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Sakurai Y, Yamaguchi S, Yamashita T, Lu Y, Kuwabara K, Yamaguchi T, Miyake Y, Kanaori K, Watanabe S, Tajima K. Mechanisms Associated with Superoxide Radical Scavenging Reactions Involving Phenolic Compounds Deduced Based on the Correlation between Oxidation Peak Potentials and Second-Order Rate Constants Determined Using Flow-Injection Spin-Trapping EPR Methods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:16018-16031. [PMID: 38960914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Flow-injection spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (FI-EPR) methods that involve the use of 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) as a spin-trapping reagent have been developed for the kinetic study of the O2•- radical scavenging reactions occurring in the presence of various plant-derived and synthetic phenolic antioxidants (Aox), such as flavonoid, pyrogallol, catechol, hydroquinone, resorcinol, and phenol derivatives in aqueous media (pH 7.4 at 25 °C). The systematically estimated second-order rate constants (ks) of these phenolic compounds span a wide range (from 4.5 × 10 to 1.0 × 106 M-1 s-1). The semilogarithm plots presenting the relationship between ks values and oxidation peak potential (Ep) values of phenolic Aox are divided into three groups (A1, A2, and B). The ks-Ep plots of phenolic Aox bearing two or three OH moieties, such as pyrogallol, catechol, and hydroquinone derivatives, belonged to Groups A1 and A2. These molecules are potent O2•- radical scavengers with ks values above 3.8 × 104 (M-1 s-1). The ks-Ep plots of all phenol and resorcinol derivatives, and a few catechol and hydroquinone derivatives containing carboxyl groups adjacent to the OH groups, were categorized into the group poor scavengers (ks < 1.6 × 103 M-1 s-1). The ks values of each group correlated negatively with Ep values, supporting the hypothesis that the O2•- radical scavenging reaction proceeds via one-electron and two-proton processes. The processes were accompanied by the production of hydrogen peroxide at pH 7.4. Furthermore, the correlation between the plots of ks and the OH proton dissociation constant (pKa•) of the intermediate aroxyl radicals (ks-pKa• plots) revealed that the second proton transfer process could potentially be the rate-determining step of the O2•- radical scavenging reaction of phenolic compounds. The ks-Ep plots provide practical information to predict the O2•- radical scavenging activity of plant-derived phenolic compounds based on those molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Sakurai
- National Institute of Technology, Akashi College, Akashi, Hyogo 674-8501, Japan
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwabara
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miyake
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Kanaori
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Tajima
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
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Rudenko NN, Vetoshkina DV, Marenkova TV, Borisova-Mubarakshina MM. Antioxidants of Non-Enzymatic Nature: Their Function in Higher Plant Cells and the Ways of Boosting Their Biosynthesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2014. [PMID: 38001867 PMCID: PMC10669185 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12112014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses leading to increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. ROS are capable of oxidizing proteins, pigments, lipids, nucleic acids, and other cell molecules, disrupting their functional activity. During the process of evolution, numerous antioxidant systems were formed in plants, including antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight non-enzymatic antioxidants. Antioxidant systems perform neutralization of ROS and therefore prevent oxidative damage of cell components. In the present review, we focus on the biosynthesis of non-enzymatic antioxidants in higher plants cells such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), glutathione, flavonoids, isoprenoids, carotenoids, tocopherol (vitamin E), ubiquinone, and plastoquinone. Their functioning and their reactivity with respect to individual ROS will be described. This review is also devoted to the modern genetic engineering methods, which are widely used to change the quantitative and qualitative content of the non-enzymatic antioxidants in cultivated plants. These methods allow various plant lines with given properties to be obtained in a rather short time. The most successful approaches for plant transgenesis and plant genome editing for the enhancement of biosynthesis and the content of these antioxidants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N. Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino 142290, Russia; (D.V.V.); (M.M.B.-M.)
| | - Daria V. Vetoshkina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino 142290, Russia; (D.V.V.); (M.M.B.-M.)
| | - Tatiana V. Marenkova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia;
| | - Maria M. Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino 142290, Russia; (D.V.V.); (M.M.B.-M.)
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Münzel T, Daiber A. Vascular redox signaling, eNOS uncoupling and endothelial dysfunction in the setting of transportation noise exposure or chronic treatment with organic nitrates. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:1001-1021. [PMID: 36719770 PMCID: PMC10171967 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cardiovascular disease and drug-induced health side effects are frequently associated with - or even caused by - an imbalance between the concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and antioxidants respectively determining the metabolism of these harmful oxidants. RECENT ADVANCES According to the "kindling radical" hypothesis, initial formation of RONS may further trigger the additional activation of RONS formation under certain pathological conditions. The present review will specifically focus on a dysfunctional, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) caused by RONS in the setting of transportation noise exposure or chronic treatment with organic nitrates, especially nitroglycerin. We will further describe the various "redox switches" that are proposed to be involved in the uncoupling process of eNOS. CRITICAL ISSUES In particular, the oxidative depletion of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), and S-glutathionylation of the eNOS reductase domain will be highlighted as major pathways for eNOS uncoupling upon noise exposure or nitroglycerin treatment. In addition, oxidative disruption of the eNOS dimer, inhibitory phosphorylation of eNOS at threonine or tyrosine residues, redox-triggered accumulation of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and L-arginine deficiency will be discussed as alternative mechanisms of eNOS uncoupling. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The clinical consequences of eNOS dysfunction due to uncoupling on cardiovascular disease will be summarized also providing a template for future clinical studies on endothelial dysfunction caused by pharmacological or environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Münzel
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 39068, Cardiology I, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany;
| | - Andreas Daiber
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 39068, Cardiology I, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany;
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Ascorbate Is a Primary Antioxidant in Mammals. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196187. [PMID: 36234722 PMCID: PMC9572970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C in primates) functions as a cofactor for a number of enzymatic reactions represented by prolyl hydroxylases and as an antioxidant due to its ability to donate electrons, which is mostly accomplished through non-enzymatic reaction in mammals. Ascorbate directly reacts with radical species and is converted to ascorbyl radical followed by dehydroascorbate. Ambiguities in physiological relevance of ascorbate observed during in vivo situations could be attributed in part to presence of other redox systems and the pro-oxidant properties of ascorbate. Most mammals are able to synthesize ascorbate from glucose, which is also considered to be an obstacle to verify its action. In addition to animals with natural deficiency in the ascorbate synthesis, such as guinea pigs and ODS rats, three strains of mice with genetic removal of the responsive genes (GULO, RGN, or AKR1A) for the ascorbate synthesis have been established and are being used to investigate the physiological roles of ascorbate. Studies using these mice, along with ascorbate transporter (SVCT)-deficient mice, largely support its ability in protection against oxidative insults. While combined actions of ascorbate in regulating epigenetics and antioxidation appear to effectively prevent cancer development, pharmacological doses of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate may exert tumoricidal activity through redox-dependent mechanisms.
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Ivanov B, Borisova-Mubarakshina M, Vilyanen D, Vetoshkina D, Kozuleva M. Cooperative pathway of O2 reduction to H2O2 in chloroplast thylakoid membrane: new insight into the Mehler reaction. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:857-869. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Chen MM, Li Y, Deng SL, Zhao Y, Lian ZX, Yu K. Mitochondrial Function and Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species in Skeletal Muscle. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:826981. [PMID: 35265618 PMCID: PMC8898899 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.826981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers contain a large number of mitochondria, which produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and provide energy for muscle contraction. In this process, mitochondria also produce several types of "reactive species" as side product, such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species which have attracted interest. Mitochondria have been proven to have an essential role in the production of skeletal muscle reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS). Traditionally, the elevation in RONS production is related to oxidative stress, leading to impaired skeletal muscle contractility and muscle atrophy. However, recent studies have shown that the optimal RONS level under the action of antioxidants is a critical physiological signal in skeletal muscle. Here, we will review the origin and physiological functions of RONS, mitochondrial structure and function, mitochondrial dynamics, and the coupling between RONS and mitochondrial oxidative stress. The crosstalk mechanism between mitochondrial function and RONS in skeletal muscle and its regulation of muscle stem cell fate and myogenesis will also be discussed. In all, this review aims to describe a comprehensive and systematic network for the interaction between skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and RONS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Xing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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McGillick EV, Orgeig S, Allison BJ, Brain KL, Niu Y, Itani N, Skeffington KL, Kane AD, Herrera EA, Morrison JL, Giussani DA. Molecular regulation of lung maturation in near-term fetal sheep by maternal daily vitamin C treatment in late gestation. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:828-838. [PMID: 33859366 PMCID: PMC9064793 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the fetus, the appropriate balance of prooxidants and antioxidants is essential to negate the detrimental effects of oxidative stress on lung maturation. Antioxidants improve respiratory function in postnatal life and adulthood. However, the outcomes and biological mechanisms of antioxidant action in the fetal lung are unknown. METHODS We investigated the effect of maternal daily vitamin C treatment (200 mg/kg, intravenously) for a month in late gestation (105-138 days gestation, term ~145 days) on molecular regulation of fetal lung maturation in sheep. Expression of genes and proteins regulating lung development was quantified in fetal lung tissue. The number of surfactant-producing cells was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Maternal vitamin C treatment increased fetal lung gene expression of the antioxidant enzyme SOD-1, hypoxia signaling genes (HIF-2α, HIF-3α, ADM, and EGLN-3), genes regulating sodium movement (SCNN1-A, SCNN1-B, ATP1-A1, and ATP1-B1), surfactant maturation (SFTP-B and ABCA3), and airway remodeling (ELN). There was no effect of maternal vitamin C treatment on the expression of protein markers evaluated or on the number of surfactant protein-producing cells in fetal lung tissue. CONCLUSIONS Maternal vitamin C treatment in the last third of pregnancy in sheep acts at the molecular level to increase the expression of genes that are important for fetal lung maturation in a healthy pregnancy. IMPACT Maternal daily vitamin C treatment for a month in late gestation in sheep increases the expression of gene-regulating pathways that are essential for normal fetal lung development. Following late gestation vitamin C exposure in a healthy pregnancy, an increase in lung gene but not protein expression may act as a mechanism to aid in the preparation for exposure to the air-breathing environment after birth. In the future, the availability/development of compounds with greater antioxidant properties than vitamin C or more specific targets at the site of oxidative stress in vivo may translate clinically to improve respiratory outcomes in complicated pregnancies at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin V. McGillick
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA Australia ,grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Molecular and Evolutionary Physiology of the Lung Laboratory, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Sandra Orgeig
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Molecular and Evolutionary Physiology of the Lung Laboratory, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Beth J. Allison
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Kirsty L. Brain
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Youguo Niu
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Nozomi Itani
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Katie L. Skeffington
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Andrew D. Kane
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Emilio A. Herrera
- grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janna L. Morrison
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Dino A. Giussani
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Cambridge BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Cambridge Strategic Research Initiative in Reproduction, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
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Mitochondrial Management of Reactive Oxygen Species. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111824. [PMID: 34829696 PMCID: PMC8614740 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria in aerobic eukaryotic cells are both the site of energy production and the formation of harmful species, such as radicals and other reactive oxygen species, known as ROS. They contain an efficient antioxidant system, including low-molecular-mass molecules and enzymes that specialize in removing various types of ROS or repairing the oxidative damage of biological molecules. Under normal conditions, ROS production is low, and mitochondria, which are their primary target, are slightly damaged in a similar way to other cellular compartments, since the ROS released by the mitochondria into the cytosol are negligible. As the mitochondrial generation of ROS increases, they can deactivate components of the respiratory chain and enzymes of the Krebs cycle, and mitochondria release a high amount of ROS that damage cellular structures. More recently, the feature of the mitochondrial antioxidant system, which does not specifically deal with intramitochondrial ROS, was discovered. Indeed, the mitochondrial antioxidant system detoxifies exogenous ROS species at the expense of reducing the equivalents generated in mitochondria. Thus, mitochondria are also a sink of ROS. These observations highlight the importance of the mitochondrial antioxidant system, which should be considered in our understanding of ROS-regulated processes. These processes include cell signaling and the progression of metabolic and neurodegenerative disease.
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Panday S, Kar S, Kavdia M. How does ascorbate improve endothelial dysfunction? - A computational analysis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:111-126. [PMID: 33497797 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Low levels of ascorbate (Asc) are observed in cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases. Asc has therapeutic potential for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction, which is characterized by a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and increased oxidative stress in the vasculature. However, the potential mechanisms remain poorly understood for the Asc mitigation of endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we developed an endothelial cell based computational model integrating endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) biochemical pathway with downstream reactions and interactions of oxidative stress, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis and biopterin ratio ([BH4]/[TBP]), Asc and glutathione (GSH). We quantitatively analyzed three Asc mediated mechanisms that are reported to improve/maintain endothelial cell function. The mechanisms include the reduction of •BH3 to BH4, direct scavenging of superoxide (O2•-) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and increasing eNOS activity. The model predicted that Asc at 0.1-100 μM concentrations improved endothelial cell NO production, total biopterin and biopterin ratio in a dose dependent manner and the extent of cellular oxidative stress. Asc increased BH4 availability and restored eNOS coupling under oxidative stress conditions. Asc at concentrations of 1-10 mM reduced O2•- and ONOO- levels and could act as an antioxidant. We predicted that glutathione peroxidase and peroxiredoxin in combination with GSH and Asc can restore eNOS coupling and NO production under oxidative stress conditions. Asc supplementation may be used as an effective therapeutic strategy when BH4 levels are depleted. This study provides detailed understanding of the mechanism responsible and the optimal cellular Asc levels for improvement in endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Panday
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, 48202, MI, USA
| | - Saptarshi Kar
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Mahendra Kavdia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, 48202, MI, USA.
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Niki E, Noguchi N. Antioxidant action of vitamin E in vivo as assessed from its reaction products with multiple biological oxidants. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:352-363. [PMID: 33327809 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1866181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E acts as essential antioxidant against detrimental oxidation of biological molecules induced by multiple reactive species. To gain more insight into the physiological role of vitamin E, the levels of its oxidation products in humans under normal and pathological conditions were compared. α-Tocopherol quinone (α-TQ) and 5-nitro-γ-tocopherol (5-NgT) were focused. α-TQ is produced by multiple oxidants including oxygen radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, singlet oxygen, and ozone, while 5-NgT is produced by nitrogen dioxide radical derived from peroxynitrite and the reaction of nitrite and hypochlorite. The reported concentrations of α-TQ and 5-NgT in healthy human plasma are highly variable ranging from 15 to 360 and 4 to 170 nM, respectively. In general, the molar ratio 5-NgT/γ-tocopherol was higher than the ratio α-TQ/α-tocopherol. Both absolute concentrations of α-TQ and 5-NgT and the molar ratios to the parent tocopherols were elevated significantly in the plasma of patients with various diseases compared with healthy subjects except neurological diseases. The molar ratios of the products to the respective parent compounds decreased in the order of 5-NgT/γ-tocopherol > α-TQ/α-tocopherol > hydroxyoctadecadienoate/linoleate > 3-nitrotyrosine/tyrosine > isoprostane/arachidonate. The molar ratios of nitrated products to the respective parent compounds in human plasma are approximately 10-2 for 5-NgT and 10-5 for 3-nitrotyrosine, nitro-oleic acid, and 8-nitroguaine. These data indicate that vitamin E acts as an important physiological antioxidant and that α-TQ and 5-NgT represent biomarker for oxidative stress and nitrative stress respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuo Niki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Japan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
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Riboflavin Plays a Pivotal Role in the UVA-Induced Cytotoxicity of Fibroblasts as a Key Molecule in the Production of H 2O 2 by UVA Radiation in Collaboration with Amino Acids and Vitamins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020554. [PMID: 31952279 PMCID: PMC7013916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate environmental factors that contribute to ultraviolet A (UVA)-induced oxidative stress, which accelerates the senescence and toxicity of skin cells, we irradiated human fibroblasts cultured in commonly used essential media with UVA and evaluated their viability and production of reactive oxygen species. The viability of fibroblasts exposed to a single dose of 3.6 J/cm2 UVA was not reduced when cultured in Hanks balanced salt solution, but it was significantly decreased when cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), which contains various amino acids and vitamins. Furthermore, cell viability was not reduced when fibroblasts were cultured in DMEM and treated with a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenger such as glutathione or catalase added after UVA irradiation. In addition, we confirmed that the production of H2O2 was dramatically increased by UVA photosensitization when riboflavin (R) coexisted with amino acids such as tryptophan (T), and found that R with folic acid (F) produced high levels of H2O2 after UVA irradiation. Furthermore, we noticed that R and F or R and T have different photosensitization mechanisms since NaN3, which is a singlet oxygen quencher, suppressed only R and T photosensitization. Lastly, we examined the effects of antioxidants (L-ascorbic acid, trolox, L-cysteine, and L-histidine), which are singlet oxygen or superoxide or H2O2 scavengers, on R and F or on R and T photosensitization, and found that 1 mM ascorbic acid, Trolox, and L-histidine were strongly photosensitized with R, and produced significant levels of H2O2 during UVA exposure. However, 1 mM L-cysteine dramatically suppressed H2O2 production by UVA photosensitization. These data suggest that a low concentration of R-derived photosensitization is elicited by different mechanisms depending on the coexisting vitamins and amino acids, and regulates cellular oxidative stress by producing H2O2 during UVA exposure.
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Khorobrykh S, Havurinne V, Mattila H, Tyystjärvi E. Oxygen and ROS in Photosynthesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E91. [PMID: 31936893 PMCID: PMC7020446 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is a natural acceptor of electrons in the respiratory pathway of aerobic organisms and in many other biochemical reactions. Aerobic metabolism is always associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS may damage biomolecules but are also involved in regulatory functions of photosynthetic organisms. This review presents the main properties of ROS, the formation of ROS in the photosynthetic electron transport chain and in the stroma of chloroplasts, and ROS scavenging systems of thylakoid membrane and stroma. Effects of ROS on the photosynthetic apparatus and their roles in redox signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland or (S.K.); (V.H.); (H.M.)
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Napolitano G, Fasciolo G, Di Meo S, Venditti P. Vitamin E Supplementation and Mitochondria in Experimental and Functional Hyperthyroidism: A Mini-Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122900. [PMID: 31805673 PMCID: PMC6950234 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are both the main sites of production and the main target of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction with harmful consequences for the cells and the whole organism, resulting in metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, dementia, and aging. To protect themselves from ROS, mitochondria are equipped with an efficient antioxidant system, which includes low-molecular-mass molecules and enzymes able to scavenge ROS or repair the oxidative damage. In the mitochondrial membranes, a major role is played by the lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin E, which reacts with the peroxyl radicals faster than the molecules of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and in doing so, protects membranes from excessive oxidative damage. In the present review, we summarize the available data concerning the capacity of vitamin E supplementation to protect mitochondria from oxidative damage in hyperthyroidism, a condition that leads to increased mitochondrial ROS production and oxidative damage. Vitamin E supplementation to hyperthyroid animals limits the thyroid hormone-induced increases in mitochondrial ROS and oxidative damage. Moreover, it prevents the reduction of the high functionality components of the mitochondrial population induced by hyperthyroidism, thus preserving cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetana Napolitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, via Acton n. 38, I-0133 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Fasciolo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.F.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Sergio Di Meo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.F.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Paola Venditti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.F.); (S.D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2535080; Fax: +39-081-679233
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Natarajan G, Perriotte-Olson C, Casey CA, Donohue TM, Talmon GA, Harris EN, Kabanov AV, Saraswathi V. Effect of nanoformulated copper/zinc superoxide dismutase on chronic ethanol-induced alterations in liver and adipose tissue. Alcohol 2019; 79:71-79. [PMID: 30611703 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that nanoformulated copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Nano) attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and adipose tissue (AT) inflammation in obese animals. Here, we sought to determine whether Nano treatment attenuates alcohol-associated liver disease (AALD) and AT inflammation in alcohol-fed mice. METHODS We pre-treated E-47 cells (HepG2 cells that over-express CYP2E1) with native- or nano-superoxide dismutase (SOD) for 6 h, followed by treatment with ethanol and/or linoleic acid (LA), a free fatty acid. For in vivo studies, male C57BL/6 mice were fed the Lieber-DeCarli control or ethanol liquid diet for 4 weeks. The mice received Nano once every 2 days during the last 2 weeks of ethanol feeding. RESULTS Our in vitro studies revealed that Nano pretreatment reduced LA + ethanol-induced oxidative stress in E-47 cells. Our in vivo experiments showed that ethanol-fed Nano-treated mice had 22% lower hepatic triglyceride levels than mice fed ethanol alone. Nano-treated ethanol-fed mice also had 2-fold lower levels of Cd68 and similarly reduced levels of Ccl2 and Mmp12 mRNAs, than in untreated ethanol-fed mice. We also noted that ethanol feeding caused a remarkable increase in hepatic and/or plasma MCP-1 and CCR2 protein, which was blunted in ethanol + Nano-treated animals. The hepatic content of SREBP-1c, a transcription factor that promotes lipogenesis, was higher in ethanol-fed mice than controls but was attenuated in ethanol + Nano-treated animals. Further, livers of ethanol + Nano-treated mice had significantly higher levels of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) than both control and ethanol-fed mice. In AT, the levels of Il6 mRNA, a hepatoprotective cytokine, and that of Arg1, a marker of anti-inflammatory macrophages, were significantly increased in ethanol + Nano-treated mice compared with control mice. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that Nano treatment attenuates ethanol-induced steatohepatitis and that this effect is associated with an apparent activation of AMPK signaling. Our data also suggest that Nano induces Arg1 and Il6 expression in AT, suggesting anti-inflammatory effects in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishnan Natarajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Curtis Perriotte-Olson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Carol A Casey
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Terrence M Donohue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Geoffrey A Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States.
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MATSUOKA R, KOBAYASHI C, KUROSAWA A, SUZUKI M, NAKAYAMA E, TAKAHASHI A, AOYAGI S, AIKAWA T, KONDO T, KASAI S, YUASA M. Dual O 2−•/NO Sensor Fabricated from an Electrode Modified with Polymerized Iron Porphyrin. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2018. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.67.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chihiro KOBAYASHI
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Akihisa KUROSAWA
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Misa SUZUKI
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Eri NAKAYAMA
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Akemi TAKAHASHI
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | - Tatsuo AIKAWA
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Takeshi KONDO
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Shigenobu KASAI
- Graduate Department of Environmental Information Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Tohoku Institute of Technology
| | - Makoto YUASA
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
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Choi KC, Son YO, Hwang JM, Kim BT, Chae M, Lee JC. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-septic potential of phenolic acids and flavonoid fractions isolated from Lolium multiflorum. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:611-619. [PMID: 27937124 PMCID: PMC6130696 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1266673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Interest has recently renewed in using Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Poaceae) (called Italian ryegrass; IRG) silage as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory diet. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-septic potential of IRG silage and identified the primary components in IRG active fractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total 16 fractions were separated from the chloroform-soluble extract of IRG aerial part using Sephadex LH-20 column before HPLC analysis. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the fractions at doses of 0-100 μg/mL were investigated using various cell-free and cell-mediated assay systems. To explore anti-septic effect of IRG fractions, female ICR and BALB/c mice orally received 40 mg/kg of phenolic acid and flavonoid-rich active fractions F7 and F8 every other day for 10 days, respectively, followed by LPS challenge. RESULTS The active fractions showed greater antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential compared with other fractions. IC50 values of F7 and F8 to reduce LPS-stimulated NO and TNF-α production were around 15 and 30 μg/mL, respectively. Comparison of retention times with authentic compounds through HPLC analysis revealed the presence of caffeic acid, ferulic acid, myricetin and kaempferol in the fractions as primary components. These fractions inhibited LPS-stimulated MAPK and NF-κB activation. Supplementation with F7 or F8 improved the survival rates of mice to 70 and 60%, respectively, in LPS-injected mice and reduced near completely serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study highlights antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-septic activities of IRG active fractions, eventually suggesting their usefulness in preventing oxidative damage and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Choon Choi
- Grassland and Forages Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Cell Dynamics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung-Min Hwang
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Beom-Tae Kim
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Minseon Chae
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- CONTACT Jeong-Chae LeeInstitute of Oral Biosciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju54896, South Korea
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17
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Matsuoka R, Kobayashi C, Nakagawa A, Aoyagi S, Aikawa T, Kondo T, Kasai S, Yuasa M. A Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species Sensor Fabricated from an Electrode Modified with a Polymerized Iron Porphyrin and a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:911-915. [PMID: 28794327 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an electrochemical reactive oxygen/nitrogen species sensor that can detect superoxide anion radicals (O2-•) and nitric oxide (NO). The reactive oxygen/nitrogen species sensor was fabricated by surface modification of an electrode with polymerized iron tetrakis(3-thienyl)porphyrin (FeT3ThP), and it can detect either O2-• or NO by switching the applied potential. Furthermore, we fabricated a sensor with improved selectivity by coating a Nafion® film onto the poly(FeT3ThP)-modified electrode. An interference current caused by NO2- was seen for the poly(FeT3ThP)-modified electrode, while the interference current was significantly reduced at the Nafion®/poly(FeT3ThP)-modified electrode, leading to improved selectivity for NO detection. The current response at the Nafion®/poly(FeT3ThP)-modified electrode exhibited good linearity in the O2-• and NO concentration ranges 1.3 - 4.1, and 0.5 - 10 μM, respectively. The Nafion®/poly(FeT3ThP)-modified and poly(FeT3ThP)-modified electrodes are highly versatile, because these electrodes can detect either O2-• or NO by switching the applied potential. Since the Nafion®/poly(FeT3ThP)-modified and poly(FeT3ThP)-modified electrodes contain no bio-derived compounds, the reactive oxygen/nitrogen species sensor should be safe even when it is used in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Atsushi Nakagawa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | - Tatsuo Aikawa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science.,Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Shigenobu Kasai
- Graduate Department of Environmental Information Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology.,Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Tohoku Institute of Technology
| | - Makoto Yuasa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science.,Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
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18
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On the formation and role of reactive oxygen species in light-driven LPMO oxidation of phosphoric acid swollen cellulose. Carbohydr Res 2017; 448:182-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Preparation of astaxanthin-loaded DNA/chitosan nanoparticles for improved cellular uptake and antioxidation capability. Food Chem 2017; 227:9-15. [PMID: 28274463 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA/chitosan co-assemblies were initially used as nanocarriers for efficient astaxanthin encapsulation and delivery. The obtained astaxanthin-loaded DNA/chitosan (ADC) colloidal system was transparent and homogenous, with astaxanthin content up to 65μg/ml. Compared to free astaxanthin, ADC nanoparticles with an astaxanthin concentration as low as 3.35nM still showed a more powerful cytoprotective effect on H2O2-induced oxidative cell damage, and improved cell viability from 49.9% to 61.9%. The ROS scavenging efficiency of ADC nanoparticles was as high as 54.3%, which was 2-fold higher than that of free astaxanthin. Besides this, ADC nanoparticles were easily engulfed by Caco-2 cells in a short time, indicating that the encapsulated astaxanthin could be absorbed through endocytosis by intestinal epithelial cells. The improved antioxidation capability and facilitated cellular uptake enabled the ADC nanoparticles to be good candidates for efficient delivery and absorption of astaxanthin.
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20
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Simplicio JA, Hipólito UV, Vale GTD, Callera GE, Pereira CA, Touyz RM, Tostes RDC, Tirapelli CR. Acute Ethanol Intake Induces NAD(P)H Oxidase Activation and Rhoa Translocation in Resistance Arteries. Arq Bras Cardiol 2016; 107:427-436. [PMID: 27812679 PMCID: PMC5137387 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20160147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism underlying the vascular dysfunction induced by ethanol is not
totally understood. Identification of biochemical/molecular mechanisms that
could explain such effects is warranted. Objective To investigate whether acute ethanol intake activates the vascular RhoA/Rho
kinase pathway in resistance arteries and the role of NAD(P)H
oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) on such response. We also
evaluated the requirement of p47phox translocation for ethanol-induced
NAD(P)H oxidase activation. Methods Male Wistar rats were orally treated with ethanol (1g/kg, p.o. gavage) or
water (control). Some rats were treated with vitamin C (250 mg/kg, p.o.
gavage, 5 days) before administration of water or ethanol. The mesenteric
arterial bed (MAB) was collected 30 min after ethanol administration. Results Vitamin C prevented ethanol-induced increase in superoxide anion
(O2-) generation and lipoperoxidation in the MAB.
Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and the reduced glutathione,
nitrate and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels were not
affected by ethanol. Vitamin C and 4-methylpyrazole prevented the increase
on O2- generation induced by ethanol in cultured MAB
vascular smooth muscle cells. Ethanol had no effect on phosphorylation
levels of protein kinase B (Akt) and eNOS (Ser1177 or
Thr495 residues) or MAB vascular reactivity. Vitamin C
prevented ethanol-induced increase in the membrane: cytosol fraction ratio
of p47phox and RhoA expression in the rat MAB. Conclusion Acute ethanol intake induces activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway by a
mechanism that involves ROS generation. In resistance arteries, ethanol
activates NAD(P)H oxidase by inducing p47phox translocation by a
redox-sensitive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina A Simplicio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Vilela Hipólito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Tavares do Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | | | - Camila André Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rita de Cássia Tostes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Tirapelli
- Departamento de Enfermagem Psiquiátrica e Ciências Humanas - Laboratório de Farmacologia - Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP); SP, Brazil
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Niki E. Oxidative stress and antioxidants: Distress or eustress? Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:19-24. [PMID: 27095209 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing consensus that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not just associated with various pathologies, but that they act as physiological redox signaling messenger with important regulatory functions. It is sometimes stated that "if ROS is a physiological signaling messenger, then removal of ROS by antioxidants such as vitamins E and C may not be good for human health." However, it should be noted that ROS acting as physiological signaling messenger and ROS removed by antioxidants are not the same. The lipid peroxidation products of polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol induce adaptive response and enhance defense capacity against subsequent oxidative insults, but it is unlikely that these lipid peroxidation products are physiological signaling messenger produced on purpose. The removal of ROS and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by antioxidants should be beneficial for human health, although it has to be noted also that they may not be an effective inhibitor of oxidative damage mediated by non-radical oxidants. The term ROS is vague and, as there are many ROS and antioxidants which are different in chemistry, it is imperative to explicitly specify ROS and antioxidant to understand the effects and role of oxidative stress and antioxidants properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuo Niki
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan; Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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Anderson DG, Florang VR, Schamp JH, Buettner GR, Doorn JA. Antioxidant-Mediated Modulation of Protein Reactivity for 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, a Toxic Dopamine Metabolite. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1098-107. [PMID: 27268734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) is an endogenously produced toxic aldehyde. It is a bifunctional electrophile implicated in the loss of dopaminergic cells concomitant with Parkinson's disease and neurodegeneration. DOPAL is known to react with proteins and amino acids such as N-acetyl lysine (NAL); oxidation of the catechol moiety to the quinone of DOPAL increases this reactivity. Here, we demonstrate the ability of the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, and ascorbic acid to mitigate the reactivity of DOPAL with proteins and amino acids in a dose-dependent fashion. Conversely, Trolox did not lessen the observed reactivity with proteins. Interestingly, use of tricine, a buffer and reducing agent, in these systems also decreased the reactivity of DOPAL with amines, yielding tricine-derived free radical species. Modification of amines with aldehydes typically involves Schiff base chemistry; however, the observance of free radicals suggests that an oxidative step is involved in the reaction of DOPAL with lysine. Furthermore, while Schiff base formation is usually optimal at pH 5, the reaction rate of DOPAL with NAL is negligible at pH 5 and is enhanced under basic conditions (e.g., pH 9). Conditions of high pH are also favorable for catechol auto-oxidation, known to occur for DOPAL. The antioxidant-mediated protection demonstrated here suggests that oxidative stress may impart cellular vulnerability to protein modification by DOPAL. Therefore, depleted antioxidants and increased levels of lipid peroxidation products, known to prevent the detoxifying metabolism of DOPAL, may present a survival challenge to dopaminergic cells targeted in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa , 115 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1112, United States
| | - Virginia R Florang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa , 115 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1112, United States
| | - Josephine H Schamp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa , 115 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1112, United States
| | - Garry R Buettner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, ESR Facility, Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1101, United States
| | - Jonathan A Doorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa , 115 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1112, United States
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Lim DW, Kim H, Park JY, Kim JE, Moon JY, Park SD, Park WH. Amomum cardamomum L. ethyl acetate fraction protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury via an antioxidant mechanism in rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:155. [PMID: 27246748 PMCID: PMC4886410 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Medicinal herb-derived drug development has become important in the relief of liver pathology. Amomun cardamomum is traditionally used therapeutically in Korea to treat various human ailments including dyspepsia, hiccupping, and vomiting. We investigated to assess the protective effect of A. cardamomum on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage through antioxidant activity in hepatic tissues of Sprague–Dawley rats. Methods Antioxidant properties of different fractions from A. cardamomum from ethanol extracts were evaluated by an in vitro free radical scavenging systems. The protective effect of the ethyl acetate fraction from A. cardamomum (EAAC) against CCl4-induced cytotoxicity was determined by a cell viability assay using HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. In vivo study, the influence of EAAC concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg following CCl4-induced hepatic injury was assessed. Serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined, as was lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA). Effect of EAAC on liver detoxification enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), total glutathione (GSH), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was measured in rat liver homogenates. Liver cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) expression level was determined by quantification of mRNA. Results Phytochemical analysis of A. cardamomum indicated that EAAC was enriched in total polyphenol and total flavonoid. Most of the tannins were confined to the hexane fraction. Hepatoprotective properties of EAAC were evident, with significantly reduced serum levels of GOT, GPT, and ALP compared with the control group. Improved hepatic antioxidant status was evident by increased SOD, GSH, and GST enzymes in rat liver tissue. Liver lipid peroxidation induced by CCl4 was apparent by increased intracellular MDA level. EAAC suppressed lipid peroxidation as evidenced by the significant decrease in MDA production. Expression of CYP2E1 was also significantly decreased at the higher concentration of EAAC, indicating the hepatoprotective efficacy of EAAC on acute liver damage. Conclusion These results indicated that EAAC has a significant hepatoprotective activity on CCl4-induced acute hepatic injury in rats, which might be derived from its antioxidant properties and CYP2E1 downregulation.
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Kruk J, Szymańska R, Nowicka B, Dłużewska J. Function of isoprenoid quinones and chromanols during oxidative stress in plants. N Biotechnol 2016; 33:636-643. [PMID: 26970272 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoid quinones and chromanols in plants fulfill both signaling and antioxidant functions under oxidative stress. The redox state of the plastoquinol pool (PQ-pool), which is modulated by interaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS) during oxidative stress, has a major regulatory function in both short- and long-term acclimatory responses. By contrast, the scavenging of ROS by prenyllipids affects signaling pathways where ROS play a role as signaling molecules. As the primary antioxidants, isoprenoid quinones and chromanols are synthesized under high-light stress in response to any increased production of ROS. During photo-oxidative stress, these prenyllipids are continuously synthesized and oxidized to other compounds. In turn, their oxidation products (hydroxy-plastochromanol, plastoquinol-C, plastoquinone-B) can still have an antioxidant function. The oxidation products of isoprenoid quinones and chromanols formed specifically in the face of singlet oxygen, can be indicators of singlet oxygen stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Renata Szymańska
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dłużewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Lee SJ, Lee J, Song S, Lim KT. Glycoprotein isolated from Styrax japonica Siebold et al. Zuccarini inhibits oxidative and pro-inflammatory responses in HCT116 colonic epithelial cells and dextran sulfate sodium-treated ICR mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 87:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Venditti P, Napolitano G, Barone D, Pervito E, Di Meo S. Vitamin E-enriched diet reduces adaptive responses to training determining respiratory capacity and redox homeostasis in rat heart. Free Radic Res 2015; 50:56-67. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1106530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mattila H, Khorobrykh S, Havurinne V, Tyystjärvi E. Reactive oxygen species: Reactions and detection from photosynthetic tissues. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:176-214. [PMID: 26498710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been recognized as compounds with dual roles. They cause cellular damage by reacting with biomolecules but they also function as agents of cellular signaling. Several different oxygen-containing compounds are classified as ROS because they react, at least with certain partners, more rapidly than ground-state molecular oxygen or because they are known to have biological effects. The present review describes the typical reactions of the most important ROS. The reactions are the basis for both the detection methods and for prediction of reactions between ROS and biomolecules. Chemical and physical methods used for detection, visualization and quantification of ROS from plants, algae and cyanobacteria will be reviewed. The main focus will be on photosynthetic tissues, and limitations of the methods will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heta Mattila
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Sergey Khorobrykh
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Havurinne
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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Kozuleva MA, Vetoshkina DV, Petrova AA, Borisova-Mubarakshina MM, Ivanov BN. The study of oxygen reduction in photosystem I of higher plants using electron donors for this photosystem in intact thylakoids. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT SERIES A: MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747814060026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tocotrienol Rich Palm Oil Extract Is More Effective Than Pure Tocotrienols at Improving Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation in the Presence of Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:150829. [PMID: 26075031 PMCID: PMC4449936 DOI: 10.1155/2015/150829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative endothelial dysfunction is a critical initiator of vascular disease. Vitamin E is an effective antioxidant but attempts to use it to treat vascular disorders have been disappointing. This study investigated whether tocotrienols, the less abundant components of vitamin E compared to tocopherols, might be more effective at preserving endothelial function. Superoxide generated by hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase or rat aorta was measured using lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. The effect of α-tocopherol, α-, δ-, and γ-tocotrienols and a tocotrienol rich palm oil extract (tocomin) on levels of superoxide was assessed. Endothelial function in rat aorta was assessed in the presence of the auto-oxidant pyrogallol. Whilst all of the compounds displayed antioxidant activity, the tocotrienols were more effective when superoxide was produced by hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase whereas tocomin and α-tocopherol were more effective in the isolated aorta. Tocomin and α-tocopherol restored endothelial function in the presence of oxidant stress but α-, δ-, and γ-tocotrienols were ineffective. The protective effect of tocomin was replicated when the tocotrienols were present with, but not without, α-tocopherol. Tocotrienol rich tocomin is more effective than α-tocopherol at reducing oxidative stress and restoring endothelium-dependent relaxation in rat aortae and although α-, δ-, and γ-tocotrienols effectively scavenged superoxide, they did not improve endothelial function.
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Kashkouli MB, Aghamirsalim M, Karimi N, Shahrzad S. Autoimmune hyperthyroidism and thyroid eye disease: what is the role of pro-oxidants and antioxidants? EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2015.1012499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Kim A. A panoramic overview of mitochondria and mitochondrial redox biology. Toxicol Res 2015; 30:221-34. [PMID: 25584141 PMCID: PMC4289922 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2014.30.4.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria dysfunction was first described in the 1960s. However, the extent and mechanisms of mitochondria dysfunction’s role in cellular physiology and pathology has only recently begun to be appreciated. To adequately evaluate mitochondria-mediated toxicity, it is not only necessary to understand mitochondria biology, but discerning mitochondrial redox biology is also essential. The latter is intricately tied to mitochondrial bioenergetics. Mitochondrial free radicals, antioxidants, and antioxidant enzymes are players in mitochondrial redox biology. This review will provide an across-the-board, albeit not in-depth, overview of mitochondria biology and mitochondrial redox biology. With accumulating knowledge on mitochondria biology and mitochondrial redox biology, we may devise experimental methods with adequate sensitivity and specificity to evaluate mitochondrial toxicity, especially in vivo in living organisms, in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aekyong Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongbuk, Korea
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Abstract
Experimental data concerning the role of ascorbic acid in both the maintenance of photosynthesis and in the protection of the photosynthetic apparatus against reactive oxygen species and photoinhibition are reviewed. The function of ascorbic acid as an electron donor in the "Krasnovsky reaction", as well as its physiological role as a donor to components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, which was first studied by A. A. Krasnovsky in the 1980s, is discussed. Data on the content and transport of ascorbic acid in plant cells and chloroplasts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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Takahashi T, Okiura A, Saito K, Kohno M. Identification of phenylpropanoids in fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10076-10083. [PMID: 25198243 DOI: 10.1021/jf5025938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the phenylpropanoid composition and antioxidant activity of identified components in fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves were examined. Known polyphenols rutin, isoschaftoside, isoquercetin, and chlorogenic acid were identified. Furthermore, caffeoylmalic acid (CMA) was the most abundant polyphenol and was identified for the first time. CMA exhibited antioxidant activity similar to that of vitamin C or catechin. Psoralen and bergapten were identified as known furanocoumarins, with psoralen being the most abundant. Moreover, psoralic acid glucoside (PAG) was identified for the first time. As a precursor of psoralen, PAG content was equivalent to the psoralen content in moles. Notably, the content of these compounds varied between the five fig varieties, and the furanocoumarin and PAG contents varied more than that of the polyphenols. Further investigations concerning the influence of CMA and PAG on human health are necessary to elucidate functionalities of fig leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takahashi
- Toyo Institute of Food Technology , 23-2, 4-chome, Minami-Hanayashiki, Kawanishi, Hyogo 666-0026, Japan
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Venditti P, Napolitano G, Barone D, Di Meo S. Vitamin E supplementation modifies adaptive responses to training in rat skeletal muscle. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:1179-89. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.937341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Mortensen A, Lykkesfeldt J. Does vitamin C enhance nitric oxide bioavailability in a tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent manner? In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Nitric Oxide 2014; 36:51-7. [PMID: 24333161 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbate (Asc) has been shown to increase nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and thereby improve endothelial function in patients showing signs of endothelial dysfunction. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH₄) is a co-factor of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) which may easily become oxidized to the inactive form dihydrobiopterin (BH₂). Asc may increase NO bioavailability by a number of mechanisms involving BH₄ and eNOS. Asc increases BH₄ bioavailability by either reducing oxidized BH₄ or preventing BH₄ from becoming oxidized in the first place. Asc could also increase NO bioavailability in a BH₄-independent manner by increasing eNOS activity by changing its phosphorylation and S-nitrosylation status or by upregulating eNOS expression. In this review, we discuss the putative mechanisms by which Asc may increase NO bioavailability through its interactions with BH₄ and eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Mortensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Armitage ME, La M, Schmidt HHHW, Wingler K. Diagnosis and individual treatment of cardiovascular diseases: targeting vascular oxidative stress. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 3:639-48. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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37
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Venditti P, Napolitano G, Barone D, Di Meo S. Effect of training and vitamin E administration on rat liver oxidative metabolism. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:322-32. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.867959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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38
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May JM, Harrison FE. Role of vitamin C in the function of the vascular endothelium. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2068-83. [PMID: 23581713 PMCID: PMC3869438 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, has long been known to participate in several important functions in the vascular bed in support of endothelial cells. These functions include increasing the synthesis and deposition of type IV collagen in the basement membrane, stimulating endothelial proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, scavenging radical species, and sparing endothelial cell-derived nitric oxide to help modulate blood flow. Although ascorbate may not be able to reverse inflammatory vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, it may well play a role in preventing the endothelial dysfunction that is the earliest sign of many such diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Beyond simply preventing scurvy, evidence is mounting that ascorbate is required for optimal function of many dioxygenase enzymes in addition to those involved in collagen synthesis. Several of these enzymes regulate the transcription of proteins involved in endothelial function, proliferation, and survival, including hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and histone and DNA demethylases. More recently, ascorbate has been found to acutely tighten the endothelial permeability barrier and, thus, may modulate access of ascorbate and other molecules into tissues and organs. CRITICAL ISSUES The issue of the optimal cellular content of ascorbate remains unresolved, but it appears that low millimolar ascorbate concentrations are normal in most animal tissues, in human leukocytes, and probably in the endothelium. Although there may be little benefit of increasing near maximal cellular ascorbate concentrations in normal people, many diseases and conditions have either systemic or localized cellular ascorbate deficiency as a cause for endothelial dysfunction, including early atherosclerosis, sepsis, smoking, and diabetes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A key focus for future studies of ascorbate and the vascular endothelium will likely be to determine the mechanisms and clinical relevance of ascorbate effects on endothelial function, permeability, and survival in diseases that cause endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M May
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
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Kim A. Modulation of MnSOD in Cancer:Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence. Toxicol Res 2013; 26:83-93. [PMID: 24278510 PMCID: PMC3834467 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.2.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since it was first observed in late 1970s that human cancers often had decreased manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) protein expression and activity, extensive studies have been conducted to verify the association between MnSOD and cancer. Significance of MnSOD as a primary mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme is unquestionable; results from in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies are in harmony. On the contrary, studies regarding roles of MnSOD in cancer often report conflicting results. Although putative mechanisms have been proposed to explain how MnSOD regulates cellular proliferation, these mechanisms are not capitulated in epidemiological studies. This review discusses most recent epidemiological and experimental studies that examined the association between MnSOD and cancer, and describes emerging hypotheses of MnSOD as a mitochondrial redox regulatory enzyme and of how altered mitochondrial redox may affect physiology of normal as well as cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aekyong Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Korea
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40
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Jo WS, Yang KM, Park HS, Kim GY, Nam BH, Jeong MH, Choi YJ. Effect of Microalgal Extracts of Tetraselmis suecica against UVB-Induced Photoaging in Human Skin Fibroblasts. Toxicol Res 2013; 28:241-8. [PMID: 24278616 PMCID: PMC3834434 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2012.28.4.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of cells to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation can induce production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage cellular components. In addition, these agents can stimulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and decrease collagen synthesis in human skin cells. In this study, we examined the anti-photoaging effects of extracts of Tetraselmis suecica (W-TS). W-TS showed the strongest scavenging activity against 2,2-difenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and peroxyl radicals, followed by superoxide anions from the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. We observed that the levels of both intracellular ROS and lipid peroxidation significantly increased in UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblast cells. Furthermore, the activities of enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., superoxide dismutase) and the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., glutathione) significantly decreased in cells. However, W-TS pretreatment, at the maximum tested concentration, significantly decreased intracellular ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels in the cells. At this same concentration, W-TS did not show cytotoxicity. Type 1 procollagen and MMP-1 released were quantified using RT-PCR techniques. The results showed that W-TS protected type 1 procollagen against UVBinduced depletion in fibroblast cells in a dose-dependent manner via inhibition of UVB-induced MMP-1. Taken together, the results of the study suggest that W-TS effectively inhibits UVB-induced photoaging in skin fibroblasts by its strong anti-oxidant ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wol Soon Jo
- Department of Research center, Dong Nam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan, Korea
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41
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Mortensen A, Hasselholt S, Tveden-Nyborg P, Lykkesfeldt J. Guinea pig ascorbate status predicts tetrahydrobiopterin plasma concentration and oxidation ratio in vivo. Nutr Res 2013; 33:859-67. [PMID: 24074744 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH₄) is an essential co-factor of nitric oxide synthases and is easily oxidized to dihydrobiopterin (BH₂) which promotes endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and deleterious superoxide production. Vitamin C has been shown to improve endothelial function by different mechanisms, some involving BH₄. The hypothesis of the present study was that vitamin C status, in particular low levels, influences biopterin redox status in vivo. Like humans, the guinea pig lacks the ability to synthesize vitamin C and was therefore used as model. Seven day old animals (n = 10/group) were given a diet containing 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, or 1500 ppm vitamin C until euthanasia at age 60-64 days. Blood samples were drawn from the heart and analyzed for ascorbate, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), BH₄ and BH₂ by high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma BH₄ levels were found to be significantly lower in animals fed 100 ppm vitamin C compared to all other groups (P < .05 or less). BH₂ levels were not significantly different between groups but the BH₂-to-BH₄ ratio was higher in the group fed 100 ppm vitamin C (P < .001 all cases). Significant positive correlations between BH4 and ascorbate and between BH₂-to-BH₄ ratio and DHA were observed (P < .0001 both cases). Likewise, BH₂-to-BH₄ ratio was negatively correlated with ascorbate (P < .0001) as was BH₄ and DHA (P < .005). In conclusion, the redox status of plasma biopterins, essentially involved in vasodilation, depends on the vitamin C status in vivo. Thus, ingestion of insufficient quantities of vitamin C not only leads to vitamin C deficiency but also to increased BH₄ oxidation which may promote endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Mortensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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42
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Fucoxanthin in association with Vitamin c acts as modulators of human neutrophil function. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:779-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0582-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Venditti P, Di Stefano L, Di Meo S. Vitamin E management of oxidative damage-linked dysfunctions of hyperthyroid tissues. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3125-44. [PMID: 23255045 PMCID: PMC11114018 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thyroid hormones affect growth, development, and metabolism of vertebrates, and are considered the major regulators of their homeostasis. On the other hand, elevated circulating levels of thyroid hormones are associated with modifications in the whole organism (weight loss and increased metabolism and temperature) and in several body regions. Indeed, tachycardia, atrial arrhythmias, heart failure, muscle weakness and wasting, bone mass loss, and hepatobiliary complications are commonly found in hyperthyroid animals and humans. RESULTS Most thyroid hormone actions result from influences on transcription of T3-responsive genes, which are mediated through nuclear receptors. However, there is significant evidence that tissue oxidative stress underlies some dysfunctions produced by hyperthyroidism. DISCUSSION During the last decades, increasing interest has been turned to the use of antioxidants as therapeutic agents in various diseases and pathophysiological disorders believed to be mediated by oxidative stress. In particular, because elevated circulating levels of thyroid hormones are associated with tissue oxidative injury, more attention has been paid to explore the application of antioxidants as therapeutic agents in thyroid related disorders. CONCLUSIONS At present, vitamin E is among the most commonly consumed dietary supplements due to the belief that it, as an antioxidant, may attenuate morbidity and mortality. This is due to the results of numerous scientific studies, which demonstrate that vitamin E has a primary function to destroy peroxyl radicals, thus protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids biological membranes from oxidative damage. However, results are also available indicating that protective vitamin E effects against oxidative damage can be obtained even through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Venditti
- Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy.
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de O R Arrivetti L, Scurachio RS, Santos WG, Papa TBR, Skibsted LH, Cardoso DR. Photooxidation of other B-vitamins as sensitized by riboflavin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7615-7620. [PMID: 23848945 DOI: 10.1021/jf402123d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) was found to deactivate triplet-excited riboflavin (Rib) in aqueous solution with a deactivation constant of 3.0 ± 0.1 × 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1) at 25 °C. Likewise, PLP was found to quench the fluorescence emission of (1)Rib* with (1)kq = 1.0 ± 0.1 × 10(11) L mol(-1) s(-1) as determined by steady state fluorescence. The rather high quenching constant suggests the formation of a ground state complex, which was further confirmed by time-resolved fluorescence measurements to yield a (1)Rib* deactivation constant of 3.4 ± 0.4 × 10(10) L mol(-1) s(-1). Triplet quenching is assigned as one-electron transfer rather than hydrogen-atom transfer from PLP to (3)Rib*, as the reaction quantum yield, Φ = 0.82, is hardly influenced by solvent change from water to D2O, Φ = 0.78. Neither biotin nor niacin deactivates the singlet- or triplet-excited riboflavin as it is expected from their higher oxidation potentials E > 2 V vs NHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro de O R Arrivetti
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense 400, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
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Venditti P, Di Stefano L, Di Meo S. Vitamin E reduces cold-induced oxidative stress in rat skeletal muscle decreasing mitochondrial H2O2release and tissue susceptibility to oxidants. Redox Rep 2013; 14:167-75. [DOI: 10.1179/135100009x466113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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46
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Kim SS, Son YO, Chun JC, Kim SE, Chung GH, Hwang KJ, Lee JC. Antioxidant property of an active component purified from the leaves of paraquat-tolerantRehmannia glutinosa. Redox Rep 2013; 10:311-8. [PMID: 16438803 DOI: 10.1179/135100005x83734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acteoside extracted from the leaves of Rehmannia glutinosa was examined to determine the mechanism(s) of its antioxidant properties. The deoxyribose assay system showed that acteoside has a high redox potential as electron donor, which generates hydroxyl radicals in an Fe3+-dependent manner similar to ascorbic acid. However, the antioxidant properties of acteoside differ from those of ascorbic acid in that the superoxide anion-mediated reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium was actively inhibited by acteoside but not by ascorbic acid. Acteoside protected cells against glucose oxidase-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, acteoside had immune stimulating effects, as shown by the acteoside-mediated increase in the level of DNA synthesis, viability, and cytokine secretion in mouse splenocytes. Moreover, acteoside inhibited the gelatinolytic activity of MMP proteins in a dose-dependent manner. Considering these results and the fact that acteoside is a water-soluble natural product, acteoside might have potential as a preventative treatment for oxidative stress-mediated diseases and have possibilities in the cosmetic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Soon Kim
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Korea
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47
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Inflammatory biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular disease. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1353-71. [PMID: 23756129 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is complex; multiple biological pathways have been implicated, including, but not limited to, inflammation and oxidative stress. Biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress may serve to help identify patients at risk for CVD, to monitor the efficacy of treatments, and to develop new pharmacological tools. However, due to the complexities of CVD pathogenesis there is no single biomarker available to estimate absolute risk of future cardiovascular events. Furthermore, not all biomarkers are equal; the functions of many biomarkers overlap, some offer better prognostic information than others, and some are better suited to identify/predict the pathogenesis of particular cardiovascular events. The identification of the most appropriate set of biomarkers can provide a detailed picture of the specific nature of the cardiovascular event. The following review provides an overview of existing and emerging inflammatory biomarkers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, oxidative stress biomarkers, and antioxidant biomarkers. The functions of each biomarker are discussed, and prognostic data are provided where available.
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NADPH oxidase as a therapeutic target for oxalate induced injury in kidneys. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:462361. [PMID: 23840917 PMCID: PMC3690252 DOI: 10.1155/2013/462361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A major role of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family of enzymes is to catalyze the production of superoxides and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS, in turn, play a key role as messengers in cell signal transduction and cell cycling, but when they are produced in excess they can lead to oxidative stress (OS). Oxidative stress in the kidneys is now considered a major cause of renal injury and inflammation, giving rise to a variety of pathological disorders. In this review, we discuss the putative role of oxalate in producing oxidative stress via the production of reactive oxygen species by isoforms of NADPH oxidases expressed in different cellular locations of the kidneys. Most renal cells produce ROS, and recent data indicate a direct correlation between upregulated gene expressions of NADPH oxidase, ROS, and inflammation. Renal tissue expression of multiple NADPH oxidase isoforms most likely will impact the future use of different antioxidants and NADPH oxidase inhibitors to minimize OS and renal tissue injury in hyperoxaluria-induced kidney stone disease.
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Xing X, Cui SW, Nie S, Phillips GO, Douglas Goff H, Wang Q. A review of isolation process, structural characteristics, and bioactivities of water-soluble polysaccharides from Dendrobium plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kelso GF, Maroz A, Cochemé HM, Logan A, Prime TA, Peskin AV, Winterbourn CC, James AM, Ross MF, Brooker S, Porteous CM, Anderson RF, Murphy MP, Smith RAJ. A mitochondria-targeted macrocyclic Mn(II) superoxide dismutase mimetic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:1237-46. [PMID: 23102218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide (O(2)(·-)) is the proximal mitochondrial reactive oxygen species underlying pathology and redox signaling. This central role prioritizes development of a mitochondria-targeted reagent selective for controlling O(2)(·-). We have conjugated a mitochondria-targeting triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation to a O(2)(·-)-selective pentaaza macrocyclic Mn(II) superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic to make MitoSOD, a mitochondria-targeted SOD mimetic. MitoSOD showed rapid and extensive membrane potential-dependent uptake into mitochondria without loss of Mn and retained SOD activity. Pulse radiolysis measurements confirmed that MitoSOD was a very effective catalytic SOD mimetic. MitoSOD also catalyzes the ascorbate-dependent reduction of O(2)(·-). The combination of mitochondrial uptake and O(2)(·-) scavenging by MitoSOD decreased inactivation of the matrix enzyme aconitase caused by O(2)(·-). MitoSOD is an effective mitochondria-targeted macrocyclic SOD mimetic that selectively protects mitochondria from O(2)(·-) damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey F Kelso
- Centre for Green Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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