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Pun M, Pratt D, Nano PR, Joshi PK, Jiang L, Englinger B, Rao A, Cieslik M, Chinnaiyan AM, Aldape K, Pfister S, Filbin MG, Bhaduri A, Venneti S. Common molecular features of H3K27M DMGs and PFA ependymomas map to hindbrain developmental pathways. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:25. [PMID: 36759899 PMCID: PMC9912509 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally decreased histone 3, lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) is a hallmark of H3K27-altered diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs) and group-A posterior fossa ependymomas (PFAs). H3K27-altered DMGs are largely characterized by lysine-to-methionine mutations in histone 3 at position 27 (H3K27M). Most PFAs overexpress EZH inhibitory protein (EZHIP), which possesses a region of similarity to the mutant H3K27M. Both H3K27M and EZHIP inhibit the function of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) responsible for H3K27me3 deposition. These tumors often arise in neighboring regions of the brainstem and posterior fossa. In rare cases PFAs harbor H3K27M mutations, and DMGs overexpress EZHIP. These findings together raise the possibility that certain cell populations in the developing hindbrain/posterior fossa are especially sensitive to modulation of H3K27me3 states. We identified shared molecular features by comparing genomic, bulk transcriptomic, chromatin-based profiles, and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from the two tumor classes. Our approach demonstrated that 1q gain, a key biomarker in PFAs, is prognostic in H3.1K27M, but not H3.3K27M gliomas. Conversely, Activin A Receptor Type 1 (ACVR1), which is associated with mutations in H3.1K27M gliomas, is overexpressed in a subset of PFAs with poor outcome. Despite diffuse H3K27me3 reduction, previous work shows that both tumors maintain genomic H3K27me3 deposition at select sites. We demonstrate heterogeneity in shared patterns of residual H3K27me3 for both tumors that largely segregated with inferred anatomic tumor origins and progenitor populations of tumor cells. In contrast, analysis of genes linked to H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac)-marked enhancers showed higher expression in astrocytic-like tumor cells. Finally, common H3K27me3-marked genes mapped closely to expression patterns in the human developing hindbrain. Overall, our data demonstrate developmentally relevant molecular similarities between PFAs and H3K27M DMGs and support the overall hypothesis that deregulated mechanisms of hindbrain development are central to the biology of both tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pun
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 3520E MSRB 1, 1150 W. Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 41804, USA
- Chad Carr Pediatric Tumor Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Drew Pratt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Room 2S235, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Patricia R Nano
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Piyush K Joshi
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ) Heidelberg, Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bernhard Englinger
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arvind Rao
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Marcin Cieslik
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Room 2S235, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ) Heidelberg, Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mariella G Filbin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 3520E MSRB 1, 1150 W. Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 41804, USA.
- Chad Carr Pediatric Tumor Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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The neural crest and evolution of the head/trunk interface in vertebrates. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S60-S66. [PMID: 29408469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The migration and distribution patterns of neural crest (NC) cells reflect the distinct embryonic environments of the head and trunk: cephalic NC cells migrate predominantly along the dorsolateral pathway to populate the craniofacial and pharyngeal regions, whereas trunk crest cells migrate along the ventrolateral pathways to form the dorsal root ganglia. These two patterns thus reflect the branchiomeric and somitomeric architecture, respectively, of the vertebrate body plan. The so-called vagal NC occupies a postotic, intermediate level between the head and trunk NC. This level of NC gives rise to both trunk- and cephalic-type (circumpharyngeal) NC cells. The anatomical pattern of the amphioxus, a basal chordate, suggests that somites and pharyngeal gills coexist along an extensive length of the body axis, indicating that the embryonic environment is similar to that of vertebrate vagal NC cells and may have been ancestral for vertebrates. The amniote-like condition in which the cephalic and trunk domains are distinctly separated would have been brought about, in part, by anteroposterior reduction of the pharyngeal domain.
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Minoux M, Holwerda S, Vitobello A, Kitazawa T, Kohler H, Stadler MB, Rijli FM. Gene bivalency at Polycomb domains regulates cranial neural crest positional identity. Science 2017; 355:355/6332/eaal2913. [PMID: 28360266 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cranial neural crest cells are multipotent cells that provide head skeletogenic mesenchyme and are crucial for craniofacial patterning. We analyzed the chromatin landscapes of mouse cranial neural crest subpopulations in vivo. Early postmigratory subpopulations contributing to distinct mouse craniofacial structures displayed similar chromatin accessibility patterns yet differed transcriptionally. Accessible promoters and enhancers of differentially silenced genes carried H3K27me3/H3K4me2 bivalent chromatin marks embedded in large enhancer of zeste homolog 2-dependent Polycomb domains, indicating transcriptional poising. These postmigratory bivalent chromatin regions were already present in premigratory progenitors. At Polycomb domains, H3K27me3 antagonized H3K4me2 deposition, which was restricted to accessible sites. Thus, bivalent Polycomb domains provide a chromatin template for the regulation of cranial neural crest cell positional identity in vivo, contributing insights into the epigenetic regulation of face morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Minoux
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.,INSERM UMR 1121, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67 000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sjoerd Holwerda
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Vitobello
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Taro Kitazawa
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hubertus Kohler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Stadler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland. .,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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Roux M, Laforest B, Eudes N, Bertrand N, Stefanovic S, Zaffran S. Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 are required for pharyngeal arch artery development. Mech Dev 2016; 143:1-8. [PMID: 27956219 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hox transcription factors play critical roles during early vertebrate development. Previous studies have revealed an overlapping function of Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 during specification of the rhombomeres from which neural crest cells emerge. A recent study on Hoxa1 mutant mice documented its function during cardiovascular development, however, the role of Hoxb1 is still unclear. Here we show using single and compound Hoxa1;Hoxb1 mutant embryos that reduction of Hoxa1 gene dosage in Hoxb1-null genetic background is sufficient to result in abnormal pharyngeal aortic arch (PAA) development and subsequently in great artery defects. Endothelial cells in the 4th PAAs of compound mutant differentiate normally whereas vascular smooth muscle cells of the vessels are absent in the defective PAAs. The importance of Hoxa1 and Hoxb1, and their interaction during specification of cardiac NCCs is demonstrated. Together, our data reveal a critical role for anterior Hox genes during PAA development, providing new mechanistic insights into the etiology of congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Roux
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France
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5
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Prin F, Serpente P, Itasaki N, Gould AP. Hox proteins drive cell segregation and non-autonomous apical remodelling during hindbrain segmentation. Development 2014; 141:1492-502. [PMID: 24574009 PMCID: PMC3957373 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hox genes encode a conserved family of homeodomain transcription factors regulating development along the major body axis. During embryogenesis, Hox proteins are expressed in segment-specific patterns and control numerous different segment-specific cell fates. It has been unclear, however, whether Hox proteins drive the epithelial cell segregation mechanism that is thought to initiate the segmentation process. Here, we investigate the role of vertebrate Hox proteins during the partitioning of the developing hindbrain into lineage-restricted units called rhombomeres. Loss-of-function mutants and ectopic expression assays reveal that Hoxb4 and its paralogue Hoxd4 are necessary and sufficient for cell segregation, and for the most caudal rhombomere boundary (r6/r7). Hox4 proteins regulate Eph/ephrins and other cell-surface proteins, and can function in a non-cell-autonomous manner to induce apical cell enlargement on both sides of their expression border. Similarly, other Hox proteins expressed at more rostral rhombomere interfaces can also regulate Eph/ephrins, induce apical remodelling and drive cell segregation in ectopic expression assays. However, Krox20, a key segmentation factor expressed in odd rhombomeres (r3 and r5), can largely override Hox proteins at the level of regulation of a cell surface target, Epha4. This study suggests that most, if not all, Hox proteins share a common potential to induce cell segregation but in some contexts this is masked or modulated by other transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Prin
- Division of Physiology and Metabolism, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Patricia Serpente
- Division of Physiology and Metabolism, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Nobue Itasaki
- Division of Developmental Neurobiology, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Alex P. Gould
- Division of Physiology and Metabolism, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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Snider P, Simmons O, Rogers R, Young R, Gosnell M, Conway SJ. Notochordal and foregut abnormalities correlate with elevated neural crest apoptosis in Patch embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 91:551-64. [PMID: 21557455 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although Patch mutants show severe abnormalities in many neural crest-derived structures including the face and the heart, there is a paucity of information characterizing the mechanisms underlying these congenital defects. Via manipulating the genetic background to circumvent early embryonic lethality, our results revealed that Patch phenotypes are most likely due to a significant decrease in migratory neural crest lineage due to diminished neural crest survival and elevated apoptosis. Homozygous mutant neural crest precursors can undergo typical expansion within the neural tube, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation, and initiate normal neural crest emigration. Moreover, in vitro explant culture demonstrated that when isolated from the surrounding mesenchyme, Patch mutant neural crest cells (NCCs) can migrate appropriately. Additionally, Patch foregut, notochord and somitic morphogenesis, and Sonic hedgehog expression profiles were all perturbed. Significantly, the timing of lethality and extent of apoptosis correlated with the degree of severity of Patch mutant foregut, notochord, and somite dysfunction. Finally, analysis of Balb/c-enriched surviving Patch mutants revealed that not all the neural crest subpopulations are affected and that Patch mutant neural crest-derived sympathetic ganglia and dorsal root ganglia were unaffected. We hypothesize that loss of normal coordinated signaling from the notochord, foregut, and somites underlies the diminished survival of the neural crest lineage within Patch mutants resulting in subsequent neural crest-deficient phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Snider
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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7
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Thompson H, Griffiths JS, Jeffery G, McGonnell IM. The retinal pigment epithelium of the eye regulates the development of scleral cartilage. Dev Biol 2010; 347:40-52. [PMID: 20707994 PMCID: PMC2977850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The majority of vertebrate species have a layer of hyaline cartilage within the fibrous sclera giving an extra degree of support to the eyeball. In chicks, this is seen as a cuplike structure throughout the scleral layer. However, the mechanisms that control the development of scleral cartilage are largely unknown. Here we have studied the phases of scleral cartilage development and characterised expression profiles of genes activated during the cartilage differentiation programme. CART1 and SOX9, the earliest markers of pre-committed cartilage, are expressed in the mesenchyme surrounding the optic cup. Later AGGRECAN, a matrix protein expressed during chondrocyte differentiation, is also expressed. The expression of these genes is lost following early removal of the optic cup, suggesting a role for this tissue in inducing scleral cartilage. By grafting young retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retina into cranial mesenchyme in vivo, it was found that RPE alone has the ability to induce cartilage formation. There are some exceptions within the vertebrates where scleral cartilage is not present; one such example is the placental mammals. However, we found that the cartilage differentiation pathway is initiated in mice as seen by the expression of Cart1 and Sox9, but expression of the later cartilage marker Aggrecan is weak. Furthermore, cartilage forms in mouse peri-ocular mesenchyme micromass culture. This suggests that the process halts in vivo before full differentiation into cartilage, but that murine scleral mesenchyme has retained the potential to make cartilage in vitro. RA, Wnts and Bmps have been linked to the cartilage development process and are expressed within the developing RPE. We find that RA may have a role in early scleral cartilage development but is not likely to be the main factor involved. These data reveal the course of scleral cartilage formation and highlight the key role that the optic cup plays in this process. The driving element within the optic cup is almost certainly the retinal pigmented epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thompson
- Department of Veterinary Basic Science, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK
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8
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Hughes DST, Keynes RJ, Tannahill D. Extensive molecular differences between anterior- and posterior-half-sclerotomes underlie somite polarity and spinal nerve segmentation. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:30. [PMID: 19463158 PMCID: PMC2693541 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-9-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background The polarization of somite-derived sclerotomes into anterior and posterior halves underlies vertebral morphogenesis and spinal nerve segmentation. To characterize the full extent of molecular differences that underlie this polarity, we have undertaken a systematic comparison of gene expression between the two sclerotome halves in the mouse embryo. Results Several hundred genes are differentially-expressed between the two sclerotome halves, showing that a marked degree of molecular heterogeneity underpins the development of somite polarity. Conclusion We have identified a set of genes that warrant further investigation as regulators of somite polarity and vertebral morphogenesis, as well as repellents of spinal axon growth. Moreover the results indicate that, unlike the posterior half-sclerotome, the central region of the anterior-half-sclerotome does not contribute bone and cartilage to the vertebral column, being associated instead with the development of the segmented spinal nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S T Hughes
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB3 2DY, UK.
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Clugston RD, Zhang W, Alvarez S, de Lera AR, Greer JJ. Understanding abnormal retinoid signaling as a causative mechanism in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 42:276-85. [PMID: 19448158 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0076oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a frequently occurring source of severe neonatal respiratory distress. It has been hypothesized that abnormal retinoid signaling contributes to the etiology of this developmental anomaly. Here, we use rodent models toward specifically understanding the role of retinoid signaling in the developing diaphragm and how its perturbation is a common mechanism in drug-induced CDH. This includes monitoring of retinoic acid (RA) response element (RARE) activation with RARE-lacZ mice, RA supplementation studies, systematic analyses of the expression profile of key elements in the RA signaling pathway within the developing diaphragm, and the in utero delivery of a RA receptor (RAR) antagonist. These data demonstrate the timing of RARE perturbation by CDH-inducing teratogens and the efficacy of RA supplementation. Furthermore, a detailed profile of retinoid binding proteins, synthetic enzymes, and retinoid receptors within primordial diaphragm cells was obtained. The expression profile of RAR-alpha was particularly striking in regard to its overlap with the regions of primordial diaphragm affected in multiple CDH models. Blocking of RAR signaling with the pan-RAR antagonist BMS493 induced a very high degree of CDH, with a marked left-right sidedness that depended on the timing of drug delivery. Collectively, these data demonstrate that retinoid signaling is essential for normal diaphragm development, providing further support to the hypothesis that abnormalities related to the retinoid signaling pathway cause diaphragmatic defects. This study also yielded a novel experimental model that should prove particularly useful for further studies of CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Clugston
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 524 HMRC, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2 Canada
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Minoux M, Antonarakis GS, Kmita M, Duboule D, Rijli FM. Rostral and caudal pharyngeal arches share a common neural crest ground pattern. Development 2009; 136:637-45. [PMID: 19168678 PMCID: PMC4482666 DOI: 10.1242/dev.028621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, face and throat structures, such as jaw, hyoid and thyroid cartilages develop from a rostrocaudal metameric series of pharyngeal arches, colonized by cranial neural crest cells (NCCs). Colinear Hox gene expression patterns underlie arch specific morphologies, with the exception of the first (mandibular) arch, which is devoid of any Hox gene activity. We have previously shown that the first and second (hyoid) arches share a common, Hox-free, patterning program. However, whether or not more posterior pharyngeal arch neural crest derivatives are also patterned on the top of the same ground-state remained an unanswered question. Here, we show that the simultaneous inactivation of all Hoxa cluster genes in NCCs leads to multiple jaw and first arch-like structures, partially replacing second, third and fourth arch derivatives, suggesting that rostral and caudal arches share the same mandibular arch-like ground patterning program. The additional inactivation of the Hoxd cluster did not significantly enhance such a homeotic phenotype, thus indicating a preponderant role of Hoxa genes in patterning skeletogenic NCCs. Moreover, we found that Hoxa2 and Hoxa3 act synergistically to pattern third and fourth arch derivatives. These results provide insights into how facial and throat structures are assembled during development, and have implications for the evolution of the pharyngeal region of the vertebrate head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Minoux
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gregory S. Antonarakis
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology and National Research Centre Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Kmita
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology and National Research Centre Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Genetics and Development, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, H2W1R7, Montréal Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Duboule
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology and National Research Centre Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Filippo M. Rijli
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Propping C, Mönig B, Luksch H, Mey J. Distribution of the cellular retinoic acid binding protein CRABP-I in the developing chick optic tectum. Brain Res 2007; 1168:21-31. [PMID: 17706616 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A is a major morphogen for the visual system. Most of its effects are mediated by retinoic acid (RA), whose developmental functions include pattern formation, neuronal differentiation and possibly axonal guidance. Although RA has been suggested to regulate development of the retina and its central projection, little is known about the distribution of retinoid receptors and binding proteins in the optic tectum, which in birds is the direct target of most retinofugal axons. We investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of the cellular retinoic acid binding protein-I (CRABP-I) in the chick midbrain. While the precise role of CRABP-I is still unknown, this is an intracellular transport protein for RA, which tends to be expressed in cells that are responsive to retinoic acid. Our data show immunoreactivity of CRABP-I in the tectal anlage at E2.5 and during the entire period of embryonic development. It was found in differentiating neurons of the generative zone, in migrating cells of the prospective stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale and in mature neurons in this layer. In addition, we detected retinoid receptors RARalpha, RARbeta, RXRalpha, RXRbeta and RXRgamma in the developing tectum. Cell culture experiments demonstrate CRABP-I expression in a subpopulation of tectal neurons as they differentiate in vitro. These results are consistent with a regulatory role of RA in tectal neurogenesis and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Propping
- Institut für Biologie II, RWTH Aachen, Kopernikusstrasse 16, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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12
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Anselme I, Laclef C, Lanaud M, Rüther U, Schneider-Maunoury S. Defects in brain patterning and head morphogenesis in the mouse mutant Fused toes. Dev Biol 2007; 304:208-20. [PMID: 17241623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During vertebrate development, brain patterning and head morphogenesis are tightly coordinated. In this paper, we study these processes in the mouse mutant Fused toes (Ft), which presents severe head defects at midgestation. The Ft line carries a 1.6-Mb deletion on chromosome 8. This deletion eliminates six genes, three members of the Iroquois gene family, Irx3, Irx5 and Irx6, which form the IrxB cluster, and three other genes of unknown function, Fts, Ftm and Fto. We show that in Ft/Ft embryos, both anteroposterior and dorsoventral patterning of the brain are affected. As soon as the beginning of somitogenesis, the forebrain is expanded caudally and the midbrain is reduced. Within the expanded forebrain, the most dorsomedial (medial pallium) and ventral (hypothalamus) regions are severely reduced or absent. Morphogenesis of the forebrain and optic vesicles is strongly perturbed, leading to reduction of the eyes and delayed or absence of neural tube closure. Finally, facial structures are hypoplastic. Given the diversity, localisation and nature of the defects, we propose that some of them are caused by the elimination of the IrxB cluster, while others result from the loss of one or several of the Fts, Ftm and Fto genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Anselme
- Biologie du Développement, CNRS UMR7622, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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13
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Schleiffarth JR, Person AD, Martinsen BJ, Sukovich DJ, Neumann A, Baker CVH, Lohr JL, Cornfield DN, Ekker SC, Petryk A. Wnt5a is required for cardiac outflow tract septation in mice. Pediatr Res 2007; 61:386-91. [PMID: 17515859 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3180323810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lack of septation of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT) results in persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA), a form of congenital heart disease. The outflow myocardium expands through addition of cells originating from the pharyngeal mesoderm referred to as secondary/anterior heart field, whereas cardiac neural crest (CNC) cell-derived mesenchyme condenses to form an aortopulmonary septum. We show for the first time that a mutation in Wnt5a in mice leads to PTA. We provide evidence that Wnt5a is expressed in the pharyngeal mesoderm adjacent to CNC cells in both mouse and chicken embryos and in the myocardial cell layer of the conotruncus at the time when CNC cells begin to form the aortopulmonary septum in mice. Although expression domains of secondary heart field markers are not altered in Wnt5a mutant embryos, the expression of CNC cell marker PlexinA2 is significantly reduced. Stimulation of CNC cells with Wnt5a protein elicits Ca2+ transients, suggesting that CNC cells are capable of responding to Wnt5a. We propose a novel model in which Wnt5a produced in the OFT by cells originating from the pharyngeal mesoderm signals to adjacent CNC cells during formation of the aortopulmonary septum through a noncanonical pathway via localized intracellular increases in Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Robert Schleiffarth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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14
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Ai D, Liu W, Ma L, Dong F, Lu MF, Wang D, Verzi MP, Cai C, Gage PJ, Evans S, Black BL, Brown NA, Martin JF. Pitx2 regulates cardiac left-right asymmetry by patterning second cardiac lineage-derived myocardium. Dev Biol 2006; 296:437-49. [PMID: 16836994 PMCID: PMC5851592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Current models of left-right asymmetry hold that an early asymmetric signal is generated at the node and transduced to lateral plate mesoderm in a linear signal transduction cascade through the function of the Nodal signaling molecule. The Pitx2 homeobox gene functions at the final stages of this cascade to direct asymmetric morphogenesis of selected organs including the heart. We previously showed that Pitx2 regulated an asymmetric pathway that was independent of cardiac looping suggesting a second asymmetric cardiac pathway. It has been proposed that in the cardiac outflow tract Pitx2 functions in both cardiac neural crest, as a target of canonical Wnt-signaling, and in the mesoderm-derived cardiac second lineage. We used fate mapping, conditional loss of function, and chimera analysis in mice to investigate the role of Pitx2 in outflow tract morphogenesis. Our findings reveal that Pitx2 is dispensable in the cardiac neural crest but functions in second lineage myocardium revealing that this cardiac progenitor field is patterned asymmetrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ai
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A and M System, Health Science Center, 2121 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A and M System, Health Science Center, 2121 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lijiang Ma
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A and M System, Health Science Center, 2121 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Feiyan Dong
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A and M System, Health Science Center, 2121 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mei-Fang Lu
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A and M System, Health Science Center, 2121 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Degang Wang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A and M System, Health Science Center, 2121 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael P. Verzi
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-2240, USA
| | - Chenleng Cai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Philip J. Gage
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sylvia Evans
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brian L. Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-2240, USA
| | - Nigel A. Brown
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, UK
| | - James F. Martin
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A and M System, Health Science Center, 2121 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Ishii M, Han J, Yen HY, Sucov HM, Chai Y, Maxson RE. Combined deficiencies of Msx1 and Msx2 cause impaired patterning and survival of the cranial neural crest. Development 2005; 132:4937-50. [PMID: 16221730 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest is a multipotent, migratory cell population that contributes to a variety of tissues and organs during vertebrate embryogenesis. Here, we focus on the function of Msx1 and Msx2, homeobox genes implicated in several disorders affecting craniofacial development in humans. We show that Msx1/2 mutants exhibit profound deficiencies in the development of structures derived from the cranial and cardiac neural crest. These include hypoplastic and mispatterned cranial ganglia, dysmorphogenesis of pharyngeal arch derivatives and abnormal organization of conotruncal structures in the developing heart. The expression of the neural crest markers Ap-2alpha, Sox10 and cadherin 6 (cdh6) in Msx1/2 mutants revealed an apparent retardation in the migration of subpopulations of preotic and postotic neural crest cells, and a disorganization of neural crest cells paralleling patterning defects in cranial nerves. In addition, normally distinct subpopulations of migrating crest underwent mixing. The expression of the hindbrain markers Krox20 and Epha4 was altered in Msx1/2 mutants, suggesting that defects in neural crest populations may result, in part, from defects in rhombomere identity. Msx1/2 mutants also exhibited increased Bmp4 expression in migratory cranial neural crest and pharyngeal arches. Finally, proliferation of neural crest-derived mesenchyme was unchanged, but the number of apoptotic cells was increased substantially in neural crest-derived cells that contribute to the cranial ganglia and the first pharyngeal arch. This increase in apoptosis may contribute to the mispatterning of the cranial ganglia and the hypoplasia of the first arch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Cancer Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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16
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Matt N, Dupé V, Garnier JM, Dennefeld C, Chambon P, Mark M, Ghyselinck NB. Retinoic acid-dependent eye morphogenesis is orchestrated by neural crest cells. Development 2005; 132:4789-800. [PMID: 16207763 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using genetic approaches in the mouse, we show that the primary target tissue of retinoic acid (RA) action during eye morphogenesis is not the retina nor the corneal ectoderm, which both express RA-synthesizing retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDH1 and RALDH3), but the neural crest cell-derived periocular mesenchyme (POM), which is devoid of RALDH. In POM, the effects of the paracrine RA signal are mediated by the nuclear RA receptors heterodimers RXRalpha/RARbeta and RXRalpha/RARgamma. These heterodimers appear to control: (1) the remodeling of the POM through activation of Eya2-related apoptosis; (2) the expression of Foxc1 and Pitx2, which play crucial roles in anterior eye segment development; and (3) the growth of the ventral retina. We additionally show that RALDH1 and RALDH3 are the only enzymes that are required for RA synthesis in the eye region from E10.5 to E13.5, and that patterning of the dorsoventral axis of the retina does not require RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Matt
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC Collège de France, BP10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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17
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Lopez-Coviella I, Follettie MT, Mellott TJ, Kovacheva VP, Slack BE, Diesl V, Berse B, Thies RS, Blusztajn JK. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 induces the transcriptome of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:6984-9. [PMID: 15870197 PMCID: PMC1088172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502097102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) participate in processes of learning, memory, and attention. Little is known about the genes expressed by BFCN and the extracellular signals that control their expression. Previous studies showed that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 9 induces and maintains the cholinergic phenotype of embryonic BFCN. We measured gene expression patterns in septal cultures of embryonic day 14 mice and rats grown in the presence or absence of BMP9 by using species-specific microarrays and validated the RNA expression data of selected genes by immunoblot and immunocytochemistry analysis of their protein products. BMP9 enhanced the expression of multiple genes in a time-dependent and, in most cases, reversible manner. The set of BMP9-responsive genes was concordant between mouse and rat and included genes encoding cell-cycle/growth control proteins, transcription factors, signal transduction molecules, extracellular matrix, and adhesion molecules, enzymes, transporters, and chaperonins. BMP9 induced the p75 neurotrophin receptor (NGFR), a marker of BFCN, and Cntf and Serpinf1, two trophic factors for cholinergic neurons, suggesting that BMP9 creates a trophic environment for BFCN. To determine whether the genes induced by BMP9 in culture were constituents of the BFCN transcriptome, we purified BFCN from embryonic day 18 mouse septum by using fluorescence-activated cell sorting of NGFR(+) cells and profiled mRNA expression of these and NGFR(-) cells. Approximately 30% of genes induced by BMP9 in vitro were overexpressed in purified BFCN, indicating that they belong to the BFCN transcriptome in situ and suggesting that BMP signaling contributes to maturation of BFCN in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Lopez-Coviella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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18
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Okada Y, Shimazaki T, Sobue G, Okano H. Retinoic-acid-concentration-dependent acquisition of neural cell identity during in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Dev Biol 2004; 275:124-42. [PMID: 15464577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Revised: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is one of the most important morphogens, and its embryonic distribution correlates with neural differentiation and positional specification in the developing central nervous system. To investigate the concentration-dependent effects of RA on neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ES cells), we investigated the precise expression profiles of neural and regional specific genes by ES cells aggregated into embryoid bodies (EBs) exposed to various concentrations of RA or the BMP antagonist Noggin. RA promoted both neural differentiation and caudalization in a concentration-dependent manner, and the concentration of RA was found to regulate dorso-ventral identity, i.e., higher concentrations of RA induced a dorsal phenotype, and lower concentrations of RA induced a more ventral phenotype. The induction of the more ventral phenotype was due to the higher expression level of the N-terminus of sonic hedgehog protein (Shh-N) when treated with low concentration RA, as it was abrogated by an inhibitor of Shh signaling, cyclopamine. These findings suggest that the concentration of RA strictly and simultaneously regulates the neuralization and positional specification during differentiation of mouse ES cells and that it may be possible to use it to establish a strategy for controlling the identity of ES-cell-derived neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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19
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Remacle S, Abbas L, De Backer O, Pacico N, Gavalas A, Gofflot F, Picard JJ, Rezsöhazy R. Loss of function but no gain of function caused by amino acid substitutions in the hexapeptide of Hoxa1 in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:8567-75. [PMID: 15367676 PMCID: PMC516739 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.19.8567-8575.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeodomain containing transcription factors of the Hox family play critical roles in patterning the anteroposterior embryonic body axis, as well as in controlling several steps of organogenesis. Several Hox proteins have been shown to cooperate with members of the Pbx family for the recognition and activation of identified target enhancers. Hox proteins contact Pbx via a conserved hexapeptide motif. Previous biochemical studies provided evidence that critical amino acid substitutions in the hexapeptide sequence of Hoxa1 abolish its interaction with Pbx. As a result, these substitutions also abolish Hoxa1 activity on known target enhancers in cellular models, suggesting that Hoxa1 activity relies on its capacity to interact with Pbx. Here, we show that mice with mutations in the Hoxa1 hexapeptide display hindbrain, cranial nerve, and skeletal defects highly reminiscent of those reported for the Hoxa1 loss of function. Since similar hexapeptide mutations in the mouse Hoxb8 and the Drosophila AbdA proteins result in activity modulation and gain of function, our data demonstrate that the functional importance of the hexapeptide in vivo differs according to the Hox proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Remacle
- Unit of Developmental Genetics, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Furuyama T, Kitayama K, Shimoda Y, Ogawa M, Sone K, Yoshida-Araki K, Hisatsune H, Nishikawa SI, Nakayama K, Nakayama K, Ikeda K, Motoyama N, Mori N. Abnormal Angiogenesis in Foxo1 (Fkhr)-deficient Mice. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:34741-9. [PMID: 15184386 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m314214200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Foxo family, Foxo1 (Fkhr), Foxo3 (Fkhrl1), and Foxo4 (Afx), are mammalian homologs of daf-16, which influences life span and energy metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mammalian FOXO proteins also play important roles in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, stress resistance, and energy metabolism. In this study, we generated Foxo1-deficient mice to investigate the physiological role of FOXO1. The Foxo1-deficient mice died around embryonic day 11 because of defects in the branchial arches and remarkably impaired vascular development of embryos and yolk sacs. In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells demonstrated that endothelial cells derived from wild-type and Foxo1-deficient embryonic stem cells were able to produce comparable numbers of colonies supported by a layer of OP9 stromal cells. Although the morphology of the endothelial cell colonies was identical in both genotypes in the absence of exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Foxo1-deficient endothelial cells showed a markedly different morphological response compared with wild-type endothelial cells in the presence of exogenous VEGF. These results suggest that Foxo1 is essential to the ability of endothelial cells to respond properly to a high dose of VEGF, thereby playing a critical role in normal vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Furuyama
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Geriatric Research, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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21
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Abstract
One general function for retinoic acid (RA) is pattern organization in the CNS. This regulatory factor has an essential role in spinal cord motor neuron and early posterior hindbrain development. In the anterior CNS, however, there is only a limited number of foci of RA synthesis, and less attention has been placed on regions such as the anterior hindbrain where RA synthesizing enzymes are absent. This study shows that a rich source of RA lies around the hindbrain from the RA synthetic enzyme retinaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (RALDH2) present in the surrounding meninges and mesenchyme by embryonic day 13. RALDH2 is not distributed uniformly throughout the meninges but is restricted to territories over the developing hindbrain, suggesting that RA signaling may be localized to those regions. Further regulation of RA signaling is provided by the presence of a RA sink in the form of the CYP26B1 RA catabolic enzyme expressed in deeper regions of the brain. As a guide to the neural anatomy of hindbrain RA signaling, we used a mouse transgenic for a lacZ reporter gene driven by a RA response element (RAREhsplacZ) to identify regions of RA signaling. This reporter mouse provides evidence that RA signaling in the hindbrain after embryonic day 13 occurs in the regions of the cerebellum and precerebellar system adjacent to sources of RA, including the inferior olive and the pontine nuclei.
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22
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Bhasin N, Maynard TM, Gallagher PA, LaMantia AS. Mesenchymal/epithelial regulation of retinoic acid signaling in the olfactory placode. Dev Biol 2003; 261:82-98. [PMID: 12941622 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We asked whether mesenchymal/epithelial (M/E) interactions regulate retinoic acid (RA) signaling in the olfactory placode and whether this regulation is similar to that at other sites of induction, including the limbs, branchial arches, and heart. RA is produced by the mesenchyme at all sites, and subsets of mesenchymal cells express the RA synthetic enzyme RALDH2, independent of M/E interactions. In the placode, RA-producing mesenchyme is further distinguished by its coincidence with a molecularly distinct population of neural crest-associated cells. At all sites, expression of additional RA signaling molecules (RARalpha, RARbeta, RXR, CRABP1) depends on M/E interactions. Of these molecules, RA regulates only RARbeta, and this regulation depends on M/E interaction. Expression of Fgf8, shh, and Bmp4, all of which are thought to influence RA signaling, is also regulated by M/E interactions independent of RA at all sites. Despite these common features, RALDH3 expression is distinct in the placode, as is regulation of RARbeta and RALDH2 by Fgf8. Thus, M/E interactions regulate expression of RA receptors and cofactors in the olfactory placode and other inductive sites. Some aspects of regulation in the placode are distinct, perhaps reflecting unique roles for additional local signals in neuronal differentiation in the developing olfactory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bhasin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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23
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Niederreither K, Vermot J, Le Roux I, Schuhbaur B, Chambon P, Dollé P. The regional pattern of retinoic acid synthesis by RALDH2 is essential for the development of posterior pharyngeal arches and the enteric nervous system. Development 2003; 130:2525-34. [PMID: 12702665 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeted inactivation of the mouse retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2/ALDH1a2), the enzyme responsible for early embryonic retinoic acid synthesis, is embryonic lethal because of defects in early heart morphogenesis. Transient maternal RA supplementation from E7.5 to (at least) E8.5 rescues most of these defects, but the supplemented Raldh2(-/-) mutants die prenatally, from a lack of septation of the heart outflow tract (Niederreither, K., Vermot, J., Messaddeq, N., Schuhbaur, B., Chambon, P. and Dollé, P. (2001). Development 128, 1019-1031). We have investigated the developmental basis for this defect, and found that the RA-supplemented Raldh2(-/-) embryos exhibit impaired development of their posterior (3rd-6th) branchial arch region. While the development of the first and second arches and their derivatives, as well as the formation of the first branchial pouch, appear to proceed normally, more posterior pharyngeal pouches fail to form and the pharyngeal endoderm develops a rudimentary, pouch-like structure. All derivatives of the posterior branchial arches are affected. These include the aortic arches, pouch-derived organs (thymus, parathyroid gland) and post-otic neural crest cells, which fail to establish segmental migratory pathways and are misrouted caudally. Patterning and axonal outgrowth of the posterior (9th-12th) cranial nerves is also altered. Vagal crest deficiency in Raldh2(-/-) mutants leads to agenesis of the enteric ganglia, a condition reminiscent of human Hirschprung's disease. In addition, we provide evidence that: (i) wildtype Raldh2 expression is restricted to the posteriormost pharyngeal mesoderm; (ii) endogenous RA response occurs in both the pharyngeal endoderm and mesoderm, and extends more rostrally than Raldh2 expression up to the 2nd arch; (iii) RA target genes (Hoxa1, Hoxb1) are downregulated in both the pharyngeal endoderm and mesoderm of mutant embryos. Thus, RALDH2 plays a crucial role in producing RA required for pharyngeal development, and RA is one of the diffusible mesodermal signals that pattern the pharyngeal endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Niederreither
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP/Collège de France, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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24
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Yamamoto M, Zhang J, Smith D, Hayakawa Y, McCaffery P. A critical period for retinoic acid teratogenesis and loss of neurophilic migration of pontine nuclei neurons. Mech Dev 2003; 120:701-9. [PMID: 12834869 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(03)00047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the pontine nuclei (PN) and inferior olive are hallmarks of human retinoic acid (RA) teratogenesis. This study shows that RA exposure of the mouse at a specific embryonic stage alters morphological structures that derive from the wall of the IVth ventricle to form components of the precerebellar system (the inferior olivary nucleus and the PN). The study employs both normal and a RAREhspLacZ transgenic RA reporter mouse. It is shown that abnormalities in the PN and inferior olive result from exposure at a critical period of embryonic day 9.5 and 10.5. The abnormalities in the PN are due to a failure in their usual neurophilic migration. The compact stream of cells that leads from the anterior rhombic lip to the ventral pons is instead scattered widely over the anterior medulla. Given that the RA exposure occurs after the resolution of rhombomere identity this suggests that teratogenic RA interferes with a regulatory event that overlays this original pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamamoto
- UMMS/E.K. Shriver Center, 200 Trapelo Rd., Waltham, MA 02452, USA
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25
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Chen AC, Yu K, Lane MA, Gudas LJ. Homozygous deletion of the CRABPI gene in AB1 embryonic stem cells results in increased CRABPII gene expression and decreased intracellular retinoic acid concentration. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 411:159-73. [PMID: 12623064 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cellular retinoic acid (RA) binding proteins I and II (CRABPI and CRABPII), intracellular proteins which bind retinoic acid with high affinity, are involved in the actions of RA, though their exact roles are not fully understood. We have generated several genetically engineered AB1 cell lines in which both alleles of the CRABPI gene have been deleted by homologous recombination. We have used these CRABPI knockout cell lines to examine the consequences of functional loss of CRABPI on RA-induced gene expression and RA metabolism in the murine embryonic stem cell line, AB1, which undergoes differentiation in response to RA. Complete lack of CRABPI results in decreased intracellular [3H]RA concentrations under conditions in which external concentrations of [3H]RA are low (1-10nM) and in an altered distribution of [3H] polar metabolites of [3H]RA in the cell and in the medium. Fewer [3H] polar metabolites are retained within the CRABPI(-/-) cells compared to the wild-type cells. These data suggest that CRABPI functions to regulate the intracellular concentrations of retinoic acid and to maintain high levels of oxidized retinoic acid metabolites such as 4-oxoretinoic acid within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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26
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Maden M. Role and distribution of retinoic acid during CNS development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2002; 209:1-77. [PMID: 11580199 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(01)09010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the biologically active derivative of vitamin A, induces a variety of embryonal carcinoma and neuroblastoma cell lines to differentiate into neurons. The molecular events underlying this process are reviewed with a view to determining whether these data can lead to a better understanding of the normal process of neuronal differentiation during development. Several transcription factors, intracellular signaling molecules, cytoplasmic proteins, and extracellular molecules are shown to be necessary and sufficient for RA-induced differentiation. The evidence that RA is an endogenous component of the developing central nervous system (CNS) is then reviewed, data which include high-pressure liquid chromotography (HPLC) measurements, reporter systems and the distribution of the enzymes that synthesize RA. The latter is particularly relevant to whether RA signals in a paracrine fashion on adjacent tissues or whether it acts in an autocrine manner on cells that synthesize it. It seems that a paracrine system may operate to begin early patterning events within the developing CNS from adjacent somites and later within the CNS itself to induce subsets of neurons. The distribution of retinoid-binding proteins, retinoid receptors, and RA-synthesizing enzymes is described as well as the effects of knockouts of these genes. Finally, the effects of a deficiency and an excess of RA on the developing CNS are described from the point of view of patterning the CNS, where it seems that the hindbrain is the most susceptible part of the CNS to altered levels of RA or RA receptors and also from the point of view of neuronal differentiation where, as in the case of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, RA promotes neuronal differentiation. The crucial roles played by certain genes, particularly the Hox genes in RA-induced patterning processes, are also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maden
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, United Kingdom
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27
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Hind M, Corcoran J, Maden M. Temporal/spatial expression of retinoid binding proteins and RAR isoforms in the postnatal lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L468-76. [PMID: 11839540 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00196.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retinoids have been implicated in alveologenesis in both the rat and the mouse, and exogenous retinoic acid (RA) can reverse or partially reverse experimental emphysema in adult rat and mouse models by an unknown mechanism. In this study, we examine the cellular and molecular biology of retinoid signaling during alveologenesis in the mouse. We describe the temporal and spatial expression of the retinoid binding proteins CRBP-I, CRBP-II, and CRABP-I using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. We identify the retinoic acid receptor isoforms RAR-alpha 1, RAR-beta 2, RAR-beta 4, and RAR-gamma 2 and describe their temporal and spatial expression using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. We demonstrate that both retinoid binding proteins and RAR isoforms are temporally regulated and found within the alveolar septal regions during alveologenesis. These data support a role of dynamic endogenous RA signaling during alveolar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hind
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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Brault V, Moore R, Kutsch S, Ishibashi M, Rowitch DH, McMahon AP, Sommer L, Boussadia O, Kemler R. Inactivation of the (β)-catenin gene by Wnt1-Cre-mediated deletion results in dramatic brain malformation and failure of craniofacial development. Development 2001; 128:1253-64. [PMID: 11262227 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128.8.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 796] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
('bgr;)-Catenin is a central component of both the cadherin-catenin cell adhesion complex and the Wnt signaling pathway. We have investigated the role of (β)-catenin during brain morphogenesis, by specifically inactivating the (β)-catenin gene in the region of Wnt1 expression. To achieve this, mice with a conditional ('floxed') allele of (β)-catenin with required exons flanked by loxP recombination sequences were intercrossed with transgenic mice that expressed Cre recombinase under control of Wnt1 regulatory sequences. (β)-catenin gene deletion resulted in dramatic brain malformation and failure of craniofacial development. Absence of part of the midbrain and all of the cerebellum is reminiscent of the conventional Wnt1 knockout (Wnt1(−)(/)(−)), suggesting that Wnt1 acts through (β)-catenin in controlling midbrain-hindbrain development. The craniofacial phenotype, not observed in embryos that lack Wnt1, indicates a role for (β)-catenin in the fate of neural crest cells. Analysis of neural tube explants shows that (β)-catenin is efficiently deleted in migrating neural crest cell precursors. This, together with an increased apoptosis in cells migrating to the cranial ganglia and in areas of prechondrogenic condensations, suggests that removal of (β)-catenin affects neural crest cell survival and/or differentiation. Our results demonstrate the pivotal role of (β)-catenin in morphogenetic processes during brain and craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Brault
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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Adams RH, Diella F, Hennig S, Helmbacher F, Deutsch U, Klein R. The cytoplasmic domain of the ligand ephrinB2 is required for vascular morphogenesis but not cranial neural crest migration. Cell 2001; 104:57-69. [PMID: 11163240 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane ligand ephrinB2 and its cognate Eph receptor tyrosine kinases are important regulators of vascular morphogenesis. EphrinB2 may have an active signaling role, resulting in bi-directional signal transduction downstream of both ephrinB2 and Eph receptors. To separate the ligand and receptor-like functions of ephrinB2 in mice, we replaced the endogenous gene by cDNAs encoding either carboxyterminally truncated (ephrinB2(DeltaC)) or, as a control, full-length ligand (ephrinB2(WT)). While homozygous ephrinB2(WT/WT) animals were viable and fertile, loss of the ephrinB2 cytoplasmic domain resulted in midgestation lethality similar to ephrinB2 null mutants (ephrinB2(KO)). The truncated ligand was sufficient to restore guidance of migrating cranial neural crest cells, but ephrinB2(DeltaC/DeltaC) embryos showed defects in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis very similar to those observed in ephrinB2(KO/KO) animals. Our results indicate distinct requirements of functions mediated by the ephrinB carboxyterminus for developmental processes in the vertebrate embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Adams
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Johansson S, Dencker L, Dantzer V. Immunohistochemical localization of retinoid binding proteins at the materno-fetal interface of the porcine epitheliochorial placenta. Biol Reprod 2001; 64:60-8. [PMID: 11133659 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod64.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinol and retinoic acid that are potent modulators of gene expression are vital for development and growth of the conceptus. Apart from being transported across the placenta, retinol and retinoic acid may also be active in the placenta per se. Three proteins involved in 1) serum transport of retinol (retinol binding protein [RBP]), 2) cellular transport and metabolism of retinol (cellular RBP [CRBP] I), and 3) retinoic acid (cellular retinoic acid binding protein [CRABP] I), respectively, have been located by immunohistochemistry during gestation in the porcine placenta. This is a diffuse epitheliochorial placenta composed of areolar-gland subunits, where transport of larger molecules takes place, and interareolar regions, where gas-exchange and trophoblast absorption of hemotroph occur. Immunoreactive-RBP (ir-RBP) as well as CRBP I (ir-CRBP) was detected in uterine glands and in areolar trophoblasts, suggesting that RBP-retinol is secreted by the glands and absorbed by the trophoblasts. Both proteins were present also at the interareolar regions, with ir-CRBP in both the uterine epithelium and the apposing trophoblasts, but ir-RBP only in the former. The localization of ir-CRABP was, in contrast, strictly limited to interareolar trophoblasts. Together these findings suggest that 1) the areolar gland subunits are important for transport of retinol and retinol-RBP, and 2) retinoid binding proteins are involved in the development and growth of the porcine placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Centre, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Mulder GB, Manley N, Grant J, Schmidt K, Zeng W, Eckhoff C, Maggio-Price L. Effects of excess vitamin A on development of cranial neural crest-derived structures: a neonatal and embryologic study. TERATOLOGY 2000; 62:214-26. [PMID: 10992263 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9926(200010)62:4<214::aid-tera7>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A and its metabolites have been shown to be teratogenic in animals and humans producing defects of neural crest derived structures that include abnormalities of the craniofacial skeleton, heart, and thymus. Our prior studies with retinoic acid have established that gestational day (gd) 9 is a sensitive embryonic age in the mouse for inducing craniofacial and thymic defects. METHODS We exposed pregnant mice to variable doses of vitamin A (retinyl acetate) on gd 9 and embryos were evaluated for changes in developing pharyngeal arch and pouch morphology, neural crest cell migration and marker gene expression. Additionally, we investigated whether a single organ system was more sensitive to low doses of vitamin A and could potentially be used as an indicator of vitamin A exposure during early gestation. RESULTS High (100 mg/kg) and moderate (50 and 25 mg/kg) doses of vitamin A resulted in significant craniofacial, cardiac outflow tract and thymic abnormalities. Low doses of vitamin A (10 mg/kg) produced craniofacial and thymic abnormalities that were mild and of low penetrance. Exposed embryos showed morphologic changes in the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arches and pouches, changes in neural crest migration, abnormalities in cranial ganglia, and altered expression of Hoxa3. CONCLUSIONS These animal studies, along with recent epidemiologic reports on human teratogenicity with vitamin A, raise concerns about the potential for induction of defects (perhaps subtle) in offspring of women ingesting even moderate to low amounts of supplemental vitamin A during the early gestational period.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Mulder
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Romand R, Sapin V, Ghyselinck NB, Avan P, Le Calvez S, Dollé P, Chambon P, Mark M. Spatio-temporal distribution of cellular retinoid binding protein gene transcripts in the developing and the adult cochlea. Morphological and functional consequences in CRABP- and CRBPI-null mutant mice. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12:2793-804. [PMID: 10971621 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression patterns of the mouse cellular retinoid binding protein genes were investigated by in situ hybridization analysis in the inner ear from 10.5 days post coïtum (dpc) up to the adult stage. The cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABPII) and cellular retinol binding protein I (CRBPI) were present in a widespread and abundant pattern in cochlear structures during embryogenesis. Expression of the cellular retinoic acid binding protein I (CRABPI) is restricted during development in Kölliker's organ whilst cellular retinol binding protein II (CRBPII) is only visible after birth with a ubiquitous distribution in most regions of the cochlea including nervous components. No CRABP or CRBP transcripts were observed in the auditory receptors. Morphological observations of CRBPI- and CRABPI/CRABPII-null mutant fetus at 18.5 dpc do not show any structural modification at the level of the organ of Corti. Furthermore, electrophysiological tests performed by measuring distorsion-product otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem evoked responses did not present significant alteration of the auditory function for the different types of mutants. The expression of retinoid binding proteins in cochlear structures during embryogenesis could suggest important roles for these proteins during ontogenesis and morphogenesis of the inner ear. Despite these observations, morphological and functional data from mutant mice did not present obvious modifications of the cochlear structures and auditory thresholds. It is therefore unlikely that CRABPs and CRBPI are directly involved in development of the cochlea and hair cell differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Audiometry, Pure-Tone
- Auditory Threshold/physiology
- Cochlea/cytology
- Cochlea/growth & development
- Cochlea/physiology
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/chemistry
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/physiology
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/chemistry
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/physiology
- In Situ Hybridization
- Membrane Potentials/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Retinol-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Retinol-Binding Proteins, Cellular
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- R Romand
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Université Blaise Pascal, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France.
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Abstract
The key role of vitamin A in embryonal development is reviewed. Special emphasis is given to the physiological action of retinoids, as evident from the retinoid ligand knockout models. Retinoid metabolism in embryonic tissues and teratogenic consequences of retinoid administration at high doses are presented. Physiological and pharmacological actions of retinoids are outlined and explained on the basis of their interactions as ligands of the nuclear retinoid receptors. Immediate target genes and the retinoid response elements of their promoters are summarized. The fundamental role of homeobox genes in embryonal development and the actions of retinoids on their expression are discussed. The similarity of the effects of retinoid ligand knockouts to effects of compound retinoid receptor knockouts on embryogenesis is presented. Although much remains to be clarified, the emerging landscape offers exciting views for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ross
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements, Washington, DC, USA
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Wendling O, Dennefeld C, Chambon P, Mark M. Retinoid signaling is essential for patterning the endoderm of the third and fourth pharyngeal arches. Development 2000; 127:1553-62. [PMID: 10725232 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127.8.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The requirement of retinoic acid (RA) in the initial formation of the pharyngeal arches was investigated by treating headfold-stage mouse embryos with a pan-RAR antagonist in vitro and in vivo. This results in a complete absence of mesenchyme, arteries, nerves and epibranchial placodes of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches, complete agenesis of the 3rd and 4th pouches and consistent lack of the 6th arch artery. Mesodermally derived endothelial cells are absent from the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch region and the distribution domain of EphA2 transcripts in mesodermal cells is shifted caudally. In situ hybridization with CRABPI, kreisler and EphA4 probes and the pattern of expression of a Wnt1-lacZ transgene show that neural crest cells (NCC) normally destined to the 3rd and 4th arches migrate ectopically. Most interestingly, the appearance of the 3rd and 4th arches is prevented by the antagonist only during a very narrow window of time, which does not correspond to the period of post-otic NCC migration. Both the timing of appearance and the nature of the defects in RAR antagonist-treated embryos indicate that migrating NCC and mesodermal cells destined to the caudal pharyngeal arches do not represent primary targets of RA action. Alterations in the endodermal expression pattern of Hoxa1, Hoxb1, Pax1, Pax9, Fgf3 and Fgf8 in response to the antagonist-induced block in RA signal transduction demonstrate for the first time that RA signaling is indispensable for the specification of the pharyngeal endoderm and suggest that this signaling is necessary to provide a permissive environment locally for the migration of NCC and mesodermal cells. Our study also indicates that the formation of the 2nd pharyngeal arch and that of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches probably involve distinct RA-dependent developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Wendling
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP/Collège de France, BP 163, CU de Strasbourg, France
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Chandrasekaran V, Zhai Y, Wagner M, Kaplan PL, Napoli JL, Higgins D. Retinoic acid regulates the morphological development of sympathetic neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(200003)42:4<383::aid-neu1>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kanzler B, Foreman RK, Labosky PA, Mallo M. BMP signaling is essential for development of skeletogenic and neurogenic cranial neural crest. Development 2000; 127:1095-104. [PMID: 10662648 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127.5.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BMP signaling is essential for a wide variety of developmental processes. To evaluate the role of Bmp2/4 in cranial neural crest (CNC) formation or differentiation after its migration into the branchial arches, we used Xnoggin to block their activities in specific areas of the CNC in transgenic mice. This resulted in depletion of CNC cells from the targeted areas. As a consequence, the branchial arches normally populated by the affected neural crest cells were hypomorphic and their skeletal and neural derivatives failed to develop. In further analyses, we have identified Bmp2 as the factor required for production of migratory cranial neural crest. Its spatial and temporal expression patterns mirror CNC emergence and Bmp2 mutant embryos lack both branchial arches and detectable migratory CNC cells. Our results provide functional evidence for an essential role of BMP signaling in CNC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kanzler
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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Niederreither K, Vermot J, Schuhbaur B, Chambon P, Dollé P. Retinoic acid synthesis and hindbrain patterning in the mouse embryo. Development 2000; 127:75-85. [PMID: 10654602 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeted disruption of the murine retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Raldh2) gene precludes embryonic retinoic acid (RA) synthesis, leading to midgestational lethality (Niederreither, K., Subbarayan, V., Dolle, P. and Chambon, P. (1999). Nature Genet. 21, 444–448). We describe here the effects of this RA deficiency on the development of the hindbrain and associated neural crest. Morphological segmentation is impaired throughout the hindbrain of Raldh2−/− embryos, but its caudal portion becomes preferentially reduced in size during development. Specification of the midbrain region and of the rostralmost rhombomeres is apparently normal in the absence of RA synthesis. In contrast, marked alterations are seen throughout the caudal hindbrain of mutant embryos. Instead of being expressed in two alternate rhombomeres (r3 and r5), Krox20 is expressed in a single broad domain, correlating with an abnormal expansion of the r2-r3 marker Meis2. Instead of forming a defined r4, Hoxb1- and Wnt8A-expressing cells are scattered throughout the caudal hindbrain, whereas r5/r8 markers such as kreisler or group 3/4 Hox genes are undetectable or markedly downregulated. Lack of alternate Eph receptor gene expression could explain the failure to establish rhombomere boundaries. Increased apoptosis and altered migratory pathways of the posterior rhombencephalic neural crest cells are associated with impaired branchial arch morphogenesis in mutant embryos. We conclude that RA produced by the embryo is required to generate posterior cell fates in the developing mouse hindbrain, its absence leading to an abnormal r3 (and, to a lesser extent, r4) identity of the caudal hindbrain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Niederreither
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP/Collège de France, CU de Strasbourg
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Trumpp A, Depew MJ, Rubenstein JL, Bishop JM, Martin GR. Cre-mediated gene inactivation demonstrates that FGF8 is required for cell survival and patterning of the first branchial arch. Genes Dev 1999; 13:3136-48. [PMID: 10601039 PMCID: PMC317178 DOI: 10.1101/gad.13.23.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the first branchial arch (BA1) develops into a number of craniofacial skeletal elements including the jaws and teeth. Outgrowth and patterning of BA1 during early embryogenesis is thought to be controlled by signals from its covering ectoderm. Here we used Cre/loxP technology to inactivate the mouse Fgf8 gene in this ectoderm and have obtained genetic evidence that FGF8 has a dual function in BA1: it promotes mesenchymal cell survival and induces a developmental program required for BA1 morphogenesis. Newborn mutants lack most BA1-derived structures except those that develop from the distal-most region of BA1, including lower incisors. The data suggest that the BA1 primordium is specified into a large proximal region that is controlled by FGF8, and a small distal region that depends on other signaling molecules for its outgrowth and patterning. Because the mutant mice resemble humans with first arch syndromes that include agnathia, our results raise the possibility that some of these syndromes are caused by mutations that affect FGF8 signaling in BA1 ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trumpp
- G.W. Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California 94143-0552, USA
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Rossel M, Capecchi MR. Mice mutant for both Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 show extensive remodeling of the hindbrain and defects in craniofacial development. Development 1999; 126:5027-40. [PMID: 10529420 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.22.5027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of mice mutant for both Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 suggests that these two genes function together to pattern the hindbrain. Separately, mutations in Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 have profoundly different effects on hindbrain development. Hoxa1 mutations disrupt the rhombomeric organization of the hindbrain, whereas Hoxb1 mutations do not alter the rhombomeric pattern, but instead influence the fate of cells originating in rhombomere 4. We suggest that these differences are not the consequences of different functional roles for these gene products, but rather reflect differences in the kinetics of Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 gene expression. In strong support of the idea that Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 have overlapping functions, Hoxa1/Hoxb1 double mutant homozygotes exhibit a plethora of defects either not seen, or seen only in a very mild form, in mice mutant for only Hoxa1 or Hoxb1. Examples include: the loss of both rhombomeres 4 and 5, the selective loss of the 2(nd) branchial arch, and the loss of most, but not all, 2(nd) branchial arch-derived tissues. We suggest that the early role for both of these genes in hindbrain development is specification of rhombomere identities and that the aberrant development of the hindbrain in Hoxa1/Hoxb1 double mutants proceeds through two phases, the misspecification of rhombomeres within the hindbrain, followed subsequently by size regulation of the misspecified hindbrain through induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rossel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Dupé V, Ghyselinck NB, Wendling O, Chambon P, Mark M. Key roles of retinoic acid receptors alpha and beta in the patterning of the caudal hindbrain, pharyngeal arches and otocyst in the mouse. Development 1999; 126:5051-9. [PMID: 10529422 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.22.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mouse fetuses carrying targeted inactivations of both the RAR(α) and the RARbeta genes display a variety of malformations in structures known to be partially derived from the mesenchymal neural crest originating from post-otic rhombomeres (e.g. thymus and great cephalic arteries) (Ghyselinck, N., Dupe, V., Dierich, A., Messaddeq, N., Garnier, J.M., Rochette-Egly, C., Chambon, P. and Mark M. (1997). Int. J. Dev. Biol. 41, 425–447). In a search for neural crest defects, we have analysed the rhombomeres, cranial nerves and pharyngeal arches of these double null mutants at early embryonic stages. The mutant post-otic cranial nerves are disorganized, indicating that RARs are involved in the patterning of structures derived from neurogenic neural crest, even though the lack of RARalpha and RARbeta has no detectable effect on the number and migration path of neural crest cells. Interestingly, the double null mutation impairs early developmental processes known to be independent of the neural crest e.g., the initial formation of the 3rd and 4th branchial pouches and of the 3rd, 4th and 6th arch arteries. The double mutation also results in an enlargement of rhombomere 5, which is likely to be responsible for the induction of supernumerary otic vesicles, in a disappearance of the rhombomere 5/6 boundary, and in profound alterations of rhombomere identities. In the mutant hindbrain, the expression domain of kreisler is twice its normal size and the caudal stripe of Krox-20 extends into the presumptive rhombomeres 6 and 7 region. In this region, Hoxb-1 is ectopically expressed, Hoxb-3 is ectopically up-regulated and Hoxd-4 expression is abolished. These data, which indicate that retinoic acid signaling through RARalpha and/or RARbeta is essential for the specification of rhombomere identities and for the control of caudal hindbrain segmentation by restricting the expression domains of kreisler and of Krox-20, also strongly suggest that this signaling plays a crucial role in the posteriorization of the hindbrain neurectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dupé
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP/ Collège de France, B.P. 163, CU de STRASBOURG, France.
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Wei X, Makori N, Peterson PE, Hummler H, Hendrickx AG. Pathogenesis of retinoic acid-induced ear malformations in primate model. TERATOLOGY 1999; 60:83-92. [PMID: 10440780 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9926(199908)60:2<83::aid-tera12>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
13-cis retinoic acid (RA) is a causative agent for human/monkey retinoic acid embryopathy (RAE), in which the most common type of malformation is microtia or anotia. In the present study, malformed ears of monkey fetuses exposed to RA during early embryogenesis were analyzed and revealed a subtype of defects., i.e., apparent duplication of the external/middle ear. A part of the posterior auricle appeared to be ectopically formed in the anterior auricular region or in the region posterior to the auricle. Additionally, there was duplication of the zygomatic arch, malleus, and incus. In order to characterize possible pathogenetic events underlying these malformations, embryos at selected stages were collected after dosing dams with RA at 5 mg/kg/day during gestational days 12-27. Cellular retinoic acid binding protein I whole-mount immunostaining showed that RA induced specific alterations in the migration of cranial neural crest cells (NCC). NCC en route to the second pharyngeal arch were bifurcated, and some of these NCC migrated abnormally into the first and/or third arches, which may underlie external ear duplication. Scanning electron microscopy and neurofilament immunostaining provided evidence that there was partial duplication of trigeminal nerve/ganglion following RA insult. The duplication of NCC neuronal derivatives in the first pharyngeal arch is consistent with duplication of NCC mesenchymal components (zygomatic arch, malleus, and incus). Therefore, RA-induced alterations in cranial NCC migration patterns are likely to be a pathogenetic event underlying ear malformations (including duplication) of RAE in monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wei
- California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, 95616, USA
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Mulder GB, Manley N, Maggio-Price L. Retinoic acid-induced thymic abnormalities in the mouse are associated with altered pharyngeal morphology, thymocyte maturation defects, and altered expression of Hoxa3 and Pax1. TERATOLOGY 1998; 58:263-75. [PMID: 9894676 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9926(199812)58:6<263::aid-tera8>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous retinoic acid is teratogenic in animals and man, causing a spectrum of abnormalities termed retinoic acid embryopathy. Using a mouse model of retinoic acid embryopathy, our results show that exposure to all-trans retinoic acid (RA) on gestational day (gd) 9 results in thymic ectopia, hypoplasia, and thymocyte maturational defects. Immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analyses showed aberrant expression of stromal and thymocyte markers, and abnormalities in thymocyte development. RNA in situ hybridization for the transcription factors Hoxa3 and Pax1 was used to investigate the basis of this defect. Hoxa3 and Pax1 have been shown to be required for normal thymus development, and are normally expressed in the cells of the third pharyngeal pouch and third and fourth pharyngeal arches, involved in thymus organogenesis RA-exposed embryos showed an increased level of Hoxa3 expression in the neural tube and caudal pharyngeal arches as soon as 6 hr after exposure. The Pax1 expression pattern, in conjunction with analysis of the external pharyngeal morphology, showed that the development and structure of the third pharyngeal pouch and cleft were disrupted, resulting in a reduced third pharyngeal arch and/or fusion of the third and fourth arches. Changes in the expression of cellular retinoic acid binding protein (CRABP) and in the morphology of the cranial ganglia were consistent with altered neural crest cell migration from the caudal hindbrain after RA exposure. Together, our findings suggest that the teratogenic effects of RA on thymus development include changes in both the cranial neural crest and pharyngeal endoderm that contribute to thymus development. Further, the observed defects in thymus development may be mediated by RA-induced alterations in the expression of Hoxa3.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Mulder
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of California at Irvine 92697-1310, USA
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Schneider-Maunoury S, Gilardi-Hebenstreit P, Charnay P. How to build a vertebrate hindbrain. Lessons from genetics. COMPTES RENDUS DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. SERIE III, SCIENCES DE LA VIE 1998; 321:819-34. [PMID: 9835019 DOI: 10.1016/s0764-4469(99)80022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
During vertebrate embryogenesis, the hindbrain is the site of a segmentation process which leads to the formation, along the anterior-posterior axis, of 7-8 metameres called rhombomeres. This phenomenon plays an essential role in early hindbrain regionalisation and in the specification of the pattern of developing structures in this region of the brain. Data accumulated during the last 10 years have also shown that rhombomeres are units of gene expression and of cell lineage. Hence, a number of regulatory genes are expressed according to segment-specific patterns in the hindbrain and have been implicated in the pattern formation process. In this review, we focus on the analysis of the function and regulation of these genes along the different steps of hindbrain segmentation, from segment delimitation to acquisition of positional identity. On this basis, we propose a model for the control of early hindbrain development.
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44
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Gaub MP, Lutz Y, Ghyselinck NB, Scheuer I, Pfister V, Chambon P, Rochette-Egly C. Nuclear detection of cellular retinoic acid binding proteins I and II with new antibodies. J Histochem Cytochem 1998; 46:1103-11. [PMID: 9742066 DOI: 10.1177/002215549804601002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from the retinoic acid nuclear receptor family, there are two low molecular weight (15 kD) cellular retinoic acid binding proteins, named CRABPI and II. Mouse monoclonal and rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised against these proteins by using as antigens either synthetic peptides corresponding to amino acid sequences unique to CRABPI or CRABPII, or purified CRABP proteins expressed in E. coli. Antibodies specific for mouse and/or human CRABPI and CRABPII were obtained and characterized by immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. They allowed the detection not only of CRABPI but also of CRABPII in both nuclear and cytosolic extracts from transfected COS-1 cells, mouse embryos, and various cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Gaub
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP/Collège de France, France
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45
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Mansfield SG, Cammer S, Alexander SC, Muehleisen DP, Gray RS, Tropsha A, Bollenbacher WE. Molecular cloning and characterization of an invertebrate cellular retinoic acid binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:6825-30. [PMID: 9618497 PMCID: PMC22650 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.12.6825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/1997] [Accepted: 04/09/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have cloned a cDNA and gene from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, which is related to the vertebrate cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABPs). CRABPs are members of the superfamily of lipid binding proteins (LBPs) and are thought to mediate the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on morphogenesis, differentiation, and homeostasis. This discovery of a Manduca sexta CRABP (msCRABP) demonstrates the presence of a CRABP in invertebrates. Compared with bovine/murine CRABP I, the deduced amino acid sequence of msCRABP is 71% homologous overall and 88% homologous for the ligand binding pocket. The genomic organization of msCRABP is conserved with other CRABP family members and the larger LBP superfamily. Importantly, the promoter region contains a motif that resembles an RA response element characteristic of the promoter region of most CRABPs analyzed. Three-dimensional molecular modeling based on postulated structural homology with bovine/murine CRABP I shows msCRABP has a ligand binding pocket that can accommodate RA. The existence of an invertebrate CRABP has significant evolutionary implications, suggesting CRABPs appeared during the evolution of the LBP superfamily well before vertebrate/invertebrate divergence, instead of much later in evolution in selected vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Mansfield
- Intron LLC, 710 West Main Street, Durham, NC 27701-2801, USA
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46
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Whitesides J, Hall M, Anchan R, LaMantia AS. Retinoid signaling distinguishes a subpopulation of olfactory receptor neurons in the developing and adult mouse. J Comp Neurol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980518)394:4<445::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Gavalas A, Studer M, Lumsden A, Rijli FM, Krumlauf R, Chambon P. Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 synergize in patterning the hindbrain, cranial nerves and second pharyngeal arch. Development 1998; 125:1123-36. [PMID: 9463359 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125.6.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 null mutants suggested that these genes are involved in distinct aspects of hindbrain segmentation and specification. Here we investigate the possible functional synergy of the two genes. The generation of Hoxa1(3′RARE)/Hoxb1(3′RARE) compound mutants resulted in mild facial motor nerve defects reminiscent of those present in the Hoxb1 null mutants. Strong genetic interactions between Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 were uncovered by introducing the Hoxb1(3′RARE) and Hoxb1 null mutations into the Hoxa1 null genetic background. Hoxa1(null)/Hoxb1(3′RARE) and Hoxa1(null)/Hoxb1(null)double homozygous embryos showed additional patterning defects in the r4-r6 region but maintained a molecularly distinct r4-like territory. Neurofilament staining and retrograde labelling of motor neurons indicated that Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 synergise in patterning the VIIth through XIth cranial nerves. The second arch expression of neural crest cell markers was abolished or dramatically reduced, suggesting a defect in this cell population. Strikingly, the second arch of the double mutant embryos involuted by 10.5 dpc and this resulted in loss of all second arch-derived elements and complete disruption of external and middle ear development. Additional defects, most notably the lack of tympanic ring, were found in first arch-derived elements, suggesting that interactions between first and second arch take place during development. Taken together, our results unveil an extensive functional synergy between Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 that was not anticipated from the phenotypes of the simple null mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gavalas
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire and Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collége de France, BP 163 - 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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48
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Kleinjan DA, Dekker S, Guy JA, Grosveld FG. Cloning and sequencing of the CRABP-I locus from chicken and pufferfish: analysis of the promoter regions in transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 1998; 7:85-94. [PMID: 9608736 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008864224100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of vitamin A, is an important molecule for development and homeostasis of vertebrate organisms. The intracellular retinoic acid binding protein CRABP-I has a high affinity for RA, and is thought to be involved in the mechanism of RA signalling. CRABP-I is well conserved in evolution and shows a specific expression pattern during development, but mice made deficient for the protein by gene targeting appear normal. However, the high degree of homology with CRABP-I from other species indicates that the protein has been subject to strong selective conservation, indicative of an important biological function. In this paper we have compared the conservation in the expression pattern of the mouse, chicken and pufferfish CRABP-I genes to substantiate this argument further. First we cloned and sequenced genes and promoter regions of the CRABP-I genes from chicken and the Japanese pufferfish, Fugu rubripes. Sequence comparison with the mouse gene did not show any large blocks of homology in the promoter regions. Nevertheless, the promoter of the chicken gene directed expression to a subset of the tissues that show expression with the promoter from the mouse gene. The pattern observed with the pufferfish promoter is even more restricted, essentially to rhombomere 4 only, indicating that this region may be functionally the most important for CRABP-I expression in the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Kleinjan
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Ikeya M, Lee SM, Johnson JE, McMahon AP, Takada S. Wnt signalling required for expansion of neural crest and CNS progenitors. Nature 1997; 389:966-70. [PMID: 9353119 DOI: 10.1038/40146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between cells help to elaborate pattern within the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). The genes Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a, which encode members of the Wnt family of cysteine-rich secreted signals, are coexpressed at the dorsal midline of the developing neural tube, coincident with dorsal patterning. Each signal is essential for embryonic development, Wnt-1 for midbrain patterning, and Wnt-3a for formation of the paraxial mesoderm, but the absence of a dorsal neural-tube phenotype in each mutant suggests that Wnt signalling may be redundant. Here we demonstrate that in the absence of both Wnt- and Wnt-3a there is a marked deficiency in neural crest derivatives, which originate from the dorsal neural tube, and a pronounced reduction in dorsolateral neural precursors within the neural tube itself. These phenotypes do not seem to result from a disruption in the mechanisms responsible for establishing normal dorsoventral polarity. Rather, our results are consistent with a model in which local Wnt signalling regulates the expansion of dorsal neural precursors. Given the widespread expression of different Wnt genes in discrete areas of the mammalian neural tube, this may represent a general model for the action of Wnt signalling in the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ikeya
- Centre for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
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50
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Rowe A, Brickell PM. Use of in situ hybridization techniques to study embryonic expression of retinoid receptors and binding proteins. Methods Enzymol 1997; 282:33-48. [PMID: 9330275 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)82094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Rowe
- Department of Academic Therapeutics, Chelsea and Westminster Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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