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Kolokotroni KZ, Fozard TE, Selby DL, Harrison AA. Is impulsivity related to attentional bias in cigarette smokers? An exploration across levels of nicotine dependency and deprivation. Behav Pharmacol 2024; 35:172-184. [PMID: 38651685 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Research has largely focused on how attentional bias to smoking-related cues and impulsivity independently influence the development and maintenance of cigarette smoking, with limited exploration of the relationship between these mechanisms. The current experiments systematically assessed relationships between multiple dimensions of impulsivity and attentional bias, at different stages of attention, in smokers varying in nicotine dependency and deprivation. Nonsmokers (NS; n = 26), light-satiated smokers (LS; n = 25), heavy-satiated smokers (HS; n = 23) and heavy 12-hour nicotine-deprived smokers (HD; n = 30) completed the Barratt Impulsivity Scale, delayed discounting task, stop-signal task, information sampling task and a visual dot-probe assessing initial orientation (200 ms) and sustained attention (2000 ms) toward smoking-related cues. Sustained attention to smoking-related cues was present in both HS and LS, while initial orientation bias was only evident in HS. HS and LS also had greater levels of trait motor and nonplanning impulsivity and heightened impulsive choice on the delay discounting task compared with NS, while heightened trait attentional impulsivity was only found in HS. In contrast, in HD, nicotine withdrawal was associated with no attentional bias but heightened reflection impulsivity, poorer inhibitory control and significantly lower levels of impulsive choice relative to satiated smokers. Trait and behavioral impulsivity were not related to the extent of attentional bias to smoking-related cues at any stage of attention, level of nicotine dependency or state of deprivation. Findings have both clinical and theoretical implications, highlighting the unique and independent roles impulsivity and attentional bias may play at different stages of the nicotine addiction cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Therese E Fozard
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Psychology, Leeds Beckett University
| | - Danielle L Selby
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Psychology, Leeds Beckett University
| | - Amanda A Harrison
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Smith JE, Brinkman HR, Aston ER, Zvolensky MJ, Leyro TM, Farris SG. Difficulties in emotion regulation and ad libitum smoking topography: A secondary analysis. Addict Behav 2023; 137:107498. [PMID: 36240535 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the well-known linkages between poor emotion regulation and subjective smoking motives, little is known about the role of emotion regulation in predicting smoking reinforcement behavior. This study examined the relation between difficulties in emotion regulation and puff velocity data, a behavioral index of smoking reinforcement, in adult daily cigarette smokers. METHOD The current study was a secondary analysis of data collected from non-treatment seeking daily smokers (N = 124). Participants completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) followed by an ad libitum smoking period during which puff topography data was collected via a handheld puffing device. Puff velocity served as our puff topography index and was examined at the average and puff-to-puff level using regression and multi-level models, respectively. RESULTS Regression analyses showed no significant association between DERS scores and average puff velocity. In contrast, multi-level modeling found a significant quadratic time × DERS effect at the puff-to-puff level, such that those with greater emotion regulation difficulties inhaled more quickly at the initiation of the cigarette, whereas those with lower emotion regulation difficulties evidenced consistent puffing over the course of the cigarette. DISCUSSION Smokers with greater difficulties in emotion regulation appear to smoke in a way that maximizes delivery of nicotine, perhaps to self-regulate distress. One's style of puffing may reflect a possible behavioral marker of negative reinforcement smoking, especially in the context of emotional distress. IMPLICATIONS This study was the first to explore the relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation and a behavioral measure of smoking reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Smith
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Hannah R Brinkman
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Teresa M Leyro
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Samantha G Farris
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Lee S, Lee W. The association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and smoking experience or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among children and adolescents. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:15. [PMID: 36762265 PMCID: PMC9885444 DOI: 10.18332/tid/157209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Direct and indirect smoking exposure is highly related to mental health in children. This study aimed to identify the association between exposure to smoking or secondhand smoke (SHS) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS We used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2007 to 2019, including variables such as diagnosed ADHD, smoking status, SHS, and urine cotinine levels among children and adolescents. We estimated the risk of ADHD according to smoking or SHS exposure in various exposure groups using adjusted logistic or linear regression models. RESULTS Among 16434 participants, 133 children were diagnosed with ADHD (0.8%). Of these, 58 (43.6%) were aged <12 years and 75 (56.3%) were aged ≥12 years. Smoking was significantly associated with ADHD (crude odds ratio, OR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.14-3.26 and adjusted odds ratio, AOR=1.22; 95% CI: 1.02- 1.64). SHS exposure and ADHD were attenuated after adjustment (OR=2.42; 95% CI: 1.08-4.02; AOR=1.42; 95% CI: 0.86-2.64) in the logistic regression model. Smoking history was statistically associated with a younger age of ADHD diagnosis in the linear regression model. CONCLUSIONS Smoking and the amount of smoking among children and adolescents was associated with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunho Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanhyung Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Maurage P, Heeren A, Lannoy S, Flaudias V. The Role of Attentional Networks in Smoking Behavior Among Young Adults: Specific Contribution of Executive Control. NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON NICOTINE AND TOBACCO 2022; 24:1906-1913. [PMID: 35536744 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The exploration of cognitive impairments associated with tobacco use disorder has expanded during the last decades, centrally showing working memory and executive deficits among smokers. Despite their critical role in everyday life and in the smoking cessation process, attentional abilities have seldom been explored. Previous studies yielded discordant results, and the involvement of attentional deficits in smoking habits remains unclear. AIMS AND METHODS Capitalizing on the Attention Network Test, a theory-grounded task allowing the simultaneous but distinct evaluation of three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control), we explored attentional abilities in three groups of 25 college students (nonsmokers, light smokers, heavy smokers), matched for demographic and psychopathological characteristics. RESULTS While light smokers did not present any deficit compared with nonsmokers, heavy smokers showed a specific impairment of the executive control subcomponent of attention, contrasting with preserved alerting and orienting attentional abilities. The executive control deficit was not related to current craving or to smoking duration. CONCLUSIONS Beyond the already explored memory and executive deficits, tobacco use disorder is associated with attentional impairments, characterized by a reduced ability to focus attentional resources on pertinent stimuli and resist to distractors interference. Given the assumed role of attentional impairments in smoking, our findings suggest that a critical step in future translational iterations is to develop neuropsychological rehabilitation programs tapping into the executive network of attention among smokers. IMPLICATIONS This study clarifies the presence and extent of attentional impairments in tobacco use disorder. We measured three attention networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) in light smokers, heavy smokers and matched healthy controls through a theory-grounded task (Attention Network Test). Heavy smokers (but not light ones) present a specific deficit for the executive control of attention. This deficit, uncorrelated with psychopathological comorbidities or current craving, appears directly related to smoking. Given the currently scattered literature on this topic, attentional processes deserve a thorough audit in tobacco use disorder, notably to develop specific neurocognitive rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Heeren
- Stress and Anxiety Research Lab, Psychological Science Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Séverine Lannoy
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Valentin Flaudias
- Université de Nantes, Univ Angers, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, LPPL, EA 4638, Nantes, France
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Top-down and bottom-up attentional biases for smoking-related stimuli: Comparing dependent and non-dependent smokers. Addict Behav 2021; 118:106886. [PMID: 33714035 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Substance use causes attentional biases for substance-related stimuli. Both bottom-up (preferential processing) and top-down (inhibitory control) processes are involved in attentional biases. We explored these aspects of attentional bias by using dependent and non-dependent cigarette smokers in order to see whether these two groups would differ in terms of general inhibitory control, bottom-up attentional bias, and top-down attentional biases. This enables us to see whether consumption behaviour would affect these cognitive responses to smoking-related stimuli. METHODS Smokers were categorised as either dependent (N = 26) or non-dependent (N = 34) smokers. A further group of non-smokers (N = 32) were recruited to act as controls. Participants then completed a behavioural inhibition task with general stimuli, a smoking-related eye tracking version of the dot-probe task, and an eye-tracking inhibition task with smoking-related stimuli. RESULTS Results indicated that dependent smokers had decreased inhibition and increased attentional bias for smoking-related stimuli (and not control stimuli). By contrast, a decreased inhibition for smoking-related stimuli (in comparison to control stimuli) was not observed for non-dependent smokers. CONCLUSIONS Preferential processing of substance-related stimuli may indicate usage of a substance, whereas poor inhibitory control for substance-related stimuli may only emerge if dependence develops. The results suggest that how people engage with substance abuse is important for top-down attentional biases.
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Yan WS, Chen RT, Liu MM, Zheng DH. Monetary Reward Discounting, Inhibitory Control, and Trait Impulsivity in Young Adults With Internet Gaming Disorder and Nicotine Dependence. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:628933. [PMID: 33584390 PMCID: PMC7876248 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.628933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) has been considered a potential behavioral or non-substance addiction that requires further investigation. Recognition of the commonalities between IGD and Substance Use disorders (SUD) would be of great help to better understand the basic mechanisms of addictive behaviors and excessive Internet gaming. However, little research has targeted a straightforward contrast between IGD and SUD on neuropsychological aspects. The present study thus aimed to explore the associations of reward processing and inhibitory control with IGD and nicotine dependence (ND) in young adults. Fifty-eight IGD and 53 ND individuals, as well as 57 age- and gender-matched healthy controls, were assessed with a series of measurements including the Delay-discounting Test (DDT), Probability Discounting Test (PDT), the Stroop Color-Word Task, a revised Go/No Go Task, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Multivariate analysis of variance (mANOVA) models revealed that both IGD and ND groups scored higher than healthy controls on the BIS-11 attentional, motor, and non-planning impulsiveness (Cohen's d = 0.41-1.75). Higher degrees of delay discounting on the DDT were also found in IGD and ND groups compared to healthy controls (Cohen's d = 0.53-0.69). Although IGD group did not differ from healthy controls on the PDT, ND group had a lower degree of probability discounting than healthy controls (Cohen's d = 0.55), suggesting a reduction in risk aversion. Furthermore, ND subjects showed a lower correct accuracy in the incongruent trials of the Stroop task than healthy controls (Cohen's d = 0.61). On the Go/No Go task, both IGD and ND groups had a lower correct accuracy in the No-Go trials than healthy controls (Cohen's d = 1.35-1.50), indicating compromised response inhibition. These findings suggested that IGD was linked to both anomalous reward discounting and dysfunctional inhibitory control, which was comparable with one typical SUD category (i.e., ND). This study might promote a better understanding of the pathogenesis of IGD as a potential addictive disorder similar to SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Sen Yan
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical Humanitarians, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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A Conceptual Model of Long-Term Weight Loss Maintenance: The Importance of Cognitive, Empirical and Computational Approaches. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020635. [PMID: 33451110 PMCID: PMC7828595 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Living with obesity is related to numerous negative health outcomes, including various cancers, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Although much is known about the factors associated with obesity, and a range of weight loss interventions have been established, changing health-related behaviours to positively affect obesity outcomes has proven difficult. In this paper, we first draw together major factors that have emerged within the literature on weight loss to describe a new conceptual framework of long-term weight loss maintenance. Key to this framework is the suggestion that increased positive social support influences a reduction in psychosocial stress, and that this has the effect of promoting better executive functioning which in turn facilitates the development of healthy habits and the breaking of unhealthy habits, leading to improved ongoing maintenance of weight loss. We then outline how the use of computational approaches are an essential next step, to more rigorously test conceptual frameworks, such as the one we propose, and the benefits that a mixture of conceptual, empirical and computational approaches offer to the field of health psychology.
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Silva GM, Almeida NL, Souto JJS, Rodrigues SJ, Fernandes TP, Santos NA. Does chronic smoking affect performance on a go/no-go task? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Akbari M, Hasani J, Seydavi M. Negative affect among daily smokers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:553-567. [PMID: 32663988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative Affect (NA), as a personality trait is a tendency towards experiencing a more negative emotion. The body of research suggests that NA encourages smoking relapse and smoking as a reason for NA reduction, though. The likelihood of this connection does not seem to be bright yet. The present study critically reviews researches to synthesize the existing literature to determine the strength of this linkage. METHODS Key-word related research was systematically searched in PubMed, PsychINFO, Science Direct and Google Scholar for studies conducted from 1980 to 2019, followed by, the assessment and selection of retrieved studies based on defined inclusion criteria. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to examine the prospective relationship between NA and smoking. Meta-regression was also used to dig for possible explanations of heterogeneity. Furthermore a multi-moderators model and sub-group analyses examined the moderating factors. RESULTS Forty effect-sizes comprising 12 cross-sectional studies, 28 longitudinal studies and 24,913 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The forest plot of the pooled correlation effect size in the random model indicates a significant effect size of the relationship between NA and smoking (r = 0.11; 95%CI 0.071-0.15, P = 0.001) in the meta-analysis with high heterogeneity (Q = 473.916; df=39; P = 0.001; I2=91.77%). Also, the pooled effect size was obtained as 0.143 (95%CI 0.071-0.214) for light-to-moderate and 0.112 (95%CI 0.057-0.166) for moderate-to-heavy smokers, with the effect size ranging from 0.061 to 0.195 which was significant among all subtypes, though this trend seem higher among adolescents, males, and longitudinal studies than in adults, females, and cross-sectional studies. LIMITATIONS The review was limited to English articles, and the heterogeneity of the studies were high. CONCLUSION These results support the notion that NA was positively and weakly linked to smoking and this linkage is stronger in light-to-moderate smokers, males, and adolescents. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed with the aim of extending future directions on NA and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Akbari
- Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
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Hamidullah S, Thorpe HHA, Frie JA, Mccurdy RD, Khokhar JY. Adolescent Substance Use and the Brain: Behavioral, Cognitive and Neuroimaging Correlates. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:298. [PMID: 32848673 PMCID: PMC7418456 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is an important ontogenetic period that is characterized by behaviors such as enhanced novelty-seeking, impulsivity, and reward preference, which can give rise to an increased risk for substance use. While substance use rates in adolescence are generally on a decline, the current rates combined with emerging trends, such as increases in e-cigarette use, remain a significant public health concern. In this review, we focus on the neurobiological divergences associated with adolescent substance use, derived from a cross-sectional, retrospective, and longitudinal studies, and highlight how the use of these substances during adolescence may relate to behavioral and neuroimaging-based outcomes. Identifying and understanding the associations between adolescent substance use and changes in cognition, mental health, and future substance use risk may assist our understanding of the consequences of drug exposure during this critical window.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley H A Thorpe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jude A Frie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Richard D Mccurdy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Donohue SE, Harris JA, Loewe K, Hopf J, Heinze H, Woldorff MG, Schoenfeld MA. Electroencephalography reveals a selective disruption of cognitive control processes in craving cigarette smokers. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:1087-1105. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Donohue
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg Germany
| | - Joseph A. Harris
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg Germany
- Department of Psychology Bradley University Peoria IL USA
| | - Kristian Loewe
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany
- Department of Computer Science Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Germany
| | - Jens‐Max Hopf
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg Germany
| | - Hans‐Jochen Heinze
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg Germany
| | - Marty G. Woldorff
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg Germany
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Duke University Durham NC USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University Durham NC USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Duke University Durham NC USA
| | - Mircea A. Schoenfeld
- Department of Neurology Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg Germany
- Kliniken Schmieder Heidelberg Germany
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Shahwan S, Abdin E, Shafie S, Chang S, Sambasivam R, Zhang Y, Vaingankar JA, Teo YY, Heng D, Chong SA, Subramaniam M. Prevalence and correlates of smoking and nicotine dependence: results of a nationwide cross-sectional survey among Singapore residents. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e032198. [PMID: 31630110 PMCID: PMC6803088 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the Singapore Mental Health Study in 2010 which reported a 16.0% prevalence rate for current smokers and 4.5% for nicotine dependence, new anti-smoking strategies have been implemented. The aim of this study was to compare smoking trends from the 2010 study with the second Singapore Mental Health Study in 2016 (SMHS 2016). METHODS A survey of 6126 individuals aged 18 years and above randomly selected among Singapore residents was conducted using the same methodology as the 2010 study. The measures used in this analysis were sociodemographic questions, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview which assessed for psychiatric disorders, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and a list of chronic physical conditions that were prevalent in Singapore. Logistic regression analyses were used to test for associations between smoking/nicotine-dependence and other measures. RESULTS In the SMHS 2016, 16.1% were current smokers and 3.3% were nicotine-dependent. As compared with non-smokers, current smokers were more likely to be younger, male gender, of ethnic minority and had lower/vocational education level. Younger age, male gender, lower/vocational education and psychiatric disorders (major depression, bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorders) predicted nicotine dependence. No associations were found between nicotine dependence and any of the chronic conditions. CONCLUSION The prevalence of current smokers in the population has plateaued while that of nicotine dependence has decreased from 2010. However, the study did not investigate the use of e-cigarettes. Inequalities in smoking and nicotine dependence continue to pervade the population particularly among those of ethnic minority, lower/vocational education and the mentally ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazana Shahwan
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edimansyah Abdin
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saleha Shafie
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sherilyn Chang
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yunjue Zhang
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yik Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Derrick Heng
- Epidemiology & Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Government of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siow Ann Chong
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
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Yağcı İ, Perincek G, Kıvrak Y. D-Type Personality, İmpulsiveness, Childhood Traumas, Anxiety and Depression Levels Among Patients Applying to The Smoking Cessation Polyclinic. ANKARA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.17098/amj.625436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Gao Q, Jia G, Zhao J, Zhang D. Inhibitory Control in Excessive Social Networking Users: Evidence From an Event-Related Potential-Based Go-Nogo Task. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1810. [PMID: 31447743 PMCID: PMC6692436 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control is a core executive function module that monitors and suppresses inappropriate behavior. Inhibitory deficits have been observed in different addiction types (e.g., smoking, alcohol, drug and gambling). The excessive use of social networking sites (SNSs) has attracted increasing attention; however, it is unknown whether inhibitory control is impaired in excessive SNS users. This study used event-related potentials in an SNS-related Go-Nogo task to investigate inhibitory control in excessive SNS users. Although the behavioral data did not show any significant differences between groups, the N1 amplitude was larger following SNS images than control images in excessive SNS users. Furthermore, excessive users showed larger N2 amplitude and smaller Nogo-P3 amplitude than non-excessive users irrespective of stimuli. These findings suggested that excessive SNS users are inefficient in allocating monitoring resources in the Go-Nogo task (reflected by enhance N2) and show difficulty in late inhibitory control procedure (reflected by reduced Nogo-P3) compared to non-excessive users. Also, excessive SNS users pay more attention to SNS-related images compared to non-SNS-related images (reflected by the N1). Interventions for this specific population should focus on limiting exposure to SNS cues and enhancing inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufeng Gao
- Department of Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ge Jia
- Department of Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Kangiser MM, Lochner AM, Thomas AM, Lisdahl KM. Gender Moderates Chronic Nicotine Cigarette Effects on Verbal Memory in Young Adults. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1812-1824. [PMID: 31094617 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1613432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Rates of nicotine use remain a prominent public health concern, especially among young adults. Previous findings have demonstrated that chronic exposure to nicotine during adolescence may be linked to various neurocognitive deficits. Nicotine differentially affects the brain by gender. Objectives: The present study investigated the effects of gender and chronic nicotine use on cognition in the developing brain. Methods: From 2008 to 2011, 57 young adult (ages 18-25) participants were recruited as part of a larger cross-sectional neuroimaging study and divided into 21 nicotine users (12 female) and 36 non-using controls (17 female). Participants completed various questionnaires, drug use interview, neuropsychological battery, and MRI scan in a university setting. A series of multiple regressions was conducted with nicotine group and gender*nicotine group interaction as predictors. Results: After controlling for gender, nicotine group status alone was not associated with neuropsychological performance. A gender x nicotine interaction was significantly associated with performance on trial 1, short delay free recall, and long delay free recall of the CVLT-II. Female smokers demonstrated better performance on trial 1 and short and long delay free recall than female controls. Male smokers performed more poorly than male controls on short and long delay free recall. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that cognitive effects of chronic nicotine use are moderated by gender. Further research is needed to determine causality, and identify underlying brain structures and function that may be responsible for differences in verbal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Kangiser
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Angelina M Lochner
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Alicia M Thomas
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Krista M Lisdahl
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee , WI , USA
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16
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Bos J, Hayden MJ, Lum JAG, Staiger PK. UPPS-P impulsive personality traits and adolescent cigarette smoking: A meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 197:335-343. [PMID: 30878884 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a critical developmental period in the trajectory of nicotine dependence, highlighting the need for a greater understanding of the modifiable risk factors. An extensive body of research has found that trait impulsivity is associated with higher levels of adolescent smoking; however, findings have been mixed. The present study aimed to synthesise existing literature to determine the strength and nature of the relationship between the UPPS-P impulsive traits and both adolescent cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence. METHODS Fifty-one studies were meta-analysed using a random effects model to determine the association between each UPPS-P impulsive trait and both adolescent cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence. Age, gender, ethnicity and sample type were examined as potential moderators. RESULTS Cigarette consumption was positively associated with each UPPS-P impulsive trait (r's ranging from 0.17-0.20). There were an insufficient number of studies to meta-analyse the association between nicotine dependence and the UPPS-P impulsive traits. There were no significant moderation effects of age, gender, ethnicity or sample type. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that each UPPS-P impulsive trait shares similar associations with adolescent cigarette consumption. Additional studies are needed to determine the relationship between adolescent nicotine dependence and impulsivity. As most adult smokers initiate during adolescence, targeting these impulsive traits via novel prevention and intervention strategies may assist in reducing the prevalence of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bos
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 225 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
| | - Melissa J Hayden
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 225 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
| | - Jarrad A G Lum
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 225 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
| | - Petra K Staiger
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 225 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
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17
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Roberts NJ, Oravecz Z, Sprague BN, Geier CF. A Novel Hierarchical LATER Process Model: Evaluating Latent Sources of Variation in Reaction Times of Adult Daily Smokers. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:474. [PMID: 31333517 PMCID: PMC6624441 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction time data from cognitive tasks continue to be a key way to assess decision-making in various contexts to better understand addiction. The goal of this paper is twofold: to introduce a nuanced modeling approach for reaction time data and to demonstrate the novel insights it can provide into the decision processes of nicotine-dependent individuals in different contexts. We focus on the Linear Approach to Threshold with Ergodic Rate (LATER) model, which is a cognitive process model that describes reaction time data in terms of two distinct aspects of cognitive functioning: speed of information accumulation ("accretion") and threshold amount of information needed prior to execution ("caution"). We introduce a novel hierarchical extension to the LATER model to simultaneously account for differences across persons and experimental conditions, both in the accretion and caution parameters. This approach allows for the inclusion of person-specific predictor variables to explain between-person variation in terms of accretion and caution together with condition-specific predictors to model experimental condition manipulations. To highlight the usefulness of this model, we analyze reaction time data from a study on adult daily cigarette smokers. Participants performed a monetary incentivized Go/No-Go task during two testing sessions, once while following their typical smoking patterns and again following 12 h of verified smoking abstinence. Our main results suggest that regardless of trial type, smokers in a period of abstinence have faster accretion rates, and lower caution thresholds relative to smoking as usual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Roberts
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Zita Oravecz
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Institute for CyberScience, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Briana N Sprague
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Charles F Geier
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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18
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Zhao X, Liu X, Maes JHR. Male Smokers’ Behavioral and Brain Responses to Deviant Cigarette-Related Stimuli in a Two-Choice Oddball Paradigm. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Experimental studies on smoking and response-inhibition capacity have revealed inconsistent findings, which might be due to differences in sensitivity of the behavioral paradigms used. Here we aimed to replicate the impaired response inhibition in male smokers that was found in a previous study using a two-choice oddball task. This task enables the use of response times as index of inhibition capacity and equalizes the response requirement for the different trial types. In addition, we measured event-related brain potentials to explore the nature of the cognitive processes underlying the behavioral difference. Smokers (n = 19) and non-smokers (n = 19) were asked to make a different response to frequent standard stimuli (cigarette-unrelated pictures) than to infrequent deviant stimuli (cigarette-related pictures). Compared to non-smokers, smokers took a longer time to respond to deviant but not standard stimuli. In addition, smokers, but not non-smokers, displayed a smaller N2 amplitude to deviant than standard stimuli, and only the non-smokers showed larger P3 amplitudes to deviant compared to standard stimuli. Moreover, the response time (RT) measure was differentially correlated with N2 and P3 amplitudes in smokers and non-smokers. The joint results support the notion of deviant cognitive processes in smokers compared to non-smokers that are either directly or indirectly related to response-inhibition capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Behavior Rehabilitation Training Research Institution, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- Behavior Rehabilitation Training Research Institution, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Joseph H. R. Maes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Kale D, Stautz K, Cooper A. Impulsivity related personality traits and cigarette smoking in adults: A meta-analysis using the UPPS-P model of impulsivity and reward sensitivity. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 185:149-167. [PMID: 29453142 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is considerable evidence of an association between impulsivity and cigarette smoking, the magnitude of this association varies across studies. Impulsivity comprises several discrete traits that may influence cigarette use in different ways. The present meta-analysis aims to examine the direction and magnitude of relationships between specific impulsivity-related traits, namely lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking, negative urgency, positive urgency and reward sensitivity and both smoking status and severity of nicotine dependence in adults across studies and to delineate differences in effects across these relationships. METHODS Ninety-seven studies were meta-analysed using random-effects models to examine the relationship between impulsivity-related traits and smoking status and severity of nicotine dependence. A number of demographic and methodological variables were also assessed as potential moderators. RESULTS Smoking status and severity of nicotine dependence were significantly associated with all impulsivity-related traits except reward sensitivity. Lack of premeditation and positive urgency showed the largest associations with smoking status (r = 0.20, r = 0.24 respectively), while positive urgency showed the largest association with severity of nicotine dependence (r = 0.23). Study design moderated associations between lack of premeditation and lack of perseverance and smoking status, with larger effects found in cross-sectional compared to prospective studies. CONCLUSIONS Finding suggest that impulsivity is associated with an increased likelihood of being a smoker and greater nicotine dependence. Specific impulsivity-related traits differentially relate to smoking status and severity of nicotine dependence. Understanding the complexity of impulsivity-related traits in relation to smoking can help to identify potential smokers and could inform cessation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Kale
- Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK.
| | - Kaidy Stautz
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Cooper
- Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK
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20
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Pujol CN, Paasche C, Laprevote V, Trojak B, Vidailhet P, Bacon E, Lalanne L. Cognitive effects of labeled addictolytic medications. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:306-332. [PMID: 28919445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug usage is pervasive throughout the world, and abuse of these substances is a major contributor to the global disease burden. Many pharmacotherapies have been developed over the last 50years to target addictive disorders. While the efficacy of these pharmacotherapies is largely recognized, their cognitive impact is less known. However, all substance abuse disorders are known to promote cognitive disorders like executive dysfunction and memory impairment. These impairments are critical for the maintenance of addictive behaviors and impede cognitive behavioral therapies that are regularly administered in association with pharmacotherapies. It is also unknown if addictolytic medications have an impact on preexisting cognitive disorders, and if this impact is modulated by the indication of prescription, i.e. abstinence, reduction or substitution, or by the specific action of the medication. METHOD We reviewed the cognitive effects of labeled medications for tobacco addiction (varenicline, bupropion, nicotine patch and nicotine gums), alcohol addiction (naltrexone, nalmefene, baclofen, disulfiram, sodium oxybate, acamprosate), and opioid addiction (methadone, buprenorphine) in human studies. Studies were selected following MOOSE guidelines for systematic reviews of observational studies, using the keywords [Cognition] and [Cognitive disorders] and [treatment] for each medication. RESULTS 971 articles were screened and 77 studies met the inclusion criteria and were reported in this review (for alcohol abuse, n=21, for tobacco n=22, for opioid n=34. However, very few comparative clinical trials have explored the chronic effects of addictolytic medications on cognition in addictive behaviors, and there are no clinical trials on the cognitive impact of nalmefene in patients suffering from alcohol use disorders. DISCUSSION Although some medications seem to enhance cognition in patients suffering from cognitive disorders, others could promote cognitive impairments, and our work highlights a lack of literature on this subject. In conclusion, more comparative clinical trials are needed to better understand the cognitive impact of addictolytic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Noélie Pujol
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute for Functional Genomics, INSERM U-661, CNRS UMR-5203, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Cecilia Paasche
- INSERM 1114, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Laprevote
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, F-54520, France.; EA 7298, INGRES, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy F-54000, France; CHU Nancy, Maison des Addictions, Nancy, F-54000, France.
| | - Benoit Trojak
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Dijon, France; EA 4452, LPPM, University of Burgundy, France.
| | - Pierre Vidailhet
- INSERM 1114, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France..
| | - Elisabeth Bacon
- INSERM 1114, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Laurence Lalanne
- INSERM 1114, Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France..
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21
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Gilman JM, Radoman M, Schuster RM, Pachas G, Azzouz N, Fava M, Evins AE. Anterior insula activation during inhibition to smoking cues is associated with ability to maintain tobacco abstinence. Addict Behav Rep 2018; 7:40-46. [PMID: 29450255 PMCID: PMC5805503 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse to smoking after initial abstinence is a major clinical challenge with significant public health consequences. At the brain and behavioral level, those who relapse to tobacco smoking have both greater cue-reactivity and lower inhibitory control than those who remain abstinent. Little is known about neural activation during inhibitory control tasks in the presence of drug-related cues. In the current study, tobacco smokers (SMK; n = 22) and non-smoking controls (CON; n = 19) completed a Go/NoGo task involving smoking cues during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. Following the scan session, smokers were required to quit smoking, and maintenance of abstinence was evaluated as part of a 12-week smoking cessation trial. We evaluated pre-cessation brain activity during NoGo trials in smokers who were versus were not able to quit smoking. We then compared fMRI and inhibitory control measures between smokers and non-smokers. We did not find differences between SMK and CON in performance or activation to smoking or neutral cues. However, compared to SMK who relapsed, SMK who attained biochemically-validated abstinence at the end of the smoking cessation trial had greater neural activation in the anterior insula during NoGo trials specifically with smoking-related cues. Results indicate that within SMK, decreased inhibitory control activation during direct exposure to drug-related stimuli may be a marker of difficulty quitting and relapse vulnerability. Smokers and controls showed no differences in performance or activation to smoking or neutral cues. Abstinent smokers compared to relapsers had greater activation in the insula during NoGo trials with smoking-related cues. Within smokers, decreased NoGo activation during exposure to drug-related cues may be a marker of relapse vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi M Gilman
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center in Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, MGH, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Milena Radoman
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randi M Schuster
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gladys Pachas
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nour Azzouz
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Eden Evins
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Suzer Gamli I, Tahiroglu AY. Six months methylphenidate treatment improves emotion dysregulation in adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a prospective study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:1329-1337. [PMID: 29872300 PMCID: PMC5973442 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s164807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may suffer from emotional dysregulation (ED), although this symptom is not listed among the diagnostic criteria. Methylphenidate (MPH) is useful in reducing emotional symptoms in ADHD. The aim of the present study was to determine both psychosocial risk factors and presence of ED in adolescents with ADHD before and after MPH treatment. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Eighty-two patients aged 12-18 years with ADHD were included as participants. The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), sociodemographic form, and the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury were administered. Results were compared before and after 6 months MPH treatment. RESULTS A significant improvement was detected on DERS for impulsivity (15.9±6.8 initial vs 14.2±6.5 final test, p<0.01) and total score (88.4±23.3 initial vs 82.4±2.7 final test, p<0.05) across all patients taking MPH regardless of subtype and sex. Despite treatment, a significant difference remained for impulsivity, strategies, and total score in patients with comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) compared with those without ODD, but no difference was detected for conduct disorder comorbidity. In patients who self-harm, scores for goals, impulsivity, strategies, clarity, and total score were higher before treatment: furthermore, impulsivity and total score remained high after treatment. In maltreated patients, goals, impulsivity, strategies, and total scores were significantly higher before treatment; however, their symptoms were ameliorated after treatment with MPH. CONCLUSION Individuals with severe ED may "self-medicate" by smoking and/or self-harming. MPH led to significant improvements in ED possibly owing, in part, to a decrease in impulsivity, so that individuals felt more able to supervise their emotions and engage in goal-directed behaviors. ED should be considered particularly in patients with additional psychosocial factors and ODD comorbidity, and included in the treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Suzer Gamli
- Sanliurfa Education and Research Hospital, Eyyubiye, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Yolga Tahiroglu
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Cukurova University School of Medicine, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
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Detandt S, Bazan A, Schröder E, Olyff G, Kajosch H, Verbanck P, Campanella S. A smoking-related background helps moderate smokers to focus: An event-related potential study using a Go-NoGo task. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1872-1885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.07.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Anokhin AP, Golosheykin S. Neural Correlates of Response Inhibition in Adolescents Prospectively Predict Regular Tobacco Smoking. Dev Neuropsychol 2017; 41:22-37. [PMID: 27392089 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2016.1195833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory deficits have been widely reported in addiction; however, it remains unclear whether such deficits represent a determinant or a consequence of substance use. Here we show, using a prospective longitudinal design, that developmental abnormalities in the neural correlates of response inhibition in adolescents increase the risk for subsequent cigarette smoking. Reduced No-Go P3 amplitude, delayed latency of Go P3 peak, and reduced synchrony of neuronal oscillations at age 14 prospectively predicted regular smoking at age 18. The present findings suggest that functional brain correlates of response inhibition represent a developmental marker of risk for future substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey P Anokhin
- a School of Medicine , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri
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25
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Garrison KA, Yip SW, Balodis IM, Carroll KM, Potenza MN, Krishnan-Sarin S. Reward-related frontostriatal activity and smoking behavior among adolescents in treatment for smoking cessation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 177. [PMID: 28651213 PMCID: PMC5564393 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use is often initiated during adolescence and continued into adulthood despite desires to quit. A better understanding of the neural correlates of abstinence from smoking in adolescents may inform more effective smoking cessation interventions. Neural reward systems are implicated in tobacco use disorder, and adolescent smokers have shown reduced reward-related ventral striatal activation related to increased smoking. METHODS The current study evaluated nondrug reward anticipation in adolescent smokers using a monetary incentive delay task in fMRI pre- and post- smoking cessation treatment (n=14). This study tested how changes in neural responses to reward anticipation pre- to post-treatment were related to reduced smoking. An exploratory analysis in a larger sample of adolescents with only pre-treatment fMRI (n=28) evaluated how neural responses to reward anticipation were related to behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation scales. RESULTS Adolescent smokers showed pre- to post-treatment increases in reward anticipation-related activity in the bilateral nucleus accumbens and insula, and medial prefrontal cortex, and greater increases in reward anticipation-related activity were correlated with larger percent days of smoking abstinence during treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that reduced smoking during smoking cessation treatment is associated with a "recovery of function" in frontostriatal responses to nondrug reward anticipation in adolescent smokers, although comparison with a developmental control group of adolescent nonsmokers is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah W Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine,The National Center on Addictions and Substance Abuse, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Iris M Balodis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine,Department of Psychology, McMaster University
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine,The National Center on Addictions and Substance Abuse, Yale School of Medicine,Connecticut Mental Health Center,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine
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Fakharri A, Jahani A, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Farahbakhsh M, Asl AM. Personality patterns and Smoking behavior among students in Tabriz, Iran. Electron Physician 2017; 9:3950-3957. [PMID: 28461869 PMCID: PMC5407227 DOI: 10.19082/3950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychological factors have always been considered for their role on risk taking behavior such as substance abuse, risky driving and smoking. The aim of this study was to determine the association between smoking behavior and potential personality patterns among high school students in Tabriz, Iran. METHODS Through a multistage sampling in a cross-sectional study, 1000 students were enrolled to represent the final grade high school student population of Tabriz, Iran in 2013. The personality patterns along with smoking status and some background information were collected through standard questionnaires along with Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). Fourteen personality patterns and ten clinical syndromes. ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to compare numeric scales among the study participants, with respect to their smoking status. Stata version 13 statistical software package was used to analyze the data. Multivariate logistic regression was used to predict likelihood of smoking by personality status. RESULTS Two logistic models were developed in both of whom male sex was identified as a determinant of regular smoking (1st model) and ever-smoking (2nd model). Depressive personality increased the likelihood of being a regular smoker by 2.8 times (OR=2.8, 95% CI: 1.3-6.1). The second personality disorder included in the model was sadistic personality with an odds ratio of 7.9 (96% CI: 1.2-53%). Histrionic personality increased the likelihood of experiencing smoking by 2.2 times (OR=2.2, 95% CI: 1.6-3.1) followed by borderline personality (OR=2.8, 95% CI: 0.97-8.1). CONCLUSION Histrionic and depressive personalities could be considered as strong associates of smoking, followed by borderline and sadistic personalities. A causal relationship couldn't be assumed unless well controlled longitudinal studies reached the same findings using psychiatric interviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fakharri
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Jahani
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Homayoun Sadeghi-Bazargani
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Department of Statistics & Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Farahbakhsh
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asghar Mohammadpour Asl
- Department of Epidemiology & Statistics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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27
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Weywadt CR, Kiehl KA, Claus ED. Neural correlates of response inhibition in current and former smokers. Behav Brain Res 2017; 319:207-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Individuals differ along a continuum of preference for diurnal activity level, known as Morningness-Eveningness. Individuals low in Morningness traits, i.e., preferring later awakening and bed times, have been shown to score higher on personality traits of impulsiveness and novelty-seeking. No studies have yet examined the association between Morningness-Eveningness and the related construct of risk-taking. Therefore, the present study examined (1) whether Morningness was correlated with self-reported and behavioral measures of risk-taking, and (2) whether one night of sleep deprivation would produce changes in risk-taking and sensation-seeking. 54 healthy adults were administered the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire at intake, and administered the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale, Evaluation of Risks Scale, and Balloon Analog Risk Task at rested baseline, again following 23 hr. of sleep deprivation, and finally after a 12-hr. period of recovery sleep. Lower Morningness scores were associated with higher self-reported total risk-taking propensity when rested ( p< .05) and sleep deprived ( p<.005), but correlations were not significant for sensation seeking or actual risk-taking behavior. Relative to baseline and postrecovery periods, sleep deprivation significantly reduced risk-taking propensity, including self-report indices of self-control, danger-seeking, energy level, and sensation-seeking, and behaviorally measured risk-taking. Chronotype did not interact with sleep condition for any of the dependent variables, although Evening Types scored higher on several indices of risk-propensity. Findings suggest that Morningness traits are inversely related to greater risk-taking propensity, while sleep deprivation significantly reduces self-reported and behaviorally demonstrated willingness to engage in high-risk and sensational activities under conditions of uncertainty, regardless of chronotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D S Killgore
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Department of Behavioral Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Zhao X, Liu X, Zan X, Jin G, Maes JHR. Male Smokers' and Non-Smokers' Response Inhibition in Go/No-Go Tasks: Effect of Three Task Parameters. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160595. [PMID: 27500831 PMCID: PMC4976868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired response inhibition plays a major role in many addictive behaviors. However, in studies using go/no-go tasks, findings regarding the presence of response inhibition deficits in nicotine-dependent individuals are mixed. This might be due to differences between studies on a number of task parameters. Here we aimed to identify task conditions under which go/no-go task performance deficits can be observed in smokers and to characterize the nature of such deficits. Sixty-one male students (30 smokers, 31 non-smokers) performed a go/no-go task while independently manipulating three task parameters: (1) percentage no-go trials (50% or 25%), (2) stimulus presentation time (600 ms or 200 ms), and (3) nature of no-go stimuli (cigarette related or cigarette unrelated). Three measures, reaction time on go trials and percentage correct responses on go and no-go trials, served as performance indicators. Under 200-ms but not 600-ms stimulus presentation conditions, the smokers responded faster on go trials and made more errors on both go and no-go trials than the non-smokers did. These differences occurred irrespective of the percentage of no-go trials and nature of no-go stimuli. The accuracy differences disappeared after controlling for the response time differences, suggesting a strong speed-accuracy trade-off. This study contributes to unraveling the conditions under which smokers display impaired inhibition performance and helps to characterize the nature of this impairment. Under task conditions prompting fast responding, smokers are more prone to increase response speed and to make more errors than non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Behavior Rehabilitation Training Research Institution, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- Behavior Rehabilitation Training Research Institution, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiangyi Zan
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ge Jin
- College of Education, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Joseph H. R. Maes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, Nijmegen, 6500 HE, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Chen J, Liang Y, Mai C, Zhong X, Qu C. General Deficit in Inhibitory Control of Excessive Smartphone Users: Evidence from an Event-Related Potential Study. Front Psychol 2016; 7:511. [PMID: 27148120 PMCID: PMC4830824 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
With the popularity of smartphones, the problem of excessive use has drawn increasing attention. However, it is not clear whether there is an inhibitory deficit in excessive smartphone users. Using a modified Go/NoGo task with three types of context (blank, neutral, and smartphone-related), the present study combined measures of behavior and electrophysiology [event-related potentials (ERPs)] to examine general and specific inhibitory control in an excessive smartphone use group and a normal use group. Results showed that participants in both groups had larger amplitude of N2 and P3 on NoGo trials than Go trials. NoGo N2, an ERP component associated with inhibitory control, was more negative in the excessive smartphone use group than the normal use group. These results suggest that in the early stage of inhibition processing, excessive smartphone users experience more conflicts and show a general deficit that does not depend on smartphone-related cues. Moreover, the study provides further neuroscience evidence of the physiological correlates of excessive smartphone use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Chen
- Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunsi Liang
- Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmiao Mai
- Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiyun Zhong
- Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, South China Normal UniversityGuangzhou, China; College of Applied Science and Technology, Hainan UniversityHainan, China
| | - Chen Qu
- Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, South China Normal UniversityGuangzhou, China; Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal UniversityGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal UniversityGuangzhou, China; School of Economics and Management and Scientific Laboratory of Economics Behaviors, South China Normal UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Flaudias V, Picot MC, Lopez-Castroman J, Llorca PM, Schmitt A, Perriot J, Georgescu V, Courtet P, Quantin X, Guillaume S. Executive Functions in Tobacco Dependence: Importance of Inhibitory Capacities. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150940. [PMID: 26953688 PMCID: PMC4783097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive functions are linked to tobacco dependence and craving. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the impact of three executive functions: updating, inhibition and shifting processes on tobacco craving and dependence. METHOD 134 tobacco consumers were included in this study: 81 moderately (Fagerström score <7) and 53 heavily dependent (Fagerström score >7). Dependence was assessed with the Fagerström test and craving with the tobacco craving questionnaire (TCQ 12). We used the Stroop test and the Hayling test to measure inhibition, the Trail Making Test to measure shifting processes and the n-back test to measure updating processes. A multivariate logistic model was used to assess which variables explained best the level of nicotine dependence. RESULTS Inhibition (p = 0.002) and updating (p = 0.014) processes, but not shifting processes, were associated with higher tobacco dependence. Inhibition capacity had a significant effect on the nicotine dependence level independently of age, education, time since last cigarette, intellectual quotient, craving, updating and shifting process. CONCLUSIONS Nicotine dependence level seems better explained by inhibition capacities than by craving and updating effects. The capacity to inhibit our behaviours is a good predictor of the severity of tobacco dependence. Our results suggest a prefrontal cortex dysfunction affecting the inhibitory capacities of heavy tobacco dependent smokers. Further studies are needed to investigate the application of these findings in the treatment of tobacco dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Flaudias
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA NPsy-Sydo, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Psychiatrie B, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Pierre-Michel Llorca
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA NPsy-Sydo, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Psychiatrie B, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Audrey Schmitt
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA NPsy-Sydo, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Psychiatrie B, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean Perriot
- Dispensaire Émile Roux, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Philippe Courtet
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier / INSERM U1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Xavier Quantin
- Respiratory Disease Department, CHU Montpellier / Laboratoire Epsylon, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Guillaume
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier / INSERM U1061, Montpellier, France
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Xin Z, Ting LX, Yi ZX, Li D, Bao ZA. Response inhibition of cigarette-related cues in male light smokers: behavioral evidence using a two-choice oddball paradigm. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1506. [PMID: 26528200 PMCID: PMC4606050 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral inhibitory control has been shown to play an important role in a variety of addictive behaviors. A number of studies involving the use of Go/NoGo and stop-signal paradigms have shown that smokers have reduced response inhibition for cigarette-related cues. However, it is not known whether male light smokers' response inhibition for cigarette-related cues is lower than that of non-smokers in the two-choice oddball paradigm. The objective of the current study was to provide further behavioral evidence of male light smokers' impaired response inhibition for cigarette-related cues, using the two-choice oddball paradigm. Sixty-two male students (31 smokers, 31 non-smokers), who were recruited via an advertisement, took part in this two-choice oddball experiment. Cigarette-related pictures (deviant stimuli) and pictures unrelated to cigarettes (standard stimuli) were used. Response inhibition for cigarette-related cues was measured by comparing accuracy (ACC) and reaction time (RT) for deviant and standard stimuli in the two groups of subjects. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that in all the participants, ACC was significantly lower for deviant stimuli than for standard stimuli. For deviant stimuli, the RTs were significantly longer for male light smokers than for male non-smokers; however, there was no significant difference in RTs for standard stimuli. Compared to male non-smokers, male light smokers seem to have a reduced ability to inhibit responses to cigarette-related cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Xin
- Behavior Rehabilitation Training Research Institution, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Liu X. Ting
- Behavior Rehabilitation Training Research Institution, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Zan X. Yi
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhou, China
| | - Dai Li
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhou A. Bao
- Behavior Rehabilitation Training Research Institution, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal UniversityLanzhou, China
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Loprinzi PD, Herod SM, Walker JF, Cardinal BJ, Mahoney SE, Kane C. Development of a Conceptual Model for Smoking Cessation: Physical Activity, Neurocognition, and Executive Functioning. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2015; 86:338-346. [PMID: 26391913 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2015.1074152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Considerable research has shown adverse neurobiological effects of chronic alcohol use, including long-term and potentially permanent changes in the structure and function of the brain; however, much less is known about the neurobiological consequences of chronic smoking, as it has largely been ignored until recently. In this article, we present a conceptual model proposing the effects of smoking on neurocognition and the role that physical activity may play in this relationship as well as its role in smoking cessation. METHODS Pertinent published peer-reviewed articles deposited in PubMed delineating the pathways in the proposed model were reviewed. RESULTS The proposed model, which is supported by emerging research, demonstrates a bidirectional relationship between smoking and executive functioning. In support of our conceptual model, physical activity may moderate this relationship and indirectly influence smoking behavior through physical activity-induced changes in executive functioning. CONCLUSIONS Our model may have implications for aiding smoking cessation efforts through the promotion of physical activity as a mechanism for preventing smoking-induced deficits in neurocognition and executive function.
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Kim DY, Yoo SS, Tegethoff M, Meinlschmidt G, Lee JH. The Inclusion of Functional Connectivity Information into fMRI-based Neurofeedback Improves Its Efficacy in the Reduction of Cigarette Cravings. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:1552-72. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback (NF) facilitates volitional control over brain activity and the modulation of associated mental functions. The NF signals of traditional rtfMRI-NF studies predominantly reflect neuronal activity within ROIs. In this study, we describe a novel rtfMRI-NF approach that includes a functional connectivity (FC) component in the NF signal (FC-added rtfMRI-NF). We estimated the efficacy of the FC-added rtfMRI-NF method by applying it to nicotine-dependent heavy smokers in an effort to reduce cigarette craving. ACC and medial pFC as well as the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus are associated with cigarette craving and were chosen as ROIs. Fourteen heavy smokers were randomly assigned to receive one of two types of NF: traditional activity-based rtfMRI-NF or FC-added rtfMRI-NF. Participants received rtfMRI-NF training during two separate visits after overnight smoking cessation, and cigarette craving score was assessed. The FC-added rtfMRI-NF resulted in greater neuronal activity and increased FC between the targeted ROIs than the traditional activity-based rtfMRI-NF and resulted in lower craving score. In the FC-added rtfMRI-NF condition, the average of neuronal activity and FC was tightly associated with craving score (Bonferroni-corrected p = .028). However, in the activity-based rtfMRI-NF condition, no association was detected (uncorrected p > .081). Non-rtfMRI data analysis also showed enhanced neuronal activity and FC with FC-added NF than with activity-based NF. These results demonstrate that FC-added rtfMRI-NF facilitates greater volitional control over brain activity and connectivity and greater modulation of mental function than activity-based rtfMRI-NF.
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Hwang H, Park S. Sensation seeking and smoking behaviors among adolescents in the Republic of Korea. Addict Behav 2015; 45:239-44. [PMID: 25727394 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the relationship between the four components of sensation seeking (i.e., disinhibition, thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, and boredom susceptibility) and three types of smoking behavior (i.e., non-smoking, experimental smoking, and current smoking) among high school students in the Republic of Korea. METHODS Multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed using two models. In Model 1, the four subscales of sensation seeking were used as covariates, and in Model 2, other control factors (i.e., characteristics related to demographics, individuals, family, school, and friends) were added to Model 1 in order to adjust for their effects. RESULTS In Model 1, the impact of disinhibition on experimental smoking and current smoking was statistically significant. In Model 2, the influence of disinhibition on both of these smoking behaviors remained statistically significant after controlling for all the other covariates. Also, the effect of thrill and adventure seeking on experimental smoking was statistically significant. The two statistically significant subscales of sensation seeking were positively associated with the risk of smoking behaviors. CONCLUSIONS According to extant literature and current research, sensation seeking, particularly disinhibition, is strongly associated with smoking among youth. Therefore, sensation seeking should be measured among adolescents to identify those who are at greater risk of smoking and to develop more effective intervention strategies in order to curb the smoking epidemic among youth.
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Nardi FL, Cunha SMD, Bizarro L, Dell'Aglio DD. Drug use and antisocial behavior among adolescents attending public schools in Brazil. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2015; 34:80-6. [PMID: 25922926 DOI: 10.1590/s2237-60892012000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug use is a social and a public health problem that has been related with antisocial behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between drug use and antisocial behavior among adolescents attending public schools in Brazil. METHOD A total of 7,176 adolescents from low-income neighborhoods and public schools aged 14 to 19 years were assessed in five geographical regions in Brazil. Data on biosociodemographic characteristics and on drug use and antisocial behavior were assessed from complete answers to a national survey on risk and protective factors among adolescents. RESULTS Over 80% of the adolescents who used alcohol and cigarettes were between 14 and 17 years old. The percentage of participants with antisocial behaviors was significantly higher among users of marijuana, cocaine, or crack than among adolescents who were not drug users. CONCLUSIONS Prevention programs aimed at reducing substance use might help to decrease antisocial behaviors.
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Meyers KK, Crane NA, O'Day R, Zubieta JK, Giordani B, Pomerleau CS, Horowitz JC, Langenecker SA. Smoking history, and not depression, is related to deficits in detection of happy and sad faces. Addict Behav 2015; 41:210-7. [PMID: 25452067 PMCID: PMC4314430 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research has demonstrated that chronic cigarette smoking and major depressive disorder (MDD) are each associated with cognitive decrements. Further, these conditions co-occur commonly, though mechanisms in the comorbid condition are poorly understood. There may be distinct, additive, or overlapping factors underlying comorbid cigarette smoking and MDD. The present study investigated the impact of smoking and MDD on executive function and emotion processing. METHODS Participants (N=198) were grouped by diagnostic category (MDD and healthy controls, HC) and smoking status (ever-smokers, ES and never-smokers, NS). Participants completed the Facial Emotion Perception Test (FEPT), a measure of emotional processing, and the parametric Go/No-go task (PGNG), a measure of executive function. RESULTS FEPT performance was analyzed using ANCOVA with accuracy and reaction time as separate dependent variables. Repeated measures MANCOVA was conducted for PGNG with performance measure and task level as dependent variables. Analyses for each task included diagnostic and smoking group as independent variables, and gender was controlled for. Results for FEPT reveal that lower overall accuracy was found for ES relative to NS, though MDD did not differ from HC. Post-hoc analyses revealed that ES were poorer at identifying happy and sad, but not fearful or angry, faces. For PGNG, poorer performance was observed in MDD relative to HC in response time to Go targets, but there were no differences for ES and NS. Interaction of diagnosis and smoking group was not observed for performance on either task. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide preliminary evidence for distinctive cognitive decrements in smokers and individuals with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N A Crane
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - R O'Day
- Nicotine Research Laboratory, University of Michigan Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J K Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - B Giordani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C S Pomerleau
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Nicotine Research Laboratory, University of Michigan Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J C Horowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S A Langenecker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Nicotine Research Laboratory, University of Michigan Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Bickel WK, Quisenberry AJ, Moody L, Wilson AG. Therapeutic Opportunities for Self-Control Repair in Addiction and Related Disorders: Change and the Limits of Change in Trans-Disease Processes. Clin Psychol Sci 2015; 3:140-153. [PMID: 25664226 PMCID: PMC4314724 DOI: 10.1177/2167702614541260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary neuro-economic approaches hypothesize that self-control failure results from drugs annexing normal learning mechanisms that produce pathological reward processing and distort decision-making as a result from the dysregulation of two valuation systems. An emphasis on processes shared across different diseases and disorders is at odds with the contemporary approach that assumes unique disease etiologies and treatments. Studying trans-disease processes can identify mechanisms that operate in multiple disease states and ascertain if factors that influence processes in one disease state may be applicable to all disease states. In this paper we review the dual model of self-control failure, the Competing Neurobehavioral Decision Systems approach, the relationship of delay discounting to the relative control of these two systems, and evidence that the executive system can be strengthened. Future research that could result in more potent interventions for executive system improvement and potential constraints on the repair of self-control failure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lara Moody
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA
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Deficits in behavioural inhibition in substance abuse and addiction: a meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 145:1-33. [PMID: 25195081 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Deficits in behavioural inhibitory control are attracting increasing attention as a factor behind the development and maintenance of substance dependence. However, evidence for such a deficit is varied in the literature. Here, we synthesised published results to determine whether inhibitory ability is reliably impaired in substance users compared to controls. METHODS The meta-analysis used fixed-effects models to integrate results from 97 studies that compared groups with heavy substance use or addiction-like behaviours with healthy control participants on two experimental paradigms commonly used to assess response inhibition: the Go/NoGo task, and the Stop-Signal Task (SST). The primary measures of interest were commission errors to NoGo stimuli and stop-signal reaction time in the SST. Additionally, we examined omission errors to Go stimuli, and reaction time in both tasks. Because inhibition is more difficult when inhibition is required infrequently, we considered papers with rare and equiprobable NoGo stimuli separately. RESULTS Inhibitory deficits were apparent for heavy use/dependence on cocaine, MDMA, methamphetamine, tobacco, and alcohol (and, to a lesser extent, non-dependent heavy drinkers), and in pathological gamblers. On the other hand, no evidence for an inhibitory deficit was observed for opioids or cannabis, and contradictory evidence was observed for internet addiction. CONCLUSIONS The results are generally consistent with the view that substance use disorders and addiction-like behavioural disorders are associated with impairments in inhibitory control. Implications for treatment of substance use are discussed, along with suggestions for future research arising from the limitations of the extant literature.
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Charles-Walsh K, Furlong L, Munro DG, Hester R. Inhibitory control dysfunction in nicotine dependence and the influence of short-term abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 143:81-6. [PMID: 25070928 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the majority of substance use disorders depict reliable deficits in inhibitory control (IC), similar deficits are not consistently found in nicotine dependence. The mixed results of past research may have been due to confounding variables known to independently influence IC function, including age, concurrent drug use and particularly, length of nicotine abstinence. METHODS A stop signal task was used to examine stop signal reaction time (SSRT), a typical measure of IC, in nicotine dependence across two studies that attempted to closely control for IC confounds. Study 1 compared the SSRT of 37 dependent cigarette smokers (11 females) to 36 non-smokers (13 females), following 3-h of nicotine abstinence. Study 2 compared 22 dependent cigarette smokers' (11 females) SSRT scores when satiated on nicotine to their performance following 10-h of nicotine abstinence. RESULTS Nicotine dependent individuals did not differ from controls in SSRT performance following 3-h abstinence, but showed a significant decline in performance following 10-h abstinence, when compared to nicotine satiation. CONCLUSIONS During shorter abstinence periods, the acute benefits of nicotine satiation appear to facilitate inhibitory control; however, IC was poorer during extended periods of nicotine abstinence. In turn, this suggests that the reliability of IC dysfunction in nicotine dependence varies according to abstinence length and needs to be carefully considered for future behavioural and neuroimaging examination of IC within this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Charles-Walsh
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Liam Furlong
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - David G Munro
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Hester
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia.
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Liebrenz M, Frei A, Fisher CE, Gamma A, Buadze A, Eich D. Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and nicotine use: a qualitative study of patient perceptions. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:141. [PMID: 24885526 PMCID: PMC4037284 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with high rates of comorbid substance use disorders, and cigarette smoking has a particularly high prevalence in this population. However, there is an ongoing debate as to whether this tobacco use is an attempt at "self-medication" or due to behavioral disinhibition. There is a surprising lack of qualitative studies that investigate the subjective perceptions of adults with ADHD regarding cigarette smoking. The present study was designed to fill this gap in the literature. METHODS We recruited twelve adult patients with ADHD and comorbid tobacco use from our ADHD consultation service, an outpatient facility of the Zurich University Psychiatric Hospital. Subjects were interviewed using qualitative methodology, and Mayring's qualitative content analysis was used to evaluate findings. RESULTS We identified two explanatory models linking ADHD and tobacco use: smoking as an attempt at self-medication and "smoking as a social behavior". On one hand, subjects considered tobacco a therapeutic aid, reporting positive effects on "inner tension" and cognitive function, and noted possible antidepressant properties as well. On the other hand, subjects considered smoking to enhance social functioning and to have a positive impact on interpersonal relationships. The majority believed that stimulant medications offered only a transient decrease in patterns of tobacco use because their ability to reduce nicotine cravings wore off quickly. Others believed that stimulants had no effect or even reinforced cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS Participants had different views about the link between cigarette smoking and ADHD. While the majority thought of nicotine as a sort of therapy, viewing smoking as a way to self-medicate symptoms of ADHD, motivations for nicotine use were also related to self-image, desire to belong to a peer-group, and a drive to undermine perceived social norms. Ultimately, these findings can be used by clinicians to improve treatment alliance and collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Liebrenz
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Anja Frei
- Institute for General Practice and Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carl Erik Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alex Gamma
- Psychiatric University Hospital, Division of ADHD Research, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Buadze
- Psychiatric University Hospital, Division of ADHD Research, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Eich
- Psychiatric University Hospital, Division of ADHD Research, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Raines AM, Unruh AS, Zvolensky MJ, Schmidt NB. An initial investigation of the relationships between hoarding and smoking. Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:668-74. [PMID: 24476678 PMCID: PMC3988667 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smokers have increased rates of mood and anxiety-related conditions. Hoarding is another anxiety-related condition that has yet to be examined in relation to smoking behavior. The current investigation sought to examine smoking rates among a sample of individuals with hoarding disorder and individuals with non-hoarding obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Additionally, we examined the relationship between hoarding symptoms and reasons for smoking. Participants in Study 1 consisted of 57 individuals with non-hoarding OCD or hoarding disorder. Participants in Study 2 consisted of 661 adult daily smokers. Results revealed that a significantly greater proportion of individuals diagnosed with hoarding were current smokers compared to the non-hoarding OCD group. Additionally, hoarding severity was associated with negative affect reduction expectancies. These results provide important information regarding smoking behaviors within hoarding disorder. Given the poor treatment outcomes and negative health risks associated with hoarding, this information could inform future research and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Raines
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Amanda S. Unruh
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Mike J. Zvolensky
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, Houston, TX, USA,MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Norman B. Schmidt
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA. Tel: (850) 644-1707, Fax: (850) 644-7739,
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Sapir R, Zohar AH, Bersudsky Y, Belmaker R, Osher Y. Behavioral addictions in euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder: a comparison to controls. Int J Bipolar Disord 2013; 1:27. [PMID: 25505690 PMCID: PMC4215809 DOI: 10.1186/2194-7511-1-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder may be associated with a hypersensitive behavioral approach system and therefore to increased reward sensitivity. The objective of this study is to explore the interrelationships between bipolar disorder, behavioral addictions, and personality/temperament traits in a group of euthymic outpatients with bipolar I disorder and in a group of comparison subjects. METHODS Fifty clinically stable patients and 50 comparison subjects matched for age, sex, and educational level were administered the Temperament and Character Inventory-140 and the Behavioral Addiction Scale. RESULTS The patient group scored significantly higher than comparison subjects for two benign behavioral addictions (music, shopping) as well as for smoking. Comparison subjects scored higher on two harmful behavioral addictions (drugs, alcohol). Novelty Seeking was positively correlated with harmful addictions, and Cooperativeness was negatively correlated with harmful addictions, in both groups. DISCUSSION The hypersensitive behavioral approach system model of bipolar disorder would predict higher levels of various addictions in bipolar patients as compared to controls. In this study, this was true for three behavioral addictions, whereas controls showed higher levels of behavioral addiction to drugs and alcohol. This may be because the patients in this study are stable, have received considerable psychoeducation, and are relatively adherent to their medication recommendations. Temperament and character traits may play roles both as risk and protective factors regarding behavioral addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Sapir
- Department of Psychology, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Ada H Zohar
- Department of Psychology, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Yuly Bersudsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Rh Belmaker
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yamima Osher
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Rass O, Fridberg DJ, O'Donnell BF. Neural correlates of performance monitoring in daily and intermittent smokers. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 125:1417-26. [PMID: 24380760 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite efforts that have increased smoking regulation, cigarette taxation, and social stigma, cigarette smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death worldwide, and a significant personal and public economic burden. In the U.S., intermittent smokers comprise approximately 22% of all smokers and represent a stable, non-dependent group that may possess protective factors that prevent the transition to dependence. One possibility is that intermittent smokers have intact CNS frontal regulatory and control mechanisms that enable resistance to nicotine-induced changes. METHODS The present study measured inhibitory control using a flanker task and a go-nogo continuous performance tasks in daily dependent smokers, intermittent non-dependent smokers, and nonsmokers. Event-related potential (ERP) measures of were concurrently recorded to measure performance monitoring via Event-Related Negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) components during error trials for each task. RESULTS In both tasks, behavioral and ERN measures did not differ between groups; however, amplitude of the Pe component was largest among intermittent smokers. CONCLUSIONS Thus, intermittent smokers differed from both daily smokers and nonsmokers on error processing, potentially revealing neuroprotective cognitive processes in nicotine dependence. SIGNIFICANCE A better understanding of factors that mediate behavioral regulation may provide novel treatment approaches that help individuals achieve controlled smoking or cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rass
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Daniel J Fridberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street, Suite 6200, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Malmberg M, Kleinjan M, Overbeek G, Vermulst AA, Lammers J, Engels RC. Are there reciprocal relationships between substance use risk personality profiles and alcohol or tobacco use in early adolescence? Addict Behav 2013; 38:2851-9. [PMID: 24018230 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM We examined whether reciprocal relationships were present between the SURPS personality profiles and substance use in early adolescence. METHODS Longitudinal data of four-waves of a broader effectiveness study were used from 1068 early adolescents. RESULTS Our cross-lagged models indicated that sensation seeking and impulsivity show strongest reciprocal associations with substance use during early adolescence. In contrast, no reciprocity was present between substance use and anxiety sensitivity and only one reciprocal relationship was present between substance use and hopelessness. CONCLUSIONS In trying to prevent early adolescents from alcohol and tobacco use, it might be of key importance to acknowledge the mutual influence between certain personality profiles and substance use. Specifically, sensation seeking and impulsivity are relevant during early adolescence and awareness of early adolescents' vulnerability for these personality predispositions is warranted.
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Lyvers M, Carlopio C, Bothma V, Edwards MS. Mood, mood regulation expectancies and frontal systems functioning in current smokers versus never-smokers in China and Australia. Addict Behav 2013; 38:2741-50. [PMID: 23948698 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Indices of mood, mood regulation expectancies and everyday executive functioning were examined in adult current smokers and never-smokers of both genders in Australia (N = 97), where anti-smoking campaigns have dramatically reduced smoking prevalence and acceptability, and in China (N = 222), where smoking prevalence and public acceptance of smoking remain high. Dependent measures included the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), the Negative Mood Regulation (NMR) expectancies scale, the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe), the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVAs) controlling for demographic and recruitment related variables revealed highly significant differences between current smokers and never-smokers in both countries such that smokers indicated worse moods and poorer functioning than never-smokers on all dependent measures. Chinese smokers scored significantly worse on all dependent measures than Australian smokers whereas Chinese and Australian never-smokers did not differ on any of the same measures. Although nicotine dependence level as measured by FTND was significantly higher in Chinese than Australian smokers and was significantly correlated with all other dependent measures, inclusion of FTND scores as another covariate in MANCOVA did not eliminate the highly significant differences between Chinese and Australian smokers. Results are interpreted in light of the relative ease of taking up and continuing smoking in China compared to Australia today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lyvers
- Department of Psychology, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld 4229, Australia.
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Bloom EL, Potts GF, Evans DE, Drobes DJ. Cue reactivity in smokers: an event-related potential study. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:258-64. [PMID: 23958866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Drugs-of-abuse may increase the salience of drug cues by sensitizing the dopaminergic (DA) system (Robinson and Berridge, 1993), leading to differential attention to smoking stimuli. Event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used to assess attention to smoking cues but not using an ERP component associated with DA-mediated salience evaluation. In this study the DA-related P2a and the P3, were compared in smokers (N = 21) and non-smokers (N = 21) during an attention selection cue exposure task including both cigarette and neutral images. We predicted that both the P2a and P3 would be larger to targets than non-targets, but larger to non-target cigarette images than non-target neutral images only in the smokers, reflecting smokers' evaluation of smoking stimuli as relevant even when they were not targets. Results indicated that smokers showed behavioral cue reactivity, with more false alarms to cigarette images (responding to cigarette images when they were not targets) than non-smokers; however, both smokers and non-smokers had a larger P2a and P3 to cigarette images. Thus, while smokers showed behavioral evidence of differential salience evaluation of the cigarette images, this group difference was not reflected in differential brain activity. These findings may reflect characteristics of the ERPs (both ERP components were smaller in the smokers), the smoking sample (they were not more impulsive, i.e. reward sensitive, than the non-smokers, in contrast to prior studies) and the design (all participants were aware that the aim of the study was related to smoking).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Litvin Bloom
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, United States; University of South Florida, Department of Psychology, United States; Moffitt Cancer Center, Tobacco Research and Intervention Program, United States
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Response inhibition and elevated parietal-cerebellar correlations in chronic adolescent cannabis users. Neuropharmacology 2013; 84:131-7. [PMID: 23791961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability to successfully inhibit an inappropriate behaviour is a crucial component of executive functioning and its impairment has been linked to substance dependence. Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in adolescence and, given the accelerated neuromaturation during adolescence, it is important to determine the effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive functioning during this developmental period. In this study, a cohort of adolescent heavy cannabis users and age-matched non-cannabis-using controls completed a Go/No-Go paradigm. Users were impaired in performance on the task but voxelwise and region-of-interest comparisons revealed no activation differences between groups. Instead, an analysis of correlation patterns between task-activated areas revealed heightened correlation scores in the users between bilateral inferior parietal lobules and the left cerebellum. The increased correlation activity between these regions was replicated with resting state fMRI data and was positively correlated with self-reported, recent cannabis usage. The results suggests that the poorer inhibitory control of adolescent cannabis users might be related to aberrant connectivity between nodes of the response inhibition circuit and that this effect is observable in both task-induced and intrinsic correlation patterns. This article is part of the Special Issue Section entitled 'Neuroimaging in Neuropharmacology'.
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Krishnan-Sarin S, Balodis IM, Kober H, Worhunsky PD, Liss T, Xu J, Potenza MN. An exploratory pilot study of the relationship between neural correlates of cognitive control and reduction in cigarette use among treatment-seeking adolescent smokers. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2013; 27:526-32. [PMID: 23586458 PMCID: PMC4106014 DOI: 10.1037/a0032479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite high rates of tobacco use during adolescence, few empirically validated smoking cessation strategies exist for adolescent smokers. Developing an understanding of the neural underpinnings of cognitive control processes in adolescent smokers, and their relationship to quit behaviors, may help advance the development of enhanced behavioral and pharmacological therapies. The current pilot study explored the relationship between brain responses during performance of the Stroop color-word interference task and reduction in tobacco use (as measured by changes in cotinine levels) in treatment-seeking adolescent smokers participating in a high school-based smoking-cessation program. Eleven adolescent daily smokers participated in a prequit session during which neural activity in response to congruent and incongruent events in a Stroop task was examined using functional MRI (fMRI). Changes in urine cotinine levels from prequit baseline to end of treatment were calculated and correlated with brain activity. Adolescents with greater activation in the inferior frontal gyrus, insula, thalamus, and anterior cingulate had greater reductions in cotinine levels. The preliminary observation of a relationship between treatment outcome and neural correlates of cognitive control prior to treatment onset provides insight into individual differences in adolescent brain function that might relate importantly to treatment outcome.
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50
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Giessing C, Thiel CM, Alexander-Bloch AF, Patel AX, Bullmore ET. Human brain functional network changes associated with enhanced and impaired attentional task performance. J Neurosci 2013; 33:5903-14. [PMID: 23554472 PMCID: PMC6618923 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4854-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
How is the cognitive performance of the human brain related to its topological and spatial organization as a complex network embedded in anatomical space? To address this question, we used nicotine replacement and duration of attentionally demanding task performance (time-on-task), as experimental factors expected, respectively, to enhance and impair cognitive function. We measured resting-state fMRI data, performance and brain activation on a go/no-go task demanding sustained attention, and subjective fatigue in n = 18 healthy, briefly abstinent, cigarette smokers scanned repeatedly in a placebo-controlled, crossover design. We tested the main effects of drug (placebo vs Nicorette gum) and time-on-task on behavioral performance and brain functional network metrics measured in binary graphs of 477 regional nodes (efficiency, measure of integrative topology; clustering, a measure of segregated topology; and the Euclidean physical distance between connected nodes, a proxy marker of wiring cost). Nicotine enhanced attentional task performance behaviorally and increased efficiency, decreased clustering, and increased connection distance of brain networks. Greater behavioral benefits of nicotine were correlated with stronger drug effects on integrative and distributed network configuration and with greater frequency of cigarette smoking. Greater time-on-task had opposite effects: it impaired attentional accuracy, decreased efficiency, increased clustering, and decreased connection distance of networks. These results are consistent with hypothetical predictions that superior cognitive performance should be supported by more efficient, integrated (high capacity) brain network topology at greater connection distance (high cost). They also demonstrate that brain network analysis can provide novel and theoretically principled pharmacodynamic biomarkers of pro-cognitive drug effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Giessing
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom.
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