1
|
Lozano‐Casanova M, Sospedra I, Oliver‐Roig A, Richart‐Martinez M, Gutierrez‐Hervas A. The combined effect of family environment and parents' characteristics on the use of food to soothe children. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:2588-2596. [PMID: 38628189 PMCID: PMC11016393 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Parental feeding practices, such as the use of food to soothe, can be shaped by various factors, including the family environment and parents' psychological characteristics and capacities. To our knowledge, the combined effect of these factors has not been studied. Furthermore, parental feeding practices have mainly been studied in women, resulting in a gender gap in the research. This study aims to investigate the combined effect of family environment and parental characteristics on the likelihood of using food to soothe children, taking the gender of both parents into account. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 846 parents (36.3% men) of 1-year-old children from different regions of Spain. Participants completed an online survey that included questionnaires to measure whether parents used food to soothe children, the family environment, parents' characteristics, and their psychological capacities. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify associations between the variables. The final model showed that, within the family environment, higher levels of dyadic adjustment between couples (OR = 0.965; p = .026) were associated with a reduced likelihood of using food to soothe children, whereas the psychological characteristic of parental fatigue (OR = 1.053; p = .007) appeared to be associated with an increased likelihood. Also associated with an increased likelihood of this practice were higher parental sense of competence (OR = 1.028; p = .029) and the attention dimension of emotional intelligence (OR = 1.043; p = .007). Our study suggests that using food to soothe children may be influenced by factors at different levels, from the quality and adjustment of the couple's relationship to parental fatigue, self-competence, and emotional intelligence. For future research, it may be worthwhile contextualizing parental practices to gain a better understanding of children's behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mar Lozano‐Casanova
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of AlicanteAlicanteSpain
| | - Isabel Sospedra
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of AlicanteAlicanteSpain
| | - Antonio Oliver‐Roig
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of AlicanteAlicanteSpain
| | | | - Ana Gutierrez‐Hervas
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of AlicanteAlicanteSpain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kininmonth AR, Herle M, Haycraft E, Farrow C, Tommerup K, Croker H, Pickard A, Edwards K, Blissett J, Llewellyn C. Reciprocal associations between parental feeding practices and child eating behaviours from toddlerhood to early childhood: bivariate latent change analysis in the Gemini cohort. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1432-1445. [PMID: 37183771 PMCID: PMC10953001 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental feeding practices (PFPs) are a key component of a child's food environment. Parent-child feeding relationships are hypothesised to be bidirectional; however, to date, few large prospective studies have examined this, instead focussing on unidirectional relationships. As such, the direction of relationships between PFPs and children's eating behaviours remains unclear. METHODS Data were from Gemini, a population-based sample of children born in England and Wales in 2007. Children's eating behaviours and PFPs were measured at 15/16 months and 5 years using validated psychometric measures (n = 1,858 children). Bivariate Latent Change Score Modelling was used to examine the nature of relationships between PFPs and children's eating behaviours at 15/16 months and 5 years. Models were adjusted to account for clustering of twins within families and for sex of the child, socioeconomic status, gestational age and age of the child at measurement time points. RESULTS A reciprocal relationship was observed between instrumental feeding and emotional overeating, with greater instrumental feeding predicting greater increases in emotional overeating (β = .09; 0.03-0.15; p = .004) and vice versa (β = .09; 0.03-0.15; p = .005). Reciprocity was also observed between encouragement to eat nutritious foods and children's enjoyment of food, with greater encouragement predicting greater increases in enjoyment of food (β = .08; 0.02-0.13; p = .006) and vice versa (β = .07; 0.02-0.11; p = .003). Parent-child associations and child-parent associations were also observed. CONCLUSION These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that certain feeding practices are used as a 'natural' response to a child expressing a greater interest in and enthusiasm for food, but at the same time, such practices impact the development of eating behaviours by nurturing and encouraging the expression of higher emotional overeating and greater enjoyment of food in preschool years. The findings provide important insights into the PFPs and eating behaviour traits that could be targeted as part of a tailored feeding intervention to support parents of children during the preschool formative years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice R. Kininmonth
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health CareUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Moritz Herle
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Clare Farrow
- School of Psychology, Institute of Health and NeurodevelopmentAston UniversityBirminghamUK
| | - Kristiane Tommerup
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health CareUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Helen Croker
- World Cancer Research Fund InternationalLondonUK
| | - Abigail Pickard
- School of Psychology, Institute of Health and NeurodevelopmentAston UniversityBirminghamUK
| | - Katie Edwards
- School of Psychology, Institute of Health and NeurodevelopmentAston UniversityBirminghamUK
| | - Jacqueline Blissett
- School of Psychology, Institute of Health and NeurodevelopmentAston UniversityBirminghamUK
| | - Clare Llewellyn
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health CareUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schneider-Worthington CR, Lauzon M, Berger PK, Goran MI, Salvy SJ. Complementary Feeding and Child Appetitive Traits in a Sample of Hispanic Mother-Child Dyads. J Acad Nutr Diet 2023; 123:1340-1350. [PMID: 36375769 PMCID: PMC10175514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complementary feeding practices may contribute to toddler eating practices that affect weight outcomes. Studies are needed to understand the relationship between complementary feeding practices and toddler dietary self-regulation. OBJECTIVE This study tests the hypothesis that earlier complementary food introduction predicts toddler food responsiveness and emotional overeating (ie, tendency to overeat in response to food cues and emotions, respectively), and considers whether introduction of certain foods better predict toddler dietary self-regulation. DESIGN This study is a secondary analysis of data from a parent longitudinal birth cohort study on early growth/development among Hispanic mother-infant dyads. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING The analytic sample included 174 mother-child dyads recruited from maternity clinics affiliated with the University of Southern California in Los Angeles County. Recruitment and data collection were ongoing from July 2016 to April 2020. At 1-, 6-, 12-, and 24-months postpartum, mothers reported exclusive breastfeeding duration and age of complementary food introduction via questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Child food responsiveness and emotional overeating scores calculated from the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire at 12 and 24 months of age. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Separate linear mixed models with repeated measures were used to examine associations between age of complementary food introduction as a predictor of child food responsiveness or emotional overeating, controlling for infant sex, birth body mass index z score, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and mother's body mass index. RESULTS In separate models, delaying complementary food introduction by 1 month was associated with a 6% reduction in food responsiveness (P = 0.007) and a 5% reduction in emotional overeating scores (P = 0.013). Fifty-eight unique combinations of complementary foods introduced first were found, precluding analyses to examine whether specific combinations were related to eating behavior outcomes due to sample size limitations. CONCLUSIONS Earlier complementary feeding was associated with higher food responsiveness and emotional overeating scores among Hispanic children. Future studies in larger samples are needed to characterize patterns of complementary food introduction and their influence on child self-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Lauzon
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paige K Berger
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael I Goran
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarah-Jeanne Salvy
- Research Center for Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, California
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kininmonth AR, Herle M, Tommerup K, Haycraft E, Farrow C, Croker H, Pickard A, Edwards K, Blissett J, Llewellyn C. Parental feeding practices as a response to child appetitive traits in toddlerhood and early childhood: a discordant twin analysis of the Gemini cohort. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:39. [PMID: 37016417 PMCID: PMC10074660 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental feeding practices (PFPs) have been implicated in the development of children's eating behaviours. However, evidence suggests that feeding practices may also develop in response to their child's weight or emerging appetitive traits. We used the twin design to test the hypothesis that parents develop their feeding practices partly in response to their child's appetite. METHODS Data were from Gemini, a population-based cohort of 2402 British families with twins born in 2007. Psychometric measures of PFPs and appetite were completed by parents when their twins were 16-months and 5-years. Within-family analyses including all twins with available data in the sample (n = 1010-1858 pairs), examined if within-pair differences in PFPs were associated with differences in appetitive traits, controlling for differences in birth weight-SDS, early feeding method and child sex. In a subsample of twin pairs who were considerably discordant for appetitive traits by ≥ 1SD (n = 122-544 pairs), the direction and magnitude of within-pair differences in feeding practices was explored. RESULTS Within-family variation in parental feeding practices in toddlerhood and early childhood was low (discordance ranged from 0.1 to 6% of the sample), except for pressure to eat (toddlerhood: 19%; early childhood: 32%). Within-pair differences in all appetitive traits were associated with differential use of 'pressure to eat' at both 16-months and 5-years. In the subsample of twins most discordant for appetitive traits, parents used more pressure with the twin expressing lower food responsiveness, lower emotional overeating, lower food enjoyment, higher satiety responsiveness, slower speed of eating, higher emotional undereating and greater fussiness in toddlerhood and early childhood (p-values < 0.001). Effect sizes were small to large at 16-months (η2=0.02-0.09) and 5-years (η2=0.05-0.21). CONCLUSION Parents rarely varied their feeding practices between twins in toddlerhood and early childhood, except for pressure. Parents exerted greater pressure on their twin who expressed a poorer appetite compared to their co-twin, suggesting that parents develop a pressuring feeding style when their child expresses a poorer appetite or lower interest in, and enthusiasm for, eating. These findings could be used to guide interventions seeking to support parents in feeding their children in a way that nurtures the development of healthy eating behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Kininmonth
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Moritz Herle
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kristiane Tommerup
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Claire Farrow
- School of Psychology & Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen Croker
- World Cancer Research Fund International, London, UK
| | - Abigail Pickard
- School of Psychology & Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Katie Edwards
- School of Psychology & Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jacqueline Blissett
- School of Psychology & Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Clare Llewellyn
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kininmonth AR, Herle M, Haycraft E, Farrow C, Croker H, Pickard A, Edwards K, Blissett J, Llewellyn C. Prospective associations between parental feeding practices used in toddlerhood and preschool children's appetite vary according to appetite avidity in toddlerhood. Appetite 2023; 185:106541. [PMID: 36948251 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Parental feeding practices are a key modifiable component of children's food environments. Evidence suggests that certain feeding practices may differentially influence children's eating behaviour or weight, depending on the child's temperament (e.g. emotionality). Building on this work, we tested the hypothesis that feeding practices during toddlerhood influence children's developing eating behaviours differently, depending on their appetite avidity (which is characterised by a larger appetite and greater interest in food). Data were from Gemini, a population-based cohort of British twin children born in 2007. Parental feeding practices were assessed at 15-months, and child appetite at 15-months and 5-years, using validated psychometric measures (n = 1858 children). Complex samples general linear models examined prospective associations between PFPs at 15-months and child appetitive traits at 5-years, adjusting for clustering of twins within families and for the corresponding child appetitive trait at 15-months, difference in age between timepoints, child sex, gestational age, and socioeconomic status. Moderation analyses revealed that pressuring a child to eat led to greater increases in emotional overeating from 15-months to 5-years, only for children with high (1 SD above the mean: B = 0.13; SE± = 0.03,p < 0.001) or moderate emotional overeating (mean: B = 0.07 ± 0.03,p < 0.001) in toddlerhood. Greater covert restriction predicted greater reductions in emotional overeating and food responsiveness from 15-months to 5-years, only for children with high emotional overeating (1 SD above the mean: B = -0.06 ± 0.03,p = 0.03) and low food responsiveness (1 SD below the mean: B = -0.06 ± 0.03,p = 0.04) in toddlerhood. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that children with a more avid appetite in toddlerhood are differentially affected by parental feeding practices; caregivers of toddlers may therefore benefit from feeding advice that is tailored to their child's unique appetite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Kininmonth
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Moritz Herle
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Farrow
- School of Psychology & Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Croker
- World Cancer Research Fund International, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Pickard
- School of Psychology & Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Edwards
- School of Psychology & Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Blissett
- School of Psychology & Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Llewellyn
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wright AS, Tulloch‐Reid MK, Chang SM, Walker SP. Maternal feeding styles and the risk of overweight in a cohort of Caribbean infants. LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/lim2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amika S. Wright
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research The University of the West Indies Kingston 7 Jamaica
| | - Marshall K. Tulloch‐Reid
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research The University of the West Indies Kingston 7 Jamaica
| | - Susan M. Chang
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research The University of the West Indies Kingston 7 Jamaica
| | - Susan P. Walker
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research The University of the West Indies Kingston 7 Jamaica
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karssen LT, Larsen JK, Burk WJ, Kremers SPJ, Hermans RCJ, Ruiter ELM, Vink JM, de Weerth C. Process and effect evaluation of the app-based parenting program Samen Happie! on infant zBMI: A randomized controlled trial. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1012431. [PMID: 36620259 PMCID: PMC9822729 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1012431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although energy balance-related parenting practices are regarded critical components in the prevention of childhood obesity, most programs targeting parenting practices with respect to a wide range of energy balance-related behaviors were not aimed at high-risk families with a lower socioeconomic position (SEP). Objective The Samen Happie! app-based program aimed to stimulate healthy child weight development especially among families with a lower SEP, by encouraging healthy energy balance-related parenting practices. Methods A two-armed randomized controlled trial examined the process and effectiveness of the Samen Happie! program on child zBMI outcomes at 6- and 12-months follow-up. In total, 357 Dutch parents with infants aged 5-15 months old at baseline participated. Parents in the app condition (n = 179) received access to the Samen Happie! app and were compared to a waitlist-control condition (n = 178). Changes in zBMI were examined through linear mixed-effects models based on intention-to-treat and exploratory per-protocol principles. Results Process data showed low levels of sustained app use and moderate app acceptability. A general increase in child zBMI was observed in both conditions after 6 and 12 months. Intention-to-treat analyses using multiple imputations showed several statistically significant differences between conditions and high-risk subgroups. Specifically, at 6-months follow-up, zBMI increase was least pronounced in the app condition among children of parents with lower educational level. These findings were supported by exploratory per-protocol analyses including only frequent app users. In addition, per-protocol analyses showed benefits of app use at 6-months follow-up for children of parents with higher BMI. However, these effects were reversed at 12-months follow-up in both intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses, where children of parents in the app condition in general increased the most in zBMI. Conclusions This study suggests that the Samen Happie! program might prevent zBMI increases after 6 months among children of parents with lower educational level, and children of parents with higher BMI who more frequently use the app. However, the app did not prevent increases in zBMI after 12 months. Future research should investigate strategies to increase sustained app use and engagement in mHealth parenting programs for childhood obesity as well as options to combine app-based programs with additional support strategies aimed at high-risk families. Trial registration Netherlands trial register (ID: NTR6938), https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR6938.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Levie T. Karssen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Levie T. Karssen ✉
| | - Junilla K. Larsen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - William J. Burk
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Stef P. J. Kremers
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Roel C. J. Hermans
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Emilie L. M. Ruiter
- Academic Collaborative Centre AMPHI, Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M. Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Carolina de Weerth
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khalsa AS, Copeland KA, Kharofa RY, Geraghty SR, Dewitt TG, Woo JG. The Longitudinal Relation between Infant Feeding Styles and Growth Trajectories among Families from Low-Income Households. J Nutr 2022; 152:2015-2022. [PMID: 35641195 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental feeding styles, including the emotional environment parents create to modify a child's eating behaviors, have been associated with measures of adiposity in cross-sectional studies. The longitudinal relation between parental feeding styles in early infancy and adiposity in later infancy/toddlerhood are scant and have shown mixed results, particularly in families from low-income households. OBJECTIVES This study examined the relation between parental feeding styles and infant BMI z-score trajectories between 6 and 18 mo in families from low-income households. METHODS Parent-infant dyads were recruited during the infant's 6-, 9-, or 12-mo well-child visit. Feeding styles were assessed using the Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire (IFSQ). Infant anthropometrics from birth through 18 mo were extracted from the electronic medical record. BMI z-score slopes were estimated for each infant between 0-6 mo and 6-18 mo. Associations between feeding styles and BMI z-score slopes were examined using mixed models controlling for demographic, clinical, and feeding covariates. RESULTS The final analytic sample included 198 dyads (69% Black; median infant age: 9.0 mo; IQR: 6.8-10.3 mo). The predominant parent feeding styles included the following: laissez-faire (30%), restrictive (28%), responsive (23%), and pressuring (19%). In adjusted models, the predominant feeding style at enrollment was associated with the BMI z-score slope between 6 and 18 mo, with the responsive feeding style exhibiting a steeper increase in BMI z-score than other feeding styles. Infant feeding style was not associated with BMI z-score slope between birth and 6 mo of age. Infants of parents who exhibited restrictive feeding styles were more likely to have a BMI ≥85th percentile at their last measurement. CONCLUSIONS The predominant parent feeding style during infancy in a low-income population was associated with infant BMI z-score between 6 and 18 mo of age, but not earlier. Further studies are needed to better understand how predictive factors collectively contribute to BMI increase in the first 2 y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrik Singh Khalsa
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,Division of Primary Care Pediatrics and Center for Child Health Equity and Outcomes Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kristen A Copeland
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Roohi Y Kharofa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sheela R Geraghty
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Thomas G Dewitt
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jessica G Woo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Coleta H, Schincaglia RM, Gubert MB, Pedroso J. Factors associated with infant feeding styles in the Federal District, Brazil. Appetite 2022; 179:106290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
10
|
Exploring parents' perspectives on feeding their young children: a qualitative study using photo-elicitation in Chile. Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:2415-2425. [PMID: 35190010 PMCID: PMC9991661 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980022000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood obesity is considered one of the most important public health problems around the world. Chile is currently one of the Latin American countries with a high prevalence of childhood obesity. Given that parents' food parenting practices shape their children's lifelong eating habits, addressing those practices is key to curbing later problems of obesity. However, studies of the influences on Chilean parents' food parenting practices are scarce. Hence, this study explores factors that influence food parenting practices of preschool-aged children in Chile. DESIGN Qualitative research, using interviews with the photo-elicitation technique. SETTING Metropolitan Region, Chile. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-five parents from families recruited from public childcare centres. RESULTS Through a thematic analysis with an inductive approach, we identified five themes that influence food parenting practices: (1) parents' previous experiences and how they determine their current goals and beliefs; (2) responses to the child's characteristics; (3) the influences of other family members, especially grandparents; (4) parents' nutritional knowledge; and (5) living contexts, especially limited budgets and lack of time. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals multilevel influences, which converge at the family level, on food parenting practices. A family-centrerd approach that addresses the mentioned influences is necessary to improve the management of the childhood obesity problem in Chile.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rendall S, Dodd H, Harvey K. Controlling feeding practices moderate the relationship between emotionality and food fussiness in young children. Appetite 2022; 178:106259. [PMID: 35985496 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Emotional child temperament has consistently been found to be related to food fussiness. One factor that may exacerbate or reduce the risk conferred by children's emotionality is parent feeding practices during mealtimes. Specifically, the use of controlling feeding practices aimed at increasing food consumption may particularly affect children with an emotional temperament. The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether the association between child food fussiness and higher emotionality found in previous studies is moderated by maternal use of controlling feeding practices, namely verbal pressure, physical prompts and food rewards. Sixty-seven mother-child dyads were video-recorded during a meal in their home and mothers' use of controlling feeding practices during this meal were coded. Mothers completed a questionnaire assessing child temperament. Moderation analyses revealed that maternal use of verbal pressure and physical prompts moderated the relationship between higher emotionality and food fussiness, but maternal use of food rewards did not. These results indicate that the use of verbal pressure and physical prompts may have a particularly negative influence on fussy eating for children higher in emotionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Rendall
- School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK
| | - Helen Dodd
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, St. Lukes Campus, Heavitree Road, Efffxeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Kate Harvey
- School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cui J, Lv L, Du H, Cui Z, Zhou X. Language Ability Accounts for Ethnic Difference in Mathematics Achievement. Front Psychol 2022; 13:929719. [PMID: 35936256 PMCID: PMC9354024 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.929719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The mathematics achievement of minority students has always been a focal point of educators in China. This study investigated the differences in mathematics achievement between Han and minority pupils to determine if there is any cognitive mechanism that can account for the discrepancy. We recruited 236 Han students and 272 minority students (including Uygur and Kazak) from the same primary schools. They were tested on mathematics achievement, language abilities, and general cognitive abilities. The results showed that Han pupils had better mathematics achievement scores and better Chinese language ability than minority students. After controlling for age, gender, and general cognitive abilities, there were still significant differences in mathematics achievement between Han and minority students. However, these differences disappeared after controlling for language ability. These results suggest that the relatively poor levels of mathematics achievement observed in minority students is related to poor Chinese language skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Cui
- College of Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Liting Lv
- College of Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huibo Du
- College of Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhanling Cui
- College of Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinlin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A 3-Year Longitudinal Study of Effects of Parental Feeding Practices on Child Weight Status: The Childhood Obesity Study in China Mega-Cities. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142797. [PMID: 35889754 PMCID: PMC9322165 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the longitudinal associations between parental feeding practices and child weight status, and their potential modification effects by child sex, age, and maternal and paternal educations among children. Data were collected from 2015 to 2017 of 2139 children aged 6−17 years and their parents in five Chinese mega-cities. Parental feeding practices were assessed using 11-items from Child Feeding Questionnaire. Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body mass index (BMI), and general and central obesity were measured and analyzed using a mixed-effects model. Three parental feeding patterns were identified by factor analysis including “concern”, “pressure to eat”, and “control”. Concern was associated with higher BMI z-score, WHtR (βs ranged from 0.01 to 0.16), and general obesity (ORs ranged from 1.29 to 6.41) among children aged ≤12 years and >12 years, regardless of child sex and parental educations. Pressure to eat was associated with lower BMI z-score (β = −0.08, p < 0.001), WHtR (β = −0.004, p < 0.01), and general (OR = 0.53, 95%CI = 0.42, 0.66) and central obesity (OR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.58, 0.90) among children aged ≤12 years. Further analyses showed that significant associations were found for children with maternal or paternal education of college and above. Control was associated with increased risk of general and central obesity among children with maternal education of college and above, regardless of age. Our study indicates that higher concern and lower pressure to eat were associated with increased risk of obesity among children. Control was associated with increased risk of obesity among children with maternal education of college and above. Future childhood obesity preventions may optimize parental feeding practices.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tarro S, Lahdenperä M, Vahtera J, Pentti J, Lagström H. Parental feeding practices and child eating behavior in different socioeconomic neighborhoods and their association with childhood weight. The STEPS study. Health Place 2022; 74:102745. [PMID: 35247796 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Child obesity risk, child eating behavior and parental feeding practices show a graded association with individual level socioeconomic status. However, their associations with neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage are largely unknown. In this study (n = 682), we investigated how parental feeding practices and child eating behaviors were associated with body mass index and risk of overweight at preschool age in affluent and disadvantaged neighborhoods. We found that high food approach tendency in disadvantaged neighborhoods predicted higher body mass index and increased the risk of overweight at the age of 6 years compared with affluent neighborhoods. Our results suggest that children's eating habits may have stronger impact on overweight risk in disadvantaged than in affluent neighborhoods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saija Tarro
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku Uniikversity Hospital, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Mirkka Lahdenperä
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku Uniikversity Hospital, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Jussi Vahtera
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku Uniikversity Hospital, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Jaana Pentti
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku Uniikversity Hospital, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hanna Lagström
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku Uniikversity Hospital, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Janicke DM, Mitchell TB, Pinto S, Wolock ER, Ding K, Moorman EL, Gonzalez-Louis R, Lim CS. Latent profiles of the feeding practices of caregivers of rural children with overweight and obesity and associations with child eating behaviors. Appetite 2022; 171:105911. [PMID: 35007665 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.105911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that food parenting practices, which vary within the context of sociocultural factors, are associated with child weight, eating behaviors, and body dissatisfaction. While parents typically engage in multiple food parenting practices, few studies have examined what subgroups or combinations of food parenting practices are associated with child health outcomes and sociocultural factors. The current study examined profiles of food parenting practices among school-age children with overweight/obesity (OW/OB) from rural communities and examined how they may be associated with sociocultural factors, child-eating habits, and health outcomes. The study included 270 children with OW/OB aged 8-12 (Mage = 10.36 years) and their caregivers. Caregivers completed a measure assessing perceptions of their feeding practices and sociocultural questionnaires. Children completed measures assessing disordered eating habits, weight control behaviors, and body dissatisfaction. Weight status was measured for caregivers and children with height and weight measurements. Latent variable mixture modeling (LVMM) was conducted. Three profiles emerged: (a) Lower Parental Involvement, (b) Higher Parental Involvement, and (c) Mixed Parental Involvement. Lower family income and non-White child race were related to membership in the "Higher Parental Involvement" profile. After controlling for income and child race, children in the "Mixed Parental Involvement" profile reported significantly higher body dissatisfaction than children in the "Lower Parental Involvement" profile. There are subgroups of caregivers of rural children with OW/OB that demonstrate various patterns of parent feeding practices, and these subgroups differ by income, race, and child body dissatisfaction. Future research should consider how caregiver-specific feeding practices may impact child eating behaviors and their body image development, as well as the impact cultural factors may have on parent feeding practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Janicke
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, USA.
| | - Tarrah B Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, USA
| | - Stefania Pinto
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Wolock
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, USA
| | - Ke Ding
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, USA
| | - Erin L Moorman
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, USA
| | | | - Crystal S Lim
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rahmaty Z, Johantgen ME, Storr CL, Gilden R, Wang Y, Black MM. Patterns of caregivers' feeding practices and associated characteristics among preschool-age children in the United States. Appetite 2022; 168:105769. [PMID: 34710485 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During early childhood, caregiver feeding practices (FP) influence children's diet and eating habits. Inconsistent methods of operationalizing FP have resulted in limited evidence regarding simultaneous FP patterns. This study examined the heterogeneity in FP among caregivers of preschoolers, along with the child, caregiver, and family characteristics associated with FP patterns. Caregivers of preschoolers (n = 437, 90% women) enrolled in 50 childcare centers across Maryland completed the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ) and provided demographic information and perceptions of their child's size and temperament. Exploratory Factor Analysis of CFPQ identified 13 factors, and latent profile analysis (LPA) empirically identified three FP classes. Using multinomial structural equation models, we regressed FP classes on child sex, race, age, poverty level, food insecurity education, caregiver perception of child size and temperament. The most common FP pattern (69%) reflected high coercive and control with low autonomy and structural practices (Controlling Class). A second pattern (16%) had high coercive control with moderate structural and autonomy practices (Regulating Class). The third pattern (15%) reflected moderate levels of all practices (Balancing Class). Caregivers who desired their child to be heavier (aOR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.22-0.72), were more financially secure (aOR = 0.80, 95%CI = 0.65-0.98), and were single (aOR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.18-0.80) were less likely to be in the Balancing versus Controlling class. For each unit increase in child temperament t-score [higher = difficult], caregivers were more likely to be in the Balancing (aOR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01-1.07) or Regulating class (aOR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01-1.08) compared to the Controlling class. In this statewide sample, many caregivers endorsed controlling behaviors without endorsing empowering behaviors to help children become healthy eaters. Future studies should examine how caregiver feeding practices evolve and relate to children's eating habits, growth, and development over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rahmaty
- The University of Maryland, School of Nursing, USA; Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, IUFRS, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Robyn Gilden
- The University of Maryland, School of Nursing, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- The University of Maryland, School of Medicine, USA; George Washington University, Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, USA
| | - Maureen M Black
- The University of Maryland, School of Medicine, USA; RTI International, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Othman SI, Fertig A, Trofholz A, Berge JM. How time in the US and race/ethnicity shape food parenting practices and child diet quality. Appetite 2021; 171:105870. [PMID: 34973995 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity prevalence is high among children from immigrant/refugee households who live in high-income countries. Poor child dietary intake is a critical risk factor for elevated obesity prevalence and food parenting practices have been found to be associated with child dietary intake and eating behaviors. The main aim of this study was to examine the associations between migrants'/refugees' food parenting practices, the length of residence time in the US, race/ethnicity, and child diet quality. The current study included 577 families from three racial/ethnic groups that include mostly foreign-born parents (Latino, Hmong, and Somali/Ethiopian), and a comparison group of 239 non-Hispanic White families. Results showed that for Latino and Hmong parents, some food parenting practices varied by how long they had lived in the US. For example, more recently moved parents engaged in more non-directive (e.g., avoid buying sweets) practices compared with US-born parents. In contrast, Somali/Ethiopian parents engaged in different food parenting practices than White parents, regardless of time in the US. Results also showed that diet quality among Hmong children was lower if their parents were US-born compared to foreign-born. Future researchers may want to consider studying why some food parenting practices change when parents move to the US and explore whether there is a combination of food parenting practices that are most useful in promoting a healthful child's diet and weight among immigrant and refugee families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally I Othman
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, 717 Delaware St SE, Suite 425, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
| | - Angela Fertig
- University of Minnesota, Humphrey School of Public Affairs, USA
| | - Amanda Trofholz
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, 717 Delaware St SE, Suite 425, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Jerica M Berge
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, 717 Delaware St SE, Suite 425, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Penilla C, Tschann JM, Pasch LA, Flores E, Deardorff J, Martinez SM, Butte NF, Greenspan LC. Style of meal service and feeding practices among Mexican American fathers and mothers: An analysis of video-recorded children's evening mealtime at home. Appetite 2021; 169:105851. [PMID: 34883137 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine video-recorded observations of evening family mealtime at home among Mexican American children to help elucidate style of meal service, fathers' and mothers' feeding practices and child's eating behavior. Consistent with guidelines for coding behaviors, we analyzed observational data of evening mealtimes of 71 Mexican American children aged eight to 10 years. Regarding style of meal service, in almost all cases (96%), parents plated the child's food, with more available on the table or counter in 40% of the observations. Mothers almost always served the child (94%). Regarding parental feeding practices, parents used positive involvement in meals (80%), pressure to eat (42%) and restriction of food (9%). Using food as a reward to control behavior was never used by either parent. The majority (75%) of children requested or negotiated to eat less food, or only eat certain items. In Mexican American families, both mothers and fathers play a role in family mealtimes and both use positive involvement in child's meals, and to a lesser extent pressure to eat, with their children aged eight to 10 years. To help reduce the obesity epidemic, intervention strategies are needed, which integrate the family, a plating style of meal and parental feeding practices that promote healthy eating in the home. To reduce obesity among Mexican American children, interventions that focus on parental positive involvement in child's meal and maintenance of home cooked meals could have a positive impact on the entire family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Penilla
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0503, San Francisco, CA, 94118-0503, USA.
| | - Jeanne M Tschann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0848, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0848, USA.
| | - Lauri A Pasch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0848, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0848, USA.
| | - Elena Flores
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton St, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way West, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA.
| | - Suzanna M Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Nancy F Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX, 77030-2600, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Karademir-Hazır I. How (not) to feed young children: A class-cultural analysis of food parenting practices. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 2021; 72:1200-1213. [PMID: 34668579 DOI: 10.1111/1468-4446.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study unpacks how class processes shape understandings and practices of "good feeding" in families with young children. It brings a Bourdieusian class consumption focus together with food parenting studies and approaches feeding as encompassing a wide range of processes including cooking, shopping, and planning. To capture the lived experience of feeding work, the study draws on a longitudinal and ethnographic study conducted in the south-east of England over the course of two years. The analysis suggests that, regardless of their resources, parents tend to internalize the dominant discourse on "healthy" and "varied" feeding. However, closer inspection of day-to-day practices reveals a nuanced class-cultural patterning in how these terms are defined and achieved. Moreover, it reveals how different interpretations of key notions such as homemade, nutritious, and balanced generate practices that contribute to the cultivation of distinctively classed culinary agencies in children. This study also questions what potential role these understandings can play in reproducing taste hierarchies and maintaining symbolic boundaries from very early ages.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bridger Staatz C, Kelly Y, Lacey RE, Blodgett JM, George A, Arnot M, Walker E, Hardy R. Socioeconomic position and body composition in childhood in high- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2316-2334. [PMID: 34315999 PMCID: PMC8528703 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relation between socioeconomic position (SEP) and obesity measured by body mass index (BMI), a measure of weight for height, has been extensively reviewed in children, showing consistent associations between disadvantaged SEP and higher BMI in high-income countries (HICs) and lower BMI in middle-income countries (MICs). Fat mass (FM), a more accurate measure of adiposity, and fat-free mass (FFM) are not captured by BMI, but have been shown to track from childhood to adulthood, and be important for cardiovascular health and functional outcomes in later life. It is not clear whether body composition is associated with SEP. We systematically reviewed the association between SEP and body composition in childhood. METHODS A systematic review was carried out following PRISMA guidelines. The protocol was pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019119937). Original studies in the English language, which examined the association between SEP and body composition in childhood, were included. An electronic search of three databases was conducted. Two independent reviewers carried out screening, data extraction and quality assessment. Due to heterogeneity in results, a narrative synthesis was conducted. Heterogeneity in findings according to SEP, sex, body composition measure and country income level was investigated. RESULTS 50 papers were included, the majority from HICs. No papers were from low-income countries. Disadvantage in childhood was associated with greater FM and lower FFM in HICs, but with lower FM and lower FFM in MICs. When measures of FFM indexed to height were used there was no evidence of associations with SEP. In HICs, more studies reported associations between disadvantaged SEP and higher FM among girls comparative to boys. CONCLUSIONS Inequalities in FM are evident in HICs and, in the opposite direction, in MICs and follow similar trends to inequalities for BMI. Inequalities in height are likely important in understanding inequalities in FFM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charis Bridger Staatz
- Social Research Institute, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Yvonne Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca E Lacey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joanna M Blodgett
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anitha George
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Megan Arnot
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Walker
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- Social Research Institute, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Norton L, Parkinson J, Harris N, Hart LM. What Factors Predict the Use of Coercive Food Parenting Practices among Mothers of Young Children? An Examination of Food Literacy, Disordered Eating and Parent Demographics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910538. [PMID: 34639838 PMCID: PMC8508140 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Parents have the most significant influence on the development of young children’s eating patterns. Understanding what parental factors best predict specific negative feeding practices is important for designing preventive interventions. We examined the relationship between parents’ use of coercive food parenting practices (pressure to eat and restriction) and parents’ disordered eating, food literacy, Body Mass Index (BMI) and socio-economic status (SES). Adult mothers, with a mean age of 33 years, at least one child aged between 6 months and 5 years and living in Australia (n = 819) completed an online questionnaire. Regression models were used to examine predictors of pressure to eat and restriction, respectively. Although the amount of variance accounted for by the models was small, maternal eating disorder symptoms were found to be the most important predictor of coercive food parenting practices. This finding has implications for early nutrition education, which has traditionally focused heavily on nutrition literacy. Parental disordered eating may be a more important preventive target and thus including behavioral strategies for positive feeding practices may better assist mothers in promoting positive eating habits with their children, rather than traditional approaches that aim to increase nutrition literacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyza Norton
- Department of Social Marketing, Griffith University, 1 Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Joy Parkinson
- Department of Social Marketing, Griffith University, 1 Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia;
| | - Neil Harris
- Department of Public Health, Griffith University, 1 Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia;
| | - Laura M. Hart
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3010, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ayoughi F, Handley M, Garza J, Amin S, Volpe R, Lammert A. Parental perspective and feeding practices effects on food neophobia in elementary school children in San Luis Obispo County. J SENS STUD 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh Ayoughi
- Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, Department of Food Science and Nutrition California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Maria Handley
- Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, Department of Food Science and Nutrition California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Jeff Garza
- Garza Consulting, LLC Grand Rapids Michigan USA
| | - Samir Amin
- Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, Department of Food Science and Nutrition California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Richard Volpe
- Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, Agribusiness Department California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Amy Lammert
- Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, Department of Food Science and Nutrition California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Factors associated with feeding practices of black immigrant mothers of African and Caribbean origin living in Ottawa, Canada. Appetite 2021; 167:105641. [PMID: 34384808 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In Canada, Black immigrant women and their children are at higher risk of developing obesity. Factors that could influence children's weight status include parental feeding practices. Feeding practices such as monitoring, restriction and pressure to eat, are well studied among non-Hispanic White and Latinos groups, however, little is known about the feeding practices of Black immigrant parents of African and Caribbean origin. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with feeding practices of Black immigrant mothers in Ottawa, Canada. The sample includes 188 Black mothers of African and Caribbean origin and their 6-12-year-old children. The Child Feeding Questionnaire was used to assess mothers' feeding practices. Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected using questionnaires. All participants' weight status was determined from measured weight and height. Pearson Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regressions were performed. Results showed that mothers who felt responsible for feeding their children were more likely to monitor their children's food intake (p < 0.05). While mothers of children with underweight or normal weight were more like to use pressure to eat (p < 0.01), mothers of children with overweight or obesity were more like to use restriction (P < 0.05). Recent immigrant mothers were also more likely to use pressure to eat (P < 0.05). This study also provides evidence for associations between maternal feeding practices and mothers' weight status, household income and food security status. Findings build on previous research suggesting that parental feeding practices vary based on parents' and children's characteristics. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the directionality of the association between mothers' feeding practices, and children's weight, diet quality and health in this population.
Collapse
|
24
|
Schneider-Worthington CR, Berger PK, Goran MI, Salvy SJ. Learning to overeat in infancy: Concurrent and prospective relationships between maternal BMI, feeding practices and child eating response among Hispanic mothers and children. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12756. [PMID: 33225624 PMCID: PMC8105266 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents play a key role in shaping children's eating behaviours and self-regulation. There is limited data on how maternal weight influences feeding practices in the first year of life. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationships between maternal BMI, feeding practices and infant eating behaviours related to self-regulation. METHODS Participants were 160 mother-infant dyads. A longitudinal design was used to examine concurrent and prospective associations between maternal 6-month postpartum BMI, mothers' feeding practices at 6 months (Infant Feeding Practices Questionnaire) and children's eating behaviours at 6 months (Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire) and 12 months (Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire). RESULTS Higher maternal BMI was associated positively with mothers' use of restrictive feeding practices (β = 0.036, p = 0.033), and inversely with responsivity to infant satiety cues (Spearman partial r = -0.249, p = 0.002) at 6 months. Mother's restrictive feeding practices were associated with infant food responsiveness (β = 0.157, p = 0.009) and emotional overeating (β = 0.118, p = 0.005) at 12 months. Maternal use of responsive feeding practices was associated with lower infant food responsiveness at 6 months (Spearman partial r = -0.173, p = 0.031) and lower emotional overeating at 12 months (Spearman partial r = -0.183, p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS Our findings add to studies suggesting that feeding practices can provide mechanistic pathways in the intergenerational transmission of obesity. Postpartum family-system approaches focusing on maternal health while integrating infant feeding guidance may confer benefits in improving maternal-child health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paige K. Berger
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael I. Goran
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarah-Jeanne Salvy
- Research Center for Health Equity, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, California
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Karssen LT, Vink JM, de Weerth C, Hermans RCJ, de Kort CPM, Kremers SP, Ruiter ELM, Larsen JK. An App-Based Parenting Program to Promote Healthy Energy Balance-Related Parenting Practices to Prevent Childhood Obesity: Protocol Using the Intervention Mapping Framework. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e24802. [PMID: 33988510 PMCID: PMC8164123 DOI: 10.2196/24802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The family environment plays an important role in the development of children's energy balance-related behaviors. As a result, parents' energy balance-related parenting practices are important targets of preventive childhood obesity programs. Families with a lower socioeconomic position (SEP) may benefit from participating in such programs but are generally less well reached than families with a higher SEP. OBJECTIVE This paper describes the application of the Intervention Mapping Protocol (IMP) for the development of an app-based preventive intervention program to promote healthy energy balance-related parenting practices among parents of children (aged 0-4 years) with a lower SEP. METHODS The 6 steps of the IMP were used as a theory- and evidence-based framework to guide the development of an app-based preventive intervention program. RESULTS In step 1, behavioral outcomes for the app-based program (ie, children have a healthy dietary intake, sufficient sleep, and restricted screen time and sufficient physical activity) and sociocognitive (ie, knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy) and automatic (ie, habitual behaviors) determinants of energy balance-related parenting were identified through a needs assessment. In step 2, the behavioral outcomes were translated into performance objectives. To influence these objectives, in step 3, theory-based intervention methods were selected for each of the determinants. In step 4, the knowledge derived from the previous steps allowed for the development of the app-based program Samen Happie! through a process of continuous cocreation with parents and health professionals. In step 5, community health services were identified as potential adopters for the app. Finally, in step 6, 2 randomized controlled trials were designed to evaluate the process and effects of the app among Dutch parents of infants (trial 1) and preschoolers (trial 2). These trials were completed in November 2019 (trial 1) and February 2020 (trial 2). CONCLUSIONS The IMP allowed for the effective development of the app-based parenting program Samen Happie! to promote healthy energy balance-related parenting practices among parents of infants and preschoolers. Through the integration of theory, empirical evidence, and data from the target population, as well as the process of continued cocreation, the program specifically addresses parents with a lower SEP. This increases the potential of the program to prevent the development of obesity in early childhood among families with a lower SEP. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands Trial Register NL6727, https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/6727; Netherlands Trial Register NL7371, https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/7371.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Levie T Karssen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Carolina de Weerth
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Roel C J Hermans
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Nutrition Centre, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Carina P M de Kort
- Institute of Health Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Stef Pj Kremers
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Emilie L M Ruiter
- Academic Collaborative Centre AMPHI, Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Junilla K Larsen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tugault-Lafleur CN, González ODJ, O'Connor TM, Hughes SO, Mâsse LC. Identifying and predicting food parenting practice profiles among Canadian parents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:59. [PMID: 33947433 PMCID: PMC8097990 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Food parenting practices (FPP) can affect children’s eating behaviours, yet little is known about how various FPP co-occur. The primary aim was to identify profiles of FPPs use among Canadian parents. Secondary aims included examining sociodemographic correlates of FPP profiles and evaluating whether children’s eating behaviours differed across FPP profiles. Methods Parents (n = 799) of 5–12-year-old children completed a validated FPP Item Bank and the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify distinct FPP profiles. Regression analyses were used to explore associations between FPP profiles, sociodemographic variables (race, sex and education) and children’s eating behaviours (emotional overeating, food responsiveness, food fussiness and satiety responsiveness). Results LCA revealed 6 FPP profiles: healthy eating environment, high engagement, reactive, high structure, controlling and low engagement. Relative to their non-White counterparts, White parents were more likely to belong in the healthy eating environment, high structure and low engagement profiles. Relative to fathers, mothers were more likely to fall in the healthy eating environment compared to low engagement profile. Parents with some post-secondary education were more likely to belong in the healthy eating environment, high structure and reactive profiles compared to the controlling profile. Emotional overeating and food responsiveness scores were lowest for healthy eating environment, high structure, low engagement profiles. Parents in the healthy eating environment profile also reported lower food fussiness scores compared to parents in the high engagement, high structure, reactive and controlling profiles. Conclusions Findings suggest that a continuum of 6 FPP profiles may be present among Canadian parents, representing parents who use either all (high engagement), some (healthy eating environment, reactive, high structure, controlling) or little (low engagement) of the FPP examined. Future longitudinal research should evaluate how various FPP profiles influence the development of children’s eating behaviors, dietary intakes and weight status. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-021-01119-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire N Tugault-Lafleur
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 1Y1, Canada
| | - Olivia De-Jongh González
- School of Population and Public Health University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, F508-4490 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Teresia M O'Connor
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sheryl O Hughes
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Louise C Mâsse
- School of Population and Public Health University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, F508-4490 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Associations between Children's Genetic Susceptibility to Obesity, Infant's Appetite and Parental Feeding Practices in Toddlerhood. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051468. [PMID: 33925946 PMCID: PMC8146167 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous findings suggest that parental feeding practices may adapt to children's eating behavior and sex, but few studies assessed these associations in toddlerhood. We aimed to study the associations between infant's appetite or children's genetic susceptibility to obesity and parental feeding practices. We assessed infant's appetite (three-category indicator: low, normal or high appetite, labelled 4-to-24-month appetite) and calculated a combined obesity risk-allele score (genetic risk score of body mass index (BMI-GRS)) in a longitudinal study of respectively 1358 and 932 children from the EDEN cohort. Parental feeding practices were assessed at 2-year-follow-up by the CFPQ. Three of the five tested scores were used as continuous variables; others were considered as binary variables, according to the median. Associations between infant's appetite or child's BMI-GRS and parental feeding practices were assessed by linear and logistic regression models, stratified on child's sex if interactions were significant. 4-to-24-month appetite was positively associated with restrictive feeding practices among boys and girls. Among boys, high compared to normal 4-to-24-month appetite was associated with higher use of food to regulate child's emotions (OR [95% CI] = 2.24 [1.36; 3.68]). Child's BMI-GRS was not related to parental feeding practices. Parental feeding practices may adapt to parental perception of infant's appetite and child's sex.
Collapse
|
28
|
Being Successful and Being Thin: The Effects of Thin-Ideal Social Media Images With High Socioeconomic Status on Women's Body Image and Eating Behaviour. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/prp.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Social media has outpaced traditional media to be the most popular sociocultural channel to transmit thin-ideal images, an established trigger for body image concerns and disordered eating in women. With an experimental design, the present research first demonstrated that exposure to thin images on social media threatened women's body image and increased their unhealthy food consumption (Study 1). However, given that thin images posted on social media are usually from wealthier people, the present research hypothesised that it may not be the body shape but the perceived socioeconomic status (SES) of images that indeed have negative effects on women. By manipulating the perceived SES of thin images and incorporating a baseline control group (Study 2), the present research provided causal evidence for the hypothesis by indicating that viewing thin images with parallel-perceived SES could significantly buffer undesirable thin-ideal effects on self-objectification and food intake. Therefore, future research needs to pay more attention to the role of SES in the thin media images literature.
Collapse
|
29
|
Two to Tango? The Dance of Maternal Authority and Feeding Practices with Child Eating Behavior. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041650. [PMID: 33572265 PMCID: PMC7915551 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between maternal feeding practices and children’s eating problems. Mothers of 292 children aged 5.9 ± 1.1, 50% boys, reported online on parental authority, overt and covert control of the child’s food choices, child feeding practices, and their child’s problematic eating behavior. Structural equation modelling yielded a model with excellent indices of fit (χ(2)(52) = 50.72, p = 0.56; normed fit index (NFI) = 0.94; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.001). The model showed that an authoritarian maternal authority style was associated with overt control, which was associated with maternal tendency to pressure children to eat and with maternal restriction of highly processed or calorie-rich snack foods. These, in turn, were positively associated with the child’s satiety response, food fussiness, and slow eating, and negatively with the child’s enjoyment of food. In contrast, a permissive maternal authority style was associated with covert control of the child’s eating, concern over the child being overweight, and the restriction of highly processed and calorie-rich snack foods, which were in turn positively associated with the child’s emotional overeating and the child’s food responsiveness. The model seems to tap into two distinct patterns of mother-child feeding and eating dynamics, apparently related to children with opposing appetitive tendencies.
Collapse
|
30
|
Power TG, Fisher JO, O’Connor TM, Micheli N, Papaioannou MA, Hughes SO. General Parenting and Hispanic Mothers' Feeding Practices and Styles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E380. [PMID: 33419088 PMCID: PMC7825413 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that general parenting styles, general parenting dimensions, maternal feeding styles, and maternal feeding practices all show specific relationships with the weight status of young children. This study examined the relationships between general parenting and maternal feeding styles/practices in a sample of 187 Hispanic mothers with low incomes. As part of a larger study, mothers of preschool children were recruited through Head Start programs and completed validated questionnaires assessing their general parenting, feeding styles, and feeding practices. Results identified numerous associations between general parenting dimensions and specific feeding practices: i.e., maternal nurturance was positively associated with healthy eating guidance and feeding responsiveness; inconsistency was positively associated with restriction for weight and promotion of overconsumption; follow through on discipline was positively associated with monitoring, healthy eating guidance, and feeding responsiveness; and family organization was positively associated with monitoring and healthy eating guidance. General parenting styles were associated with feeding practices as well, with authoritative mothers showing the highest levels of healthy eating guidance and authoritarian mothers showing the lowest levels of monitoring. There were no significant associations between mothers' general parenting styles and mothers' feeding styles. Implications of these findings for the prevention of childhood obesity are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Power
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Jennifer O. Fisher
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
| | - Teresia M. O’Connor
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.M.O.); (N.M.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Nilda Micheli
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.M.O.); (N.M.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Maria A. Papaioannou
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.M.O.); (N.M.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Sheryl O. Hughes
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.M.O.); (N.M.); (M.A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Somaraki M, Eli K, Sorjonen K, Ek A, Sandvik P, Nowicka P. Changes in parental feeding practices and preschoolers’ food intake following a randomized controlled childhood obesity trial. Appetite 2020; 154:104746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
32
|
Messiah SE, Weerakoon S, Atem F, Schulte M, Lebron C, Kambali S, Mathew MS, Chang C, Natale RA. Determinants of accurate visual perception of child anthropometric phenotype among ethnically diverse preschool parents in the United States. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2020; 28:2095-2104. [PMID: 32510693 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The literature reports that regardless of the high obesity prevalence estimates in young children, parents often do not accurately perceive their child's weight status. The purpose of this analysis was to examine the association between parent/child demographic characteristics including ethnicity, country of birth and years living in the United States and the perception of child's anthropometric phenotype status based on a visual silhouette instrument. Caregiver (n = 456) and child sociodemographic, perception of child anthropometric phenotype status and height/weight measurements were collected in 2015, from 24 childcare centres in Miami, Florida, among children ages 2-to-5 years old. Chi-square analysis determined parent perception accuracy by actual child healthy (<body mass index [BMI] 85th percentile) or unhealthy (≥ BMI 85th percentile) status. Multivariable linear regression modelled phenotype trends by caregiver perception. Twenty-eight per cent of the sample was of unhealthy weight. Overall, 74.6% of caregivers did not accurately identify their child's BMI phenotype category versus 25% who did (p < .001); 8% of Hispanic and 13% of non-Hispanic parents of a child with an unhealthy BMI correctly identified their child's anthropometric phenotype. A higher proportion of Cuban (22%) caregivers of a child with an unhealthy BMI percentile versus Mexican caregivers (13.9%) visually identified their child as healthy weight. Child BMI percentile was significantly associated with parent perception of child healthy phenotype (OR: 1.05, 95% CI 1.04, 1.06). Findings here add evidence to the existing body of literature that emphasise parent perception of child weight status as a critical lynchpin in the childhood obesity epidemic. Intervention efforts must continue to educate parents on healthy weight development strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Messiah
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Dallas Regional Campus, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Pediatric Population Health, UTHealth School of Public Health and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sitara Weerakoon
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Dallas Regional Campus, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Pediatric Population Health, UTHealth School of Public Health and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Folefac Atem
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Dallas Regional Campus, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Pediatric Population Health, UTHealth School of Public Health and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mikayla Schulte
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Dallas Regional Campus, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Pediatric Population Health, UTHealth School of Public Health and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Cynthia Lebron
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shweta Kambali
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthew Sunil Mathew
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Dallas Regional Campus, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Pediatric Population Health, UTHealth School of Public Health and Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Ruby A Natale
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Martin SL, Callahan ML, Chandler-Laney P. Association of gestational diabetes with child feeding practices: A secondary analysis using data from mother-child dyads in the deep south. Appetite 2020; 151:104618. [PMID: 32097693 PMCID: PMC8603753 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine whether mothers with prior gestational diabetes (GDM) used different feeding practices for their children compared to those without prior GDM. We hypothesized that mothers with prior GDM would express a greater concern for their child's weight, and greater monitoring and restrictive feeding practices compared to non-diabetic mothers. METHODS Data for this secondary analysis came from studies examining body composition and metabolism in children (aged 4-10 years) born to women with (N = 41) and without (N = 71) GDM. A Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) was used to assess maternal perception of the child's weight and her feeding practices. Analysis of covariance was used to assess group differences in feeding practices, after adjusting for parent study code, maternal education, child BMI-z, and maternal age. RESULTS In fully adjusted models, mothers with prior GDM did not express greater concern about their children's body weight as compared to those without prior GDM (P = 0.50). Restriction and pressure to eat also did not differ by group, and women with prior GDM reported less monitoring of their children's intake as compared to those without prior GDM (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION There is no evidence from this study that women with prior GDM are more concerned about their children's body weight or endorse more restrictive feeding practices than do those without prior GDM. Future research should investigate whether women with prior GDM are aware that their children have greater risk for obesity and comorbid health problems, and develop interventions to support parents in efforts to mitigate this risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Martin
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1675 University Boulevard, Birmingham AL, 35294, USA
| | - Makenzie L. Callahan
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1675 University Boulevard, Birmingham AL, 35294, USA
| | - Paula Chandler-Laney
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1675 University Boulevard, Birmingham AL, 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bassul C, A. Corish C, M. Kearney J. Associations between the Home Environment, Feeding Practices and Children's Intakes of Fruit, Vegetables and Confectionary/Sugar-Sweetened Beverages. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134837. [PMID: 32635599 PMCID: PMC7370037 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Within the home environment, parents influence their children’s dietary intakes through their parenting and dietary practices, and the foods they make available/accessible. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the associations between home environmental characteristics and children’s dietary intakes. Three hundred and thirty-two children aged three–five years and their parents participated in the study. Home environmental characteristics, including parental control feeding practices, were explored using validated and standardized questionnaires such as the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ), the Physical and Nutritional Home Environment Inventory (PNHEI) and the Healthy Home Survey (HHS). Parent and child food consumption was also measured. Pressure to eat from parents was associated with lower fruit intake in children (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.47–0.96, p = 0.032). Greater variety of fruit available in the home increased the likelihood of fruit consumption in children (OR 1.35 95% CI 1.09–1.68, p = 0.005). Watching television for ≥1 h per day was associated with a decreased probability of children eating vegetables daily (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.20–0.72, p = 0.003) and doubled their likelihood of consuming confectionary/sugar-sweetened beverages more than once weekly (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.06–4.38, p = 0.034). Children whose parents had lower vegetable consumption were 59% less likely to eat vegetables daily. This study demonstrates that modifiable home environmental characteristics are significantly associated with children’s dietary intakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bassul
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (J.M.K.); Tel.: +353-(0)-1-402-2837 (C.B.); +353-(0)-1-402-2837 (J.M.K.)
| | - Clare A. Corish
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - John M. Kearney
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (J.M.K.); Tel.: +353-(0)-1-402-2837 (C.B.); +353-(0)-1-402-2837 (J.M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cardel MI, Atkinson MA, Taveras EM, Holm JC, Kelly AS. Obesity Treatment Among Adolescents: A Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:609-617. [PMID: 32202626 PMCID: PMC7483247 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Importance Obesity in adolescence has reached epidemic proportions around the world, with the prevalence of severe obesity increasing at least 4-fold over the last 35 years. Most youths with obesity carry their excess adiposity into adulthood, which places them at increased risk for developing obesity-driven complications, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and negatively affects social and emotional health. Given that adolescence is a unique transition period marked by significant physiologic and developmental changes, obesity-related complications can also negatively affect adolescent growth and developmental trajectories. Observations Provision of evidence-based treatment options that are tailored and appropriate for the adolescent population is paramount, yet complex. The multifactorial etiology of obesity along with the significant changes that occur during the adolescent period increasingly complicate the treatment approach for adolescent obesity. Treatment practices discussed in this review include an overview of evidence supporting currently available behavioral, pharmacologic, surgical, and device interventions for obesity. However, it is important to note that these practices have not been effective at reducing adolescent obesity at the population level. Conclusions and Relevance Because adolescent obesity requires lifelong treatment, effectively addressing this disease will require significant resources, scientific rigor, and the provision of access to quality care similar to other chronic health conditions. Effective and less invasive therapies, effective adjuncts, and comprehensive centers that offer specialized treatment are critical. This considerable need for increased attention to obesity care calls for dedicated resources in both education and research for treatment of obesity in youths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle I Cardel
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics and Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Diabetes Institute, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Elsie M Taveras
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Holbaek Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, the Netherlands
| | - Aaron S Kelly
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wood AC, Blissett JM, Brunstrom JM, Carnell S, Faith MS, Fisher JO, Hayman LL, Khalsa AS, Hughes SO, Miller AL, Momin SR, Welsh JA, Woo JG, Haycraft E. Caregiver Influences on Eating Behaviors in Young Children: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014520. [PMID: 32389066 PMCID: PMC7660848 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A substantial body of research suggests that efforts to prevent pediatric obesity may benefit from targeting not just what a child eats, but how they eat. Specifically, child obesity prevention should include a component that addresses reasons why children have differing abilities to start and stop eating in response to internal cues of hunger and satiety, a construct known as eating self‐regulation. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding how caregivers can be an important influence on children's eating self‐regulation during early childhood. First, we discuss the evidence supporting an association between caregiver feeding and child eating self‐regulation. Second, we discuss what implications the current evidence has for actions caregivers may be able to take to support children's eating self‐regulation. Finally, we consider the broader social, economic, and cultural context around the feeding environment relationship and how this intersects with the implementation of any actions. As far as we are aware, this is the first American Heart Association (AHA) scientific statement to focus on a psychobehavioral approach to reducing obesity risk in young children. It is anticipated that the timely information provided in this review can be used not only by caregivers within the immediate and extended family but also by a broad range of community‐based care providers.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ayine P, Selvaraju V, Venkatapoorna CMK, Geetha T. Parental Feeding Practices in Relation to Maternal Education and Childhood Obesity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041033. [PMID: 32283764 PMCID: PMC7231200 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental beliefs, attitudes, and feeding practices play a vital role in childhood obesity. This study aimed to assess parental perceptions, concerns about weight, feeding practices using the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ), and its association with body mass index (BMI) and maternal education in elementary school children. Participants aged 6–10 years (n = 169) were recruited and anthropometric measurements were obtained. Pearson’s correlation and hierarchical linear regression analysis were used to examine the association between BMI z-score and the seven factors of the CFQ. The BMI z-score was significantly associated with parental perceived child weight and concern about child weight. The BMI z-score had a significant negative association with parents pressuring children to eat. Parents of obese children reported significantly higher (p < 0.001) levels of perceived child weight (β = 0.312) and concern (β = 0.320) about their child’s weight compared to the normal weight and overweight groups. Parents of overweight children showed considerably less (β = −0.224; p < 0.005) pressuring towards their children to eat as compared to parents of normal weight children. Additionally, we found that the parental feeding practice (pressure to eat) was only dependent upon maternal education. The path analysis indicates that maternal education has a mediating effect on BMI z-score and pressure to eat is related to BMI z-score through maternal education. The findings demonstrate the association between the parents’ perceptions, concerns, and pressure to eat with BMI z-score of elementary school-aged children. Only the parental feeding practice pressure to eat was dependent upon the maternal education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Ayine
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (P.A.); (V.S.); (C.M.K.V.)
| | - Vaithinathan Selvaraju
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (P.A.); (V.S.); (C.M.K.V.)
| | - Chandra M. K. Venkatapoorna
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (P.A.); (V.S.); (C.M.K.V.)
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (P.A.); (V.S.); (C.M.K.V.)
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-334-844-7418
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kininmonth AR, Smith AD, Llewellyn CH, Fildes A. Socioeconomic status and changes in appetite from toddlerhood to early childhood. Appetite 2020; 146:104517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
39
|
Gold JM, Vander Weg MW. Investigating the relationship between parental weight stigma and feeding practices. Appetite 2020; 149:104635. [PMID: 32087281 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Promoting a healthy diet in children remains a prominent public health priority. Parents have been shown to be a major influence on their children's eating behaviors, but limited research has been devoted to exploring the factors that lead parents to select certain feeding practices over others. Past research has demonstrated a link between weight stigma (i.e., prejudicial attitudes or discriminatory behavior targeted at individuals who carry excess weight) and an individual's own weight-related behaviors and outcomes, but no study has examined how parental levels of weight stigma maybe associated with a parent's preferred feeding practices. The primary objective of this study was to examine the cross-sectional associations between parental levels of weight-based stigmatization with parental feeding practices. Responses were collected on Amazon's Mechanical Turk website for n = 406 parents who 1) had at least one child aged 5-10 and 2) perceived themselves to be overweight or obese. After adjusting for relevant covariates, parental weight stigma was shown to be significantly associated with restrictive feeding practices, and verbal modeling of eating behaviors (all ps < .05). A priori exploratory mediation analysis identified concern about child weight as a significant mediator between weight stigma and parental feeding practices. A discussion of the potential limitations of this study, future directions of research, and implications of these findings are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Gold
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA.
| | - Mark W Vander Weg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245, USA; Center for Access & Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE), Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, 52241, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Evich CD, Jones BL, Schmitt SA, Taylor ZE. Parental restrictive feeding with Latinx adolescents: Examining the role of adolescent effortful control. Appetite 2019; 143:104406. [PMID: 31430523 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test if youth effortful control, a general process of self-regulation that is rooted in temperament, uniquely predicts maternal restrictive feeding with Latinx adolescents above and beyond demographic/contextual factors, prior use of restrictive feeding, and common markers of obesity-proneness. The study sample consisted of Latinx fifth and sixth graders and their mothers residing in the Midwestern U.S. (N = 97 dyads). Effortful control, maternal restrictive feeding, demographic/contextual factors, and markers of obesity proneness were measured across two waves of data collection approximately one year apart. Results demonstrated an inverse relation between effortful control and maternal restrictive feeding after controlling for Time 1 demographic/contextual factors, maternal BMI, maternal restrictive feeding, youth BMI z-score, and perceived youth weight. Future directions include testing for the presence of an ironic feedback process such that Latinx mothers' attempts to overcome deficits in their children's self-regulation skills through restrictive feeding may be inadvertently maintaining the problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carly D Evich
- Purdue University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, United States.
| | - Blake L Jones
- Brigham Young University, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Sara A Schmitt
- Purdue University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, United States
| | - Zoe E Taylor
- Purdue University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Maternal body dissatisfaction in pregnancy, postpartum and early parenting: An overlooked factor implicated in maternal and childhood obesity risk. Appetite 2019; 147:104525. [PMID: 31756411 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current evidence indicates that to prevent the intergenerational transfer of overweight and obesity from parent to child, interventions are needed across the early life stages, from preconception to early childhood. Maternal body image is an important but often overlooked factor that is potentially implicated in both short- and long-term maternal and child health outcomes, including maternal gestational weight gain, postpartum weight retention, obesity, child feeding practices and early parenting. AIM The aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual model of the relationship between maternal body image (with a specific focus on body dissatisfaction) and maternal and child excess body weight risk across the pregnancy, postpartum and early childhood periods, as well as to highlight opportunities for intervention. CONCLUSION Our conceptual model proposes factors that mediate the associations between antenatal and postpartum maternal body dissatisfaction and maternal and childhood obesity risk. Pregnancy and postpartum present key risk periods for excess weight gain/retention and body dissatisfaction. Psychosocial factors associated with maternal body dissatisfaction, including psychopathology and disordered eating behaviours, may increase maternal and child obesity risk as well as compromise the quality of mother-child interactions underpinning child development outcomes, including physical weight gain. Our conceptual model may be useful for understanding modifiable psychosocial factors for preventing the intergenerational transfer of obesity risk from mothers to their children, from as early as pregnancy, and highlights next steps for multidisciplinary research focused on combatting maternal and child obesity during critical risk periods.
Collapse
|
42
|
Yılmaz NG, Renders CM, Nicolaou M, Vrijkotte TGM. The explanatory role of maternal feeding practices: do they explain ethnic differences in body weight of preadolescents? Appetite 2019; 142:104354. [PMID: 31295505 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to explore the role of ethnicity and maternal perceived weight status in the association between maternal child feeding practices and childhood Body Mass Index (BMI) at the age of 11-12 years in a multi-ethnic population. METHODS We collected data on child feeding practices by the validated Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) among 2398 mothers of adolescents (Mage = 11.2, SDage = 0.6). Multivariate linear analyses were used to determine the cross-sectional association between child feeding practices ('Restriction', 'Pressure to eat', and 'Monitoring'), maternal perception of child's weight status, SDS-BMI, and ethnicity. RESULTS 'Restriction' (β = 0.16; 95% CI [0.11; 0.20]) and 'Pressure to eat' (β = -0.32 [-0.36;-0.28]) were significantly associated with child SDS-BMI. Both associations were strongly influenced by the mother's perception of child's weight status. Besides, non-native Dutch mothers performed significantly higher levels of 'Restriction' (M±SD = 12.17 ± 4.41) and 'Pressure to eat' (10.75 ± 4.03) compared to native Dutch mothers (11.25 ± 4.15 and 9.99 ± 3.83, respectively). Native Dutch mothers performed higher levels of 'Monitoring' (17.15 ± 2.54) compared to non-native Dutch mothers (16.73 ± 3.01). Furthermore, children of non-native Dutch mothers had a 0.15 (0.27; 0.46) higher SDS-BMI. Finally, results showed that the association between 'Pressure to eat' and SDS-BMI was stronger in native Dutch mothers (β = -0.20; 95% CI [-0.24; -0.15]) compared to non-native Dutch mothers (β = -0.11; 95% CI [-0.18; -0.04]). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Ethnic differences in childhood BMI seemed to be partially attributable to the maternal perception of her child's weight status. Besides, maternal perception of child's weight appeared to play an important role in the association between maternal child feeding practices and childhood SDS-BMI. Hence, our findings contribute to the growing evidence concerning the bi-directional association between child feeding practices and childhood BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nida Gizem Yılmaz
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, NL-1081, BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Carry M Renders
- Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, the Netherlands.
| | - Mary Nicolaou
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Tanja G M Vrijkotte
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bergmeier H, Paxton SJ, Milgrom J, Anderson SE, Baur L, Hill B, Lim S, Green R, Skouteris H. Early mother-child dyadic pathways to childhood obesity risk: A conceptual model. Appetite 2019; 144:104459. [PMID: 31533059 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the emotional quality of the mother-child dyadic relationship and parent-child feeding interactions may further clarify early developmental pathways to eating behaviours and obesity risk. The quality of parent-child relationships fosters all aspects of child development but has not yet been extensively examined in relation to childhood weight gain. The aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual model, which outlines early mother-child dyadic pathways linking parent-child feeding interactions to child body mass index, where parent-child relationships have a central role. It maps out individual and dyadic mother-child factors (i.e., attachment, child temperament and maternal mental health) that influence the nature and quality of parent-child feeding interactions from infancy to toddlerhood. Our model bridges the gap between research fields by bringing together key maternal and child factors implicated in child development. Understanding early parent-child feeding interactional patterns and their influence on child self-regulation and eating behaviours may be relevant to multidisciplinary approaches toward preventing childhood obesity. High quality quantitative and observational data capturing meaningful parent, child and dyadic level interactions around food contexts, attachment security, maternal mental health, child temperament and self-regulation will help to inform new, aetiologically important, targets for preventative intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Bergmeier
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan J Paxton
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeannette Milgrom
- School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia; Parent-Infant Research Institute, Department of Clinical and Health, Psychology, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, Heidelberg West, Australia
| | - Sarah E Anderson
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Louise Baur
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health and Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Briony Hill
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Siew Lim
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachael Green
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Skouteris
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Eichler J, Schmidt R, Poulain T, Hiemisch A, Kiess W, Hilbert A. Stability, Continuity, and Bi-Directional Associations of Parental Feeding Practices and Standardized Child Body Mass Index in Children from 2 to 12 Years of Age. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081751. [PMID: 31366059 PMCID: PMC6723946 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Parental feeding practices are related to child body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and seem to be a consequence rather than cause of child BMI, but research so far is limited. Stability and continuity of feeding practices, probably explaining changes in food intake and child BMI, remain to be poorly examined. (2) Methods: Feeding practices (i.e., restriction, food as reward, pressure to eat, monitoring) assessed via the Child Feeding Questionnaire, child age, standardized BMI (zBMI), and socio-economic status were measured annually at multiple visits (range 2–8) in a population-based longitudinal cohort study of 1512 parents with their children aged 2 to 12 years. Stability, continuity, and bi-directionality of feeding practices and child zBMI were calculated using correlation coefficients, paired t tests, and cross-lagged panels, respectively. (3) Results: Feeding practices and child zBMI showed moderate to high stability. While continuity was high for restriction, minor temporal changes were observed for other feeding practices and child zBMI. Cross-lags indicated that child zBMI predicted restriction, pressure to eat, and monitoring, while food-rewarding predicted child zBMI only minorly. (4) Conclusions: Parents seem to adapt feeding practices to child zBMI with the exception of food-rewarding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Eichler
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ricarda Schmidt
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tanja Poulain
- LIFE Child Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Centre for Paediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiemisch
- LIFE Child Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Centre for Paediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- LIFE Child Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Centre for Paediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Hilbert
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Brown M, Roman NV. Nutritional Knowledge, Parenting Styles and Feeding Practices of a South African Sample of Parents. Ecol Food Nutr 2019; 58:529-547. [PMID: 31317784 DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2019.1641800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Parenting can be considered as being an all-encompassing network of development for children. Children learn about eating not only through their own experiences but also by watching others. Mothers and children show similar patterns of food acceptance and food preferences. Children's intake of fruit and vegetables was positively related to parents' intake of fruit and vegetables. The current study used self-reported data from parents/primary caregivers' children aged 3-18 covering sociodemographic characteristics, feeding style dimensions ('control overeating', 'emotional feeding', 'encouragement to eat' and 'instrumental feeding') and parenting style dimensions ('involvement' and 'strictness'). The results suggest, that in general, parents were inclined to encourage balance and variety in the food intake of their children, modeling healthy eating behavior, as well as monitoring the food intake of children while restricting unhealthy foods. Further research is needed into whether parents' diets affect children's food choices feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Brown
- Child and Family Studies, Social Work Department, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Nicolette V Roman
- Child and Family Studies, Social Work Department, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lohse B, Pflugh Prescott M, Cunningham-Sabo L. Eating Competent Parents of 4th Grade Youth from a Predominantly Non-Hispanic White Sample Demonstrate More Healthful Eating Behaviors than Non-Eating Competent Parents. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071501. [PMID: 31262065 PMCID: PMC6682872 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if the associations between eating competence (EC) and eating behaviors that were found in a USA sample of predominantly Hispanic parents of 4th grade youth could be replicated in a USA sample of predominantly non-Hispanic white parents of 4th graders. Baseline responses from parents (n = 424; 94% white) of youth participating in a year-long educational intervention were collected using an online survey. Validated measures included the Satter Eating Competence Inventory (ecSI 2.0TM), in-home fruit/vegetable (FV) availability, healthful eating behavior modeling, and FV self-efficacy/outcome expectancies (SE/OE). Data were analyzed with general linear modeling and cluster analyses. The findings replicated those from the primarily Hispanic sample. Of the 408 completing all ecSI 2.0TM items, 86% were female, 65% had a 4-year degree or higher, and 53% were EC (ecSI 2.0TM score ≥ 32). Compared with non-EC parents, EC modeled more healthful eating, higher FV SE/OE, and more in-home FV availability. Behaviors clustered into those striving toward more healthful practices (strivers; n = 151) and those achieving them (thrivers; n = 255). Striver ecSI 2.0TM scores were lower than those of thrivers (29.6 ± 7.8 vs. 33.7 ± 7.6; p < 0.001). More EC parents demonstrated eating behaviors associated with childhood obesity prevention than non-EC parents, encouraging education that fosters parent EC, especially in tandem with youth nutrition education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lohse
- Rochester Institute of Technology Wegmans School of Health and Nutrition, Rochester, NY 14623, USA.
| | - Melissa Pflugh Prescott
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champagne, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Leslie Cunningham-Sabo
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cedillo YE, Murillo AL, Fernández JR. The association between allostatic load and anthropometric measurements among a multiethnic cohort of children. Pediatr Obes 2019; 14:e12501. [PMID: 30654410 PMCID: PMC6504576 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated if levels of allostatic load (ALoad) differed according to race/ethnicity in children and if ALoad was associated with obesity-related measures. METHODS A multiethnic sample of 307 children aged seven to 12 was evaluated, composed of 39% European American (EA), 35% African American (AA), and 26% Hispanic American (HA) youth. Anthropometric measurements were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and other measurements included body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Allostatic load scores were estimated based on two different calculations, including seven and eight biomarkers (ALoad1 and ALoad2), respectively. Analyses of variance, independence tests, and multiple regression models were performed. RESULTS From the total sample, 22.80% (n = 70) of children were characterized as "no load," 46.58% (n = 143) "low load," and 30.62% (n = 94) "high load." Hispanic American children showed the highest ALoad scores (2.07 ± 1.54; 95% CI, 1.73-2.41) compared with AA children (1.71 ± 1.43; 95% CI, 1.43-1.99) and EA children (1.56 ± 1.34; 95% CI, 1.32-1.80) (P < 0.05). Higher scores of ALoad (using both ALoad1 and ALoad2 calculations) were associated with higher BMI, total body fat mass, body percent fat, and WC (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Significant differences in ALoad were observed in children according to race/ethnicity. Increased exposure to stressors captured by ALoad may result in increased risk for excessive adiposity and potential health risk in children. Further, ALoad may serve as a preventive marker for conditions known to continue throughout adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yenni E. Cedillo
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anarina L. Murillo
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - José R. Fernández
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nurturing Children's Healthy Eating: Position statement. Appetite 2019; 137:124-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
49
|
Arlinghaus KR, Hernandez DC, Eagleton SG, Chen TA, Power TG, Hughes SO. Exploratory factor analysis of The Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ) in a low-income hispanic sample of preschool aged children. Appetite 2019; 140:82-90. [PMID: 31054276 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ) is an important measure to assess parent feeding practices as it encompasses a broad range of feeding behaviors, not just behaviors negatively associated with child weight outcomes. However, parent feeding practices have been shown to differ across ethnicities and the CFPQ has not been tested among low-income, Hispanic-American parents with preschool-aged children, a group at elevated risk for developing obesity. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed with the present Hispanic-American sample of Head Start mothers with preschoolers to confirm the original 12-factor, 49-item structure of the CFPQ. Because the original factor structure was not confirmed in the present Hispanic-American sample, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the CFPQ in this sample (n = 187). Among this sample, a five-factor model with 34 items was found to more appropriately assess parent feeding practices than the original 12-factor, 49-item CFPQ. This study provides preliminary validation of the CFPQ for use among low income, Hispanic-American families. Although future research is needed to replicate findings among a larger sample, this study takes an important first step toward more accurately assessing parent feeding practices among this high-risk population to inform tailored interventions that aim to reduce economic and ethnic disparities in child obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Arlinghaus
- University of Houston, Department of Health & Human Performance, 3875 Holman Street, Garrison Gymnasium, Room 104, Houston, TX, 77240, USA.
| | - Daphne C Hernandez
- University of Houston, Department of Health & Human Performance, 3875 Holman Street, Garrison Gymnasium, Room 104, Houston, TX, 77240, USA; HEALTH Research Institute, University of Houston, Health 2, 3839 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Sally G Eagleton
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Tzu-An Chen
- HEALTH Research Institute, University of Houston, Health 2, 3839 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Thomas G Power
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Sheryl O Hughes
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Stromberg SE, Wheeler PB, Chardon ML, Janicke DM. Parent perceptions of restrictive feeding on the relationship between youth BMI z-score and weight control behavior use in African American youth: A mediational study. Eat Behav 2019; 33:67-72. [PMID: 30991154 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with higher body weights engage in more healthy weight control behaviors (HWCBs) and unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs) compared to healthy weight peers. Parent restrictive feeding (parental attempts to limit what and how much children eat in an effort to manage youth weight) has also been associated with youth weight. However, there is limited research on parental feeding practices among non-Caucasian samples, despite evidence that parental feeding may function differently across races. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the mediating role of parent restrictive feeding on the relationship between youth body mass index (BMI) z-score and youth use of HWCBs and UWCBs among African American youth. METHODS Measures were completed by youth (ages 10-13 years) and their parents at a pediatric primary-care appointment. Youth completed a weight control behavior questionnaire asking youth to answer whether or not they have engaged in specific behaviors to lose weight. Parents completed a questionnaire on parent-feeding practices. Youth height and weight were obtained from their medical records. RESULTS Mediation models revealed parent restrictive feeding significantly mediated the relationship between youth BMI z-score and HWCB use, but not between youth BMI z-score and UWCB use. CONCLUSION Results from the current study suggest parent restrictive feeding in African American populations may encourage health promoting youth weight management behaviors. Additional research is warranted to investigate how cultural factors may impact the relationships between parent restrictive feeding practices and youth weight control behaviors as there may be important clinical implications when working with diverse populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Stromberg
- Department of Psychology, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, 880 6th Street South, Suite 420, St. Petersburg, FL, USA; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Paris B Wheeler
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Dickey Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Marie L Chardon
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - David M Janicke
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| |
Collapse
|