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Takano M, Okada T, Shioda K, Yonekawa C, Suda S. Risperidone suppresses caffeine-induced hyperthermia and hyperactivity in rats. Neurosci Lett 2024; 840:137960. [PMID: 39222834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Caffeine, a methylxanthine alkaloid, works as a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. It is the most widely used psychostimulant drug worldwide. However, caffeine overdose can lead to acute intoxication, posing a clinical problem. Hyperthermia and hyperactivity are associated issues with acute caffeine intoxication; however, no definitive treatment exists. This study aimed to assess the ability of risperidone to attenuate caffeine-induced hyperthermia and hyperactivity while elucidating the unknown mechanisms of caffeine intoxication. The rats received intraperitoneal injections of saline, risperidone (0.25 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg), WAY-100635, ketanserin, haloperidol, sulpiride, or SCH 23390, 5 min after the administration of caffeine (25 mg/kg). Subcutaneous temperature and activity counts were measured using nano tag ® for up to 90 min. In vivo microdialysis was used to determine the effect of risperidone on caffeine-induced elevation of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and noradrenaline (NA) concentrations in the anterior hypothalamus. Rats were injected with caffeine (25 mg/kg), followed by saline or risperidone (0.5 mg/kg) 5 min later. The levels of DA, 5-HT, and noradrenaline were measured every 15 min for up to 90 min after caffeine administration. Risperidone and 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin attenuated caffeine-induced hyperthermia and hyperactivity. Haloperidol and dopamine D1 antagonist SCH-23390 exacerbated hyperthermia without any effect on the hyperactivity. In the microdialysis study, risperidone treatment further attenuated caffeine-induced 5-HT elevation, but not DA and NA. Our results indicate that risperidone attenuates caffeine-induced hyperthermia and hyperactivity by blocking 5-HT2A receptor activity and may be potentially useful for treating caffeine intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Takano
- Department of Psychiatry, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Okada
- Department of Psychiatry, Jichi Medical University, Japan.
| | - Katsutoshi Shioda
- Department of Psychiatry, Jichi Medical University, Japan; Cocoro Care Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Chikara Yonekawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Shiro Suda
- Department of Psychiatry, Jichi Medical University, Japan
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Gebril HM, Lai T, Fedele DE, Wahba A. Developmental and foliation changes due to dysregulation of adenosine kinase in the cerebellum. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19831. [PMID: 37963945 PMCID: PMC10645999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine kinase (ADK), the major adenosine-metabolizing enzyme, plays a key role in brain development and disease. In humans, mutations in the Adk gene have been linked to developmental delay, stunted growth, and intellectual disability. To better understand the role of ADK in brain development, it is important to dissect the specific roles of the two isoforms of the enzyme expressed in the cytoplasm (ADK-S) and cell nucleus (ADK-L). We, therefore, studied brain development in Adk-tg transgenic mice, which only express ADK-S in the absence of ADK-L throughout development. In the mutant animals, we found a reduction in the overall brain, body size, and weight during fetal and postnatal development. As a major developmental abnormality, we found a profound change in the foliation pattern of the cerebellum. Strikingly, our results indicated aberrant Purkinje cells arborization at P9 and accelerated cell death at P6 and P9. We found defects in cerebellar cell proliferation and migration using a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-based cell proliferation assay at postnatal day 7. Our data demonstrate that dysregulation of ADK expression during brain development profoundly affects brain growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda M Gebril
- Departement of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Tho Lai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Denise E Fedele
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Amir Wahba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta City, 34518, Egypt
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Singer P, Yee BK. The adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia into its third decade: From neurochemical imbalance to early life etiological risks. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1120532. [PMID: 36998267 PMCID: PMC10043328 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1120532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia was conceptualized about two decades ago in an attempt to integrate two prominent theories of neurochemical imbalance that attribute the pathogenesis of schizophrenia to hyperfunction of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurotransmission and hypofunction of cortical glutamate neurotransmission. Given its unique position as an endogenous modulator of both dopamine and glutamate signaling in the brain, adenosine was postulated as a potential new drug target to achieve multiple antipsychotic actions. This new strategy may offer hope for improving treatment, especially in alleviating negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia that do not respond to current medications. To date, however, the adenosine hypothesis has yet led to any significant therapeutic breakthroughs. Here, we address two possible reasons for the impasse. First, neither the presence of adenosine functional deficiency in people with schizophrenia nor its causal relationship to symptom production has been satisfactorily examined. Second, the lack of novel adenosine-based drugs also impedes progress. This review updates the latest preclinical and clinical data pertinent to the construct validity of the adenosine hypothesis and explores novel molecular processes whereby dysregulation of adenosine signaling could be linked to the etiology of schizophrenia. It is intended to stimulate and revitalize research into the adenosine hypothesis towards the development of a new and improved generation of antipsychotic drugs that has eluded us for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Singer
- Roche Diagnostics International AG, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Philipp Singer Benjamin K. Yee
| | - Benjamin K. Yee
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Philipp Singer Benjamin K. Yee
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Nucleoside transporters and immunosuppressive adenosine signaling in the tumor microenvironment: Potential therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108300. [PMID: 36283452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine compartmentalization has a profound impact on immune cell function by regulating adenosine localization and, therefore, extracellular signaling capabilities, which suppresses immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Nucleoside transporters, responsible for the translocation and cellular compartmentalization of hydrophilic adenosine, represent an understudied yet crucial component of adenosine disposition in the tumor microenvironment. In this review article, we will summarize what is known regarding nucleoside transporter's function within the purinome in relation to currently devised points of intervention (i.e., ectonucleotidases, adenosine receptors) for cancer immunotherapy, alterations in nucleoside transporter expression reported in cancer, and potential avenues for targeting of nucleoside transporters for the desired modulation of adenosine compartmentalization and action. Further, we put forward that nucleoside transporters are an unexplored therapeutic opportunity, and modulation of nucleoside transport processes could attenuate the pathogenic buildup of immunosuppressive adenosine in solid tumors, particularly those enriched with nucleoside transport proteins.
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Shi T, Shen Y, Zhang W, Qian M, Chen X, Huang L, Tian J. Diversity of adenosine deaminase in children with EBV-related diseases. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:148. [PMID: 35986367 PMCID: PMC9392243 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism with an important role in cellular immunity. Thus, this study investigated the association between ADA and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-related diseases. Methods We retrospectively collected data from all children admitted to the Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China, between May 1, 2018, and March 31, 2019, who underwent plasma EBV-DNA polymerase chain reaction, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and ADA testing. Results Of 6868 children, 1877 had an elevated level of ADA, and 4991 had a level within the normal range. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that ALT (adjusted odds radio [aOR] = 1.001, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.001–1.002), EBV infection (aOR = 8.486, 95% CI: 6.753–10.663), inflammatory disease (aOR = 3.915, 95% CI: 3.198–4.794), autoimmune disease (aOR = 2.307, 95% CI: 1.823–2.920), and malignant disease (aOR = 1.381; 95% CI: 1.101–1.734) were risk factors for an elevated ADA level. Furthermore, the ADA levels among EBV-related diseases significantly differed, including infectious mononucleosis, atypical EBV infection, respiratory infection, malignant disease, and other diseases (P < 0.05). In addition, the ADA level positively correlated with the Epstein–Barr viral load (r = 0.501, P < 0.05). Conclusions This large, retrospective study identified a correlation between ADA and EBV-related diseases, which may help clinicians detect these diseases earlier based on the plasma ADA concentration.
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Shepherd C, Robinson S, Berizzi A, Thompson LEJ, Bird L, Culurgioni S, Varzandeh S, Rawlins PB, Olsen RHJ, Navratilova IH. Surface Plasmon Resonance Screening to Identify Active and Selective Adenosine Receptor Binding Fragments. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1172-1181. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Shepherd
- University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
- Kinetic Discovery Ltd., The Schrödinger
Building, Heatley Road, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Robinson
- Exscientia plc, The Schrödinger
Building, Heatley Road, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Berizzi
- Exscientia plc, The Schrödinger
Building, Heatley Road, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. J. Thompson
- Exscientia plc, The Schrödinger
Building, Heatley Road, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Bird
- Kinetic Discovery Ltd., The Schrödinger
Building, Heatley Road, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
- Exscientia plc, The Schrödinger
Building, Heatley Road, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Culurgioni
- Kinetic Discovery Ltd., The Schrödinger
Building, Heatley Road, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
- Exscientia plc, The Schrödinger
Building, Heatley Road, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Varzandeh
- Exscientia plc, The Schrödinger
Building, Heatley Road, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
| | - Philip B. Rawlins
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Reid H. J. Olsen
- Exscientia plc, The Schrödinger
Building, Heatley Road, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
| | - Iva Hopkins Navratilova
- University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
- Kinetic Discovery Ltd., The Schrödinger
Building, Heatley Road, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
- Exscientia plc, The Schrödinger
Building, Heatley Road, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
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Exposome and foetoplacental vascular dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 87:101019. [PMID: 34483008 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A balanced communication between the mother, placenta and foetus is crucial to reach a successful pregnancy. Several windows of exposure to environmental toxins are present during pregnancy. When the women metabolic status is affected by a disease or environmental toxin, the foetus is impacted and may result in altered development and growth. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disease of pregnancy characterised by abnormal glucose metabolism affecting the mother and foetus. This disease of pregnancy associates with postnatal consequences for the child and the mother. The whole endogenous and exogenous environmental factors is defined as the exposome. Endogenous insults conform to the endo-exposome, and disruptors contained in the immediate environment are the ecto-exposome. Some components of the endo-exposome, such as Selenium, vitamins D and B12, adenosine, and a high-fat diet, and ecto-exposome, such as the heavy metals Arsenic, Mercury, Lead and Copper, and per- and polyfluoroakyl substances, result in adverse pregnancies, including an elevated risk of GDM or gestational diabesity. The impact of the exposome on the human placenta's vascular physiology and function in GDM and gestational diabesity is reviewed.
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Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate Protects from Hypoxia by Lowering Mitochondrial Metabolism and Oxygen Demand. Shock 2021; 54:237-244. [PMID: 31460871 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion injury following severe trauma or cardiac arrest are major causes of organ damage in intensive care patients. The brain is particularly vulnerable because hypoxia rapidly damages neurons due to their heavy reliance on oxidative phosphorylation. Therapeutic hypothermia can reduce ischemia-induced brain damage, but cooling procedures are slow and technically difficult to perform in critical care settings. It has been previously reported that injection of naturally occurring adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) can rapidly induce hypothermia in mice. We studied the underlying mechanisms and found that AMP transiently reduces the heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and the consciousness of adult male and female C57BL/6J mice. Adding AMP to mouse or human neuronal cell cultures dose-dependently reduced the membrane potential (ΔΨm) and Ca signaling of mitochondria in these cells. AMP treatment increased intracellular AMP levels and activated AMP-activated protein kinase, which resulted in the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and of mitochondrial and cytosolic Ca signaling in resting and stimulated neurons. Pretreatment with an intraperitoneal injection of AMP almost doubled the survival time of mice under hypoxic (6% O2) or anoxic (<1% O2) conditions when compared to untreated mice. These findings suggest that AMP induces a hypometabolic state that slows mitochondrial respiration, reduces oxygen demand, and delays the processes that damage mitochondria in the brain and other organs following hypoxia and reperfusion. Further examination of these mechanisms may lead to new treatments that preserve organ function in critical care patients.
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9
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Lopes CR, Lourenço VS, Tomé ÂR, Cunha RA, Canas PM. Use of knockout mice to explore CNS effects of adenosine. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114367. [PMID: 33333075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The initial exploration using pharmacological tools of the role of adenosine receptors in the brain, concluded that adenosine released as such acted on A1R to inhibit excitability and glutamate release from principal neurons throughout the brain and that adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) were striatal-'specific' receptors controlling dopamine D2R. This indicted A1R as potential controllers of neurodegeneration and A2AR of psychiatric conditions. Global knockout of these two receptors questioned the key role of A1R and instead identified extra-striatal A2AR as robust controllers of neurodegeneration. Furthermore, transgenic lines with altered metabolic sources of adenosine revealed a coupling of ATP-derived adenosine to activate A2AR and a role of A1R as a hurdle to initiate neurodegeneration. Additionally, cell-selective knockout of A2AR unveiled the different roles of A2AR in different cell types (neurons/astrocytes) in different portions of the striatal circuits (dorsal versus lateral) and in different brain areas (hippocampus/striatum). Finally, a new transgenic mouse line with deletion of all adenosine receptors seems to indicate a major allostatic rather than homeostatic role of adenosine and may allow isolating P2R-mediated responses to unravel their role in the brain, a goal close to heart of Geoffrey Burnstock, to whom we affectionately dedicate this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia R Lopes
- CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vanessa S Lourenço
- CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ângelo R Tomé
- CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Paula M Canas
- CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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10
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Husted AS, Ekberg JH, Tripp E, Nissen TAD, Meijnikman S, O'Brien SL, Ulven T, Acherman Y, Bruin SC, Nieuwdorp M, Gerhart-Hines Z, Calebiro D, Dragsted LO, Schwartz TW. Autocrine negative feedback regulation of lipolysis through sensing of NEFAs by FFAR4/GPR120 in WAT. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101103. [PMID: 33091626 PMCID: PMC7683346 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) released from adipocytes inhibit lipolysis through an unclear mechanism. We hypothesized that the LCFA receptor, FFAR4 (GPR120), which is highly expressed in adipocytes, may be involved in this feedback regulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of conditioned media from isoproterenol-stimulated primary cultures of murine and human adipocytes demonstrated that most of the released non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFAs) are known agonists for FFAR4. In agreement with this, conditioned medium from isoproterenol-treated adipocytes stimulated signaling strongly in FFAR4 transfected COS-7 cells as opposed to non-transfected control cells. In transfected 3T3-L1 cells, FFAR4 agonism stimulated Gi- and Go-mini G protein binding more strongly than Gq, effects which were blocked by the selective FFAR4 antagonist AH7614. In primary cultures of murine white adipocytes, the synthetic, selective FFAR4 agonist CpdA inhibited isoproterenol-induced intracellular cAMP accumulation in a manner similar to the antilipolytic control agent nicotinic acid acting through another receptor, HCAR2. In vivo, oral gavage with the synthetic, specific FFAR4 agonist CpdB decreased the level of circulating NEFAs in fasting lean mice to a similar degree as nicotinic acid. In agreement with the identified anti-lipolytic effect of FFAR4, plasma NEFAs and glycerol were increased in FFAR4-deficient mice as compared to littermate controls despite having elevated insulin levels, and cAMP accumulation in primary adipocyte cultures was augmented by treatment with the FFAR4 antagonist conceivably by blocking the stimulatory tone of endogenous NEFAs on FFAR4. CONCLUSIONS In white adipocytes, FFAR4 functions as an NEFA-activated, autocrine, negative feedback regulator of lipolysis by decreasing cAMP though Gi-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sofie Husted
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jeppe H Ekberg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Emma Tripp
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Center of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Tinne A D Nissen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Stijn Meijnikman
- Departments of Internal and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Shannon L O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Center of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Yair Acherman
- Department of Surgery, Spaarne Hospital, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd C Bruin
- Department of Surgery, Spaarne Hospital, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands.
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Departments of Internal and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Zach Gerhart-Hines
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Center of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Lars O Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Section of Preventive and Clinical Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark.
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Grant AD, Newman M, Kriegsfeld LJ. Ultradian rhythms in heart rate variability and distal body temperature anticipate onset of the luteinizing hormone surge. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20378. [PMID: 33230235 PMCID: PMC7683606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The menstrual cycle is characterized by predictable patterns of physiological change across timescales. Although patterns of reproductive hormones across the menstrual cycle, particularly ultradian rhythms, are well described, monitoring these measures repeatedly to predict the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge is not practical. In the present study, we explored whether non-invasive measures coupled to the reproductive system: high frequency distal body temperature (DBT), sleeping heart rate (HR), sleeping heart rate variability (HRV), and sleep timing, could be used to anticipate the preovulatory LH surge in women. To test this possibility, we used signal processing to examine these measures in 45 premenopausal and 10 perimenopausal cycles alongside dates of supra-surge threshold LH and menstruation. Additionally, urinary estradiol and progesterone metabolites were measured daily surrounding the LH surge in 20 cycles. Wavelet analysis revealed a consistent pattern of DBT and HRV ultradian rhythm (2-5 h) power that uniquely enabled anticipation of the LH surge at least 2 days prior to its onset in 100% of individuals. Together, the present findings reveal fluctuations in distal body temperature and heart rate variability that consistently anticipate the LH surge, suggesting that automated ultradian rhythm monitoring may provide a novel and convenient method for non-invasive fertility assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azure D Grant
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, MC # 3370, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mark Newman
- Precision Analytical, McMinnville, OR, 97128, USA
| | - Lance J Kriegsfeld
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, MC # 3370, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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12
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Hatfield SM, Sitkovsky MV. Antihypoxic oxygenation agents with respiratory hyperoxia to improve cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:5629-5637. [PMID: 32870821 PMCID: PMC7598059 DOI: 10.1172/jci137554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia/HIF-1α- and extracellular adenosine/A2 adenosine receptor-mediated immunosuppression protects tissues from collateral damage by antipathogen immune cells. However, this mechanism also protects cancerous tissues by inhibiting antitumor immune cells in hypoxic and extracellular adenosine-rich tumors that are the most resistant to current therapies. Here, we explain a potentially novel, antiimmunosuppressive reasoning to justify strategies using respiratory hyperoxia and oxygenation agents in cancer treatment. Earlier attempts to use oxygenation of tumors as a monotherapy or to improve radiotherapy have failed because oxygenation protocols were not combined with immunotherapies of cancer. In contrast, the proposal for therapeutic use of antihypoxic oxygenation described here was motivated by the need to prevent the hypoxia/HIF-1α-driven accumulation of extracellular adenosine to (a) unleash antitumor immune cells from inhibition by intracellular cAMP and (b) prevent immunosuppressive transcription of cAMP response element- and hypoxia response element-containing immunosuppressive gene products (e.g., TGF-β). Use of oxygenation agents together with inhibitors of the A2A adenosine receptor may be required to enable the most effective cancer immunotherapy. The emerging outcomes of clinical trials of cancer patients refractory to all other treatments provide support for the molecular and immunological mechanism-based approach to cancer immunotherapy described here.
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13
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Shamloo B, Kumar N, Owen RH, Reemmer J, Ost J, Perkins RS, Shen HY. Dysregulation of adenosine kinase isoforms in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:7238-7250. [PMID: 31921385 PMCID: PMC6944449 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated adenosine signaling pathway has been evidenced in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. However, the role of adenosine kinase (ADK) in tumorigenesis remains unclear while it crucially regulates the removal and availability of adenosine. ADK has two isoforms that localize to discrete subcellular spaces: i.e., nuclear, long-isoform (ADK-L) and cytosolic, short-isoform (ADK-S). We hypothesized that these two ADK isoforms would be differentially expressed in breast cancer and may contribute to divergent cellular actions in cancer. In this study, we examined the expression profiles of ADK isoforms in breast cancer tissues from 46 patient and followed up with an in vitro investigation by knocking down the expression of ADK-L or ADK-S using CRISPR gene editing to evaluate the role of ADK isoform in cancer progression and metastasis of cultured triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. We demonstrated that (i) ADK-L expression level was significantly increased in breast cancer tissues versus paired normal tissues adjacent to tumor, whereas the ADK-S expression levels were not significantly different between cancerous and normal tissues; (ii) CRISPR/Cas9-mediated downregulation of ADK isoforms, led to suppressed cellular proliferation, division, and migration of cultured breast cancer cells; (iii) ADK-L knockdown significantly upregulated gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase (ADAM23, 9.93-fold; MMP9, 24.58-fold) and downregulated expression of cyclin D2 (CCND2, -30.76-fold), adhesive glycoprotein THBS1 (-8.28-fold), and cystatin E/M (CST6, -16.32-fold). Our findings suggest a potential role of ADK-L in mitogenesis, tumorigenesis, and tumor-associated tissue remodeling and invasion; and the manipulation of ADK-L holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for aggressive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Shamloo
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Nandita Kumar
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Randall H Owen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Jesica Reemmer
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - John Ost
- Legacy Tumor Bank, Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - R Serene Perkins
- Legacy Tumor Bank, Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR 97232, USA.,Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles, OR 97058, USA
| | - Hai-Ying Shen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR 97232, USA
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14
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Dong ZSW, Cao ZP, Shang YJ, Liu QY, Wu BY, Liu WX, Li CH. Neuroprotection of cordycepin in NMDA-induced excitotoxicity by modulating adenosine A 1 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:325-335. [PMID: 30978320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia impairs physiological form of synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP). Clinical symptoms of cognitive dysfunction resulting from cerebral ischemia are associated with neuron loss and synaptic function impairment in hippocampus. It has been widely reported that cordycepin displays neuroprotective effect on ameliorating cognitive dysfunction induced by cerebral ischemia. Therefore, it is necessary to study whether cordycepin recovers cognitive function after brain ischemia through improving LTP induction. However, there has been very little discussion about the effects of cordycepin on LTP of cerebral ischemia so far. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cordycepin on LTP impairment and neuron loss induced by cerebral ischemia and excitotoxicity, using electrophysiological recording and Nissl staining techniques. The models were obtained by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) and intrahippocampal NMDA microinjection. We also explored whether adenosine A1 receptors involve in the neuroprotection of cordycepin by using western blot. We found that cordycepin remarkably alleviated LTP impairment and protected pyramidal cell of hippocampal CA1 region against cerebral ischemia and excitotoxicity. Meanwhile, cordycepin prevented the reduction on adenosine A1 receptor level caused by ischemia but did not alter the adenosine A2A receptor level in hippocampal CA1 area. The improvement of LTP in the excitotoxic rats after cordycepin treatment could be blocked by DPCPX, a selective antagonist of adenosine A1 receptor. In summary, our findings provided new insights into the mechanisms of cordycepin neuroprotection in excitotoxic diseases, which is through regulating adenosine A1 receptor to improve LTP formation and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bao-Yan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
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15
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Sáez T, Toledo F, Sobrevia L. Impaired signalling pathways mediated by extracellular vesicles in diabesity. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 66:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Horenstein AL, Morandi F, Bracci C, Pistoia V, Malavasi F. Functional insights into nucleotide-metabolizing ectoenzymes expressed by bone marrow-resident cells in patients with multiple myeloma. Immunol Lett 2018; 205:40-50. [PMID: 30447309 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human myeloma cells grow in a hypoxic acidic niche in the bone marrow. Cross talk among cellular components of this closed niche generates extracellular adenosine, which promotes tumor cell survival. This is achieved through the binding of adenosine to purinergic receptors into complexes that function as an autocrine/paracrine signal factor with immune regulatory activities that i) down-regulate the functions of most immune effector cells and ii) enhance the activity of cells that suppress anti-tumor immune responses, thus facilitating the escape of malignant myeloma cells from immune surveillance. Here we review recent findings confirming that the dominant phenotype for survival of tumor cells is that where the malignant cells have been metabolically reprogrammed for the generation of lactic acidosis in the bone marrow niche. Adenosine triphosphate and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide extruded from tumor cells, along with cyclic adenosine monophosphate, are the main intracellular energetic/messenger molecules that serve as leading substrates in the extracellular space for membrane-bound ectonucleotidases metabolizing purine nucleotides to signaling adenosine. Within this mechanistic framework, the adenosinergic substrate conversion can vary significantly according to the metabolic environment. Indeed, the neoplastic expansion of plasma cells exploits both enzymatic networks and hypoxic acidic conditions for migrating and homing to a protected niche and for evading the immune response. The expression of multiple specific adenosine receptors in the niche completes the profile of a complex regulatory framework whose signals modify multiple myeloma and host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - F Morandi
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - C Bracci
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - V Pistoia
- Immunology Area, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - F Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; CeRMS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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17
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Chambers AM, Lupo KB, Matosevic S. Tumor Microenvironment-Induced Immunometabolic Reprogramming of Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2517. [PMID: 30467503 PMCID: PMC6235907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism is key to the promotion of tumor growth, development, and metastasis. At the same time, cellular metabolism also mediates immune cell survival, proliferation and cytotoxic responses within the tumor microenvironment. The ability of natural killer cells to eradicate tumors relies on their ability to functionally persist for the duration of their anti-tumor effector activity. However, a tumor's altered metabolic requirements lead to compromised functional responses of cytokine-activated natural killer cells, which result in decreased effectiveness of adoptive cell-based immunotherapies. Tumors exert these immunosuppressive effects through a number of mechanisms, a key driver of which is hypoxia. Hypoxia also fuels the generation of adenosine from the cancer-associated ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73. Adenosine's immunosuppression manifests in decreased proliferation and impaired anti-tumor function, with adenosinergic signaling emerging as an immunometabolic checkpoint blockade target. Understanding such immunometabolic suppression is critical in directing the engineering of a new generation of natural killer cell-based immunotherapies that have the ability to more effectively target difficult-to-treat solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Chambers
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kyle B. Lupo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Sandro Matosevic
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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18
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Zhang J, Yang L, Fang Z, Kong J, Huang Q, Xu H. Adenosine Promotes the Recovery of Mice from the Cuprizone-Induced Behavioral and Morphological Changes while Effecting on Microglia and Inflammatory Cytokines in the Brain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:412-425. [PMID: 30069711 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that multiple sclerosis (MS) and schizophrenia share similarities in some respects, including white matter damage and neuroinflammation. On the other hand, adenosine was reported to promote oligodendrocyte precursor maturation and remyelinating while influencing microglia activation. The aim of the present study was to examine possible beneficial effects of adenosine on the recovery of cuprizone (CPZ)-exposed mouse which has been used as an animal model of MS and schizophrenia as the CPZ-exposed mouse presents demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, microglia accumulation, as well as behavioral changes. As reported previously, C57BL/6 mice, after fed CPZ for 5 weeks, showed salient demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss in the cerebral cortex (CTX) and hippocampus, in addition to displaying anxiety-like behavior, spatial working memory deficit, and social interaction impairment. Administration of adenosine for 7 days during the recovery period after CPZ withdrawal promoted the behavioral recovery of CPZ-exposed mice and accelerated the remyelinating process in the brains of mice after CPZ withdrawal in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the effective dose (10 mg/kg) of adenosine inhibited microglia activation and suppressed abnormal elevation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in CTX and hippocampus, but increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 or IL-10 in the same brain regions during the remyelinating process. These results provided an evidence-based rationale for the application of adenosine or its analogues as add-on therapy for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Zhang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zeman Fang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Qingjun Huang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Aguilar-Roblero
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
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20
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Carlström M, Larsson SC. Coffee consumption and reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2018; 76:395-417. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Theobromine suppresses adipogenesis through enhancement of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein β degradation by adenosine receptor A1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2438-2448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Varani K, Vincenzi F, Merighi S, Gessi S, Borea PA. Biochemical and Pharmacological Role of A1 Adenosine Receptors and Their Modulation as Novel Therapeutic Strategy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1051:193-232. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Peleli M, Carlstrom M. Adenosine signaling in diabetes mellitus and associated cardiovascular and renal complications. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:62-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Central activation of the A 1 adenosine receptor in fed mice recapitulates only some of the attributes of daily torpor. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:835-845. [PMID: 28378088 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mice enter bouts of daily torpor, drastically reducing metabolic rate, core body temperature (T b), and heart rate (HR), in response to reduced caloric intake. Because central adenosine activation has been shown to induce a torpor-like state in the arctic ground squirrel, and blocking the adenosine-1 (A1) receptor prevents daily torpor, we hypothesized that central activation of the A1 adenosine receptors would induce a bout of natural torpor in mice. To test the hypothesis, mice were subjected to four different hypothermia bouts: natural torpor, forced hypothermia (FH), isoflurane-anesthesia, and an intracerebroventricular injection of the selective A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA). All conditions induced profound hypothermia. T b fell more rapidly in the FH, isoflurane-anesthesia, and CHA conditions compared to torpor, while mice treated with CHA recovered at half the rate of torpid mice. FH, isoflurane-anesthesia, and CHA-treated mice exhibited a diminished drop in HR during entry into hypothermia as compared to torpor. Mice in all conditions except CHA shivered while recovering from hypothermia, and only FH mice shivered substantially while entering hypothermia. Circulating lactate during the hypothermic bouts was not significantly different between the CHA and torpor conditions, both of which had lower than baseline lactate levels. Arrhythmias were largely absent in the FH and isoflurane-anesthesia conditions, while skipped beats were observed in natural torpor and periodic extended (>1 s) HR pauses in the CHA condition. Lastly, the hypothermic bouts showed distinct patterns of gene expression, with torpor characterized by elevated hepatic and cardiac Txnip expression and all other hypothermic states characterized by elevated c-Fos and Egr-1 expression. We conclude that CHA-induced hypothermia and natural torpor are largely different physiological states.
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25
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da Silva AS, Baldissera MD, Bottari NB, Doleski PH, Carmo GM, Schwertz CI, Lucca NJ, Henker LC, Piva MM, Giacomin P, Stefani LM, Leal DB, Machado G, Mendes RE. Ectonucleotidase and adenosine deaminase as inflammatory marker in dairy cows naturally infected by Dictyocaulus viviparus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 51:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Chillemi A, Quarona V, Antonioli L, Ferrari D, Horenstein AL, Malavasi F. Roles and Modalities of Ectonucleotidases in Remodeling the Multiple Myeloma Niche. Front Immunol 2017; 8:305. [PMID: 28373875 PMCID: PMC5357780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoenzymes are cell surface molecules, which represent functional bridges between the environment and the cytoplasm. One set of ectoenzymes—CD39, CD38, CD203a, and CD73—leads to the generation of adenosine (ADO) by metabolizing ATP and NAD+. While ADO is known to control inflammation and suppress immune responses, other aspects of ADO function are still obscure, mainly due to its short half-life in biological fluids. Human multiple myeloma (MM) grows in the closed system of the bone marrow (BM) niche representing an ideal setting for studying ectoenzymes and their products. Another source of information on ectoenzyme function may derive from in vivo results of anti-CD38 antibody therapy in MM. Current results, obtained from in vitro models and from preliminary in vivo findings, indicate that ectoenzymes produce ADO locally in the BM niche. Furthermore, MM cells release microvesicles (MV), which thanks to their molecular cargo and surface ectoenzymes may function as particulate communicators outside of the niche. During anti-CD38 antibody therapy, the MV carry therapeutic IgG, determining that the prevalent orientation of MV will be toward cells and tissues expressing receptors for the IgG Fc domain. The resulting picture is one where MM adopts an immune escape strategy based on reshaping the environmental niche. This adaptation is followed by actions of MV that are exerted in biological fluids and circulating immune cells. By coating FcRs+ cells, MV modify pericellular spaces, reproducing the metabolic halo generated by ectoenzymes within closed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Chillemi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and CeRMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Valeria Quarona
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and CeRMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Alberto L Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and CeRMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and CeRMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
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Oxidative stress and changes in adenosine deaminase activity of cattle experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 2017; 144:520-526. [PMID: 28103965 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016002043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in serum and liver and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity of cattle experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica. The group A consisted of five healthy animals (uninfected), and the group B was composed of five animals orally infected with 200 metacercariae of F. hepatica. On days 20, 40, 60 and 80 post-infection (PI) serum was collected to measure oxidative stress variables. On day 100 PI, animals were humanely euthanized and liver samples were collected. Infected animals showed lower (P < 0·05) seric ADA activities on days 40 and 60 PI but higher (P < 0·05) in the liver tissue compared with uninfected animals. Seric and hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) were higher (P < 0·05) in infected compared with uninfected animals. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were higher (P < 0·05) in infected animals. Catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities were lower in liver tissue of infected animals, while glutathione peroxidase was higher compared with uninfected (P < 0·05). In summary, we conclude that oxidative stress occurs in cattle experimentally infected by F. hepatica, mainly due to excessive ROS production in the course of fasciolosis, contributing to hepatic damage, and that increased in hepatic ADA activity may contribute to the inflammatory process.
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Khorasanchi A, Arabi M, Akhavein A, Seyedabadi M, Eftekhari M, Javadi H, Nabipour I, Assadi M. Effect of Dipyridamole Injected for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging on Blood Glucose Concentration; A Preliminary Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:TC24-7. [PMID: 27656528 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/19726.8373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dipyridamole inhibits adenosine reuptake and increases cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) levels in platelets, erythrocytes and endothelial cells, all of which influence blood glucose. Acute hyperglycaemia reduces endothelium-dependent vasodilation and suppresses coronary microcirculation; which, in theory, can alter the outcome of a radionuclide scan. AIM The present study was conducted with the aim to investigate the changes in blood glucose level of patients receiving dipyridamole for cardiac scan. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 293 patients (85 men and 208 women, age: 60.59±10.43 years) were included in the study. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) was measured before and 8 min after dipyridamole (0.568 mg/kg) injection during myocardial perfusion imaging. The data in different groups were analysed by paired t-test. RESULTS There was not a significant difference between first (106.89 ± 19.21mg/dL) and second (107.98 ± 17.57 mg/dL) FBG measurements (p= 0.293). However, when the patients were grouped based on the quartiles of first measurement, there was an increase in FBG following dipyridamole injection in the first quartile (mean difference: 7.15±21.27 mg/dL, p<0.01); in contrast, FBG levels showed a significant decrease after dipyridamole administration in the 4(th) quartile (mean difference: -9.53±18.20 mg/dL, p<0.001). The differences in 2(nd) and 3(rd) quartiles were negligible. The patients were divided into normal, ischemic and fixed lesions based on the outcome of scans, then the possible correlation of dipyridamole-induced FBG alteration and scan results were investigated. There were no significant difference between the FBG values before and after dipyridamole injection and the final outcome of scan. CONCLUSION The effects of dipyridamole on blood glucose highly depend on the initial blood glucose level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Khorasanchi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences , Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohsen Arabi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences , Shahroud, Iran
| | - Alireza Akhavein
- Assistant Professor, Department of Cardiology, Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Seyedabadi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, The Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mansooreh Eftekhari
- Researcher, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences , Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hamid Javadi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (GRCGH), Golestan University of Medical Sciences (GUOMS) , Gorgan, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- Professor, Department of Endocrinology, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr, Iran
| | - Majid Assadi
- Professor, Department of Molecular Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy (MIRT), The Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr, Iran
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Sun Y, Huang P. Adenosine A2B Receptor: From Cell Biology to Human Diseases. Front Chem 2016; 4:37. [PMID: 27606311 PMCID: PMC4995213 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2016.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that modulates a wide array of biological processes. Recently, significant advances have been made in our understanding of A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR). In this review, we first summarize some of the general characteristics of A2BAR, and then we describe the multiple binding partners of the receptor, such as newly identified α-actinin-1 and p105, and discuss how these associated proteins could modulate A2BAR's functions, including certain seemingly paradoxical functions of the receptor. Growing evidence indicates a critical role of A2BAR in cancer, renal disease, and diabetes, in addition to its importance in the regulation of vascular diseases, and lung disease. Here, we also discuss the role of A2BAR in cancer, renal disease, and diabetes and the potential of the receptor as a target for treating these three diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of ChinaShenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, South University of Science and Technology of ChinaShenzhen, China
| | - Pingbo Huang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong, China; Division of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong, China
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30
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Yang T, Zollbrecht C, Winerdal ME, Zhuge Z, Zhang XM, Terrando N, Checa A, Sällström J, Wheelock CE, Winqvist O, Harris RA, Larsson E, Persson AEG, Fredholm BB, Carlström M. Genetic Abrogation of Adenosine A3 Receptor Prevents Uninephrectomy and High Salt-Induced Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003868. [PMID: 27431647 PMCID: PMC5015411 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Early‐life reduction in nephron number (uninephrectomy [UNX]) and chronic high salt (HS) intake increase the risk of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Adenosine signaling via its different receptors has been implicated in modulating renal, cardiovascular, and metabolic functions as well as inflammatory processes; however, the specific role of the A3 receptor in cardiovascular diseases is not clear. In this study, gene‐modified mice were used to investigate the hypothesis that lack of A3 signaling prevents the development of hypertension and attenuates renal and cardiovascular injuries following UNX in combination with HS (UNX‐HS) in mice. Methods and Results Wild‐type (A3+/+) mice subjected to UNX‐HS developed hypertension compared with controls (mean arterial pressure 106±3 versus 82±3 mm Hg; P<0.05) and displayed an impaired metabolic phenotype (eg, increased adiposity, reduced glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia). These changes were associated with both cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis together with renal injuries and proteinuria. All of these pathological hallmarks were significantly attenuated in the A3−/− mice. Mechanistically, absence of A3 receptors protected from UNX‐HS–associated increase in renal NADPH oxidase activity and Nox2 expression. In addition, circulating cytokines including interleukins 1β, 6, 12, and 10 were increased in A3+/+ following UNX‐HS, but these cytokines were already elevated in naïve A3−/− mice and did not change following UNX‐HS. Conclusions Reduction in nephron number combined with chronic HS intake is associated with oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and development of hypertension in mice. Absence of adenosine A3 receptor signaling was strongly protective in this novel mouse model of renal and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa Zollbrecht
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin E Winerdal
- Unit of Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhengbing Zhuge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xing-Mei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niccolo Terrando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Checa
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Sällström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Winqvist
- Unit of Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Larsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Erik G Persson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jiao Y, Dou Y, Lockwood G, Pani A, Jay Smeyne R. Acute Effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or Paraquat on Core Temperature in C57BL/6J Mice. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 5:389-401. [PMID: 25633843 PMCID: PMC4923733 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-140424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background: MPTP and paraquat are two compounds that have been used to model Parkinson’s disease in mice. Previous studies in two non-traditional strains of mice have shown that a single dose of MPTP can induce changes in body temperature, while the effects of paraquat have not been examined. Examination of body temperature is important since small fluctuations in an animal’s core temperature can significantly affect drug metabolism, and if significant enough can even culminate in an animal’s death. Objective: To determine how external heating can alter the survival of C57BL/6J mice following MPTP administration. Methods: In this study, we examine the effects of MPTP (4×20 mg/kg, 2 hours apart) and paraquat (2×10 mg/kg/week for 3 weeks) on core temperature of C57BL/6J mice. Correlations of purine and catecholamine levels were also done in mice treated with MPTP. Results: We find that MPTP induces a significant hypothermia in C57BL/6J mice that reduces their core temperature below the limit of fatal hypothermia. Unlike MPTP, paraquat did not induce a significant hypothermia. Placement of animals on heating pads significantly abrogates the loss of core temperature. In both heated and non-heated conditions, mice treated with MPTP showed a significant depletion of ATP within 2 hours of administration in both striatum and SN that started to recover 2 hours after MPTP administration was complete. Striatal DA and DOPAC are significantly reduced starting 4–6 hours after MPTP. Conclusions: The fatal hypothermic effects of MPTP can be abrogated through use of external heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jiao
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yuchen Dou
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Georgina Lockwood
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Amar Pani
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard Jay Smeyne
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Carlin JL, Tosh DK, Xiao C, Piñol RA, Chen Z, Salvemini D, Gavrilova O, Jacobson KA, Reitman ML. Peripheral Adenosine A3 Receptor Activation Causes Regulated Hypothermia in Mice That Is Dependent on Central Histamine H1 Receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 356:474-82. [PMID: 26606937 PMCID: PMC4746492 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.229872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine can induce hypothermia, as previously demonstrated for adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) agonists. Here we use the potent, specific A3AR agonists MRS5698, MRS5841, and MRS5980 to show that adenosine also induces hypothermia via the A3AR. The hypothermic effect of A3AR agonists is independent of A1AR activation, as the effect was fully intact in mice lacking A1AR but abolished in mice lacking A3AR. A3AR agonist-induced hypothermia was attenuated by mast cell granule depletion, demonstrating that the A3AR hypothermia is mediated, at least in part, via mast cells. Central agonist dosing had no clear hypothermic effect, whereas peripheral dosing of a non-brain-penetrant agonist caused hypothermia, suggesting that peripheral A3AR-expressing cells drive the hypothermia. Mast cells release histamine, and blocking central histamine H1 (but not H2 or H4) receptors prevented the hypothermia. The hypothermia was preceded by hypometabolism and mice with hypothermia preferred a cooler environmental temperature, demonstrating that the hypothermic state is a coordinated physiologic response with a reduced body temperature set point. Importantly, hypothermia is not required for the analgesic effects of A3AR agonists, which occur with lower agonist doses. These results support a mechanistic model for hypothermia in which A3AR agonists act on peripheral mast cells, causing histamine release, which stimulates central histamine H1 receptors to induce hypothermia. This mechanism suggests that A3AR agonists will probably not be useful for clinical induction of hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Lea Carlin
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (J.L.C., C.X., R.A.P., M.L.R.), Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (D.K.T., K.A.J.), and Mouse Metabolism Core (O.G.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Z.C., D.S.)
| | - Dilip K Tosh
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (J.L.C., C.X., R.A.P., M.L.R.), Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (D.K.T., K.A.J.), and Mouse Metabolism Core (O.G.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Z.C., D.S.)
| | - Cuiying Xiao
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (J.L.C., C.X., R.A.P., M.L.R.), Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (D.K.T., K.A.J.), and Mouse Metabolism Core (O.G.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Z.C., D.S.)
| | - Ramón A Piñol
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (J.L.C., C.X., R.A.P., M.L.R.), Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (D.K.T., K.A.J.), and Mouse Metabolism Core (O.G.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Z.C., D.S.)
| | - Zhoumou Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (J.L.C., C.X., R.A.P., M.L.R.), Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (D.K.T., K.A.J.), and Mouse Metabolism Core (O.G.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Z.C., D.S.)
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (J.L.C., C.X., R.A.P., M.L.R.), Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (D.K.T., K.A.J.), and Mouse Metabolism Core (O.G.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Z.C., D.S.)
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (J.L.C., C.X., R.A.P., M.L.R.), Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (D.K.T., K.A.J.), and Mouse Metabolism Core (O.G.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Z.C., D.S.)
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (J.L.C., C.X., R.A.P., M.L.R.), Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (D.K.T., K.A.J.), and Mouse Metabolism Core (O.G.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Z.C., D.S.)
| | - Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (J.L.C., C.X., R.A.P., M.L.R.), Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (D.K.T., K.A.J.), and Mouse Metabolism Core (O.G.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (Z.C., D.S.)
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Activity of cholinesterases, pyruvate kinase and adenosine deaminase in rats experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica: Influences of these enzymes on inflammatory response and pathological findings. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:871-6. [PMID: 26452485 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in total blood and liver tissue; butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in serum and liver tissue; adenosine deaminase (ADA) in serum and liver tissue; and pyruvate kinase (PK) in liver tissue of rats experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica. Animals were divided into two groups with 12 animals each, as follows: group A (uninfected) and group B (infected). Samples were collected at 20 (A1 and B1;n=6 each) and 150 (A2 and B2; n=6 each) days post-infection (PI). Infected animals showed an increase in AChE activity in whole blood and a decrease in AChE activity in liver homogenates (P<0.05) at 20 and 150 days PI. BChE and PK activities were decreased (P<0.05) in serum and liver homogenates of infected animals at 150 days PI. ADA activity was decreased in serum at 20 and 150 days PI, while in liver homogenates it was only decreased at 150 days PI (P<0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities in serum were increased (P<0.05), while concentrations of total protein and albumin were decreased (P<0.05) when compared to control. The histological analysis revealed fibrous perihepatitis and necrosis. Therefore, we conclude that the liver fluke is associated with cholinergic and purinergic dysfunctions, which in turn may influence the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Yang T, Gao X, Sandberg M, Zollbrecht C, Zhang XM, Hezel M, Liu M, Peleli M, Lai EY, Harris RA, Persson AEG, Fredholm BB, Jansson L, Carlström M. Abrogation of adenosine A1 receptor signalling improves metabolic regulation in mice by modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1610-20. [PMID: 25835725 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Adenosine is an important regulator of metabolism; however, the role of the A1 receptor during ageing and obesity is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of A1 signalling in modulating metabolic function during ageing. METHODS Age-matched young and aged A 1 (also known as Adora1)-knockout (A1(-/-)) and wild-type (A1(+/+)) mice were used. Metabolic regulation was evaluated by body composition, and glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Isolated islets and islet arterioles were used to detect islet endocrine and vascular function. Oxidative stress and inflammation status were measured in metabolic organs and systemically. RESULTS Advanced age was associated with both reduced glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity, as well as increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in A1(+/+) compared with A1(-/-) mice. Islet morphology and insulin content were similar between genotypes, but relative changes in in vitro insulin release following glucose stimulation were reduced in aged A1(+/+) compared with A1(-/-) mice. Islet arteriolar responses to angiotensin II were stronger in aged A1(+/+) mice, this being associated with increased NADPH oxidase activity. Ageing resulted in multiple changes in A1(+/+) compared with A1(-/-) mice, including enhanced NADPH oxidase-derived O2(-) formation and NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (Nox2) protein expression in pancreas and VAT; elevated levels of circulating insulin, leptin and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12); and accumulation of CD4(+) T cells in VAT. This was associated with impaired insulin signalling in VAT from aged A1(+/+) mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These studies emphasise that A1 receptors regulate metabolism and islet endocrine and vascular functions during ageing, including via the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, among other things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Nanna Svartz Väg 2, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bartness TJ, Liu Y, Shrestha YB, Ryu V. Neural innervation of white adipose tissue and the control of lipolysis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:473-93. [PMID: 24736043 PMCID: PMC4175185 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and its activation is necessary for lipolysis. WAT parasympathetic innervation is not supported. Fully-executed SNS-norepinephrine (NE)-mediated WAT lipolysis is dependent on β-adrenoceptor stimulation ultimately hinging on hormone sensitive lipase and perilipin A phosphorylation. WAT sympathetic drive is appropriately measured electrophysiologically and neurochemically (NE turnover) in non-human animals and this drive is fat pad-specific preventing generalizations among WAT depots and non-WAT organs. Leptin-triggered SNS-mediated lipolysis is weakly supported, whereas insulin or adenosine inhibition of SNS/NE-mediated lipolysis is strongly supported. In addition to lipolysis control, increases or decreases in WAT SNS drive/NE inhibit and stimulate white adipocyte proliferation, respectively. WAT sensory nerves are of spinal-origin and sensitive to local leptin and increases in sympathetic drive, the latter implicating lipolysis. Transsynaptic viral tract tracers revealed WAT central sympathetic and sensory circuits including SNS-sensory feedback loops that may control lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bartness
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Metabolic Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yogendra B Shrestha
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vitaly Ryu
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Metabolic Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Sousa JB, Vieira-Rocha MS, Sá C, Ferreirinha F, Correia-de-Sá P, Fresco P, Diniz C. Lack of endogenous adenosine tonus on sympathetic neurotransmission in spontaneously hypertensive rat mesenteric artery. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105540. [PMID: 25158061 PMCID: PMC4144848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased sympathetic activity has been implicated in hypertension. Adenosine has been shown to play a role in blood flow regulation. In the present study, the endogenous adenosine neuromodulatory role, in mesenteric arteries from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats, was investigated. Methods and Results The role of endogenous adenosine in sympathetic neurotransmission was studied using electrically-evoked [3H]-noradrenaline release experiments. Purine content was determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Localization of adenosine A1 or A2A receptors in adventitia of mesenteric arteries was investigated by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy. Results indicate a higher electrically-evoked noradrenaline release from hypertensive mesenteric arteries. The tonic inhibitory modulation of noradrenaline release is mediated by adenosine A1 receptors and is lacking in arteries from hypertensive animals, despite their purine levels being higher comparatively to those determined in normotensive ones. Tonic facilitatory adenosine A2A receptor-mediated effects were absent in arteries from both strains. Immunohistochemistry revealed an adenosine A1 receptors redistribution from sympathetic fibers to Schwann cells, in adventitia of hypertensive mesenteric arteries which can explain, at least in part, the absence of effects observed for these receptors. Conclusion Data highlight the role of purines in hypertension revealing that an increase in sympathetic activity in hypertensive arteries is occurring due to a higher noradrenaline/ATP release from sympathetic nerves and the loss of endogenous adenosine inhibitory tonus. The observed nerve-to-glial redistribution of inhibitory adenosine A1 receptors in hypertensive arteries may explain the latter effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Beatriz Sousa
- REQUIMTE/FARMA, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Laboratório de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- MedInUP- Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Sofia Vieira-Rocha
- REQUIMTE/FARMA, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Laboratório de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- MedInUP- Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Sá
- Centro de Materiais, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ferreirinha
- MedInUP- Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia/UMIB, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- MedInUP- Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia/UMIB, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Fresco
- REQUIMTE/FARMA, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Laboratório de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- MedInUP- Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Diniz
- REQUIMTE/FARMA, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Laboratório de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- MedInUP- Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Cortés A, Gracia E, Moreno E, Mallol J, Lluís C, Canela EI, Casadó V. Moonlighting Adenosine Deaminase: A Target Protein for Drug Development. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:85-125. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Cortés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Eduard Gracia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Estefania Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Josefa Mallol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Carme Lluís
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Enric I. Canela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Abstract
In cell culture, extracellular guanosine increases extracellular adenosine by attenuating the disposition of extracellular adenosine (American Journal of Physiology – Cell Physiology 304: C406–C421, 2013). The goal of this investigation was to determine whether this “guanosine–adenosine mechanism” is operative in an intact organ. Twenty‐seven isolated, perfused mouse kidneys were subjected to metabolic poisons (iodoacetate plus 2,4‐dinitrophenol) to cause energy depletion and thereby stimulate renal adenosine production. Adenosine levels in the renal venous perfusate increased from a baseline of 36 ± 8 to 499 ± 96, 258 ± 50, and 71 ± 13 nmol/L at 15, 30, and 60 min, respectively, after administering metabolic poisons (% of basal; 1366 ± 229, 715 ± 128, and 206 ± 33, respectively). Changes in renal venous levels of guanosine closely mirrored the time course of changes in adenosine: baseline of 15 ± 2 to 157 ± 13, 121 ± 8, and 50 ± 5 nmol/L at 15, 30, and 60 min, respectively (% of basal; 1132 ± 104, 871 ± 59, and 400 ± 51, respectively). Freeze‐clamp experiments in 12 kidneys confirmed that metabolic poisons increased kidney tissue levels of adenosine and guanosine. In eight additional kidneys, we examined the ability of guanosine to reduce the renal clearance of exogenous adenosine; and these experiments revealed that guanosine significantly decreased the renal extraction of adenosine. Because guanosine is metabolized by purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase), in another set of 16 kidneys we examined the effects of 8‐aminoguanine (PNPase inhibitor) on renal venous levels of adenosine and inosine (adenosine metabolite). Kidneys treated with 8‐aminoguanine showed a more robust increase in both adenosine and inosine in response to metabolic poisons. We conclude that in the intact kidney, guanosine regulates adenosine levels. In cell culture, extracellular guanosine increases extracellular adenosine by attenuating the disposition of extracellular adenosine (American Journal of Physiology – Cell Physiology 304: C406–C421, 2013). The goal of this study was to determine whether the “guanosine–adenosine mechanism” is operative in an intact organ. In isolated, perfused mouse kidneys, inhibition of energy production induced changes in renal venous levels of guanosine that closely mirrored the time course of changes in adenosine, and freeze‐clamp experiments confirmed that metabolic poisons similarly increased kidney tissue levels of adenosine and guanosine. Moreover, exogenous guanosine significantly decreased the renal extraction of exogenous adenosine, and inhibition of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (metabolizes guanosine) augmented the effects of energy depletion on renal levels of both guanosine and adenosine. We conclude that in the intact kidney, guanosine regulates adenosine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zaichuan Mi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Delbert G Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Hypoxia and P1 receptor activation regulate the high-affinity concentrative adenosine transporter CNT2 in differentiated neuronal PC12 cells. Biochem J 2013; 454:437-45. [PMID: 23819782 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Under several adverse conditions, such as hypoxia or ischaemia, extracellular levels of adenosine are elevated because of increased energy demands and ATP metabolism. Because extracellular adenosine affects metabolism through G-protein-coupled receptors, its regulation is of high adaptive importance. CNT2 (concentrative nucleoside transporter 2) may play physiological roles beyond nucleoside salvage in brain as it does in other tissues. Even though nucleoside transport in brain has mostly been seen as being of equilibrative-type, in the present study, we prove that the rat phaeochromocytoma cell line PC12 shows a concentrative adenosine transport of CNT2-type when cells are differentiated to a neuronal phenotype by treatment with NGF (nerve growth factor). Differentiation of PC12 cells was also associated with the up-regulation of adenosine A1 receptors. Addition of adenosine receptor agonists to cell cultures increased CNT2-related activity by a mechanism consistent with A₁ and A2A receptor activation. The addition of adenosine to the culture medium also induced the phosphorylation of the intracellular regulatory kinase AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), with this effect being dependent upon adenosine transport. CNT2-related activity of differentiated PC12 cells was also dramatically down-regulated under hypoxic conditions. Interestingly, the analysis of nucleoside transporter expression after experimental focal ischaemia in rat brain showed that CNT2 expression was down-regulated in the infarcted tissue, with this effect somehow being restricted to other adenosine transporter proteins such as CNT3 and ENT1 (equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1). In summary, CNT2 is likely to modulate extracellular adenosine and cell energy balance in neuronal tissue.
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Krystal AD, Schopler B, Kobbe S, Williams C, Rakatondrainibe H, Yoder AD, Klopfer P. The relationship of sleep with temperature and metabolic rate in a hibernating primate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69914. [PMID: 24023713 PMCID: PMC3762832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES It has long been suspected that sleep is important for regulating body temperature and metabolic-rate. Hibernation, a state of acute hypothermia and reduced metabolic-rate, offers a promising system for investigating those relationships. Prior studies in hibernating ground squirrels report that, although sleep occurs during hibernation, it manifests only as non-REM sleep, and only at relatively high temperatures. In our study, we report data on sleep during hibernation in a lemuriform primate, Cheirogaleus medius. As the only primate known to experience prolonged periods of hibernation and as an inhabitant of more temperate climates than ground squirrels, this animal serves as an alternative model for exploring sleep temperature/metabolism relationships that may be uniquely relevant to understanding human physiology. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS We find that during hibernation, non-REM sleep is absent in Cheirogaleus. Rather, periods of REM sleep occur during periods of relatively high ambient temperature, a pattern opposite of that observed in ground squirrels. Like ground squirrels, however, EEG is marked by ultra-low voltage activity at relatively low metabolic-rates. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm a sleep-temperature/metabolism link, though they also suggest that the relationship of sleep stage with temperature/metabolism is flexible and may differ across species or mammalian orders. The absence of non-REM sleep suggests that during hibernation in Cheirogaleus, like in the ground squirrel, the otherwise universal non-REM sleep homeostatic response is greatly curtailed or absent. Lastly, ultra-low voltage EEG appears to be a cross-species marker for extremely low metabolic-rate, and, as such, may be an attractive target for research on hibernation induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bobby Schopler
- Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Susanne Kobbe
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cathy Williams
- Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hajanirina Rakatondrainibe
- Lemurs Biomedical Monitoring Environmental Department, Biodiversity Section, Ambatovy, Mineral Society Anonym, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Anne D. Yoder
- Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Departments of Biology and Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter Klopfer
- Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Jackson EK, Gillespie DG. Regulation of Cell Proliferation by the Guanosine-Adenosine Mechanism: Role of Adenosine Receptors. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00024. [PMID: 23956837 PMCID: PMC3743120 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study (American Journal of Physiology – Cell Physiology 304:C406–C421, 2013) suggests that extracellular guanosine increases extracellular adenosine by modifying the disposition of extracellular adenosine (“guanosine–adenosine mechanism”) and that the guanosine–adenosine mechanism is not mediated by classical adenosine transport systems (SLC28 and SLC29 families) nor by classical adenosine-metabolizing enzymes. The present investigation had two aims (1) to test the hypothesis that the “guanosine–adenosine mechanism” affects cell proliferation; and (2) to determine whether the transporters SLC19A1, SLC19A2, SLC19A3, or SLC22A2 (known to carrier guanosine analogs) might be responsible for the guanosine–adenosine mechanism. In the absence of added adenosine, guanosine had little effect on the proliferation of coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells (vascular conduit cells) or preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells (vascular resistance cells). However, in the presence of added adenosine (3 or 10 μmol/L), guanosine (10–100 μmol/L) decreased proliferation of both cell types, thus resulting in a highly significant (P < 0.000001) interaction between guanosine and adenosine on cell proliferation. The guanosine–adenosine interaction on cell proliferation was abolished by 1,3-dipropyl-8-(p-sulfophenyl)xanthine (adenosine receptor antagonist). Guanosine (30 μmol/L) increased extracellular levels of adenosine when adenosine (3 μmol/L) was added to the medium. This effect was not reproduced by high concentrations of methotrexate (100 μmol/L), thiamine (1000 μmol/L), chloroquine (1000 μmol/L), or acyclovir (10,000 μmol/L), archetypal substrates for SLC19A1, SLC19A2, SLC19A3, and SLC22A2, respectively; and guanosine still increased adenosine levels in the presence of these compounds. In conclusion, the guanosine–adenosine mechanism affects cell proliferation and is not mediated by SLC19A1, SLC19A2, SLC19A3, or SLC22A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
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Burghoff S, Flögel U, Bongardt S, Burkart V, Sell H, Tucci S, Ikels K, Eberhard D, Kern M, Klöting N, Eckel J, Schrader J. Deletion of CD73 promotes dyslipidemia and intramyocellular lipid accumulation in muscle of mice. Arch Physiol Biochem 2013; 119:39-51. [PMID: 23398498 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2012.755547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT CD73 converts extracellular AMP to adenosine which is well known to inhibit lipolysis. It is unknown, however, whether adenosine formed directly by CD73 is functionally relevant in this process. OBJECTIVE We therefore explored the effect of CD73-derived adenosine on body fat of aged mice. RESULTS In lean mice, extracellular adenosine formation by adipocytes is dependent on CD73. High fat diet down-regulates the expression of CD73 in wildtype mice similar to ob/ob mice. Transgenic mice chronically lacking CD73 (CD73(-/-)) gain significantly less body weight and show decreased superficial white fat content as well as increased serum free fatty acids and triglycerides. In addition, intramyocellular lipid levels are significantly increased. This phenotype is accompanied by an increase in blood glucose and serum insulin levels although insulin secretion and the level of insulin degrading enzyme are unaltered. Additionally, insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation is reduced in skeletal muscle of CD73(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION CD73-derived adenosine is functionally involved in body fat homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Burghoff
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
Adenosine kinase (ADK; EC 2.7.1.20) is an evolutionarily conserved phosphotransferase that converts the purine ribonucleoside adenosine into 5'-adenosine-monophosphate. This enzymatic reaction plays a fundamental role in determining the tone of adenosine, which fulfills essential functions as a homeostatic and metabolic regulator in all living systems. Adenosine not only activates specific signaling pathways by activation of four types of adenosine receptors but it is also a primordial metabolite and regulator of biochemical enzyme reactions that couple to bioenergetic and epigenetic functions. By regulating adenosine, ADK can thus be identified as an upstream regulator of complex homeostatic and metabolic networks. Not surprisingly, ADK dysfunction is involved in several pathologies, including diabetes, epilepsy, and cancer. Consequently, ADK emerges as a rational therapeutic target, and adenosine-regulating drugs have been tested extensively. In recent attempts to improve specificity of treatment, localized therapies have been developed to augment adenosine signaling at sites of injury or pathology; those approaches include transplantation of stem cells with deletions of ADK or the use of gene therapy vectors to downregulate ADK expression. More recently, the first human mutations in ADK have been described, and novel findings suggest an unexpected role of ADK in a wider range of pathologies. ADK-regulating strategies thus represent innovative therapeutic opportunities to reconstruct network homeostasis in a multitude of conditions. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the genetics, biochemistry, and pharmacology of ADK and will then focus on pathologies and therapeutic interventions. Challenges to translate ADK-based therapies into clinical use will be discussed critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- Legacy Research Institute, 1225 NE 16th Ave, Portland, OR 97202, USA.
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Bennett KA, Tehan B, Lebon G, Tate CG, Weir M, Marshall FH, Langmead CJ. Pharmacology and structure of isolated conformations of the adenosine A₂A receptor define ligand efficacy. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:949-58. [PMID: 23429888 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.084509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using isolated receptor conformations crystal structures of the adenosine A₂A receptor have been solved in active and inactive states. Studying the change in affinity of ligands at these conformations allowed qualitative prediction of compound efficacy in vitro in a system-independent manner. Agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine displayed a clear preference to bind to the active state receptor; inverse agonists (xanthine amine congener, ZM241385, SCH58261, and preladenant) bound preferentially to the inactive state, whereas neutral antagonists (theophylline, caffeine, and istradefylline) demonstrated equal affinity for active and inactive states. Ligand docking into the known crystal structures of the A₂A receptor rationalized the pharmacology observed; inverse agonists, unlike neutral antagonists, cannot be accommodated within the agonist-binding site of the receptor. The availability of isolated receptor conformations opens the door to the concept of "reverse pharmacology" whereby the functional pharmacology of ligands can be characterized in a system-independent manner by their affinity for a pair (or set) of G protein-coupled receptor conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie A Bennett
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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45
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Jackson EK, Cheng D, Jackson TC, Verrier JD, Gillespie DG. Extracellular guanosine regulates extracellular adenosine levels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 304:C406-21. [PMID: 23242185 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00212.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that extracellular guanosine regulates extracellular adenosine levels. Rat preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells were incubated with adenosine, guanosine, or both. Guanosine (30 μmol/l) per se had little effect on extracellular adenosine levels. Extracellular adenosine levels 1 h after addition of adenosine (3 μmol/l) were 0.125 ± 0.020 μmol/l, indicating rapid disposition of extracellular adenosine. Extracellular adenosine levels 1 h after addition of adenosine (3 μmol/l) plus guanosine (30 μmol/l) were 1.173 ± 0.061 μmol/l, indicating slow disposition of extracellular adenosine. Cell injury increased extracellular levels of endogenous adenosine and guanosine, and the effects of cell injury on endogenous extracellular adenosine were modulated by altering the levels of endogenous extracellular guanosine with exogenous purine nucleoside phosphorylase (converts guanosine to guanine) or 8-aminoguanosine (inhibits purine nucleoside phosphorylase). Extracellular guanosine also slowed the disposition of extracellular adenosine in rat preglomerular vascular endothelial cells, mesangial cells, cardiac fibroblasts, and kidney epithelial cells and in human aortic and coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells and coronary artery endothelial cells. The effects of guanosine on adenosine levels were not mimicked or attenuated by 5-iodotubericidin (adenosine kinase inhibitor), erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine (adenosine deaminase inhibitor), 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (guanine deaminase inhibitor), aristeromycin (S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitor), low sodium (inhibits concentrative nucleoside transporters), S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine [inhibits equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) type 1], zidovudine (inhibits ENT type 2), or acadesine (known modulator of adenosine levels). Guanosine also increases extracellular inosine, uridine, thymidine, and cytidine, yet decreases extracellular uric acid. In conclusion, extracellular guanosine regulates extracellular adenosine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, 100 Technology Drive, Rm. 514, Univ. of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Iliff BW, Swoap SJ. Central adenosine receptor signaling is necessary for daily torpor in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R477-84. [PMID: 22785425 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00081.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When calorically restricted at cool ambient temperatures, mice conserve energy by entering torpor, during which metabolic rate (MR), body temperature (T(b)), heart rate (HR), and locomotor activity (LMA) decrease. Treatment with exogenous adenosine produces a similar hypometabolic state. In this study, we conducted a series of experiments using the nonspecific adenosine receptor antagonists aminophylline and 8-sulfophenyltheophylline (8-SPT) to test the hypothesis that adenosine signaling is necessary for torpor in fasted mice. In the first experiment, mice were subcutaneously infused with aminophylline while T(b), HR, and LMA were continuously monitored using implanted radiotelemeters. During a 23-h fast, saline-treated mice were torpid for 518 ± 43 min, whereas aminophylline-treated mice were torpid for significantly less time (54 ± 20 min). In a second experiment, aminophylline was infused subcutaneously into torpid mice to test the role of adenosine in the maintenance of torpor. Aminophylline reversed the hypometabolism, hypothermia, bradycardia, and hypoactivity of torpor, whereas saline did not. In the third and fourth experiments, the polar adenosine antagonist 8-SPT, which does not cross the blood-brain barrier, was infused either subcutaneously or intracerebroventricularly to test the hypothesis that both peripheral and central adenosine receptor signaling are necessary for the maintenance of torpor. Intracerebroventricular, but not subcutaneous, infusion of 8-SPT causes a return to euthermia. These findings support the hypothesis that adenosine is necessary for torpor in mice and further suggest that whereas peripheral adenosine signaling is not necessary for the maintenance of torpor, antagonism of central adenosine is sufficient to disrupt torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Iliff
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
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Fleischmannova J, Kucerova L, Sandova K, Steinbauerova V, Broz V, Simek P, Zurovec M. Differential response of Drosophila cell lines to extracellular adenosine. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:321-331. [PMID: 22266077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine (Ado) is a crucial metabolite that affects a wide range of physiological processes. Key proteins regulating Ado signaling, transport and metabolism are conserved among vertebrates and invertebrates. It is well known that Ado influences proliferation of several vertebrate and invertebrate cells. Here we show that Ado negatively influences viability, changes morphology and mitochondrial polarity of the Drosophila imaginal disc cell line (Cl.8+) via a mechanism exclusively dependent on cellular Ado uptake. High transport of Ado is followed by phosphorylation and ATP production as a part of Ado salvation, which at higher concentrations may interfere with cellular homeostasis. In contrast, hematopoietic cell line Mbn2, which grows well in high Ado concentration, preferentially uses adenosine deaminase as a part of the purine catabolic pathway. Our results show that different types of Drosophila cell lines use different pathways for Ado conversion and suggest that such differences may be an important part of complex mechanisms maintaining energy homeostasis in the body.
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