sensory-cognitive tasks, highlighting the relevance of these effects. Overall, our results support a prominent relation between respiration and sensory-cognitive function and show that sensation is intricately linked to rhythmic bodily or interoceptive functions.
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Kano S, Jarulertwathana N, Mohd-Noor S, Hyun JK, Asahara R, Mekaru H. Respiratory Monitoring by Ultrafast Humidity Sensors with Nanomaterials: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:1251. [PMID: 35161997 PMCID: PMC8838830 DOI: 10.3390/s22031251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory monitoring is a fundamental method to understand the physiological and psychological relationships between respiration and the human body. In this review, we overview recent developments on ultrafast humidity sensors with functional nanomaterials for monitoring human respiration. Key advances in design and materials have resulted in humidity sensors with response and recovery times reaching 8 ms. In addition, these sensors are particularly beneficial for respiratory monitoring by being portable and noninvasive. We systematically classify the reported sensors according to four types of output signals: impedance, light, frequency, and voltage. Design strategies for preparing ultrafast humidity sensors using nanomaterials are discussed with regard to physical parameters such as the nanomaterial film thickness, porosity, and hydrophilicity. We also summarize other applications that require ultrafast humidity sensors for physiological studies. This review provides key guidelines and directions for preparing and applying such sensors in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kano
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan;
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8563, Japan
| | - Nutpaphat Jarulertwathana
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (N.J.); (S.M.-N.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Syazwani Mohd-Noor
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (N.J.); (S.M.-N.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Jerome K. Hyun
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (N.J.); (S.M.-N.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Ryota Asahara
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan;
| | - Harutaka Mekaru
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan;
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8563, Japan
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Behnke M, Kreibig SD, Kaczmarek LD, Assink M, Gross JJ. Autonomic Nervous System Activity During Positive Emotions: A Meta-Analytic Review. EMOTION REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17540739211073084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity is a fundamental component of emotional responding. It is not clear, however, whether positive emotional states are associated with differential ANS reactivity. To address this issue, we conducted a meta-analytic review of 120 articles (686 effect sizes, total N = 6,546), measuring ANS activity during 11 elicited positive emotions, namely amusement, attachment love, awe, contentment, craving, excitement, gratitude, joy, nurturant love, pride, and sexual desire. We identified a widely dispersed collection of studies. Univariate results indicated that positive emotions produce no or weak and highly variable increases in ANS reactivity. However, the limitations of work to date – which we discuss – mean that our conclusions should be treated as empirically grounded hypotheses that future research should validate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Behnke
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University
| | | | | | - Mark Assink
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam
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Wearable Sensing Systems for Monitoring Mental Health. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030994. [PMID: 35161738 PMCID: PMC8839602 DOI: 10.3390/s22030994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Wearable systems for monitoring biological signals have opened the door to personalized healthcare and have advanced a great deal over the past decade with the development of flexible electronics, efficient energy storage, wireless data transmission, and information processing technologies. As there are cumulative understanding of mechanisms underlying the mental processes and increasing desire for lifetime mental wellbeing, various wearable sensors have been devised to monitor the mental status from physiological activities, physical movements, and biochemical profiles in body fluids. This review summarizes the recent progress in wearable healthcare monitoring systems that can be utilized in mental healthcare, especially focusing on the biochemical sensors (i.e., biomarkers associated with mental status, sensing modalities, and device materials) and discussing their promises and challenges.
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Psychophysiology of positive and negative emotions, dataset of 1157 cases and 8 biosignals. Sci Data 2022; 9:10. [PMID: 35058476 PMCID: PMC8776805 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-01117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSubjective experience and physiological activity are fundamental components of emotion. There is an increasing interest in the link between experiential and physiological processes across different disciplines, e.g., psychology, economics, or computer science. However, the findings largely rely on sample sizes that have been modest at best (limiting the statistical power) and capture only some concurrent biosignals. We present a novel publicly available dataset of psychophysiological responses to positive and negative emotions that offers some improvement over other databases. This database involves recordings of 1157 cases from healthy individuals (895 individuals participated in a single session and 122 individuals in several sessions), collected across seven studies, a continuous record of self-reported affect along with several biosignals (electrocardiogram, impedance cardiogram, electrodermal activity, hemodynamic measures, e.g., blood pressure, respiration trace, and skin temperature). We experimentally elicited a wide range of positive and negative emotions, including amusement, anger, disgust, excitement, fear, gratitude, sadness, tenderness, and threat. Psychophysiology of positive and negative emotions (POPANE) database is a large and comprehensive psychophysiological dataset on elicited emotions.
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Homma I, Phillips AG. Critical roles for breathing in the genesis and modulation of emotional states. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 188:151-178. [PMID: 35965025 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91534-2.00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Breathing can be classified into metabolic and behavioral categories. Metabolic breathing and voluntary behavioral breathing are controlled in the brainstem and in the cerebral motor cortex, respectively. This chapter places special emphasis on the reciprocal influences between breathing and emotional processes. As is the case with neural control of breathing, emotions are generated by multiple control networks, located primarily in the forebrain. For several decades, a respiratory rhythm generator has been investigated in the limbic system. The amygdala receives respiratory-related input from the piriform cortex. Excitatory recurrent branches are located in the piriform cortex and have tight reciprocal synaptic connections, which produce periodic oscillations, similar to those recorded in the hippocampus during slow-wave sleep. The relationship between olfactory breathing rhythm and emotion is seen as the gateway to interpreting the relationship between breathing and emotion. In this chapter, we describe roles of breathing in the genesis of emotion, neural structures common to breathing and emotion, and mutual importance of breathing and emotion. We also describe the central roles of conscious awareness and voluntary control of breathing, as effective methods for stabilizing attention and the contents in the stream of consciousness. Voluntary control of breathing is seen as an essential practice for achieving emotional well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Homma
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Ariake University of Medical and Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Anthony G Phillips
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Scholkmann F, Zohdi H, Wolf M, Wolf U. Frontal Cerebral Oxygenation in Humans at Rest: A Mirror Symmetry in the Correlation with Cardiorespiratory Activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1395:45-51. [PMID: 36527612 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14190-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies published reference values for frontal cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) based cerebral oximetry, a detailed investigation, whether and which factors from systemic physiology are related to the individual StO2 values, is missing. AIM We investigated how the state of the cardiorespiratory system is linked to StO2 values at rest. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Absolute StO2 values (median over a 5 min resting-phase while sitting) were obtained from 126 healthy subjects (age: 24.0 ± 0.2 years, 45 males, 81 females) over the left and right prefrontal cortex (PFC) by employing frequency-domain NIRS as part of a systemic physiology augmented functional near-infrared spectroscopy (SPA-fNIRS) study. In addition, heart rate (HR) and respiration rate (RR) were measured, and the pulse respiration quotient (PRQ) was determined (PRQ = HR/RR). General additive models (GAM) were used to analyse the data. RESULTS The GAM analysis revealed a specific relationship between the overall PFC StO2 values (mean over right and left PFC) and the variables HR and RR: HR was positively correlated with mean StO2, while RR showed no correlation. In the mirror case, RR was negatively linearly correlated with the frontal cerebral oxygenation asymmetry (FCOA), which was not correlated with HR. The right PFC StO2 was not linked to the RR, whereas the left PFC StO2 was. Positive correlations of the PRQ with the mean PFC StO2 as well as the FCOA were also found. GAM modelling revealed that the individual FCOA values are explained to a large extent (deviance explained: 88.8%) by the individual mean PFC StO2 and PRQ. We conclude that (i) the state of the cardiorespiratory system is significantly correlated with StO2 values and (ii) there is a mirror symmetry with regard to the impact of cardiorespiratory parameters on the mean PFC StO2 and FCOA.
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Anxiety-like behavior induced by allergen is associated with decreased irregularity of breathing pattern in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 298:103847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Darzi A, Novak D. Automated affect classification and task difficulty adaptation in a competitive scenario based on physiological linkage: An exploratory study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER STUDIES 2021; 153:102673. [PMID: 34092990 PMCID: PMC8177075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In competitive and cooperative scenarios, task difficulty should be dynamically adapted to suit people with different abilities. State-of-the-art difficulty adaptation methods for such scenarios are based on task performance, which conveys little information about user-specific factors such as workload. Thus, we present an exploratory study of automated affect recognition and task difficulty adaptation in a competitive scenario based on physiological linkage (covariation of participants' physiological responses). Classification algorithms were developed in an open-loop study where 16 pairs played a competitive game while 5 physiological responses were measured: respiration, skin conductance, electrocardiogram, and 2 facial electromyograms. Physiological and performance data were used to classify four self-reported variables (enjoyment, valence, arousal, perceived difficulty) into two or three classes. The highest classification accuracies were obtained for perceived difficulty: 84.3% for two-class and 60.5% for three-class classification. As a proof of concept, the developed classifiers were used in a small closed-loop study to dynamically adapt game difficulty. While this closed-loop study found no clear advantages of physiology-based adaptation, it demonstrated the technical feasibility of such real-time adaptation. In the long term, physiology-based task adaptation could enhance competition and cooperation in many multi-user settings (e.g., education, manufacturing, exercise).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Darzi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, United States of America
| | - Domen Novak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, United States of America
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Cochrane KA, Loke L, Ahmadpour N, Schiphorst T, Campbell A, Núñez-Pacheco C. A comparison design study of feedback modalities to support deep breathing whilst performing work tasks. Work 2021; 68:1187-1202. [PMID: 33867378 DOI: 10.3233/wor-213448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep breathing exercises are known to help decrease stress. Wearable and ambient computing can help initiate and support deep breathing exercises. Most studies have focused on a single sensory modality for providing feedback on the quality of breathing and other physiological data. OBJECTIVE Our research compares different feedback modalities on an individual's experience and ability to perform breath-based techniques at work. METHODS We designed three different interactive prototypes that used light, vibration and sound feedback modalities. We tested each prototype with 19 participants whilst they were performing typical work tasks in a naturalistic setting, followed by semi-structured interviews. RESULTS We found that sound was the most successful feedback for the majority of participants, followed by vibration and ambient light. We developed an analytic tool, the Extended Cycle of Awareness, to facilitate understanding of the patterns of awareness and the flow of experience generated by participant interaction with prototype systems that provide feedback on the quality of breathing. Participants followed one of three different types of patterns: (1) ignoring the feedback; (2) not understanding the feedback and being overwhelmed by it; (3) successfully using the feedback to initiate deep breathing and reflect on the change in the quality of breathing. CONCLUSIONS We offer a set of design recommendations for crafting interactive systems to support deep breathing at work, including personalization, designing for the cyclical process of attention and awareness, and designing for reflective practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lian Loke
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Lin B, Prickett C, Woltering S. Feasibility of using a biofeedback device in mindfulness training - a pilot randomized controlled trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2021; 7:84. [PMID: 33762016 PMCID: PMC7988913 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-021-00807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stress can negatively impact an individual’s health and well-being and high levels of stress are noted to exist among college students today. While traditional treatment methods are plagued with stigma and transfer problems, newly developed wearable biofeedback devices may offer unexplored possibilities. Although these products are becoming commonplace and inexpensive, scientific evidence of the effectiveness of these products is scarce and their feasibility within research contexts are relatively unexplored. Conversely, companies are not required, and possibly reluctant, to release information on the efficacy of these products against their claims. Thus, in the present pilot, we assess the feasibility of using a real-time respiratory-based biofeedback device in preparation for a larger study. Our main aims were to assess device-adherence and collaboration with the company that develops and sells the device. Method Data were collected from 39 college students who self-identified as experiencing chronic stress at a Southwestern university in the USA. Students were randomized into either a mindfulness-only control group without a biofeedback device (n = 21), or an experimental group with biofeedback device (n = 18). Both groups received mindfulness meditation training. Pre-test and post-test procedures were conducted 2 weeks apart. Further, both participant compliance and company compliance were assessed and collaboration with the company was evaluated. Results Participant device-adherence as well as the company’s collaboration necessary for a full-scale study was determined to be low. This may also have affected our results which showed a strong main effect for time for all outcome variables, suggesting all groups showed improvement in their levels of stress after the intervention period. No group by time effects were identified, however, indicating no added benefit of the biofeedback device. Conclusions Our findings suggest feasibility of future studies requires full collaboration and detailed and agreed upon data sharing procedures with the biofeedback company. The particular device under investigation added no value to the intervention outcomes and it was not feasible to continue a larger-scale study. Further, as the technology sector is innovating faster than it can validate products, we urge for open science collaborations between public and private sectors to properly develop evidence-based regulations that can withstand technological innovation while maintaining product quality, safety, and effectiveness. Trial registration NCT02837016. Registered 19 July 2016. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40814-021-00807-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna Lin
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, 718B Harrington Tower, TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4225, USA
| | - Christopher Prickett
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, 718B Harrington Tower, TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4225, USA
| | - Steven Woltering
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, 718B Harrington Tower, TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4225, USA.
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Rehouma H, Noumeir R, Essouri S, Jouvet P. Advancements in Methods and Camera-Based Sensors for the Quantification of Respiration. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E7252. [PMID: 33348827 PMCID: PMC7766256 DOI: 10.3390/s20247252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of respiratory function allows early detection of potential disorders in the respiratory system and provides useful information for medical management. There is a wide range of applications for breathing assessment, from measurement systems in a clinical environment to applications involving athletes. Many studies on pulmonary function testing systems and breath monitoring have been conducted over the past few decades, and their results have the potential to broadly impact clinical practice. However, most of these works require physical contact with the patient to produce accurate and reliable measures of the respiratory function. There is still a significant shortcoming of non-contact measuring systems in their ability to fit into the clinical environment. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the current advances and systems in respiratory function assessment, particularly camera-based systems. A classification of the applicable research works is presented according to their techniques and recorded/quantified respiration parameters. In addition, the current solutions are discussed with regards to their direct applicability in different settings, such as clinical or home settings, highlighting their specific strengths and limitations in the different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haythem Rehouma
- École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
| | - Rita Noumeir
- École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
| | - Sandrine Essouri
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (S.E.); (P.J.)
| | - Philippe Jouvet
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (S.E.); (P.J.)
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Ritz T, Schulz SM, Rosenfield D, Wright RJ, Bosquet Enlow M. Cardiac sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal during psychosocial stress exposure in 6-month-old infants. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13673. [PMID: 33048371 PMCID: PMC8548071 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Infant autonomic reactivity to stress is a potential predictor of later life health complications, but research has not sufficiently examined sympathetic activity, controlled for effects of physical activity and respiration, or studied associations among autonomic adjustments, cardiac activity, and affect in infants. We studied 278 infants during the repeated Still-Face Paradigm, a standardized stressor, while monitoring cardiac activity (ECG) and respiratory pattern (respiratory inductance plethysmography). Video ratings of physical activity and affect were also performed. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and T-wave amplitude (TWA) served as noninvasive indicators of cardiac parasympathetic and sympathetic activity, respectively. Responses were compared between infants who completed two still-face exposures and those who terminated after one exposure due to visible distress. Findings, controlled for physical activity, showed robust reductions in respiration-adjusted RSA and TWA, with more tonic attenuation of TWA. Infants completing only one still-face trial showed more pronounced autonomic changes and less recovery from stress. They also showed elevated minute ventilation, suggesting hyperventilation. Both reductions in adjusted RSA and TWA contributed equally to heart rate changes and were associated with higher negative and lower positive affect. These associations were more robust in the group of distressed infants unable to complete both still-face trials. Thus, cardiac sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal are part of the infant stress response, beyond associated physical activity and respiration changes. Their association with cardiac chronotropy and affect increases as infants' distress level increases. This excess reactivity to social stress should be examined as a predictor of future cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Stefan M. Schulz
- Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - David Rosenfield
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Rosalind J. Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Michelle Bosquet Enlow
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Skin-to-skin touch is an essential form of tactile interaction, yet there is no known method to quantify how we touch our own skin or someone else's skin. Skin-to-skin touch is particularly challenging to measure objectively, since interposing an instrumented sheet, no matter how thin and flexible, between the interacting skins is not an option. To fill this gap, we explored a technique that takes advantage of the propagation of vibrations from the locus of touch to pick up a signal that contains information about skin-to-skin tactile interactions. These "tactile waves" were measured by an accelerometer sensor placed on the touching finger. Applied pressure and speed had a direct influence on measured signal power when the target of touch was the self or another person. The measurements were insensitive to changes in the location of the sensor relative to the target. Our study suggests that this method has potential for probing behaviour during skin-to-skin tactile interactions and could be a valuable technique to study social touch, self-touch, and motor control. The method is non-invasive, easy to commission, inexpensive, and robust.
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Whited CW, Lubin J, Marka N, Koszewski IJ, Hoffman MR, Schoeff S, Dailey SH. Pain Experience and Tolerance of Awake In-Office Upper Airway Procedures: Influencing Factors. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:E1580-E1588. [PMID: 33196115 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Awake, unsedated in-office upper airway procedures are performed frequently and have high completion rates, yet less is known about the patients' pain experience and potentially influencing factors. It is also unclear if patients' pain experiences become worse with repeated procedures. We identified procedure- and patient-related factors that might influence procedural completion and pain scores. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review. METHODS Pre-, intra-, and post-procedure pain scores were collected prospectively for awake unsedated upper airway procedures performed at a single institution over a 5-year period. Patient factors reviewed were demographics, body mass index, psychiatric and/or pain diagnosis, and related medications. Procedure factors reviewed were procedure type, route, side, and performance of the same procedure multiple times. Patients reported their pain level before, during, and after the procedure using a standard 0 to 10 scale. Maximum pain score change (PΔmax), or the difference between highest and lowest reported pain levels, was calculated. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS Procedure completion was 98.7% for 609 first time patients and 99.0% in 60 patients undergoing 292 repeat procedures. PΔmax did not covary with age, gender, or BMI. PΔmax covaried with pain and psychiatric conditions and associated medications. PΔmax was highest for injection medialization and lowest for tracheoscopy. PΔmax decreased over time for those undergoing multiple identical procedures. CONCLUSIONS Procedures were performed with a very high completion rate and low pain scores. Age, sex, and BMI did not affect pain experience. A combination of pain and psychiatric conditions did. Injection medialization had the highest PΔmax and tracheoscopy the lowest. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1580-E1588, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad W Whited
- Austin Voice Center, Austin Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic, Austin, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan Lubin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas Marka
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Ian J Koszewski
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Matthew R Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Stephen Schoeff
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Seth H Dailey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
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Victor LH, Sano A. Frequency-Dependent Light Stimulation Effects on Performance During Vigilance Tasks on a Laptop. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:5232-5235. [PMID: 33019164 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Students, office workers, or other computer and mobile device users can suffer from decrements in alertness or productivity, but many intervention methods on these can be too distracting or even affect daily routines. Using heart rate (HR) to determine a fast and slow target frequency at which to oscillate light brightness stimulation on a laptop, thirty-six participants joined a cognitive task where we hypothesized that fast frequency stimulation would increase alertness and decrease relaxation, while slow frequency stimulation would have the opposite effects. We found that slow frequency stimulation produces a statistically significant delay in response time, users react more slowly (3.8e2 ± 5.5e1 ms), when compared to the no stimulation (3.7e2 ± 4.1e1 ms) (p = 9.0e-3) conditions. The (Slow - No Stimulation) response time (1.7e1 ± 2.7e2 ms) produced a statistically significant delay in response time versus the (Fast - No Stimulation) response time (-0.74 ± 2.4e1 ms) (p = .016). These delays due to slow stimulation occurred without influencing accuracy or subjective sleepiness ratings. We observed that frequency-dependent light stimulation can potentially influence HRV metrics such as the mean normal-to-normal intervals and mean HR. Future work will target breathing rate to determine light stimulation oscillations as we further investigate the potential of using the slow-frequency domain to unobtrusively influence user performance and physiology.
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Csoltova E, Mehinagic E. Where Do We Stand in the Domestic Dog ( Canis familiaris ) Positive-Emotion Assessment: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Directions. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2131. [PMID: 33013543 PMCID: PMC7506079 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there have been a growing number of studies focusing on dog welfare, the research field concerning dog positive-emotion assessment remains mostly unexplored. This paper aims to provide a state-of-the-art review and summary of the scattered and disperse research on dog positive-emotion assessment. The review notably details the current advancement in dog positive-emotion research, what approaches, measures, methods, and techniques have been implemented so far in emotion perception, processing, and response assessment. Moreover, we propose possible future research directions for short-term emotion as well as longer-term emotional states assessment in dogs. The review ends by identifying and addressing some methodological limitations and by pointing out further methodological research needs.
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Yang CF, Kim EJ, Callaway EM, Feldman JL. Monosynaptic Projections to Excitatory and Inhibitory preBötzinger Complex Neurons. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:58. [PMID: 33013329 PMCID: PMC7507425 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The key driver of breathing rhythm is the preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) whose activity is modulated by various functional inputs, e.g., volitional, physiological, and emotional. While the preBötC is highly interconnected with other regions of the breathing central pattern generator (bCPG) in the brainstem, there is no data about the direct projections to either excitatory and inhibitory preBötC subpopulations from other elements of the bCPG or from suprapontine regions. Using modified rabies tracing, we identified neurons throughout the brain that send monosynaptic projections to identified excitatory and inhibitory preBötC neurons in mice. Within the brainstem, neurons from sites in the bCPG, including the contralateral preBötC, Bötzinger Complex, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), parafacial region (pF L /pF V ), and parabrachial nuclei (PB), send direct projections to both excitatory and inhibitory preBötC neurons. Suprapontine inputs to the excitatory and inhibitory preBötC neurons include the superior colliculus, red nucleus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and cortex; these projections represent potential direct pathways for volitional, emotional, and physiological control of breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy F. Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Euiseok J. Kim
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Edward M. Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jack L. Feldman
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Lin TF, Shune S. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Dysphagia: A Synergistic Review. Geriatrics (Basel) 2020; 5:geriatrics5030045. [PMID: 32847110 PMCID: PMC7554843 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics5030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading global cause of death and disability. The literature has previously established clear physiological characteristics of COPD-related dysphagia (swallowing difficulties). However, COPD and dysphagia are both also intimately tied to breathing and contribute to a cascade of secondary physio-psycho-emotional sequalae, such as COPD exacerbation, anxiety, depression, increased economic burden, social isolation, and decreased quality of life. Further, the collective impact of these comorbidities may magnify disease impact, resulting in a downward spiral of well-being. Thus, the clinical relevance of COPD’s and dysphagia’s frequently occurring and overlapping sequelae cannot be overlooked, as the disease-related burden of both disorders is deeply rooted in the presence of concomitant physiological and psycho-emotional consequences. The current review explores the complex network of interactions between COPD, dysphagia, and their outcomes, framing this relationship within a mind-body-breath framework. Ultimately, we propose a model that more comprehensively captures the constellation of interrelated disease characteristics and consequences, highlighting a need for researchers and healthcare providers to consider disease impact more broadly in order to maximize treatment outcomes.
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