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Maximova N, Granzotto M, Barbieri F, Marcuzzi A, Tommasini A, Monasta L, Simeone R, Zanon D, Sala R. Monocyte-predominant engraftment, cytokine levels and early transplant-related complications in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell recipients. Cancer Med 2019; 8:890-901. [PMID: 30690926 PMCID: PMC6434198 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloablative conditioning is a well‐established procedure that precedes hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), particularly in pediatric patients. In the period directly following transplantation, several factors may contribute to complications that lead to the activation or damage of endothelial cells, involved in the pathogenesis of vascular endothelial syndromes (VES). However, to date, sufficiently specific and sensitive diagnostic markers for the various forms of VES have not been identified. This was a retrospective single‐center study of patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT. For this cohort of patients, parameters including type of engraftment, donor characteristics, and cytokine production were measured and correlated with a high prevalence of short‐term complications after HSCT. The aim of this study was to identify specific parameters useful for improving diagnostics and predicting adverse effects in VES. We confirmed that monocyte‐predominant engraftment was related to a higher risk for an early transplant‐related complication termed sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS). The increased production of specific cytokines, in particular RANTES, represents a marker associated with prevalent engraftment. In addition, patients undergoing prophylaxis with defibrotide had “classical” engraftment, a common cytokine profile and a lower incidence of life‐threatening transplant‐related complications. The beneficial effect of defibrotide might be a starting point for developing selective prophylaxis for patients with monocyte engraftment to prevent severe early transplant‐related complications. The onset of vascular endothelial syndromes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is significantly associated with monocyte‐predominant engraftment (P < 0.0001). The increased production of specific cytokines, in particular RANTES, represents a marker associated with monocyte‐predominant engraftment. There is close association between the prophylactic administration of defibrotide, a powerful endothelial protector, and the incidence of vascular endothelial syndromes (P < 0.0001). Given the high cost of defibrotide, selective prophylaxis may be considered for patients with extremely high values of RANTES or with monocyte engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Maximova
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Marilena Granzotto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, ASUITS, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Transfusion Medicine, ASUITS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Barbieri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Annalisa Marcuzzi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Tommasini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Simeone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, ASUITS, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Transfusion Medicine, ASUITS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Davide Zanon
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Sala
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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2
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Borrelli GM, Carvalho KI, Kallas EG, Mechsner S, Baracat EC, Abrão MS. Chemokines in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and infertility. J Reprod Immunol 2013; 98:1-9. [PMID: 23622730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic benign disease that affects women of reproductive age causing abdominal pain and infertility. Its pathogenesis remains obscure despite all the research conducted over the past 100 years. However, there is a consensus among the specialists that the basis of its pathophysiology would be multifactorial. Many publications have demonstrated that chemokines are somehow associated with the development of endometriosis and infertility. In this study, we reviewed all PubMed literature using MeSH terms "chemokines" and "endometriosis" as well as "chemokines" and "female infertility" to establish what we know and what we do not yet know about this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Borrelli
- Sao Paulo University, School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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3
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Khaiboullina SF, Rizvanov AA, Lombardi VC, Morzunov SP, Reis HJ, Palotás A, St Jeor S. Andes-virus-induced cytokine storm is partially suppressed by ribavirin. Antivir Ther 2013; 18:575-84. [PMID: 23300158 DOI: 10.3851/imp2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbe-induced over-activation of cytokines, especially tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, is key to the pathogenesis of hantavirus infection leading to severe inflammation with high mortality rate. Although ribavirin showed promise in inhibiting viral replication in vitro, its clinical efficacy remains controversial. METHODS Various concentrations of ribavirin were used to determine its effect on cytokine activation in our infectious model system. RESULTS Ribavirin decreased the virus load and dose-dependently inhibited the accumulation of RANTES messenger RNA in Andes-virus (ANDV)-infected human endothelial cells, but failed to suppress TNF-α-induced activation of RANTES and interleukin-6 in ANDV-inoculated cultures. This report also shows, for the first time, that the deleterious over-stimulation by TNF-α is mediated by nuclear factor-κB, and describes the effect of ribavirin on cytokine production following ANDV infection. CONCLUSIONS Although highly effective in preventing ANDV replication and suppressing activation of select inflammatory mediators, the therapeutic efficacy of ribavirin is limited due to its inability to fully inhibit cytokine outburst triggered by hantavirus infection.
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4
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The pivotal role of TBK1 in inflammatory responses mediated by macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:979105. [PMID: 23304064 PMCID: PMC3523167 DOI: 10.1155/2012/979105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex biological response of tissues to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, cell damage, or irritants. Inflammation is considered to be a major cause of most chronic diseases, especially in more than 100 types of inflammatory diseases which include Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, atherosclerosis, Crohn's disease, colitis, dermatitis, hepatitis, and Parkinson's disease. Recently, an increasing number of studies have focused on inflammatory diseases. TBK1 is a serine/threonine-protein kinase which regulates antiviral defense, host-virus interaction, and immunity. It is ubiquitously expressed in mouse stomach, colon, thymus, and liver. Interestingly, high levels of active TBK1 have also been found to be associated with inflammatory diseases, indicating that TBK1 is closely related to inflammatory responses. Even though relatively few studies have addressed the functional roles of TBK1 relating to inflammation, this paper discusses some recent findings that support the critical role of TBK1 in inflammatory diseases and underlie the necessity of trials to develop useful remedies or therapeutics that target TBK1 for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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6
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Zhao B, Liwang PJ. Characterization of the interactions of vMIP-II, and a dimeric variant of vMIP-II, with glycosaminoglycans. Biochemistry 2010; 49:7012-22. [PMID: 20712376 DOI: 10.1021/bi100549y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are important immune proteins, carrying out their function by binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on the endothelial surface and to cell surface chemokine receptors. A unique viral chemokine analogue, viral macrophage inflammatory protein-II (vMIP-II), encoded by human herpesvirus-8, has garnered interest because of its ability to bind to multiple chemokine receptors, including both HIV coreceptors. In addition, vMIP-II binds to cell surface GAGs much more tightly than most human chemokines, which may be the key to its anti-inflammatory function in vivo. The goal of this work was to determine the mechanism of binding of GAG by vMIP-II. The interaction of vMIP-II with a heparin-derived disaccharide was characterized using NMR. Important binding sites were further analyzed by mutagenesis studies, in which corresponding vMIP-II mutants were tested for GAG binding ability using heparin chromatography and NMR. We found that despite having many more basic residues than some chemokines, vMIP-II shares a characteristic binding site similar to that of its human analogues, utilizing basic residues R18, R46, and R48. Interestingly, a particular mutation (Leu13Phe) caused vMIP-II to form a pH-dependent CC chemokine-type dimer as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation and NMR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of engineering a naturally predominantly monomeric chemokine into a dissociable dimer by a single mutation. This dimeric vMIP-II mutant binds to heparin much more tightly than wild-type vMIP-II and provides a new model for studying the relationship between chemokine quaternary structure and various aspects of function. Structural differences between monomeric and dimeric vMIP-II upon GAG binding were characterized by NMR and molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- University of California, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, USA
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7
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Shimizu K, Minami M, Shubiki R, Lopez-Ilasaca M, MacFarlane L, Asami Y, Li Y, Mitchell RN, Libby P. CC chemokine receptor-1 activates intimal smooth muscle-like cells in graft arterial disease. Circulation 2009; 120:1800-13. [PMID: 19841301 PMCID: PMC2996873 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.859595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graft arterial disease (GAD) limits long-term solid-organ allograft survival. The thickened intima in GAD contains smooth muscle-like cells (SMLCs), leukocytes, and extracellular matrix. The intimal SMLCs in mouse GAD lesions differ from medial smooth muscle cells in their function and phenotype. Although intimal SMLCs may originate by migration and modulation of donor medial cells or by recruitment of host-derived precursors, the mechanisms that underlie their localization within grafts and the factors that drive these processes remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS This study of aortic transplantation in mice demonstrated an important function for chemokines beyond their traditional role in leukocyte recruitment and activation. Intimal SMLCs, but not medial smooth muscle cells, express functional CC chemokine receptor-1 (CCR1) and respond to RANTES by increased migration and proliferation. Although RANTES infusion in vivo promoted inflammatory cell accumulation in the adventitia of aortic allografts of wild-type and CCR1-deficient recipients, it increased GAD intimal thickening with SMLC proliferation in only the wild-type hosts. Aortic allografts transplanted into CCR1-deficient mice after wild-type bone marrow transplantation did not develop intimal lesions, which indicates that CCR1-bearing inflammatory cells do not contribute to intimal lesion formation. Moreover, RANTES induced SMLC proliferation in vitro but did not promote medial smooth muscle cell growth. Blockade of CCR5 attenuated RANTES-induced T-cell and monocyte/macrophage proliferation but did not affect RANTES-induced SMLC proliferation, consistent with a larger role of CCR1-binding chemokines in SMLC migration and proliferation and GAD development. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide a novel mechanistic insight into the formation of vascular intimal hyperplasia and suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing allograft arteriopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Shimizu
- Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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8
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Segerer S, Johnson Z, Rek A, Baltus T, von Hundelshausen P, Kungl AJ, Proudfoot AE, Weber C, Nelson PJ. The basic residue cluster 55KKWVR59 in CCL5 is required for in vivo biologic function. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2533-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Kwun J, Hu H, Schadde E, Roenneburg D, Sullivan KA, DeMartino J, Burlingham WJ, Knechtle SJ. Altered Distribution of H60 Minor H Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells and Attenuated Chronic Vasculopathy in Minor Histocompatibility Antigen Mismatched Heart Transplantation in Cxcr3−/− Mouse Recipients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:8016-25. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Chemokines comprise a family of structurally related chemotactic proteins. They bind to about 20 corresponding receptors. Chemokines provide a general communication system for cells, and regulate lymphocyte migration under normal (homeostatic) and inflammatory conditions. Chemokines organize microenvironments in lymphoid tissue, lymphoid organogenesis, and participate in vascular and lymphatic angiogenesis. Expressed at the site of injury in the kidney, chemokines are involved in the recruitment of specific leukocyte subsets to particular renal compartments. Here we summarize recent data on chemokine biology with a focus on the role of chemokines in the recruitment of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes), monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, including regulatory T cells, and B cells in renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Segerer
- Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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11
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Segerer S, Djafarzadeh R, Gröne HJ, Weingart C, Kerjaschki D, Weber C, Kungl AJ, Regele H, Proudfoot AEI, Nelson PJ. Selective binding and presentation of CCL5 by discrete tissue microenvironments during renal inflammation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:1835-44. [PMID: 17494888 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006080837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are differentially recruited to the tubulointerstitium during renal inflammation. The selective presentation of chemokines by surface structures may in part underlie this phenomenon. In an attempt to better characterize the presentation of chemokines by tissue environments an exemplary chemokine with a well-defined structure was selected, and a binding assay for the protein on fixed archival tissue sections was developed. This article describes the selective binding of the chemokine CCL5 to renal structures. CCL5 was shown to bind to endothelial regions, interstitial extracellular matrix, tubular epithelial cells, and tubular basement membranes but rarely to glomerular structures in well-preserved kidneys. In contrast, binding of CCL5 to glomerular components was seen in renal biopsies with acute allograft glomerulitis (in which T cells accumulate in glomeruli). The N terminus mediates receptor binding, whereas two clusters of basic amino acid residues ((44)RKNR(47) and (55)KKWVR(59)) are involved in the presentation of CCL5 by extracellular structures. Mutation of either loop abrogated CCL5 binding to tissue sections. Variations of the N terminus and a mutation that prevents higher order oligomerization did not change the binding pattern. The data suggest that renal compartments differ in their capacity to present chemokines, which may help explain the differential recruitment of leukocytes during allograft injury. Both clusters of basic residues in CCL5 are necessary for sufficient binding of CCL5 to tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Segerer
- Medizinische Poliklinik-Innenstadt, University of Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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12
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Krensky AM, Ahn YT. Mechanisms of disease: regulation of RANTES (CCL5) in renal disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:164-70. [PMID: 17322928 PMCID: PMC2702760 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines (chemoattractant cytokines) are fundamental regulators of immune cell movement from the bloodstream into tissues. Regulating expression of chemokines might, therefore, alleviate inflammation in autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection, or augment immune responses in cancer and immunodeficiency. RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted [also known as CCL5]) is a model chemokine of relevance to a myriad of diseases. Regulation of RANTES expression is complex. In fibroblasts and monocytes, rel proteins alone suffice to induce transcription of RANTES. By contrast, expression of RANTES in T lymphocytes 3-5 days after activation requires the development of a molecular complex (enhancesome) including KLF13 (Krueppel-like factor 13), rel proteins p50 and p65, and scaffolding proteins. This complex recruits enzymes involved in acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation of chromatin, and ultimately in the expression of RANTES. In addition, KLF13-the lynchpin for recruitment of this molecular complex-is itself translationally regulated. Such complex regulation of biological systems has major implications for the rational design of drugs aimed at increasing or decreasing inflammatory responses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Krensky
- Division of Immunology and Transplantation Biology in the Department of Pediatrics at Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Ellyard JI, Simson L, Bezos A, Johnston K, Freeman C, Parish CR. Eotaxin selectively binds heparin. An interaction that protects eotaxin from proteolysis and potentiates chemotactic activity in vivo. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:15238-47. [PMID: 17384413 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608046200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An important feature of chemokines is their ability to bind to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains of proteoglycans, predominately heparin and heparan sulfate. To date, all chemokines tested bind to immobilized heparin in vitro, as well as cell surface heparan sulfate in vitro and in vivo. These interactions play an important role in modulating the action of chemokines by facilitating the formation of stable chemokine gradients within the vascular endothelium and directing leukocyte migration, by protecting chemokines from proteolysis, by inducing chemokine oligomerization, and by facilitating transcytosis. Despite the importance of eotaxin in eosinophil differentiation and recruitment being well established, little is known about the interaction between eotaxin and GAGs and the functional consequences of such an interaction. Here we report that eotaxin binds selectively to immobilized heparin with high affinity (K(d) = 1.23 x 10(-8) M), but not to heparan sulfate or a range of other GAGs. The interaction of eotaxin with heparin does not promote eotaxin oligomerization but protects eotaxin from proteolysis directly by plasmin and indirectly by cathepsin G and elastase. In vivo, co-administration of eotaxin and heparin is able to significantly enhance eotaxin-mediated eosinophil recruitment in a mouse air-pouch model. Furthermore, when heparin is co-administered with eotaxin at a concentration that does not normally result in eosinophil infiltration, eosinophil recruitment occurs. In contrast, heparin does not enhance eotaxin-mediated eosinophil chemotaxis in vitro, suggesting protease protection or haptotactic gradient formation as the mechanism by which heparin enhances eotaxin action in vivo. These results suggest a role for mast cell-derived heparin in the recruitment of eosinophils, reinforcing Th2 polarization of inflammatory responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticoagulants/chemistry
- Anticoagulants/metabolism
- Anticoagulants/pharmacology
- Cathepsin G
- Cathepsins/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL11
- Chemokines, CC/chemistry
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemokines, CC/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Eosinophils/pathology
- Fibrinolysin/metabolism
- Heparin/chemistry
- Heparin/metabolism
- Heparin/pharmacology
- Heparitin Sulfate/chemistry
- Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism
- Heparitin Sulfate/pharmacology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Male
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mast Cells/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia I Ellyard
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Group, Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Building 54, Garran Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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14
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Notohamiprodjo M, Djafarzadeh R, Mojaat A, von Lüttichau I, Gröne HJ, Nelson PJ. Generation of GPI-linked CCL5 based chemokine receptor antagonists for the suppression of acute vascular damage during allograft transplantation. Protein Eng Des Sel 2005; 19:27-35. [PMID: 16251221 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzi072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Limiting the acute vascular damage associated with leukocyte infiltration is a central issue in solid organ transplantation. The family of chemotactic cytokines (chemokines) helps to regulate leukocyte recruitment. Systemic treatment with the chemokine ligand-5 (CCL5) based antagonist Met-RANTES has previously shown to suppress acute damage to transplanted kidneys by blocking effector cell recruitment. To address problems associated with systemic long-term administration of chemokine receptor antagonists, a chemokine based reagent was designed to be integrated into endothelial surfaces of the organ just before transplantation. Proteins anchored by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), when purified and added to cells, are efficiently incorporated into their cell surface membranes. A series of modifications were introduced into the CCL5 protein to generate a functional antagonist. These included the addition of an N-terminal methionine group, a mutation to render the protein a dimer and a GPI signal sequence for surface expression. The resultant protein was stably expressed in CHO cells, GPI anchorage was confirmed and the protein purified by FPLC. Exogenously administered Met-CCL5(dimer)-GPI was efficiently inserted into the membrane of microvascular endothelial cells. The reagent is being tested in murine models of renal transplantation. The effect on subsequent immune induced damage will be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Notohamiprodjo
- Medizinische Poliklinik, Schillerstrasse 42, 80336 Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Kölnerplatz 1, 80803 Munich, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Magistrelli G, Gueneau F, Muslmani M, Ravn U, Kosco-Vilbois M, Fischer N. Chemokines derived from soluble fusion proteins expressed in Escherichia coli are biologically active. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:370-5. [PMID: 16004969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are a class of low molecular weight proteins that are involved in leukocytes trafficking. Due to their involvement in recruiting immune cells to sites of inflammation, chemokines, and chemokine receptors have become an attractive class of therapeutic targets. However, when expressed in Escherichia coli chemokines are poorly soluble and accumulate in inclusion bodies. Several purification methods have been described but involve time-consuming refolding, buffer exchange, and purification steps that complicate expression of these proteins. Here, we describe a simple and reliable method to express chemokines as fusions to the protein NusA. The fusion proteins were largely found in the soluble fraction and could be readily purified in a single step. Proteolytic cleavage was used to obtain soluble recombinant chemokines that were found to be very active in a novel in vitro chemotaxis assays. This method could be applied to several alpha and beta human chemokines, suggesting that it is generally applicable to this class of proteins.
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16
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Wang L, Fuster M, Sriramarao P, Esko JD. Endothelial heparan sulfate deficiency impairs L-selectin- and chemokine-mediated neutrophil trafficking during inflammatory responses. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:902-10. [PMID: 16056228 DOI: 10.1038/ni1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Here we have studied the involvement of endothelial heparan sulfate in inflammation by inactivating the enzyme N-acetyl glucosamine N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase-1 in endothelial cells and leukocytes, which is required for the addition of sulfate to the heparin sulfate chains. Mutant mice developed normally but showed impaired neutrophil infiltration in various inflammation models. These effects were due to changes in heparan sulfate specifically in endothelial cells. Decreased neutrophil infiltration was partially due to altered rolling velocity correlated with weaker binding of L-selectin to endothelial cells. Chemokine transcytosis across endothelial cells and presentation on the cell surface were also reduced, resulting in decreased neutrophil firm adhesion and migration. Thus, endothelial heparan sulfate has three functions in inflammation: by acting as a ligand for L-selectin during neutrophil rolling; in chemokine transcytosis; and by binding and presenting chemokines at the lumenal surface of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianchun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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17
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Rot A, von Andrian UH. Chemokines in innate and adaptive host defense: basic chemokinese grammar for immune cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2004; 22:891-928. [PMID: 15032599 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 910] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines compose a sophisticated communication system used by all our cell types, including immune cells. Chemokine messages are decoded by specific receptors that initiate signal transduction events leading to a multitude of cellular responses, leukocyte chemotaxis and adhesion in particular. Critical determinants of the in vivo activities of chemokines in the immune system include their presentation by endothelial cells and extracellular matrix molecules, as well as their cellular uptake via "silent" chemokine receptors (interceptors) leading either to their transcytosis or to degradation. These regulatory mechanisms of chemokine histotopography, as well as the promiscuous and overlapping receptor specificities of inflammation-induced chemokines, shape innate responses to infections and tissue damage. Conversely, the specific patterns of homeostatic chemokines, where each chemokine is perceived by a single receptor, are charting lymphocyte navigation routes for immune surveillance. This review presents our current understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the cellular perception and pathophysiologic meaning of chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antal Rot
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Vienna, A-1235 Austria.
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18
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Weyrich AS, Prescott SM, Zimmerman GA. Platelets, endothelial cells, inflammatory chemokines, and restenosis: complex signaling in the vascular play book. Circulation 2002; 106:1433-5. [PMID: 12234942 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000033634.60453.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Maxion HK, Kelly KA. Chemokine expression patterns differ within anatomically distinct regions of the genital tract during Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1538-46. [PMID: 11854242 PMCID: PMC127774 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.3.1538-1546.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Untreated infections with Chlamydia trachomatis commonly result in ascending infection to fallopian tubes and subsequent immune-mediated tubal pathology in females. The proposed immune-mediated injury may be associated with the increased recruitment of CD4 cells to the upper genital tract (GT) (oviducts) in comparison to the lower GT (cervix) during infection, as shown in animal models. To understand the mechanisms responsible for this biased recruitment of CD4 cells within the GT, we characterized chemokine expression patterns in the upper and lower GTs in mice during infection with the murine pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of supernatants from GT homogenates revealed that the levels of the Th1-associated chemokines CXCL9 (monokine induced by gamma interferon), CXCL10 (interferon-inducible protein 10), and CCL5 (RANTES) were significantly higher in the upper GT than in the lower GT after infection, while the CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha) level was not increased. In contrast, the level of chemokine CCL11 (eotaxin) was significantly elevated in the lower GT later in the course of infection. Increased levels of mRNA confirmed the selective differences in chemokine expression within the upper and lower GTs. The increased levels of Th1-inducible chemokines in the upper GT were not due to differences in the magnitude of infection or progesterone pretreatment. These data demonstrate that the upper and lower regions of the GT respond differently to Chlamydia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Maxion
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90095-1732, USA
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20
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Liang M, Mallari C, Rosser M, Ng HP, May K, Monahan S, Bauman JG, Islam I, Ghannam A, Buckman B, Shaw K, Wei GP, Xu W, Zhao Z, Ho E, Shen J, Oanh H, Subramanyam B, Vergona R, Taub D, Dunning L, Harvey S, Snider RM, Hesselgesser J, Morrissey MM, Perez HD. Identification and characterization of a potent, selective, and orally active antagonist of the CC chemokine receptor-1. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:19000-8. [PMID: 10748002 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001222200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine receptor-1 (CCR1) is a prime therapeutic target for treating autoimmune diseases. Through high capacity screening followed by chemical optimization, we identified a novel non-peptide CCR1 antagonist, R-N-[5-chloro-2-[2-[4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2-methyl-1-piperazinyl ]-2-oxoethoxy]phenyl]urea hydrochloric acid salt (BX 471). Competition binding studies revealed that BX 471 was able to displace the CCR1 ligands macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), RANTES, and monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3) with high affinity (K(i) ranged from 1 nm to 5.5 nm). BX 471 was a potent functional antagonist based on its ability to inhibit a number of CCR1-mediated effects including Ca(2+) mobilization, increase in extracellular acidification rate, CD11b expression, and leukocyte migration. BX 471 demonstrated a greater than 10,000-fold selectivity for CCR1 compared with 28 G-protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that BX 471 was orally active with a bioavailability of 60% in dogs. Furthermore, BX 471 effectively reduces disease in a rat experimental allergic encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis. This study is the first to demonstrate that a non-peptide chemokine receptor antagonist is efficacious in an animal model of an autoimmune disease. In summary, we have identified a potent, selective, and orally available CCR1 antagonist that may be useful in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Liang
- Departments of Discovery Research, Biological Research, Pharmacology, and Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, Calfornia 94804, USA.
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21
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Nasreen N, Mohammed KA, Galffy G, Ward MJ, Antony VB. MCP-1 in pleural injury: CCR2 mediates haptotaxis of pleural mesothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 278:L591-8. [PMID: 10710532 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.3.l591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleural injury results in the death of mesothelial cells and denudation of the mesothelial basement membrane. Repair of the mesothelium without fibrosis requires proliferation and migration of mesothelial cells into the injured area. We hypothesized that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induces proliferative and haptotactic responses in pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) and that the MCP-1 binding receptor CCR2 mediates the pleural repair process. We demonstrate that PMCs exhibited MCP-1-specific immunostaining on injury. MCP-1 induced proliferative and haptotactic responses in PMCs. PMCs express CCR2 in a time-dependent manner. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-2 upregulated CCR2 protein expression in PMCs, whereas lipopolysaccharide (LPS) downregulated the response at the initial period compared with that in resting PMCs. However, the inhibitory potential of LPS was lost after 12 h and showed a similar response at 24 and 48 h. Haptotactic migration was upregulated in PMCs that were cultured in the presence of IL-2. The increased haptotactic capacity of mesothelial cells in the presence of IL-2 correlated with increased CCR2 mRNA expression. PMCs cultured in the presence of LPS showed decreased haptotactic activity to MCP-1. Blocking the CCR2 with neutralizing antibodies decreased the haptotactic response of PMCs to MCP-1. These results suggest that the haptotactic migration of mesothelial cells in response to MCP-1 are mediated through CCR2, which may play a crucial role in reepithelialization of the denuded basement membrane at the site of pleural injury and may thus contribute to the regeneration of the mesothelium during the process of pleural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nasreen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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22
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Segerer S, Nelson PJ, Schlöndorff D. Chemokines, chemokine receptors, and renal disease: from basic science to pathophysiologic and therapeutic studies. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11:152-176. [PMID: 10616852 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v111152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte trafficking from peripheral blood into affected tissues is an essential component of the inflammatory reaction to virtually all forms of injury and is an important factor in the development of many kidney diseases. Advances in the past few years have highlighted the central role of a family of chemotactic cytokines called chemokines in this process. Chemokines help to control the selective migration and activation of inflammatory cells into injured renal tissue. Chemokines and their receptors are expressed by intrinsic renal cells as well as by infiltrating cells during renal inflammation. This study summarizes the in vitro and in vivo data on chemokines and chemokine receptors in renal diseases with a special focus on potential therapeutic effects on inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Segerer
- Medizinische Poliklinik, Klinikum Innenstadt der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter J Nelson
- Medizinische Poliklinik, Klinikum Innenstadt der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Detlef Schlöndorff
- Medizinische Poliklinik, Klinikum Innenstadt der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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23
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Kuschert GS, Coulin F, Power CA, Proudfoot AE, Hubbard RE, Hoogewerf AJ, Wells TN. Glycosaminoglycans interact selectively with chemokines and modulate receptor binding and cellular responses. Biochemistry 1999; 38:12959-68. [PMID: 10504268 DOI: 10.1021/bi990711d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines selectively recruit and activate a variety of cells during inflammation. Interactions between cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and chemokines drive the formation of haptotactic or immobilized gradients of chemokines at the site of inflammation, directing this recruitment. Chemokines bind to glycosaminoglycans on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with affinities in the micromolar range: RANTES > MCP-1 > IL-8 > MIP-1alpha. This binding can be competed with by soluble glycosaminoglycans: heparin, heparin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate. RANTES binding showed the widest discrimination between glycosaminoglycans (700-fold), whereas MIP-1alpha was the least selective. Almost identical results were obtained in an assay using heparin sulfate beads as the source of immobilized glycosaminoglycan. The binding of chemokines to glycosaminoglycan fragments has a strong length dependence, and optimally requires both N- and O-sulfation. Isothermal titration calorimetry data confirm these results; IL-8 binds heparin fragments with a K(d) of 0.39-2.63 microM, and requires five saccharide units to bind each monomer of chemokine. In membranes from cells expressing the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptors CXCR1, CXCR2, and CCR1, soluble GAGs inhibit the binding of chemokine ligands to their receptors. Consistent with this, heparin and heparin sulfate could inhibit IL-8-induced neutrophil calcium flux. Chemokines can therefore form complexes with both cell surface and soluble GAGs; these interactions have different functions. Soluble GAG chemokines complexes are unable to bind the receptor, resulting in a block of the biological activity. Previously, we have shown that cell surface GAGs present chemokines to the G-protein-coupled receptors, by increasing the local concentration of protein. A model is presented which brings together all of these data. The selectivity in the chemokine-GAG interaction suggests selective disruption of the haptotactic gradient may be an achievable therapeutic approach in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Kuschert
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO1 5DD, UK
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24
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Gröne H, Weber C, Weber KSC, Gröne EF, Rabelink T, Klier CM, Wells TNC, Proudfoot AE, Schlondorff D, Nelson PJ. Met‐RANTES reduces vascular and tubular damage during acute renal transplant rejection: blocking monocyte arrest and recruitment. FASEB J 1999. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.11.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Prophylaxis and EpidemiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐University of Munich Germany
| | - Kim S. C. Weber
- Institute for Prophylaxis and EpidemiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐University of Munich Germany
| | - Elisabeth F. Gröne
- German Cancer Research CenterDepartment of Experimental Pathology Germany
| | - Ton Rabelink
- Internal Medicine University of Utrecht Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter J. Nelson
- Medical PoliclinicLudwig‐Maximilians‐University of Munich Germany
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25
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Corsi MM, Leone G, Fulgenzi A, Wasserman K, Leone F, Ferrero ME. RANTES and MCP-1 chemokine plasma levels in chronic renal transplant dysfunction and chronic renal failure. Clin Biochem 1999; 32:455-60. [PMID: 10667481 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(99)00038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Procedures to diagnose renal allograft rejection depend on detection of graft dysfunction due to the presence of mononuclear leukocytic infiltrates. DESIGN AND METHODS In our study, we pursued an immunodiagnostic approach utilizing an ELISA method on plasma samples to monitor patients waiting to undergo transplantation in order to evidence prognostic developments in renal transplantation and, at least, to diagnose renal chronic transplant dysfunction. We analyzed blood levels of two chemokines, RANTES and MCP-1, which are normally overexpressed locally in renal chronic rejection. RESULTS Our results showed that patients affected by chronic renal failure (and waiting for kidney transplant), as well as kidney-grafted patients affected by chronic transplant dysfunction, had plasma levels of RANTES significantly higher than those of controls (patients without acute or chronic pathologies). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a simple method to evaluate the plasmatic presence of RANTES, which could be involved in longterm kidney graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Corsi
- Institute of General Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.
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26
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Melter M, McMahon G, Fang J, Ganz P, Briscoe DM. Current understanding of chemokine involvement in allograft transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 1999; 3:10-21. [PMID: 10359026 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3046.1999.00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies have demonstrated that chemokines play an essential role in regulating and co-ordinating the infiltration of leucocytes into allografts. Chemokines are expressed in skin, liver, heart, and kidney allografts following initial engraftment, ischemic injury, viral infection, and acute and chronic rejection. To date, most of our understanding of chemokine biology has been generated from studies of animal models of transplantation and little is known about the role of chemokines in human allograft rejection. Chemokines may play important mechanistic roles in transplant rejection, in the development of graft arteriosclerosis, and in chronic sclerosing cholangiopathy. Furthermore, these molecules may serve as sensitive diagnostic indicators for the analysis of rejection, including chronic rejection or other forms of graft dysfunction. Lastly, it is possible that chemokine-targeted therapy might become a feasible option for the treatment of allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Melter
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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27
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Peyton BD, Rohrer MJ, Furman MI, Barnard MR, Rodino LJ, Benoit SE, Hechtman HB, Valeri CR, Michelson AD. Patients with venous stasis ulceration have increased monocyte-platelet aggregation. J Vasc Surg 1998; 27:1109-15; discussion 1115-6. [PMID: 9652473 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(98)70013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leukocyte activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of venous stasis ulceration, but the involvement of activated platelets and leukocyte-platelet aggregates has not been previously investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with venous stasis ulceration have increased platelet activation and a propensity toward formation of leukocyte-platelet aggregates. METHODS Blood was drawn from the superficial veins of the leg just proximal to a venous stasis ulcer and from an antecubital vein in 14 patients with venous stasis ulceration. Blood was also drawn from the antecubital vein of 14 volunteers without evidence of venous disease. Whole-blood flow cytometry was used to analyze the samples before and after activation with a panel of agonists for evidence of platelet activation and the formation of leukocyte-platelet aggregates. RESULTS Patients with venous stasis ulceration had a greater number of monocyte-platelet aggregates in both the arm and leg samples than did the control subjects (p < 0.01). Furthermore, antecubital blood samples from patients with venous stasis ulceration stimulated with either thrombin-receptor agonist peptide, adenosine diphosphate, or phorbol myristate acetate formed more monocyte-platelet aggregates than did control samples (p < 0.05). No differences in platelet activation or neutrophil-platelet aggregate formation were noted among the three sample groups. CONCLUSIONS Patients with venous stasis ulceration have an increase in the number of monocyte-platelet aggregates in systemic venous blood as well as in venous blood adjacent to a venous stasis ulcer, implicating the monocyte as the leukocyte involved in the pathogenesis of venous stasis ulceration. No association was identified between the presence of a venous stasis ulcer and either neutrophil-platelet aggregation or the activation of individual platelets. Because platelet activation is necessary for the formation of monocyte-platelet aggregates, these data also suggest that monocyte-platelet aggregation is a more sensitive marker for in vivo platelet activation than is the identification of individual activated platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Peyton
- Department of Surgery, Center for Platelet Function Studies, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA
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28
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Hoogewerf AJ, Kuschert GS, Proudfoot AE, Borlat F, Clark-Lewis I, Power CA, Wells TN. Glycosaminoglycans mediate cell surface oligomerization of chemokines. Biochemistry 1997; 36:13570-8. [PMID: 9354625 DOI: 10.1021/bi971125s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are 8-10 kDa proteins involved in the control of leukocyte trafficking and activation. In free solution, chemokines are monomers at physiologic concentrations, although many multimerize at higher concentrations. Cell surface heparan sulfate may sequester chemokines, increasing their local concentrations and facilitating their binding to receptors expressed on leukocytes. In competitive binding assays using immobilized heparin, a 2-3-fold increase in the bound radiolabeled chemokine was seen with increasing concentrations of unlabeled chemokine in the nanomolar range. Unlabeled chemokine concentrations between 0.25 and 50 microM were needed to compete the bound radioactivity. This biphasic competition curve was not seen for N-methyl-L25 IL-8, a variant of IL-8 which is unable to dimerize. In addition, complexes of chemokine and heparin eluted from gel filtration columns with apparent molecular masses of 33-60 kDa, suggesting that chemokine multimerization had occurred. The physiological relevance of this multimerization process was seen from studies using human endothelial cells. The endothelial cell binding sites for IL-8, RANTES, and MCP-1 were deduced to be glycosaminoglycans since competition assays showed the biphasic curves and micromolar IC50 values seen in studies with immobilized heparin, and mRNA for known chemokine receptors was not detected. Furthermore, digestion of endothelial cell monolayers with glycosaminidases decreased chemokine binding by up to 80%. Glycosaminoglycans can act as modulators of the ligand binding affinity of chemokine receptor-bearing cells. Removal of glycosaminoglycans from CHO cells expressing chemokine receptors CXCR1, CCR1, or CCR2 resulted in 40-70% decreases in the binding of RANTES, MCP-1, IL-8, and MIP-1alpha. Our data show that cell surface glycosaminoglycans induce polymerization of chemokines, increasing their local concentration and therefore enhancing their effects on high-affinity receptors within the local microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hoogewerf
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, England.
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29
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Abstract
RANTES was first identified as a cDNA in a search for genes expressed late (3-5 days) after T-cell activation. Definition of RANTES function depended on the generation of protein. This chapter describes the various techniques used to make recombinant RANTES protein, to test its activity, and to generate monoclonal antibodies to assess RANTES protein cell distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Krensky
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305-5119, USA
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30
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Jordan NJ, Watson ML, Williams RJ, Roach AG, Yoshimura T, Westwick J. Chemokine production by human vascular smooth muscle cells: modulation by IL-13. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122:749-57. [PMID: 9375973 PMCID: PMC1564990 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The production of chemokines by vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, although the factors regulating chemokine production by these cells are incompletely characterized. 2. We describe the differential stimulation of interleukin-(IL)-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) synthesis following treatment of human vascular SMC with IL-1alpha or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). Under basal conditions, cultured SMC release very low amounts of IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES as assessed by specific ELISA. Concentration-response studies with IL-1alpha or TNFalpha revealed that each stimulus induced a similar amount of MCP-1. In contrast approximately three fold more IL-8 was induced by IL-1alpha than by TNFalpha whereas significant RANTES production was induced only by TNFalpha. These findings point to a divergence in the regulation of synthesis of the different chemokines in response to IL-1alpha or TNFalpha stimulation. 3. The T-cell derived cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 were also found to have differential effects on chemokine production by SMC. IL-13, but not IL-10, significantly enhanced IL-8 and MCP-1 release in response to IL-1alpha or TNFalpha. This increase in chemokine release appeared to be accounted for by increased mRNA expression. 4. These findings provide support for the concept that smooth muscle cells can have an active role in a local immune response via the production of chemokines which can be selectively modulated by T-cell derived cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Jordan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schlöndorff
- Medizinische Poliklinik, Klinikum Innenstadt der LMU München, Germany
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32
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Weyrich AS, Elstad MR, McEver RP, McIntyre TM, Moore KL, Morrissey JH, Prescott SM, Zimmerman GA. Activated platelets signal chemokine synthesis by human monocytes. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:1525-34. [PMID: 8617886 PMCID: PMC507213 DOI: 10.1172/jci118575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human blood monocytes adhere rapidly and for prolonged periods to activated platelets that display P-selectin, an adhesion protein that recognizes a specific ligand on leukocytes, P-selectin glycoprotein-1. We previously demonstrated that P-selectin regulates expression and secretion of cytokines by stimulated monocytes when it is presented in a purified, immobilized form or by transfected cells. Here we show that thrombin-activated platelets induce the expression and secretion of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and IL-8 by monocytes. Enhanced monokine synthesis requires engagement of P-selectin glycoprotein-1 on the leukocyte by P-selectin on the platelet. Secretion of the chemokines is not, however, directly signaled by P-selectin; instead, tethering of the monocytes by P-selectin is required for their activation by RANTES (regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed presumed secreted), a platelet chemokine not previously known to induce immediate-early gene products in monocytes. Adhesion of monocytes to activated platelets results in nuclear translocation of p65 (RelA), a component of the NF-kappaB family of transcription factors that binds kappaB sequences in the regulatory regions of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, IL-8, and other immediate-early genes. However, expression of tissue factor, a coagulation protein that also has a kappaB sequence in the 5' regulatory region of its gene, is not induced in monocytes adherent to activated platelets. Thus, contact of monocytes with activated platelets differentially affects the expression of monocyte products. These experiments suggest that activated platelets regulate chemokine secretion by monocytes in inflammatory lesions in vivo and provide a model for the study of gene regulation in cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Weyrich
- The Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA
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Ortiz BD, Krensky AM, Nelson PJ. Kinetics of transcription factors regulating the RANTES chemokine gene reveal a developmental switch in nuclear events during T-lymphocyte maturation. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:202-10. [PMID: 8524297 PMCID: PMC230993 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.16.1.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
RANTES is a chemoattractant cytokine (chemokine) whose gene is expressed immediately after stimulation of several cell types but upregulated late (3 to 5 days) after activation in normal T lymphocytes. Here we describe two cis-acting elements in the human RANTES promoter that act in T lymphocytes. One site interacts with NFIL6, which is activated within the first 24 h after T-cell activation. The second site binds an apparently novel complex that is upregulated later, between days 3 and 5. These data provide an explanation for the immediate-early expression of RANTES in some cell types and identify apparently novel factors contributing to late RANTES transcription in T cells. The results reveal a developmental switch occurring during normal T-cell maturation coincident with the onset of terminal differentiation and the binding of late-acting factors to sequences of the RANTES promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Ortiz
- Multidisciplinary Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5119, USA
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34
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Schratzberger P, Kähler CM, Wiedermann CJ. Use of fluorochromes in the determination of chemotaxis and haptotaxis of granulocytes by micropore filter assays. Ann Hematol 1996; 72:23-7. [PMID: 8605276 DOI: 10.1007/bf00663012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Most conventional assays for the in vitro measurement of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) migration are modifications of the Boyden chamber technique, which requires quantification of migrated cells on micropore filters. This quantification is accompanied by several disadvantages, comprising errors in direct cell counting, low sensitivity of turbidimetric methods, the loss of marker enzymes by activation of PMNs, or the use of radioactive isotopes. We set up an improved fluorometric method to measure chemotactic and haptotactic migration of PMNs using polycarbonate filter-bearing Transwell culture plate inserts. This improved fluorometric method allows the evaluation of effects of fluorescent-dye labeling on chemotaxis and haptotaxis - defined as cell migration due to cell surface- or matrix-bound gradients of chemoattractants - by collecting data in an automated system. Results were compared with data obtained from direct microscopic cell counting in Transwell experiments as well as in conventional 48-multiwell Boyden chamber assays. Calcein-AM and BCECF-AM proved to be fluorochromes with minimal effect on both types of PMN migration. We conclude that the fluorochromes are powerful tools for the analysis of PMN migration and allow modifications of chemotaxis/haptotaxis assays for automated quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schratzberger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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35
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Chapter 22. Chemokines as Therapeutic Targets. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kennedy TE, Serafini T, de la Torre JR, Tessier-Lavigne M. Netrins are diffusible chemotropic factors for commissural axons in the embryonic spinal cord. Cell 1994; 78:425-35. [PMID: 8062385 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1030] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The guidance of axons to their targets in the developing nervous system is believed to involve diffusible chemotropic factors secreted by target cells. Floor plate cells at the ventral midline of the spinal cord secrete a diffusible factor or factors that promotes the outgrowth of spinal commissural axons and attracts these axons in vitro. Two membrane-associated proteins isolated from brain, netrin-1 and netrin-2, possess commissural axon outgrowth-promoting activity. We show here that netrin-1 RNA is expressed by floor plate cells, whereas netrin-2 RNA is detected at lower levels in the ventral two-thirds of the spinal cord, but not the floor plate. Heterologous cells expressing recombinant netrin-1 or netrin-2 secrete diffusible forms of the proteins and can attract commissural axons at a distance. These results show that netrin-1 is a chemotropic factor expressed by floor plate cells and suggest that the two netrin proteins guide commissural axons in the developing spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Kennedy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0452
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