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Sterling KL, Ganz O, Wackowski OA, Glasser AM, Villanti AC. Widespread Misperceptions Among U.S. Adults About Tobacco Company Engagement in Black and African American Communities. Nicotine Tob Res 2024:ntae066. [PMID: 38692654 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars (MC/FC) bring profits to U.S. tobacco companies at the cost of Black/African American (B/AA) lives. This exploratory cross-sectional study describes perceptions of tobacco company engagement and activities in B/AA communities related to MC/FC. AIMS AND METHODS Among 2307 U.S. adults aged 18-45 surveyed in 2022, six items addressed beliefs about tobacco company funding of B/AA community organizations, payment of B/AA lobbyists to oppose public health policies, support of health equity efforts in B/AA communities, and targeted marketing of MC/FC in B/AA communities. Adjusted proportions were calculated for each belief overall and by race and cigarette smoking status. RESULTS Among all adults, 37% believed that tobacco companies deny the harms of MC/FCs, 20% believed they pay Black lobbyists to oppose health policies, and 12% believed they fund Black community organizations. Compared with non-B/AA adults, a higher proportion of B/AA adults believed that tobacco companies target Black communities with MC/FC marketing (62% vs. 46%). More adult smokers (ie, menthol or non-MC) than nonsmokers thought that tobacco companies support health equity efforts and did not target Black communities with MC/FC marketing nor deny the harms of MC/FCs to B/AA communities. CONCLUSIONS Few B/AAs and adult smokers believed that tobacco companies used B/AA organizations and lobbyists to oppose MC/FC policies in the B/AA community as well as reject MC/FC's harmfulness. Culturally tailored and community-engaged communication efforts are needed to correct disinformation about MC/FC tobacco companies' engagement and activities in B/AA communities among B/AA and menthol cigarette smokers. IMPLICATIONS Tobacco companies have a history of predatory marketing that promotes flavored tobacco products to Black/African American (B/AA) individuals and more recently has spread disinformation to dissuade policy support for menthol cigarette/flavored cigar (MC/FC) bans. It is unclear what are the perceptions of tobacco company engagement and activities in B/AA communities related to MC/FC. Our study shows that B/AA adults and current cigarette smokers hold misperceptions about tobacco companies' role in spreading disinformation about MC/FC. This study identified beliefs about the industry's role in funding B/AA organizations and lobbyists who oppose policy, as well as the industry's denial of menthol cigarette and flavored cigar harms as potential messaging targets for communication efforts designed to correct disinformation about MC/FC policies among B/AA and those who currently smoke MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kymberle L Sterling
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine and Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ollie Ganz
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine and Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Olivia A Wackowski
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine and Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Allison M Glasser
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine and Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine and Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Parthasarathi A, Puvvada RK, Siddaiah JB, Mahesh PA. The association of tobacco use in adolescents with their interpersonal surroundings and assessing tobacco vendor compliance with COPTA policies: A cross-sectional study. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Cuccia AF, Patel M, Kierstead EC, Evans WD, Schillo BA. Associations of e-cigarette industry beliefs and e-cigarette use and susceptibility among youth and young adults in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 231:109126. [PMID: 35030507 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-industry sentiments are protective against smoking, but the relationship between industry beliefs and e-cigarette use remains unknown. METHODS A nationally representative survey of U.S. youth and young adults in Fall 2019 (n = 9554) assessed knowledge that e-cigarette and cigarette companies are the same, belief that e-cigarette companies lie about harm, and belief that tobacco companies want young people to vape. Weighted multivariate logistic regression models estimated odds of current use and susceptibility to use (among ever and never users) by industry knowledge and beliefs. Additional models assess association between industry knowledge and industry beliefs. All models controlled for harm perceptions, friend use, sensation seeking, combustible use, and demographic characteristics. RESULTS Disagreement that companies lie about harm (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)= 1.94, 95% CI: 1.43-2.63) and companies want young people to vape (aOR=1.72, 95% CI: 1.36-2.17) was associated with increased odds of current use. Belief that e-cigarette and cigarette companies were different entities was associated with increased odds of current use (aOR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.12-1.88). Disagreement or not knowing that companies are the same was associated with lower odds of believing companies lie about harm (disagreement aOR=0.37, 95% CI: 0.27-0.52; don't know aOR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.35-0.65) and belief that companies want young people to vape (disagreement aOR=0.36, 95% CI: 0.28-0.46; don't know aOR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.42-0.68). CONCLUSION Similar to cigarettes, e-cigarette industry beliefs were associated with current use among young people. Highlighting e-cigarettes' connection to Big Tobacco may be an important strategy to prevent youth and young adult e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison F Cuccia
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Minal Patel
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | - W Douglas Evans
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA.
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Krieger J, Kwon T, Ruiz R, Walkinshaw LP, Yan J, Roberto CA. Countermarketing About Fruit Drinks, Alone or With Water Promotion: A 2019 Randomized Controlled Trial in Latinx Parents. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:1997-2007. [PMID: 34709859 PMCID: PMC8630474 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To test whether fruit drink countermarketing messages alone or combined with water promotion messages reduce Latinx parents' purchases of fruit drinks for children aged 0 to 5 years. Methods. We performed a 3-arm randomized controlled online trial enrolling 1628 Latinx parents in the United States during October and November 2019. We assessed the effect of culturally tailored fruit drink countermarketing messages (fruit drink‒only group), countermarketing and water promotion messages combined (combination group), or car-seat safety messages (control) delivered via Facebook groups for 6 weeks on parental beverage choices from a simulated online store. Results. The proportion of parents choosing fruit drinks decreased by 13.7 percentage points in the fruit drink‒only group (95% confidence interval [CI] = -20.0, -7.4; P < .001) and by 19.2 percentage points in the combination group (95% CI = -25.0, -13.4; P < .001) relative to control. Water selection increased in both groups. Conclusions. Fruit drink countermarketing messages, alone or combined with water promotion messages, significantly decreased parental selection of fruit drinks and increased water selection for their children. Public Health Implications. Countermarketing social media messages may be an effective and low-cost intervention for reducing parents' fruit drink purchases for their children. (Am J Public Health. 2021;111(11):1997-2007. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306488).
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Affiliation(s)
- James Krieger
- James Krieger and Lina Pinero Walkinshaw are with the Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Taehoon Kwon is with the Department of Economics, University of Washington. Rudy Ruiz is with Interlex, San Antonio, TX. Jiali Yan and Christina A. Roberto are with the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Taehoon Kwon
- James Krieger and Lina Pinero Walkinshaw are with the Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Taehoon Kwon is with the Department of Economics, University of Washington. Rudy Ruiz is with Interlex, San Antonio, TX. Jiali Yan and Christina A. Roberto are with the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Rudy Ruiz
- James Krieger and Lina Pinero Walkinshaw are with the Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Taehoon Kwon is with the Department of Economics, University of Washington. Rudy Ruiz is with Interlex, San Antonio, TX. Jiali Yan and Christina A. Roberto are with the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Lina Pinero Walkinshaw
- James Krieger and Lina Pinero Walkinshaw are with the Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Taehoon Kwon is with the Department of Economics, University of Washington. Rudy Ruiz is with Interlex, San Antonio, TX. Jiali Yan and Christina A. Roberto are with the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jiali Yan
- James Krieger and Lina Pinero Walkinshaw are with the Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Taehoon Kwon is with the Department of Economics, University of Washington. Rudy Ruiz is with Interlex, San Antonio, TX. Jiali Yan and Christina A. Roberto are with the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Christina A Roberto
- James Krieger and Lina Pinero Walkinshaw are with the Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Taehoon Kwon is with the Department of Economics, University of Washington. Rudy Ruiz is with Interlex, San Antonio, TX. Jiali Yan and Christina A. Roberto are with the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Burgess DJ, Vallone D, Bair MJ, Matthias MS, Taylor BC, Taylor SL. Shifting the National Consciousness about Pain Treatment: The Critical Need for a National Public Education Campaign. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2021; 22:1129-1133. [PMID: 33945848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.03.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The failure of past practices and policies related to opioid prescribing for chronic pain has led federal agencies and professional organizations to recommend multimodal approaches that prioritize evidence-based nonpharmacological pain treatments (NPTs). These multimodal approaches, which include both traditional and complementary/integrative approaches, hold great promise for reducing the burden of chronic pain and reducing opioid use. Unfortunately, NPT approaches are underutilized due to a daunting array of interrelated barriers including the public's attitudes and beliefs about chronic pain and its treatment. Given the dual crises of chronic pain and opioid use, there is a critical need for a national public health campaign on chronic pain and its treatment to help educate the American public about NPT pain management options, while countering the misleading messages promulgated by the pharmaceutical industry, including but not limited to messages promoting the broad use of prescription opioids and minimizing its risks. Despite these dual crises of chronic pain and opioid use in the U.S., there has never been a concerted effort to broadly educate the American public about these issues and NPT pain management options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J Burgess
- VA HSR&D Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Donna Vallone
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Matthew J Bair
- Center for Health Information and Communication, Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Marianne S Matthias
- Center for Health Information and Communication, Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Brent C Taylor
- VA HSR&D Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephanie L Taylor
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Medicine and Health Policy and Management, UCLA, Los Angeles; California
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Toledo G, McQuoid J, Ling PM. "It's Not Too Aggressive": Key Features of Social Branding Anti-Tobacco Interventions for High-Risk Young Adults. Health Promot Pract 2021; 22:423-432. [PMID: 32111139 PMCID: PMC7483222 DOI: 10.1177/1524839920910372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Peer crowd-targeted campaigns are a novel approach to engage high-risk young adults in tobacco use prevention and cessation. We elicited the perspectives of young adult key informants to understand how and why two social branding interventions were effective: (1) "COMMUNE," designed for "Hipsters" as a movement of artists and musicians against Big Tobacco, and (2) "HAVOC," designed for "Partiers" as an exclusive, smoke-free clubbing experience. Design. Qualitative study (27 semistructured qualitative phone interviews). Setting. Intervention events held in bars in multiple U.S. cities. Participants: Twenty-seven key informants involved in COMMUNE or HAVOC as organizers (e.g., musicians, event coordinators) or event attendees. Measures. We conducted semistructured, in-depth interviews. Participants described intervention events and features that worked or did not work well. Analysis. We used an inductive-deductive approach to thematically code interview transcripts, integrating concepts from intervention design literature and emergent themes. Results: Participants emphasized the importance of fun, interactive, social environments that encouraged a sense of belonging. Anti-tobacco messaging was subtle and nonjudgmental and resonated with their interests, values, and aesthetics. Young adults who represented the intervention were admired and influential among peers, and intervention promotional materials encouraged brand recognition and social status. Conclusion. Anti-tobacco interventions for high-risk young adults should encourage fun experiences; resonate with their interests, values, and aesthetics; and use subtle, nonjudgmental messaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Toledo
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia McQuoid
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela M. Ling
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Mills SD, Wiesen CA. Beliefs About the Health Effects of Smoking Among Adults in the United States. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2021; 49:497-505. [PMID: 33870757 PMCID: PMC9150142 DOI: 10.1177/10901981211004136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The majority of U.S. adults believe that smoking is a cause of lung cancer, but research suggests that the percentage of adults who believe smoking causes other types of cancers and chronic disease is lower. This study examines the correlates of beliefs about several established health effects of smoking in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Data for this study come from Wave 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study conducted from December 2016 to January 2018. Participants responded to questions assessing their beliefs about the health effects of smoking. Logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between beliefs about the health effects of smoking and sociodemographic characteristics (smoker status, age, sex, education, race/ethnicity), exposure to antitobacco campaigns, smokers' health, and nicotine dependence. The percentage of U.S. adults who endorsed a health effect can be caused from smoking ranged from 56.4% for blindness to 97.4% for lung disease. Respondents who were older, less educated, current or former smokers, and had less exposure to antitobacco campaigns were generally less likely (p < .05) to endorse that an established health effect was caused by smoking. Smokers with lower nicotine dependence and worse health were generally more likely (p < .05) to endorse that an established health effect was caused by smoking. In summary, knowledge about the health effects of smoking varies across health conditions. Public health would benefit from campaigns targeting segments of the population with less knowledge about the health effects of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Mills
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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"Don't do vape, bro!" A qualitative study of youth's and parents' reactions to e-cigarette prevention advertisements. Addict Behav 2021; 112:106565. [PMID: 32795737 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growing rates of e-cigarette use among youth have reached epidemic proportions. Media messages have been deployed to counteract this trend, but their evaluations are lacking. We assessed youth's and parents' reactions to various existing e-cigarette prevention messages. METHODS In 2019, 12 focus groups were conducted with youth (n = 63) and parents (n = 27). Participants discussed their reactions to 9 existing messages with various topics. RESULTS Information on chemicals in e-cigarettes was seen as new and scary, but unknown chemical names created confusion. Youth appreciated novel ways to visualize health effects of e-cigarettes (parasites in the body) and nicotine's effect on behavior (mood swings), but they cautioned that some of these effects (irritability) are not always caused by nicotine. Some participants did not know if e-cigarette companies were "Big Tobacco." Some found it hard to argue with the financial costs of vaping, but others did not think they were too great. Participants recommended messages featuring testimonials from diverse adolescents and messages aimed at youth who are struggling with addiction to e-cigarettes. CONCLUSION Messages would be particularly effective if they featured real youth and did not look like adults created them for youth. Another area that is currently not covered in media messages is talking to youth who are using e-cigarettes and might be already addicted but do not know where to turn for help. These adolescents need to be referred to resources for cessation.
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Hwang JH, Ryu DH, Park SW. Influence of School-Based Smoking Prevention Education on Reducing Gap in Exposure to Anti-Tobacco Media Message among Korean Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8742. [PMID: 33255526 PMCID: PMC7727860 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Korean adolescents at high risk for smoking are less exposed to anti-tobacco media messages. This study examines whether school-based smoking prevention education is related to media exposure and whether it can contribute to reducing the gap in exposure to anti-tobacco media messages between smoking vulnerable and non-vulnerable groups. A nationally representative dataset, the 2018 Korea youth risk behavior web-based survey, comprising 59,410 students from grades 7-12, was analyzed. Logistic regression models were designed to evaluate the association between school-based smoking prevention education and media messages exposure. Within-group differences in exposure levels based on sociodemographic characteristics were compared depending on participation or nonparticipation in school-based smoking prevention education. Experience of smoking prevention education within a year was significantly associated with exposure to anti-tobacco media messages. Among Korean adolescents who participated in smoking prevention education compared to those who did not, the media messages exposure rate was more than 20% higher, and the exposure gap within the subgroups by sociodemographic characteristics was narrower. Participation in school-based smoking prevention education was significantly related to media messages exposure. This relationship can be used to improve the overall media messages exposure rate and to reduce the differences in exposure rate based on sociodemographic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soon-Woo Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Korea; (J.H.H.); (D.-H.R.)
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Ickes MJ, Butler K, Wiggins AT, Kercsmar S, Kay Rayens M, Hahn EJ. Truth® ads, receptivity, and motivation to use or quit tobacco among college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2020; 68:366-373. [PMID: 30645188 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1549559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Examine receptivity and motivation to use/quit tobacco among college students after viewing Truth ads. Participants: Random sample of 10,000 college students invited to complete online survey February 2016 (8.5% response rate). Methods: Quasi-experimental. Participants (N = 854) watched four ads and answered survey items for each ad. Results: Students rated ad receptivity and decreased motivation to use tobacco higher for the Catmageddon ad than the others. Regardless of ad, men and current cigarette smokers reported lower receptivity. Younger age was associated with lower motivation to use tobacco for all ads. Tobacco users reported greater motivation to quit with the Catmageddon ad. Conclusions: College students were receptive to the Truth ads, and many indicated lower motivation to use tobacco. Men, older college students, and current cigarette smokers were less receptive to the ads, reinforcing the need to develop tailored campaigns to reach these subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda J Ickes
- College of Education & BREATHE, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Karen Butler
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amanda T Wiggins
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sarah Kercsmar
- Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mary Kay Rayens
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ellen J Hahn
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Robbins R, Grandner MA, Buxton OM, Hale L, Buysse DJ, Knutson KL, Patel SR, Troxel WM, Youngstedt SD, Czeisler CA, Jean-Louis G. Sleep myths: an expert-led study to identify false beliefs about sleep that impinge upon population sleep health practices. Sleep Health 2019; 5:409-417. [PMID: 31003950 PMCID: PMC6689426 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION False beliefs about sleep can persist despite contradicting scientific evidence, potentially impairing population health. Identifying commonly held false beliefs lacking an evidence base ("myths") can inform efforts to promote population sleep health. METHOD We compiled a list of potential myths using Internet searches of popular press and scientific literature. We used a Delphi process with sleep experts (n = 10) from the fields of sleep medicine and research. Selection and refinement of myths by sleep experts proceeded in 3 phases, including focus groups (Phase 1); email-based feedback to edit, add, or remove myths (Phase 2); and closed-ended questionnaires (Phase 3) where experts rated myths on 2 dimensions, falseness and public health significance, using 5-point Likert scale from 1 ("not at all") to 5 ("extremely false"). RESULTS The current study identified 20 sleep myths. Mean expert ratings of falseness ranged from 5.00 (SD = 0.00) for the statement "during sleep the brain is not active" to 2.50 (SD = 1.07) for the statement "sleeping in during the weekends is a good way to ensure you get adequate sleep." Mean responses to public health significance ranged from 4.63 (SD = 0.74) for debunking the statement that "many adults need only 5 or less hours of sleep for general health" to 1.71 (SD = 0.49) for the statement that "remembering your dreams is a sign of a good night's sleep." CONCLUSION The current study identified commonly held sleep myths that have a limited or questionable evidence base. Ratings provided by experts suggest areas that may benefit from public health education to correct myths and promote healthy sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Robbins
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, NYU Langone Health.
| | - Michael A Grandner
- Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine
| | - Orfeu M Buxton
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard Chan School of Public Health
| | - Lauren Hale
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, & Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook Medicine
| | - Daniel J Buysse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Kristen L Knutson
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Sanjay R Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School
| | - Girardin Jean-Louis
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, NYU Langone Health
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Nguyen N, Lisha NE, Neilands TB, Jordan JW, Ling PM. Differential Associations Between Anti-Tobacco Industry Attitudes and Intention to Quit Smoking Across Young Adult Peer Crowds. Am J Health Promot 2019; 33:876-885. [PMID: 30754982 PMCID: PMC6625858 DOI: 10.1177/0890117119829676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the relationship between anti-tobacco industry attitudes and intention and attempts to quit smoking across 6 young adult peer crowds. DESIGN A cross-sectional bar survey in 2015. SETTING Seven US cities (Albuquerque, Los Angeles, Nashville, Oklahoma City, San Diego, San Francisco, and Tucson). PARTICIPANTS Two thousand eight hundred seventeen young adult bar patrons who were currently smoking. MEASURES Intention to quit in the next 6 months and having made a quit attempt in the last 12 months were binary outcomes. Anti-industry attitudes were measured by 3 items indicating support for action against the tobacco industry. Peer crowd affiliation was measured using the I-Base Survey. ANALYSIS Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between anti-industry attitudes and the outcomes for the total sample and for each peer crowd. RESULTS Overall, anti-industry attitudes were positively associated with both intention to quit (odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24-1.52) and attempt to quit (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.03-1.27). Intriguingly, the relationship between anti-industry attitudes and intention to quit differed by peer crowd affiliation, with significant associations for Homebody, Partier, Hipster, and Hip Hop, but not for Young Professional and Country. CONCLUSIONS Developing health communication messages that resonate with unique peer crowd values can enhance the relevance of public health campaigns. Tobacco control practitioners should tailor anti-industry messages to promote intention to quit smoking among the highest risk young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Nguyen
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nadra E. Lisha
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Torsten B. Neilands
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Pamela M. Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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Sun R, Mendez D. Finding the optimal mix of smoking initiation and cessation interventions to reduce smoking prevalence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212838. [PMID: 30822321 PMCID: PMC6396906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more than one billion smokers globally according to the World Health Organization (WHO) report in 2017. Every year tobacco use causes nearly 6 million deaths worldwide. To deal with the smoking epidemic, society needs to invest resources efficiently. In this paper we introduce an optimal control model to determine the optimal mix of smoking initiation and cessation interventions to reduce smoking. We construct the model to reach a smoking prevalence target within a specific time horizon while minimizing cost. Our performance measure captures the cost of policy implementation over time, adjusting for inflation and social discounting. The analytical solutions to the model are presented in forms of ordinary differential equations (ODE). We then conduct several numerical simulations using data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and empirical studies. We first present analytical solutions for our model to solve for the optimal mix of smoking interventions. Then we simulate a public health policy to achieve 5% smoking prevalence in the US by 2030 using different combinations of real-life interventions. We examine the optimal trajectories, allocative efficiency and annual total cost of smoking cessation and initiation interventions. We find consistent results across all simulations. Our specific example reveals that the most efficient way to reach stated goal is by targeting cessation interventions first, and then gradually shifting resources to initiation interventions over time. While our numerical results are specific to the intervention we selected, our framework can be easily expanded to consider other potential interventions. We discuss the implications of our approach for the formulation of dynamic public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyan Sun
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David Mendez
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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Schmidt M, Dillon PJ, Jackson BM, Pirkey P, Kedia SK. "Gave me a line of ice and I got hooked": Exploring narratives of initiating methamphetamine use. Public Health Nurs 2018; 36:18-27. [PMID: 30565331 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explores factors associated with methamphetamine initiation based on the narratives from an online support group for methamphetamine users. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study of 202 first-person narratives submitted to an anonymous, online support group for methamphetamine users. The narratives were analyzed in the Dedoose qualitative software using Charmaz's adaptations to Glaserian grounded theory methodology. RESULTS Ten factors for initiating methamphetamine use emerged from our analysis and corresponded to three constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior: attitude (needing energy to work, wishing to escape pain, wanting to have fun, and desiring a thinner body), subjective norms (ubiquity of methamphetamine use, yearning for closer relationships, and wanting to fit in), and perceived behavioral control (believing addiction is inevitable, feeling forced to fit in, and having no real control). Many participants described initiating methamphetamine use because they believed it would help them meet personal goals or needs. Other participants began using it out of curiosity, to develop relationships, and/or because of the drug's ubiquity in their social environments. Some users described how their perceived lack of control left them with limited ability to resist trying the drug. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study may aid public health researchers and interventionists seeking theoretically informed methamphetamine prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schmidt
- Department of Art, Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Patrick J Dillon
- School of Communication Studies, Kent State University at Stark, North Canton, OH
| | - Bianca M Jackson
- Multidisciplinary Thoracic Oncology Program, Baptist Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Paige Pirkey
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, & Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Satish K Kedia
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
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15
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Lazard AJ, Horrell L, Pikowski J, Cornacchione Ross J, Noar SM, Sutfin EL. Message and Delivery Preferences for Online Tobacco Education among Adolescents and Young Adults. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2018; 23:735-742. [PMID: 30280989 PMCID: PMC6421838 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2018.1523259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Use of cigarettes and noncigarette tobacco products (NCTPs) among adolescents and young adults remains high. Strategies to communicate the risks of cigarettes and NCTPs are needed. Online tobacco education is one such strategy; however, there is little guidance for message development. We conducted four focus groups (n = 39) with adolescent and young adult to identify message and delivery preferences for online tobacco education. Participants evaluated three existing tobacco education websites. Transcripts were coded for preferred tobacco education message content, delivery, and willingness to use online tobacco education. Participants preferred novel, concise facts, embedded links to credible sources, and an anti-industry tone for website messages. Participants expressed an aversion to message strategies that relied on scare tactics or attempted to simulate youth media trends (e.g., overuse of hashtags). To increase exposure, participants recommended using social media to drive engagement. Results serve as guidelines for what information adolescents and young adults desire, as well as how they want this information communicated with online tobacco education. Our findings - youth prefer new, fact-based information that is conveyed concisely, with sources, without authoritative tones, and delivered via social media - provides guidance for how to develop online tobacco education for this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Lazard
- a School of Media and Journalism , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , USA
- b Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , USA
| | - Lindsey Horrell
- c School of Nursing , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , USA
- d Gillings School of Global Public Health , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , USA
| | - Jessica Pikowski
- e Center for Health Policy and Tobacco Research , RTI International - Research Triangle Park , Durham , USA
| | - Jennifer Cornacchione Ross
- f Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , USA
| | - Seth M Noar
- a School of Media and Journalism , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , USA
- b Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , USA
| | - Erin L Sutfin
- f Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , USA
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16
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Brownbill AL, Miller CL, Braunack-Mayer AJ. The marketing of sugar-sweetened beverages to young people on Facebook. Aust N Z J Public Health 2018; 42:354-360. [DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L. Brownbill
- School of Public Health; The University of Adelaide; South Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute
| | - Caroline L. Miller
- School of Public Health; The University of Adelaide; South Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute
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17
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Bursac Z, Klesges RC, Little MA, Linde BD, Popova L, Kaplan CM, Talcott GW. The comparative effectiveness of two brief tobacco interventions in the U.S. Air Force: Perceived harm and intentions-to-use of tobacco products. Tob Induc Dis 2018; 16:26. [PMID: 31516426 PMCID: PMC6659509 DOI: 10.18332/tid/87142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brief health prevention programs have been shown efficacious in prevention of tobacco use initiation and re-initiation in the US Air Force. In this manuscript we apply a comparative effectiveness assessment of two published studies, based on testing the equality of effect sizes for perceived harm and intentions-to-use for five tobacco products. METHODS We calculate and compare the effect sizes from the brief tobacco intervention (BTI) study (N=1055) with those of the anti-tobacco media campaign (MEDIA) study (N=665), for perceived harm and intentions-to-use of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, cigarillos, e-cigarettes and hookah, among Airmen in the US Air Force Technical Training. Univariate and multivariate parametric and non-parametric methods and models were applied to compare the outcomes between the interventions. In addition, we calculate and report the cost of each intervention per Airman. RESULTS Effect sizes for perceived harm were 0.24–0.99 for BTI and 0.17–0.33 for MEDIA, while intentions-to-use effect sizes were 0.14–0.34 for BTI and 0.01– 0.07 for MEDIA, depending on the product. BTI intervention effects sizes were significantly greater than MEDIA intervention for all products, mainly among past users, and for both perceived harm (all p<0.0001) and intentions-to-use (all p<0.01). Cost per Airmen was comparable between the two interventions, $14.90 for BTI and $16.52 for MEDIA. CONCLUSIONS Direct comparison suggests that BTI produced effect sizes of significantly higher magnitude in the desired direction for perceived harm and intentions-to-use, for five tobacco products most commonly used by the Airmen, and mainly among past users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Bursac
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, United States
| | - Robert C Klesges
- Center for Addiction and Prevention Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Melissa A Little
- Center for Addiction and Prevention Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Brittany D Linde
- Organizational Wellness and Learning Systems, Fort Worth, United States
| | - Lucy Popova
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Cameron M Kaplan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, United States
| | - Gerald W Talcott
- Center for Addiction and Prevention Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
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18
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Thompson AB, Mowery PD, Tebes JK, McKee SA. Time Trends in Smoking Onset by Sex and Race/Ethnicity Among Adolescents and Young Adults: Findings From the 2006-2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:312-320. [PMID: 28339616 PMCID: PMC5896447 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction During the 2000s the number of adolescents who became new smokers in the United States declined while the number of young adults who did so increased. However, we do not know among which demographic groups these changes occurred. Methods We analyzed data from the 2006 to 2013 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (n = 180 079). Multivariate linear regression models were used to assess annual trends in smoking onset and log-binomial regression models to assess changes over time in the risk of smoking onset among young adults (18- to 25-years-old) relative adolescents (12- to 17-years-old). Results From 2006 to 2013, the rate of onset among young adults (6.3%) was greater than among adolescents (1.9%). Time trends demonstrated that annual declines in smoking onset occurred among white young adult males and females. Rates of smoking onset increased among black and Hispanic young adult males with a lower rate of decline among black and Hispanic young adult females. There was a greater risk of smoking onset among young adults relative to adolescents that did not change over time. Conclusions Smoking onset is becoming more concentrated in the young adult than adolescent years. Despite this trend, there were annual declines in young adult smoking onset but not uniformly across racial/ethnic groups. More effective strategies to prevent young adult smoking onset may contribute to a further decline in adult smoking and a reduction in tobacco-related health disparities. Implications Smoking onset is becoming more concentrated in the young adult years across sex and racial/ethnic groups. The United States may be experiencing a period of increasing age of smoking onset and must develop tobacco control policies and practices informed by these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azure B Thompson
- The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Sherry A McKee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Berg CJ, Haardörfer R, Getachew B, Johnston T, Foster B, Windle M. Fighting Fire With Fire: Using Industry Market Research to Identify Young Adults at Risk for Alternative Tobacco Product and Other Substance Use. SOCIAL MARKETING QUARTERLY 2017; 23:302-319. [PMID: 30271276 PMCID: PMC6159230 DOI: 10.1177/1524500417718533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Limited public health research has used psychographic profiling to segment young adults and examine their substance use behaviors. We aimed to conduct market research to identify young adult market segments at risk for alternative tobacco products (ATPs), alcohol, and marijuana use. Substance use; psychographics per the Values, Attitudes, and Lifestyle Scale (VALS); and other key variables were assessed at baseline in a longitudinal study of 3,418 students aged 18-25 from seven colleges/universities in the state of Georgia. Cluster analysis was conducted on VALS factors to identify distinct segments. Regression examined segments in relation to substance use risk. Past 30-day use prevalence for each substance was as follows: cigarettes, 13.3%; little cigars/cigarillos (LCCs), 11.2%; smokeless tobacco (SLT), 3.6%; e-cigarettes, 10.9%; hookah, 12.2%; alcohol, 63.1%; and marijuana, 19.0%. Five segments were identified, created, and named: Conventionals, Simple Lifes, Open Minds, Confident Novelty-seekers, and Stoic Individualists. Controlling for sociodemographics, Open Minds, Confident Novelty-seekers, and Stoic Individualists (vs. Conventionals [referent]) were more likely to smoke cigarettes. Confident Novelty-seekers were more likely to use LCCs. Simple Lifes were less likely to use SLT. Open Minds and Confident Novelty-seekers were more likely to use e-cigarettes. Open Minds were more likely and Simple Lifes were less likely to use hookah. Open Minds were more likely to use alcohol; Simple Lifes and Stoic Individualists were less likely to use alcohol. Open Minds were more likely to use marijuana. Market research is an effective strategy for identifying young adults at risk for using distinct ATPs and can inform targeted health campaigns and cessation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J. Berg
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Regine Haardörfer
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Betelihem Getachew
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Teresa Johnston
- Center for Young Adult Addiction and Recovery, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Bruce Foster
- Campus Life, Central Georgia Technical College, Warner Robins, GA, USA
| | - Michael Windle
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
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20
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Wehbe MS, Basil M, Basil D. Reactance and Coping Responses to Tobacco Counter-Advertisements. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 22:576-583. [PMID: 28586258 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2017.1329853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco prevention messages generally take one of three tactics: They can be educational, attack the tobacco industry, or attack particular brands. Being a smoker and smoking a particular brand may form an essential part of a person's self-identity. As such, reactance theory suggests that attack messages can unintentionally attack smokers' self-image. A 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 experiment using six different messages and 260 respondents tested whether smokers have different reactions to tobacco counter-advertisements than nonsmokers. It also examined whether attacking a smoker's brand leads to greater reactance and other maladaptive responses compared to attacking other brands. Consistent with predictions, smokers reported more maladaptive coping responses and fewer adaptive coping responses to tobacco counter-ads than nonsmokers. The study also reveals differences attributable to brand identification. These findings suggest that interventions should consider different counter-advertising tactics for smokers and nonsmokers. Similar admonitions may apply to counter-advertising strategies on other health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Wehbe
- a Faculty of Management , University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge , Alberta , Canada
| | - Michael Basil
- a Faculty of Management , University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge , Alberta , Canada
| | - Debra Basil
- a Faculty of Management , University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge , Alberta , Canada
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21
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Vallone D, Cantrell J, Bennett M, Smith A, Rath JM, Xiao H, Greenberg M, Hair EC. Evidence of the Impact of the truth FinishIt Campaign. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 20:543-551. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna Vallone
- Evaulation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Cantrell
- Evaulation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Morgane Bennett
- Evaulation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alexandria Smith
- Evaulation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jessica M Rath
- Evaulation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Haijun Xiao
- Evaulation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marisa Greenberg
- Evaulation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Hair
- Evaulation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Brennan E, Gibson LA, Kybert-Momjian A, Liu J, Hornik RC. Promising Themes for Antismoking Campaigns Targeting Youth and Young Adults. TOB REGUL SCI 2017; 3:29-46. [PMID: 28989949 PMCID: PMC5625632 DOI: 10.18001/trs.3.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Behavior change campaigns typically try to change beliefs that influence behaviors, with targeted beliefs comprising the campaign theme. We present an empirical approach for choosing among a large number of potential themes, and results from the implementation of this approach for campaigns aimed at 4 behavioral targets: (1) preventing smoking initiation among youth, and (2) preventing initiation, (3) stopping progression to daily smoking and (4) encouraging cessation among young adults. METHODS An online survey of 13- to 17-year-olds and 18- to 25-year-olds in the United States (US), in which 20 potential campaign themes were represented by 154 beliefs. For each behavioral target, themes were ranked based on the strength of belief-intention and belief-behavior associations and size of the population not already endorsing the beliefs. RESULTS The most promising themes varied across behavioral targets but 3 were consistently promising: consequences of smoking for mood, social acceptance and social popularity. CONCLUSIONS Using a robust and systematic approach, this study provides campaign developers with empirical data to inform their selection of promising themes. Findings related to the campaign to prevent initiation among youth informed the development of the US Food and Drug Administration's "The Real Cost" campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Brennan
- David Hill Research Fellow, Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura A Gibson
- Research Director, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ani Kybert-Momjian
- Research Coordinator, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Doctoral Student, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert C Hornik
- Wilbur Schramm Professor of Communication and Health Policy, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Wong TJ, King JL, Pomeranz JL. Cultural variation in antismoking video ads between the United States, Taiwan, and China. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2016; 31:603-613. [PMID: 27484065 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyw034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Antitobacco advertisement components, including types of messages and advertising appeals, have not been evaluated among multinational groups. This study identified and compared the content of antismoking video ads across three countries. We reviewed 86 antismoking video advertisements for the following information: severity of the consequences of smoking, types of risks, appeals to audiences' self-efficacy, benefits of not smoking, targeted social-ecological level and types of message appeal used. Two researchers independently coded each advertisement with an average inter-coder reliability of 0.79.Analyses showed a variety of focuses: smoking-related health risks (86%), severe consequences of smoking (54.7%), self-efficacy beliefs (40.7%) and benefits of not smoking (84.9%). Compared to the United States and Taiwanese ads, Chinese ads were more likely to target at the community level (10% versus 23.3% versus 47.2%). Additionally, 55% of the United States ads used the fear approach, whereas 61.1% of Chinese ads used the social approach. Taiwanese ads were evenly distributed among both approaches. In conclusion, the countries used different targeting strategies and approaches during message delivery. Although China's neighboring country, Taiwan, has many similar cultural aspects, including the same language, they are greatly influenced by US antitobacco campaigns. As a result, Taiwan's tobacco campaigns appear to have similar components to both China and the United States. Further research is warranted to understand the reasons for each method and to examine the effectiveness of the ads in reducing smoking rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Jung Wong
- Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, College of Public Health and Public Professions, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Room 4160, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jessica L King
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Social Sciences & Health Policy, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jamie L Pomeranz
- Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, College of Public Health and Public Professions, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Room 4160, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Xi B, Liang Y, Liu Y, Yan Y, Zhao M, Ma C, Bovet P. Tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure in young adolescents aged 12-15 years: data from 68 low-income and middle-income countries. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2016; 4:e795-e805. [PMID: 27697484 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(16)30187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases worldwide. However, the global extent and prevalence of tobacco use in adolescents is poorly described. Using previously collected survey data, we aimed to assess tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure in young adolescents aged 12-15 years in 68 low-income and middle-income countries. METHODS We used data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey (2006-13) and the China Global Tobacco Youth Survey (2013), which are school-based surveys of young adolescents aged 12-15 years that assess health behaviours using a standardised, anonymous, self-reported questionnaire. We calculated the prevalence of current tobacco use and exposure to second-hand smoke in young adolescents from 68 low-income and middle-income countries that collected these data in the surveys. We used a multilevel model to estimate the association between parental tobacco use, second-hand smoke, and adolescent tobacco use, adjusting for sex, age, school, school class, country's purchasing power parity, smoking initiation age, national prevalence of tobacco use among adults, year the WHO FCTC was ratified for each country, proxy of socioeconomic status, and survey year. FINDINGS The mean prevalence of current tobacco use was 13·6%, ranging from 2·8% in Tajikistan to 44·7% in Samoa. In most countries, the prevalence of tobacco use was higher for boys than girls, and higher for adolescents aged 14-15 years than for those aged 12-13 years. The overall prevalence of second-hand smoke exposure was 55·9%, ranging from 16·4% in Tajikistan to 85·4% in Indonesia. Parental tobacco use (as reported by the young adolescents), especially maternal use, was associated with tobacco use in young adolescents (odds ratio 2·06, 95% CI 1·93-2·19, for maternal and 1·29, 1·23-1·35 for paternal use). Second-hand smoke exposure was also a risk factor for young adolescents' tobacco use (2·56, 2·43-2·69). However, the prevalence of tobacco use was not associated with a country's purchasing power parity. INTERPRETATION Tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure were frequent among young adolescents aged 12-15 years in low-income and middle-income countries. Parental tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure were strongly associated with young adolescents' tobacco use. The data emphasise the need to strengthen tobacco control interventions and programmes in young adolescents from low-income and middle-income countries. FUNDING This work was partly supported by the Young Scholars Program of Shandong University (2015WLJH51), the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2012HQ033), and the National Natural Science Foundation (81302496).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yajun Liang
- Department of Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yunxia Liu
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yinkun Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanwei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pascal Bovet
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Evaluation of Bar and Nightclub Intervention to Decrease Young Adult Smoking in New Mexico. J Adolesc Health 2016; 59:222-9. [PMID: 27265423 PMCID: PMC5131639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Over 20% of young adults in New Mexico currently smoke. We evaluated cigarette smoking prevalence of young adult bar patrons during an anti-tobacco Social Branding intervention. METHODS The Social Branding intervention used a smoke-free brand, "HAVOC," to compete with tobacco marketing within the "Partier" young adult peer crowd. A series of cross-sectional surveys were collected from adults aged 18-26 in bars and nightclubs in Albuquerque, New Mexico, from 2009 to 2013 using randomized time-location sampling. Multivariable multinomial regression using full information maximum likelihood estimation to account for missing data evaluated differences in daily and nondaily smoking during the intervention, controlling for demographics, other risk behaviors, and tobacco-related attitudes. RESULTS Data were collected from 1,069 individuals at Time 1, and 720, 1,142, and 1,149 participants at Times 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Current smoking rates decreased from 47.5% at Time 1 to 37.5% at Time 4 (p < .001). Among Partiers, the odds of daily smoking decreased significantly, but nondaily smoking was unchanged. Partiers that recalled, liked, and understood the smoke-free message of HAVOC had lower odds of nondaily (odds ratio: .48, 95% CI: .31-.75) and daily (odds ratio: .31, 95% CI: .14-.68) smoking than those who did not recall HAVOC. HAVOC recall was associated with attitudes that were also associated with smoking behavior. CONCLUSIONS The significant decrease in daily smoking among young adult Partiers in New Mexico was associated with HAVOC recall and understanding. Social Branding interventions efficiently target and may decrease tobacco use among young adult bar patrons.
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Vallone DM, Ilakkuvan V, Xiao H, Cantrell J, Rath J, Hair E. Contextual Influences and Campaign Awareness Among Young Adults: Evidence from the National truth® Campaign. Behav Med 2016; 41:155-63. [PMID: 26332933 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2015.1036832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mass media campaigns have been found to shape the public's knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior around tobacco. This study examines the influence of contextual factors with respect to awareness of the national truth® campaign, a mass media, branded tobacco use prevention campaign, among a sample of young adults (n = 2,804) aged 24-34 years old; these respondents were within the age range for both the primary and secondary targets of the campaign during the period (2000-2007) when the campaign was airing television advertising at consistently high levels. Mulitvariable models reveal lower educational attainment and Hispanic ethnicity as significant contextual factors predictive of lower campaign awareness, controlling for media use. In contrast, gender, state tobacco control policy, sensation-seeking, current smoking status, and community-level SES variables were not significantly associated with campaign awareness. Further research is needed to identify the mechanisms through which public education campaigns operate, particularly among disadvantaged communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Vallone
- a American Legacy Foundation; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; New York University Global Institute of Public Health
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Minh HV, Minh HV, Giang KB, Hai PT, Hoang TD, Huyen DT, Khue LN, Linh NT, Lam NT, Nga PTQ. Access to Anti-smoking Information among School Children and its Potential Impact on Preventing Smoking Initiation: Results from the Global Youth Tobacco Use Survey (GYTS) 2014 in Viet Nam. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:31-6. [PMID: 27087180 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.s1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence on all aspects of smoking amongst youth is very important for designing appropriate interventions to reduce smoking among this vulnerable population. This paper describes current access to antismoking information among school children aged 13 to 15 years in Vietnam in 2014 and examines its potential impact on preventing smoking initiation. The data used in this paper were obtained from the 2014 Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) in Vietnam. Students were asked questions about their level of awareness of anti-smoking information from various sources in the past 30 days and about lessons in school regarding the dangers of tobacco use during the last 12 months. Those who have never smoked were asked "whether or not they thought about avoiding cigarettes because of health warnings on cigarette packages" and answers were analyzed in combination with data on access to anti-smoking information from other sources. The prevalence of exposure to antismoking campaigns was high among school children in Viet Nam: 55.3% of current smokers reported thoughts of smoking cessation because of health warnings on cigarette packages; 60.5% of never smokers avoided initiating smoking because of the same health warnings. The potential impact of graphic health warnings to prevent school-aged children from smoking initiation would be stronger if there was concurrent access to anti-smoking programs on the dangers of tobacco use in schools. However, school education for tobacco prevention and control has not been as strong as expected. A more comprehensive school curriculum on tobacco prevention and control is recommended to reinforce antismoking messages among school children.
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García-Romero MT, Geller AC, Kawachi I. Using behavioral economics to promote healthy behavior toward sun exposure in adolescents and young adults. Prev Med 2015; 81:184-8. [PMID: 26361753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer represents an important public health problem, and it is associated with ultraviolet radiation exposure, particularly at early ages. Unhealthy sun exposure and intentional tanning continue to be the trend among young people. Multiple interventions to raise awareness of the risks of sun exposure have been implemented, without necessarily translating into decreased unhealthy behaviors or skin cancer incidence rates. Behavioral economics adds a set of concepts and tools to potentially boost the efficacy of existing approaches to decrease unhealthy sun exposure. This paper reviews public health interventions that have been based in behavioral economics concepts and their results, and provides examples of new and creative ways physicians and health professionals can actively apply insights from behavioral economics to counsel teenagers and young adults about skin cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan C Geller
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Melanoma Epidemiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Popova L, Linde BD, Bursac Z, Talcott GW, Modayil MV, Little MA, Ling PM, Glantz SA, Klesges RC. Testing antismoking messages for Air Force trainees. Tob Control 2015; 25:656-663. [PMID: 26482786 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adults in the military are aggressively targeted by tobacco companies and are at high risk of tobacco use. Existing antismoking advertisements developed for the general population might be effective in educating young adults in the military. This study evaluated the effects of different themes of existing antismoking advertisements on perceived harm and intentions to use cigarettes and other tobacco products among Air Force trainees. METHODS In a pretest-post-test experiment, 782 Airmen were randomised to view antismoking advertisements in 1 of 6 conditions: anti-industry, health effects+anti-industry, sexual health, secondhand smoke, environment+anti-industry or control. We assessed the effect of different conditions on changes in perceived harm and intentions to use cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, hookah and cigarillos from pretest to post-test with multivariable linear regression models (perceived harm) and zero-inflated Poisson regression model (intentions). RESULTS Antismoking advertisements increased perceived harm of various tobacco products and reduced intentions to use. Advertisements featuring negative effects of tobacco on health and sexual performance coupled with revealing tobacco industry manipulations had the most consistent pattern of effects on perceived harm and intentions. CONCLUSIONS Antismoking advertisements produced for the general public might also be effective with a young adult military population and could have spillover effects on perceptions of harm and intentions to use other tobacco products besides cigarettes. Existing antismoking advertising may be a cost-effective tool to educate young adults in the military.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Popova
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brittany D Linde
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Zoran Bursac
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Population Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - G Wayne Talcott
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Population Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mary V Modayil
- Institute for Population Health Improvement, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Melissa A Little
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Population Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pamela M Ling
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stanton A Glantz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert C Klesges
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Population Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Hoek J. Informed choice and the nanny state: learning from the tobacco industry. Public Health 2015; 129:1038-45. [PMID: 25956554 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kim M, Yoo BK. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Television Campaign to Promote Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Among the Elderly. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2015; 18:622-630. [PMID: 26297090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2015.03.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. policy goals regarding influenza vaccination coverage rate among the elderly include the increase in the coverage rate and the elimination of disparities across racial/ethnic groups. OBJECTIVE To examine the potential effectiveness of a television (TV) campaign to increase seasonal influenza vaccination among the elderly. METHODS We estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER, defined as incremental cost per additionally vaccinated Medicare individual) of a hypothetical nationwide TV campaign for influenza vaccination compared with no campaign. We measured the effectiveness of the nationwide TV campaign (advertised once a week at prime time for 30 seconds) during a 17-week influenza vaccination season among four racial/ethnic elderly groups (N=39 million): non-Hispanic white (W), non-Hispanic African American (AA), English-speaking Hispanic (EH), and Spanish-speaking Hispanic (SH). RESULTS The hypothetical campaign cost was $5,960,000 (in 2012 US dollars). The estimated campaign effectiveness ranged from -1.1% (the SH group) to 1.42% (the W group), leading to an increased disparity in influenza vaccination among non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic African American (W-AA) groups (0.6 percentage points), W-EH groups (0.1 percentage points), and W-SH groups (1.5 percentage points). The estimated ICER was $23.54 (95% confidence interval $14.21-$39.37) per additionally vaccinated Medicare elderly in a probabilistic analysis. Race/ethnicity-specific ICERs were lowest among the EH group ($22.27), followed by the W group ($22.47) and the AA group ($30.55). The nationwide TV campaign was concluded to be reasonably cost-effective compared with a benchmark intervention (with ICER $44.39 per vaccinated individual) of a school-located vaccination program. Break-even analyses estimated the maximum acceptable campaign cost to be $14,870,000, which was comparable to the benchmark ICER. CONCLUSIONS The results could justify public expenditures on the implementation of a future nationwide TV campaign, which should include multilingual campaigns, for promoting seasonal influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Kim
- Center for Outcomes Research/Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL
| | - Byung-Kwang Yoo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA.
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Youatt EJ, Johns MM, Pingel ES, Soler JH, Bauermeister JA. Exploring young adult sexual minority women's perspectives on LGBTQ smoking. JOURNAL OF LGBT YOUTH 2015; 12:323-342. [PMID: 26508993 PMCID: PMC4617757 DOI: 10.1080/19361653.2015.1022242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Smoking rates are higher among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals than among heterosexuals. These disparities are exacerbated during the transition from youth to young adulthood. The current study uses in-depth qualitative interviews to understand perceptions of LGBTQ smoking among LBQ-identified women (N=30, ages 18-24). Major themes identified include the belief that smoking was a way of overcoming stressors faced by heterosexual and LGBTQ young adults alike, a mechanism to relieve sexuality-related stressors, and an ingrained part of LGBTQ culture. Results suggest unique stressors influence LGBTQ smokers. Implications for smoking cessation interventions for LGBTQ youth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Youatt
- The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michelle M Johns
- The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Emily S Pingel
- The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jorge H Soler
- The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - José A Bauermeister
- The Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Lilienthal KR, Holm J, Vogeltanz-Holm N. The Influence of Friend Presence and Discussion on Young Adults’ Responses to Anti-sugary Drinks Television Ads. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-014-9265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jaine R, Healey B, Edwards R, Hoek J. How adolescents view the tobacco endgame and tobacco control measures: trends and associations in support among 14–15 year olds. Tob Control 2014; 24:449-54. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Lee YO, Bahreinifar S, Ling PM. Understanding tobacco-related attitudes among college and noncollege young adult hookah and cigarette users. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2014; 62:10-18. [PMID: 24313692 PMCID: PMC3920485 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2013.842171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine differences in tobacco-related attitudes and hookah and cigarette use among college and noncollege young adults. PARTICIPANTS Time-location samples of young adult bar patrons in San Diego, California (N = 2,243), Tulsa (N = 2,095) and Oklahoma City (N = 2,200), Oklahoma, Albuquerque (N = 1,044) and Las Cruces (N = 894), New Mexico, between September 2009 and July 2011. METHODS Multinomial logistic regression examined associations between hookah and cigarette use and tobacco-related attitudes. RESULTS Current college students and graduates are less likely to smoke cigarettes, but more likely to use hookah. Among current hookah users, 22.6% were hookah-only users and 77.4% were dual users (cigarettes and hookah). College status is associated with different hookah use patterns, and those with anti-tobacco industry attitudes were more likely to smoke hookah. CONCLUSIONS Novel interventions are needed for college students using hookah. Existing strategies targeting smokers with anti-tobacco industry messages may be irrelevant to hookah users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Ok Lee
- Public Health and Environment Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Sareh Bahreinifar
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pamela M. Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Abstract
Most studies investigating the reasons for smoking initiation are based on adolescents or young individuals. We considered the issue in a large dataset on the general Italian population. Six population-based surveys on smoking were conducted annually from 2005 to 2010 on representative samples of Italian individuals aged 15 years or over, involving more than 3000 individuals each year. A specific question on the main reason to start smoking was asked to 7469 ever smokers. Overall, 59.9% of ever smokers started smoking before 18 years of age and 33.6% started smoking before 16 years of age. Among ever smokers, 61.1% reported having started smoking because of the influence of friends, 15.6% for enjoyment and satisfaction, 9.0% to feel mature and independent, 6.6% because of the influence of partner/family, 2.5% because of stress, 1.9% to feel more secure and 1.8% for curiosity. The finding that the majority of Italian men and women - particularly those who started smoking at a young age - started smoking because of the influence of friends suggests that antismoking campaigns should consider social influence, resistance and the dimension of self-esteem. An improvement in the legislation prohibiting the purchase of tobacco products by minors aged less than 18 years and a smoking ban in school courtyards are urgently required in Italy.
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Association between tobacco industry denormalization beliefs, tobacco control community discontent and smokers' level of nicotine dependence. Addict Behav 2013; 38:2273-8. [PMID: 23583832 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco industry denormalization (TID) informs the public about the tobacco industry's role in the tobacco epidemic and is an important component of a comprehensive tobacco control strategy. Although TID beliefs have been noted in adult smokers and associated with intent to quit, research has not evaluated whether they are affected by smokers' level of nicotine dependence. The present article sought to concurrently examine how attitudes towards the tobacco industry and tobacco control groups may differ among smokers of varying levels of nicotine dependence. In addition, it evaluated how these attitudes and beliefs may be associated with smokers' intentions to reduce or quit smoking. METHODS A random digit dialing telephone survey was conducted of 889 Canadian current daily smokers, 18 years and older. RESULTS Attitudes towards the tobacco industry were mixed among the entire cohort and differences in beliefs towards the tobacco industry were not found among smokers of varying levels of nicotine dependence. However, smokers that held strong TID beliefs were 5 times more intent to quit smoking than those without such beliefs. Compared to smokers with low level of nicotine dependence, heavy smokers were more likely to report strong overall displeasure with the tobacco control community (OR=1.98, 95% CI=1.23-3.19, p=0.005), however there were no differences with regards to future intent to quit. CONCLUSIONS The absence of strong negative sentiment toward the tobacco industry among smokers as a whole suggests that more targeted anti-industry messages are needed, raising greater awareness of tobacco industry practices within smokers and non-smokers alike. As heavier smokers' discontent with the tobacco control community highlights increasing social disapproval and pressure to quit smoking, future educational and media strategies used for smoking cessation purposes may benefit from emphasizing more of the positive attributes associated with quitting smoking, as opposed to the negative features of smoking itself.
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Barnett TE, Shensa A, Kim KH, Cook RL, Nuzzo E, Primack BA. The predictive utility of attitudes toward hookah tobacco smoking. Am J Health Behav 2013; 37:433-9. [PMID: 23985224 PMCID: PMC3761412 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.37.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine associations between positive and negative attitudes and hookah tobacco smoking (HTS) among college students. METHODS Among a random sample of university students (N = 852), multivariable logistic regression models assessed associations between positive and negative attitudes toward HTS. RESULTS Positive attitudes were associated with adjusted odds of 4.32 (95% CI = 3.20, 5.82) for current HTS, whereas negative attitudes were associated with lower adjusted odds for current smoking HTS (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.53, 0.76). Positive attitudes were also associated with adjusted odds of 9.31 (95% CI = 6.77, 12.80) for intention for future hookah use among non-HTS users. CONCLUSION Positive attitudes toward HTS were more strongly associated with HTS compared to negative attitudes. It may be particularly valuable for future research and interventions to focus on decreasing positive attitudes toward HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey E Barnett
- Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Correlates of smoking among young adults: the role of lifestyle, attitudes/beliefs, demographics, and exposure to anti-tobacco media messaging. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013. [PMID: 23182411 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adults (18-24 years) have the highest smoking rate of any age group. Unlike youth/adult populations where there is one primary message targeting behavior, anti-tobacco campaigns targeting young adults should contain messages of prevention and cessation. The objective was to identify factors influencing young adult cigarette use, employing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention logic model, with an emphasis on the role of lifestyle, tobacco use tolerance, and attitudes/beliefs. METHODS Cross-sectional data were collected from 4401 young adults using telephone interviews in 2010 as part of the evaluation for the Tobacco Free Florida Campaign. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between current smoking status and lifestyles, tolerance of tobacco use, and attitude/belief variables. RESULTS The young adult cigarette prevalence rate is 20.3%, with males more likely to be smokers (25.1%) than females (15.6%) and non-Hispanic Whites more likely to be smokers than other racial/ethnic groups (23.8%). Significant associations were found between lifestyle variables (frequent bar/club, drinks per month, and number of friends who smoke), tolerance of tobacco use (allow smoke in house/car and moderate tobacco use), and four attitude/belief indices and current smoking behavior. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest lifestyles and attitudes/beliefs should be key behavioral targets of prevention programs aimed at young adults. Data strongly suggest that as young adults reject negative labels attached to smokers, they are more likely to smoke. Prevention (and cessation) programs may need to reduce barriers that result in segregating nonsmokers/smokers so smokers can have an increased chance of adopting attitudes/beliefs of nonsmokers.
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Cooper CP, Gelb CA, Chu J, Polonec L. Can Donated Media Placements Reach Intended Audiences? Health Promot Pract 2013; 14:656-62. [DOI: 10.1177/1524839913488891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Donated media placements for public service announcements (PSAs) can be difficult to secure, and may not always reach intended audiences. Strategies used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Screen for Life: National Colorectal Cancer Action Campaign (SFL) to obtain donated media placements include producing a diverse mix of high-quality PSAs, co-branding with state and tribal health agencies, securing celebrity involvement, monitoring media trends to identify new distribution opportunities, and strategically timing the release of PSAs. To investigate open-ended recall of PSAs promoting colorectal cancer screening, CDC conducted 12 focus groups in three U.S. cities with men and women either nearing age 50 years, when screening is recommended to begin, or aged 50-75 years who were not in compliance with screening guidelines. In most focus groups, multiple participants recalled exposure to PSAs promoting colorectal cancer screening, and most of these individuals reported having seen SFL PSAs on television, in transit stations, or on the sides of public buses. Some participants reported exposure to SFL PSAs without prompting from the moderator, as they explained how they learned about the disease. Several participants reported learning key campaign messages from PSAs, including that colorectal cancer screening should begin at age 50 years and screening can find polyps so they can be removed before becoming cancerous. Donated media placements can reach and educate mass audiences, including millions of U.S. adults who have not been screened appropriately for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia A. Gelb
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Lindsey Polonec
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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McRobbie H, Raw M, Chan S. Research priorities for Article 14--demand reduction measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15:805-16. [PMID: 23139406 PMCID: PMC3601913 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco dependence treatment (TDT) interventions are often seen as expensive with little impact on the prevalence of tobacco use. However, activities that promote the cessation of tobacco use and support abstinence have an important role in any comprehensive tobacco control program and as such are recognized within Article 14 (A14) of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. OBJECTIVES To review current evidence for TDT and recommend research priorities that will contribute to more people being helped to stop tobacco use. METHODS We used the recommendations within the A14 guidelines to guide a review of current evidence and best practice for promotion of tobacco cessation and TDT, identify gaps, and propose research priorities. RESULTS We identified nine areas for future research (a) understanding current tobacco use and the effect of policy on behavior, (b) promoting cessation of tobacco use, (c) implementation of TDT guidelines, (d) increasing training capacity, (e) enhancing population-based TDT interventions, (f) treatment for different types of tobacco use, (g) supply of low-cost pharmaceutical devices/ products, (h) investigation use of nonpharmaceutical devices/ products, and (i) refinement of current TDTs. Specific research topics are suggested within each of these areas and recognize the differences needed between high- and low-/middle-income countries. CONCLUSIONS Research should be prioritized toward examining interventions that (a) promote cessation of tobacco use, (b) assist health care workers provide better help to smokers (e.g., through implementation of guidelines and training), (c) enhance population-based TDT interventions, and (d) assist people to cease the use of other tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden McRobbie
- UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Nuzzo E, Shensa A, Kim KH, Fine MJ, Barnett TE, Cook R, Primack BA. Associations between hookah tobacco smoking knowledge and hookah smoking behavior among US college students. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2013; 28:92-100. [PMID: 22987864 PMCID: PMC3549589 DOI: 10.1093/her/cys095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hookah tobacco smoking is increasing among US college students, including those who would not otherwise use tobacco. Part of hookah's appeal is attributed to the perception that hookah is less harmful than cigarettes. The aims of this study were to assess knowledge of harmful exposures associated with hookah smoking relative to cigarette smoking and to determine associations between this knowledge and hookah smoking outcomes. Students (N = 852) at the University of Florida were randomly sampled via e-mail to obtain information on demographics, hookah smoking behavior and knowledge of five exposures (e.g. tar and nicotine). Multivariable logistic regression models assessed independent associations between knowledge and hookah smoking outcomes. Of the five factual knowledge items asked, 475 (55.8%) of the respondents answered none correctly. In multivariable models, correct responses to any knowledge items were not associated with lower odds of hookah smoking or susceptibility to hookah smoking in the future. Although college students are largely unaware of the toxicant exposures associated with hookah smoking, there is little association between knowledge and hookah smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Nuzzo
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychology in Education, University of Pittsburgh School of Education, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA and Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ariel Shensa
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychology in Education, University of Pittsburgh School of Education, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA and Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kevin H. Kim
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychology in Education, University of Pittsburgh School of Education, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA and Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael J. Fine
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychology in Education, University of Pittsburgh School of Education, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA and Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tracey E. Barnett
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychology in Education, University of Pittsburgh School of Education, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA and Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Robert Cook
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychology in Education, University of Pittsburgh School of Education, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA and Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Brian A. Primack
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychology in Education, University of Pittsburgh School of Education, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA and Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Lavoie NR, Quick BL. What is the truth? An application of the Extended Parallel Process Model to televised truth® ads. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2013; 28:53-62. [PMID: 23330858 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2012.728467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze television ads in the truth® campaign using the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) as a framework. Among the ads (n = 86) analyzed, results revealed a heavy reliance on severity messages, modest attention to susceptibility messages, and no inclusion of recommended response messages in the form of self-efficacy and response efficacy. The reliance on emphasizing the health threat, without incorporating recommended response messages, is discussed with respect to the likelihood of galvanizing maladaptive responses such as psychological reactance, denial, and defensive avoidance resulting from exposure to these ads. Additionally, the unintended outcomes for secondary audiences including but not limited to stigma are considered. Implications and suggestions for practitioners and theorists are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Lavoie
- a Department of Communication , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Rath JM, Villanti AC, Abrams DB, Vallone DM. Patterns of tobacco use and dual use in US young adults: the missing link between youth prevention and adult cessation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 2012:679134. [PMID: 22666279 PMCID: PMC3361253 DOI: 10.1155/2012/679134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Few studies address the developmental transition from youth tobacco use uptake to regular adulthood use, especially for noncigarette tobacco products. The current study uses online panel data from the Legacy Young Adult Cohort Study to describe the prevalence of cigarette, other tobacco product, and dual use in a nationally representative sample of young adults aged 18-34 (N = 4,201). Of the 23% of young adults who were current tobacco users, 30% reported dual use. Ever use, first product used, and current use were highest for cigarettes, cigars, little cigars, and hookah. Thirty-two percent of ever tobacco users reported tobacco product initiation after the age of 18 and 39% of regular users reported progressing to regular use during young adulthood. This study highlights the need for improved monitoring of polytobacco use across the life course and developing tailored efforts for young adults to prevent progression and further reduce overall population prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rath
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
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Malone RE, Grundy Q, Bero LA. Tobacco industry denormalisation as a tobacco control intervention: a review. Tob Control 2012; 21:162-70. [PMID: 22345240 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a review of research examining the effects of tobacco industry denormalisation (TID) on smoking-related and attitude-related outcomes. METHODS The authors searched Pubmed and Scopus databases for articles published through December 2010 (see figure 1). We included all peer-reviewed TID studies we could locate that measured smoking-related outcomes and attitudes toward the tobacco industry. Exclusion criteria included: non-English language, focus on tobacco use rather than TID, perceived ad efficacy as sole outcome, complex program interventions without a separately analysable TID component and non peer-reviewed literature. We analysed the literature qualitatively and summarised findings by outcome measured. RESULTS After excluding articles not meeting the search criteria, the authors reviewed 60 studies examining TID and 9 smoking-related outcomes, including smoking prevalence, smoking initiation, intention to smoke and intention to quit. The authors also reviewed studies of attitudes towards the tobacco industry and its regulation. The majority of studies suggest that TID is effective in reducing smoking prevalence and initiation and increasing intentions to quit. Evidence is mixed for some other outcomes, but some of the divergent findings may be explained by study designs. CONCLUSIONS A robust body of evidence suggests that TID is an effective tobacco control intervention at the population level that has a clear exposure-response effect. TID may also contribute to other tobacco control outcomes not explored in this review (including efforts to 'directly erode industry power'), and thus may enhance public support and political will for structural reforms to end the tobacco epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Malone
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
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The manufacture of lifestyle: the role of corporations in unhealthy living. J Public Health Policy 2012; 33:244-56. [PMID: 22258282 DOI: 10.1057/jphp.2011.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, researchers have debated two views on the connection between lifestyle and health. In the first, health-related lifestyles including tobacco and alcohol use, diet, and physical activity are seen as primary influences on health. In the second, social stratification is the dominant influence with lifestyles simply markers of social status. Neither approach leads to interventions that can reverse the world's most serious health problems. This article proposes that corporate practices are a dominant influence on the lifestyles that shape patterns of health and disease. Modifying business practices that promote unhealthy lifestyles is a promising strategy for improving population health. Corporations shape lifestyles by producing and promoting healthy or unhealthy products, creating psychological desires and fears, providing health information, influencing social and physical environments, and advancing policies that favor their business goals. Public officials and health professionals can promote health by advocating policies to modify these corporate practices.
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