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Ghasemi A, Shadi A. Combined effects of microplastics and benzo[a]pyrene on Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer growth and expression of functional genes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 283:109966. [PMID: 38897364 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are priority contaminants of marine environments. However, their combined toxic effects on aquatic organisms are still largely unclear. In this study, the toxicological effects of microplastics (MPs) and Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a representative PAH, on Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer was investigated. Juvenile Asian sea bass were exposed for 56 days to polyethylene MPs (0.1 and 1 mg/L) and BaP (20 and 80 μg/L) as single or combined environmental stressors. The effects of MPs and BaP exposure on fish were evaluated considering several biological indices such as growth and condition indices, the oxidative stress response in the liver, and the expression levels of genes related to the stress, immunomodulation, detoxification, and apoptosis. Exposure to MPs and BaP in single or combined experiments significantly (P < 0.05) decreased fish growth, and altered body protein content and food conversion ratio (FCR), but greater magnitudes of changes was observed in the combined experimental group of BaP80 + MP1. The activities of liver antioxidant enzymes: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) decreased; meanwhile, malondialdehyde (MDA) activity was dramatically enhanced (P < 0.05). The combined groups with higher concentrations (BaP80+ MP1) caused more severe alterations in enzyme levels compared to the single exposure groups and lower concentrations. MDA was the most affected among the studied enzymes. The expression levels of functional genes involved in stress response (GPX, HSP70, HSP90), pro-inflammation (LYZ, IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α), and detoxification (CYP1A) displayed significant alterations as the result of exposure to MPs and BaP single and in combination. The transcription levels of functional genes were more affected in fish exposed to BaP at 80 ng/mL when combined with MPs at 1 mg/mL. Additionally, MPs and BaP heightened the expression of apoptotic-related genes (p53 and caspase-3) on day 7 of exposure in a dose-dependent synergetic manner (P < 0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that exposure to MPs and BaP alone results in significant alterations in fish growth and condition factors, and could activate the stress response, stimulate the anti-oxidative defense system, immune transcriptomic response, and apoptosis in Asian sea bass; however, MPs can enhance the adverse effects of BaP on biological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ghasemi
- Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Shadi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.
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2
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Rabuffetti G, Brola J, Pérez D, Somoza GM, Carriquiriborde P. EROD activity in the native fish Cnesterodon decemmaculatus as a biomarker for assessing aquatic pollution by AhR agonist chemicals within the Rio de la Plata Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174721. [PMID: 39002591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was first time characterized in the neotropical fish Cnesterodon decemmaculatus as a biomarker for assessing environmental health in aquatic ecosystems of the Rio de la Plata Basin impacted by organic pollutants agonist of the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Both laboratory and field studies were conducted. Laboratory experiments were run using β-naphthoflavone (BNF) as an AhR agonist model. A clear concentration-response relationship was found between 1 and 100 μg/L, with a NOEC and LOEC of 1 and 10 μg/L. A fast time-dependent response was observed with a significant induction after 24 h and a plateau from 24 to 48 h up to 264 h of exposure. Differences in basal activity were found between juveniles, females, and males, but induction levels were similar. Both basal activities and induction levels were distinct in the whole body, liver, gill, muscle, brain, and embryos. Fold-change inductions in the respective tissues were: 20, 114, 3, 5, 1, and 14. Maternal transfer and early cyp1a activation were unveiled by embryonic induction. Clear differences in EROD activity were found among juveniles collected in hydrocarbon-polluted streams, beside the La Plata Petrochemical hub, and a reference stream. Similar EROD activities were observed in laboratory and feral fish, usually with values below or above 1,000 pmol/min x mg protein for unexposed or exposed organisms. The study contributes with original information about EROD activity in C. decemmaculatus that encourages the use of both the response as a robust biomarker of exposure and the species as a good sentinel organism to be included in surveillant programs for assessing aquatic pollution by AhR agonist chemicals within the Rio de la Plata Basin within the One Health paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Rabuffetti
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medioambiente (CIM), UNLP - CONICET, Boulevard 120 N1489, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jéssica Brola
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medioambiente (CIM), UNLP - CONICET, Boulevard 120 N1489, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medioambiente (CIM), UNLP - CONICET, Boulevard 120 N1489, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo M Somoza
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Av. Intendente Marino Km. 8,2, B7130IWA, Chascomús, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Argentina
| | - Pedro Carriquiriborde
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medioambiente (CIM), UNLP - CONICET, Boulevard 120 N1489, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Martin L, Marbach S, Zimba P, Liu Q, Xu W. Uptake of Nanoplastic particles by zebrafish embryos triggers the macrophage response at early developmental stage. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140069. [PMID: 37673181 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution continues to erupt as a global ecological concern. As plastic debris is degraded into nanoscale and microscale particles via biodegradation, UV-irradiation, and mechanical processes, nanoplastic pollution arises as a threat to virtually every biological and ecological system on the planet. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to fluorescently labeled plastic particles at nanoscales (30 nm and 100 nm). The uptake of both the nanoplastic particles (NPs) was found to exponentially increase with incubation time. Penetration of NPs through the natural barrier of the zebrafish embryos, the chorion, was observed prior to the hatching of the embryo. As a result, the NPs were found to accumulate on the body surface as well as inside the body of the zebrafish. The invasion of NPs into zebrafish embryos induced the upregulation of several stress and immune response genes including interleukins (il6 and il1b), cytochrome P450 (cyp1a and cyp51), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) removal protein-encoding genes (sod and cat). This suggested the initiation of ROS generation and removal as well as the activation of the immune response of zebrafish embryos. Colocalization of macrophages and NPs in zebrafish embryos indicated the involvement of macrophage response to the NP invasion at the early developmental stage of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha Martin
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Sandra Marbach
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Paul Zimba
- Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA; Rice Rivers Center, VA Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA; Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA.
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4
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Shen C, Tang C, Zhu K, He C, Yang C, Zuo Z. Toxicity and ecological risk assessment for two AhR agonistic pesticides mepanipyrim and cyprodinil and their metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:58944-58955. [PMID: 37002518 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26735-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mepanipyrim and cyprodinil are widely used to control and/or prevent fungal diseases in fruit culture. They are frequently detected in the aquatic environment and some food commodities. Different from TCDD, mepanipyrim and cyprodinil are more easily metabolised in the environments. However, the risk of their metabolites to the ecological environment is unclear and needs to be further confirmed. In this study, we investigated the temporal pattern of mepanipyrim- and cyprodinil-induced CYP1A and AhR2 expression and EROD enzyme activity at different time frames during zebrafish embryonic and larval development. Then, we assessed the ecological risk of mepanipyrim, cyprodinil, and their metabolites to aquatic organisms. Our results showed that mepanipyrim and cyprodinil exposure could increase the expression level of cyp1a and ahr2 genes and EROD activity by a dynamic pattern in different developmental stages of zebrafish. Besides, their several metabolites showed strong AhR agonistic activity. Importantly, these metabolites could cause potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms and should be paid more attention to. Our results would provide an important reference value for environmental pollution control and the use management of mepanipyrim and cyprodinil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Chen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Kongyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Chengyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
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Zhang J, Huang Y, Pei Y, Wang Y, Li M, Chen H, Liang X, Martyniuk CJ. Biotransformation, metabolic response, and toxicity of UV-234 and UV-326 in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107896. [PMID: 36966637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are emerging pollutants that are widely detected in aquatic ecosystems. While structure-dependent effects of BUVSs are reported, the relationship between biotransformation and toxicity outcomes remains unclear. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to two common BUVSs (UV-234 and UV-326) at 1, 10, and 100 µg/L for up to 7 days. Comparison of their uptake and biotransformation revealed that the bioaccumulation capacity of UV-234 was higher than that of UV-326, while UV-326 was more extensively biotransformed with additional conjugation reactions. However, UV-326 showed low metabolism due to inhibited phase II enzymes, which may result in the comparable internal concentrations of both BUVSs in larval zebrafish. Both BUVSs induced oxidative stress while decreased MDA, suggesting the disturbance of lipid metabolism. The subsequent metabolomic profiling revealed that UV-234 and UV-326 exerted different effects on arachidonic acid, lipid, and energy metabolism. However, both BUVSs negatively impacted the cyclic guanosine monophosphate / protein kinase G pathway. This converged metabolic change resulted in comparable toxicity of UV-234 and UV-326, which was confirmed by the induction of downstream apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and abnormal locomotion behavior. These data have important implications for understanding the metabolism, disposition, and toxicology of BUVSs in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Youjun Pei
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Mingwan Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xuefang Liang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Perugini G, Edgar M, Lin F, Kennedy CJ, Farrell AP, Gillis TE, Alderman SL. Age matters: Comparing life-stage responses to diluted bitumen exposure in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 253:106350. [PMID: 36370651 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Millions of liters of diluted bitumen (dilbit), a crude oil product from Canada's oil sands region, is transported through critical Pacific salmon habitat each day. While the toxicity of the water-soluble fraction of dilbit (WSFd) to early life-stages of salmon is known, quantitative data on life-stage differences in sensitivity to WSFd is missing. To fill this knowledge gap, we exposed two juvenile life-stages of coho salmon (O. kisutch) in parallel to very low (parts per billion), environmentally-relevant concentrations of WSFd for acute (48 h) and sub-chronic (4 wk) durations. The relative sensitivities of the two life-stages (fry and parr) were assessed by comparing the timing and magnitude of biological responses using common organismal and molecular endpoints of crude oil exposure. A significant reduction in body condition occurred in both fry and parr after 4 wk exposure to WSFd. Both life-stages also experienced a concentration-dependent decrease in time-to-loss-of-equilibrium during a hypoxia challenge test at both 48 h and 4 wk of exposure. Although organismal responses were similar, molecular responses were distinct between life-stages. In general, unexposed fry had higher baseline values of hepatic phase I biotransformation indicators than unexposed parr, but induction of EROD activity and cyp1a mRNA expression in response to WSFd exposure was greater in parr than in fry. Neither gst nor hsp70 mRNA expression, markers of phase II biotransformation and cell stress, respectively, were reliably altered by WSFd exposure in either life-stage. Taken together, results of this study do not support differential sensitivities of coho fry and parr to WSFd. All the same, the potential for ontogenic differences in the expression and induction of phase I biotransformation need to be considered because age does matter for these endpoints if they are used as bioindicators of exposure in post-spill impact assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Perugini
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Edgar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher J Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah L Alderman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Vremere A, Merola C, Fanti F, Sergi M, Perugini M, Compagnone D, Mikhail M, Lorenzetti S, Amorena M. Oxysterols profiles in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to bisphenol A. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113166. [PMID: 35609738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxysterols are cholesterol oxidation products and bioactive lipids involved in developmental signaling pathways, embryonic and postembryonic tissue patterning and homeostasis. The embryonic period is a very sensitive window of exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), hence the role of BPA on the levels of oxysterols in the very early stages of zebrafish embryogenesis is a relevant novel field of investigation. OBJECTIVES To compare the role of BPA on oxysterols levels in zebrafish embryos at 8 and 24 hours post fertilization (hpf) with cytochromes P450 (CYPs)-modulating chemicals (carbamazepine, ketoconazole, and hydrogen peroxide). METHODS Upon a dose range finding, zebrafish embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant (0.04μM) and toxicological (17.5 μM) BPA concentrations. Seven oxysterols were profiled by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS Similarly to the CYPs-modulating chemicals, BPA caused: i) no significant changes at 8 hpf and ii) a dose-dependent increase of total oxysterols at 24 hpf, with 27-hydroxycholesterol as the most regulated oxysterol. DISCUSSION In the first day post-fertilization of the zebrafish embryos, the role of BPA alike a CYPs-modulating chemical was confirmed by the similar oxysterol changes observed with the already known CYPs-modulating chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Vremere
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy; Dpt. of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carmine Merola
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| | - Federico Fanti
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| | - Monia Perugini
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| | - Milena Mikhail
- Dpt. of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Lorenzetti
- Dpt. of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele Amorena
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
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Csenki Z, Risa A, Sárkány D, Garai E, Bata-Vidács I, Baka E, Szekeres A, Varga M, Ács A, Griffitts J, Bakos K, Bock I, Szabó I, Kriszt B, Urbányi B, Kukolya J. Comparison Evaluation of the Biological Effects of Sterigmatocystin and Aflatoxin B1 Utilizing SOS-Chromotest and a Novel Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo Microinjection Method. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040252. [PMID: 35448861 PMCID: PMC9027791 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent mycotoxin and natural carcinogen. The primary producers of AFB1 are Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Sterigmatocystin (STC), another mycotoxin, shares its biosynthetic pathway with aflatoxins. While there are abundant data on the biological effects of AFB1, STC is not well characterised. According to published data, AFB1 is more harmful to biological systems than STC. It has been suggested that STC is about one-tenth as potent a mutagen as AFB1 as measured by the Ames test. In this research, the biological effects of S9 rat liver homogenate-activated and non-activated STC and AFB1 were compared using two different biomonitoring systems, SOS-Chromotest and a recently developed microinjection zebrafish embryo method. When comparing the treatments, activated STC caused the highest mortality and number of DNA strand breaks across all injected volumes. Based on the E. coli SOS-Chromotest, the two toxins exerted the same genotoxicities. Moreover, according to the newly developed zebrafish microinjection method, STC appeared more toxic than AFB1. The scarce information correlating AFB1 and STC toxicity suggests that AFB1 is a more potent genotoxin than STC. Our findings contradict this assumption and illustrate the need for more complex biomonitoring systems for mycotoxin risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Csenki
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (E.G.); (J.G.); (K.B.); (I.B.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anita Risa
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (E.G.); (J.G.); (K.B.); (I.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Dorottya Sárkány
- Research Group for Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences,1022 Budapest, Hungary; (D.S.); (I.B.-V.); (J.K.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina Garai
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (E.G.); (J.G.); (K.B.); (I.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Ildikó Bata-Vidács
- Research Group for Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences,1022 Budapest, Hungary; (D.S.); (I.B.-V.); (J.K.)
| | - Erzsébet Baka
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Agro-Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science, 1022 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.S.); (M.V.)
| | - Mónika Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.S.); (M.V.)
| | - András Ács
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - Jeffrey Griffitts
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (E.G.); (J.G.); (K.B.); (I.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Katalin Bakos
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (E.G.); (J.G.); (K.B.); (I.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Illés Bock
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (E.G.); (J.G.); (K.B.); (I.B.); (I.S.)
| | - István Szabó
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (E.G.); (J.G.); (K.B.); (I.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Balázs Kriszt
- Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - Béla Urbányi
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - József Kukolya
- Research Group for Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences,1022 Budapest, Hungary; (D.S.); (I.B.-V.); (J.K.)
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Bars C, Hoyberghs J, Valenzuela A, Buyssens L, Ayuso M, Van Ginneken C, Labro AJ, Foubert K, Van Cruchten SJ. Developmental Toxicity and Biotransformation of Two Anti-Epileptics in Zebrafish Embryos and Early Larvae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12696. [PMID: 34884510 PMCID: PMC8657848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo is gaining interest as a bridging tool between in-vitro and in-vivo developmental toxicity studies. However, cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated drug metabolism in this model is still under debate. Therefore, we investigated the potential of zebrafish embryos and larvae to bioactivate two known anti-epileptics, carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenytoin (PHE), to carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (E-CBZ) and 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH), respectively. First, zebrafish were exposed to CBZ, PHE, E-CBZ and HPPH from 5¼- to 120-h post fertilization (hpf) and morphologically evaluated. Second, the formations of E-CBZ and HPPH were assessed in culture medium and in whole-embryo extracts at different time points by targeted LC-MS. Finally, E-CBZ and HPPH formation was also assessed in adult zebrafish liver microsomes and compared with those of human, rat, and rabbit. The present study showed teratogenic effects for CBZ and PHE, but not for E-CBZ and HPPH. No HPPH was detected during organogenesis and E-CBZ was only formed at the end of organogenesis. E-CBZ and HPPH formation was also very low-to-negligible in adult zebrafish compared with the mammalian species. As such, other metabolic pathways than those of mammals are involved in the bioactivation of CBZ and PHE, or, these anti-epileptics are teratogens and do not require bioactivation in the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Bars
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Jente Hoyberghs
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Alain J. Labro
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular and Network Excitability, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Steven J. Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
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10
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Grimard C, Mangold-Döring A, Alharbi H, Weber L, Hogan N, Jones PD, Giesy JP, Hecker M, Brinkmann M. Toxicokinetic Models for Bioconcentration of Organic Contaminants in Two Life Stages of White Sturgeon ( Acipenser transmontanus). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11590-11600. [PMID: 34383468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) is an endangered ancient fish species that is known to be particularly sensitive to certain environmental contaminants, partly because of the uptake and subsequent toxicity of lipophilic pollutants prone to bioconcentration as a result of their high lipid content. To better understand the bioconcentration of organic contaminants in this species, toxicokinetic (TK) models were developed for the embryo-larval and subadult life stages. The embryo-larval model was designed as a one-compartment model and validated using whole-body measurements of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) metabolites from a waterborne exposure to B[a]P. A physiologically based TK (PBTK) model was used for the subadult model. The predictive power of the subadult model was validated with an experimental data set of four chemicals. Results showed that the TK models could accurately predict the bioconcentration of organic contaminants for both life stages of white sturgeon within 1 order of magnitude of measured values. These models provide a tool to better understand the impact of environmental contaminants on the health and the survival of endangered white sturgeon populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Grimard
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Annika Mangold-Döring
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Hattan Alharbi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lynn Weber
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Natacha Hogan
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
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11
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Structure-based virtual screening of CYP1A1 inhibitors: towards rapid tier-one assessment of potential developmental toxicants. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3031-3048. [PMID: 34181028 PMCID: PMC8380238 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) metabolizes estrogens, melatonin, and other key endogenous signaling molecules critical for embryonic/fetal development. The enzyme has increasing expression during pregnancy, and its inhibition or knockout increases embryonic/fetal lethality and/or developmental problems. Here, we present a virtual screening model for CYP1A1 inhibitors based on the orthosteric and predicted allosteric sites of the enzyme. Using 1001 reference compounds with CYP1A1 activity data, we optimized the decision thresholds of our model and classified the training compounds with 68.3% balanced accuracy (91.0% sensitivity and 45.7% specificity). We applied our final model to 11 known CYP1A1 orthosteric binders and related compounds, and found that our ranking of the known orthosteric binders generally agrees with the relative activity of CYP1A1 in metabolizing these compounds. We also applied the model to 22 new test compounds with unknown/unclear CYP1A1 inhibitory activity, and predicted 16 of them are CYP1A1 inhibitors. The CYP1A1 potency and modes of inhibition of these 22 compounds were experimentally determined. We confirmed that most predicted inhibitors, including drugs contraindicated during pregnancy (amiodarone, bicalutamide, cyproterone acetate, ketoconazole, and tamoxifen) and environmental agents suspected to be endocrine disruptors (bisphenol A, diethyl and dibutyl phthalates, and zearalenone), are indeed potent inhibitors of CYP1A1. Our results suggest that virtual screening may be used as a rapid tier-one method to screen for potential CYP1A1 inhibitors, and flag them out for further experimental evaluations.
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12
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Loerracher AK, Braunbeck T. Cytochrome P450-dependent biotransformation capacities in embryonic, juvenile and adult stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio)-a state-of-the-art review. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2299-2334. [PMID: 34148099 PMCID: PMC8241672 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Given the strong trend to implement zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos as translational model not only in ecotoxicological, but also toxicological testing strategies, there is an increasing need for a better understanding of their capacity for xenobiotic biotransformation. With respect to the extrapolation of toxicological data from zebrafish embryos to other life stages or even other organisms, qualitative and quantitative differences in biotransformation pathways, above all in cytochrome P450-dependent (CYP) phase I biotransformation, may lead to over- or underestimation of the hazard and risk certain xenobiotic compounds may pose to later developmental stages or other species. This review provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art overview of the scientific knowledge on the development of the CYP1-4 families and corresponding phase I biotransformation and bioactivation capacities in zebrafish. A total of 68 publications dealing with spatiotemporal CYP mRNA expression patterns, activities towards mammalian CYP-probe substrates, bioactivation and detoxification activities, as well as metabolite profiling were analyzed and included in this review. The main results allow for the following conclusions: (1) Extensive work has been done to document mRNA expression of CYP isoforms from earliest embryonic stages of zebrafish, but juvenile and adult zebrafish have been largely neglected so far. (2) There is insufficient understanding of how sex- and developmental stage-related differences in expression levels of certain CYP isoforms may impact biotransformation and bioactivation capacities in the respective sexes and in different developmental stages of zebrafish. (3) Albeit qualitatively often identical, many studies revealed quantitative differences in metabolic activities of zebrafish embryos and later developmental stages. However, the actual relevance of age-related differences on the outcome of toxicological studies still needs to be clarified. (4) With respect to current remaining gaps, there is still an urgent need for further studies systematically assessing metabolic profiles and capacities of CYP isoforms in zebrafish. Given the increasing importance of Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concepts, an improved understanding of CYP capacities appears essential for the interpretation and outcome of (eco)toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Loerracher
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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13
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Meyer-Alert H, Wiseman S, Tang S, Hecker M, Hollert H. Identification of molecular toxicity pathways across early life-stages of zebrafish exposed to PCB126 using a whole transcriptomics approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111716. [PMID: 33396047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although withdrawn from the market in the 1980s, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are still found ubiquitously in the aquatic environment and pose a serious risk to biota due to their teratogenic potential. In fish, early life-stages are often considered most sensitive with regard to their exposure to PCBs and other dioxin-like compounds. However, little is known about the molecular drivers of the frequently observed teratogenic effects. Therefore, the aims of our study were to: (1) characterize the baseline transcriptome profiles at different embryonic life-stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio); and (2) to identify the molecular response to PCB exposure and life-stage specific-effects of the chemical on associated processes. For both objectives, embryos were sampled at 12, 48, and 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) and subjected to Illumina sequence-by-synthesis and RNAseq analysis. Results revealed that with increasing age more genes and related pathways were upregulated both in terms of number and magnitude. Yet, other transcripts followed an opposite pattern with greater transcript abundance at the earlier time points. Additionally, embryos were exposed to PCB126, a potent agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). ClueGO network analysis revealed significant enrichment of genes associated with basic cell metabolism, communication, and homeostasis as well as eye development, muscle formation, and skeletal formation. We selected eight genes involved in the affected pathways for an in-depth characterization of their regulation throughout normal embryogenesis and after exposure to PCB126 by quantification of transcript abundances every 12 h until 118 hpf. Among these, fgf7 and c9 stood out because of their strong upregulation by PCB126 exposure at 48 and 96 hpf, respectively. Cyp2aa12 was upregulated from 84 hpf on. Fabp10ab, myhz1.1, col8a1a, sulf1, and opn1sw1 displayed specific regulation depending on the developmental stage. Overall, we demonstrate that (1) the developmental transcriptome of zebrafish is highly dynamic, and (2) dysregulation of gene expression by exposure to PCB126 was significant and in several cases not directly connected to AHR-signaling. Hence, this study improves the understanding of linkages between molecular events and apical outcomes that are of regulatory relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Meyer-Alert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences and Water Institute for Sustainable Environments (WISE), University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Song Tang
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu, China
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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14
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Price ER, Mager EM. The effects of exposure to crude oil or PAHs on fish swim bladder development and function. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 238:108853. [PMID: 32777466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The failure of the swim bladder to inflate during fish development is a common and sensitive response to exposure to petrochemicals. Here, we review potential mechanisms by which petrochemicals or their toxic components (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PAHs) may affect swim bladder inflation, particularly during early life stages. Surface films formed by oil can cause a physical barrier to primary inflation by air gulping, and are likely important during oil spills. The act of swimming to the surface for primary inflation can be arduous for some species, and may prevent inflation if this behavior is limited by toxic effects on vision or musculature. Some studies have noted altered gene expression in the swim bladder in response to PAHs, and Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) can be induced in swim bladder or rete mirabile tissue, suggesting that PAHs can have direct effects on swim bladder development. Swim bladder inflation failure can also occur secondarily to the failure of other systems; cardiovascular impairment is the best elucidated of these mechanisms, but other mechanisms might include non-inflation as a sequela of disruption to thyroid signaling or cholesterol metabolism. Failed swim bladder inflation has the potential to lead to chronic sublethal effects that are as yet unstudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Price
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States of America.
| | - Edward M Mager
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States of America
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15
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Grimard C, Mangold-Döring A, Schmitz M, Alharbi H, Jones PD, Giesy JP, Hecker M, Brinkmann M. In vitro-in vivo and cross-life stage extrapolation of uptake and biotransformation of benzo[a]pyrene in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 228:105616. [PMID: 33039795 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding internal dose metrics is integral to adequately assess effects environmental contaminants might have on aquatic wildlife, including fish. In silico toxicokinetic (TK) models are a leading approach for quantifying internal exposure metrics for fishes; however, they often do not adequately consider chemicals that are actively biotransformed and have not been validated against early-life stages (ELS) that are often considered the most sensitive to the exposure to contaminants. To address these uncertainties, TK models were parameterized for the rapidly biotransformed chemical benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in embryo-larval and adult life stages of fathead minnows. Biotransformation of B[a]P was determined through measurements of in vitro clearance. Using in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, in vitro clearance was integrated into a multi-compartment TK model for adult fish and a one-compartment model for ELS. Model predictions were validated using measurements of B[a]P metabolites from in vivo flow-through exposures to graded concentrations of water-borne B[a]P. Significantly greater amounts of B[a]P metabolites were observed with exposure to greater concentrations of parent compound in both life stages. However, when assessing biotransformation capacity, no differences in phase I or phase II biotransformation were observed with greater exposures to B[a]P. Results of modelling suggested that biotransformation of B[a]P can be successfully implemented into in silico models to accurately predict life stage-specific abundances of B[a]P metabolites in either whole-body larvae or the bile of adult fish. Models developed increase the scope of applications in which TK models can be used to support environmental risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Grimard
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Annika Mangold-Döring
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Schmitz
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hattan Alharbi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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16
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Loerracher AK, Braunbeck T. Inducibility of cytochrome P450-mediated 7-methoxycoumarin-O-demethylase activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 225:105540. [PMID: 32569997 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo has increasingly been used as an alternative model in human and environmental toxicology. Since the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system is of fundamental importance for the understanding and correct interpretation of the outcome of toxicological studies, constitutive and xenobiotic-induced 7-methoxycoumarin-O-demethylase (MCOD), i.e. 'mammalian CYP2-like', activities were monitored in vivo in zebrafish embryos via confocal laser scanning microscopy. In order to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying the MCOD induction, dose-dependent effects of the prototypical CYP inducers β-naphthoflavone (aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist), rifampicin (pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist), carbamazepine and phenobarbital (constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) agonists) were analyzed in zebrafish embryos of varying age. Starting from 36 h of age, all embryonic stages of zebrafish could be shown to have constitutive MCOD activity, albeit with spatial variation and at distinct levels. Whereas carbamazepine, phenobarbital and rifampicin had no effect on in vivo MCOD activity in 96 h old zebrafish embryos, the model aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist β-naphthoflavone significantly induced MCOD activity in 96 h old zebrafish embryos at 46-734 nM, however, without a clear concentration-effect relationship. Induction of MCOD activity by β-naphthoflavone gradually decreased with progression of embryonic development. By in vivo characterization of constitutive and xenobiotic-induced MCOD activity patterns in 36, 60, 84 and 108 h old zebrafish embryos, this decrease could primarily be attributed to an age-related decline in the induction of MCOD activity in the cardiovascular system. Results of this study provide novel insights into the mechanism and extent, by which specific CYP activities in early life-stages of zebrafish can be influenced by exposure to xenobiotics. The study thus lends further support to the view that zebrafish embryos- at least from an age of 36 h - have an elaborate and inducible biotransformation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Loerracher
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Souder JP, Gorelick DA. ahr2, But Not ahr1a or ahr1b, Is Required for Craniofacial and Fin Development and TCDD-dependent Cardiotoxicity in Zebrafish. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:25-44. [PMID: 30907958 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that binds environmental toxicants and regulates gene expression. AHR also regulates developmental processes, like craniofacial development and hematopoiesis, in the absence of environmental exposures. Zebrafish have 3 paralogs of AHR: ahr1a, ahr1b, and ahr2. Adult zebrafish with mutations in ahr2 exhibited craniofacial and fin defects. However, the degree to which ahr1a and ahr1b influence ahr2 signaling and contribute to fin and craniofacial development are not known. We compared morphology of adult ahr2 mutants and ahr1a;ahr1b single and double mutant zebrafish. We found that ahr1a;ahr1b single and double mutants were morphologically normal whereas ahr2 mutant zebrafish demonstrated fin and craniofacial malformations. At 5 days post fertilization, both ahr1a;ahr1b and ahr2 mutant larvae were normal, suggesting that adult phenotypes are due to defects in maturation or maintenance. Next, we analyzed the function of zebrafish AHRs activated by environmental ligands. The prototypical AHR ligand, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), induces toxicity in humans and rodents via AHR and causes cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. It has been shown that embryos with mutations in ahr2 are resistant to TCDD toxicity, yet it is unclear whether ahr1 receptors are required. Furthermore, though AHR was shown to interact with estrogen receptor alpha following TCDD treatment, it is not known whether this interaction is constitutive or context-dependent. To determine whether estrogen receptors are constitutive cofactors for AHR signaling, we used genetic and pharmacologic techniques to analyze TCDD-dependent toxicity in estrogen receptor and ahr mutant embryos. We found that embryos with mutations in ahr1a;ahr1b or estrogen receptor genes are susceptible to TCDD toxicity whereas ahr2 mutant embryos are TCDD-resistant. Moreover, pharmacologic blockade of nuclear estrogen receptors failed to prevent TCDD toxicity. These findings suggest that ahr1 genes do not have overlapping functions with ahr2 in fin and craniofacial development or TCDD-dependent toxicity, and that estrogen receptors are not constitutive partners of ahr2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn P Souder
- Medical Scientist Training Program & Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Daniel A Gorelick
- Medical Scientist Training Program & Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030
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18
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Zindler F, Tisler S, Loerracher AK, Zwiener C, Braunbeck T. Norfluoxetine Is the Only Metabolite of Fluoxetine in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Embryos That Accumulates at Environmentally Relevant Exposure Scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4200-4209. [PMID: 32167300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine has been recognized as one of the most toxic pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Since there is growing evidence that the toxic potential of fluoxetine in surface waters is markedly influenced by its own metabolism in aquatic species, this study investigated the biotransformation of fluoxetine in the zebrafish embryo - an aquatic model organism of intermediate complexity. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.1, 1.0, 10, 50, and 5000 μg/L of fluoxetine from 48 to 120 h post-fertilization (hpf), and the accumulation of fluoxetine and its metabolites was analyzed over time. Additionally, depuration of fluoxetine and its metabolites from 96 to 120 hpf was investigated, and autoinhibitory effects of fluoxetine on phase I biotransformation were analyzed. Exposure to 5000 μg/L fluoxetine resulted in elevated 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes and continuous accumulation of fluoxetine and 11 fluoxetine metabolites. Embryos exposed to 10 and 50 μg/L fluoxetine were able to reduce fluoxetine accumulation from 94 to 120 hpf. During depuration, accumulation of fluoxetine and most metabolites was clearly reduced, and biotransformation shifted in favor of norfluoxetine, the primary fluoxetine metabolite in humans. Findings demonstrated that norfluoxetine is the only metabolite of fluoxetine that accumulates in zebrafish embryos at environmentally relevant exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zindler
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Selina Tisler
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Loerracher
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
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19
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Loerracher AK, Grethlein M, Braunbeck T. In vivo fluorescence-based characterization of cytochrome P450 activity during embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110330. [PMID: 32078841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life-stages are increasingly gaining attention as an alternative model in both human and environmental toxicology. Whereas there is amble knowledge about the transcription of various cytochrome P450 isoforms, the level of information about functional implications is still limited. This study investigated the development of CYP2-dependent 7-methoxycoumarin-O-demethylase (MCOD) activity throughout the early zebrafish development from 5 to 118 h post-fertilization (hpf) via confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results demonstrate that zebrafish embryos exhibit constitutive MCOD activity from as early as 5.5 hpf. Characteristic spatiotemporal patterns were documented with MCOD activities localized in several tissues and organs, namely the cardiovascular system, the brain, the digestive system, and the urinary tract. The study thereby contributes to a better understanding of the development and functional role of CYP enzymes in zebrafish early life-stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Loerracher
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany.
| | - Martin Grethlein
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
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20
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Hill BN, Saari GN, Steele WB, Corrales J, Brooks BW. Nutrients and salinity influence Prymnesium parvum (UTEX LB 2797) elicited sublethal toxicity in Pimephales promelas and Danio rerio. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 93:101795. [PMID: 32307075 PMCID: PMC8166212 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude, frequency, and duration of harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing worldwide, primarily due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. Prymnesium parvum is a euryhaline and eurythermal HAB forming species that has expanded throughout North America, resulting in massive fish kills. Previous aquatic ecology and toxicology efforts supported an understanding of conditions resulting in P. parvum HABs and fish kills; however, the primary endpoint selected for these studies was acute mortality. Whether adverse sublethal responses to P. parvum occur in fish are largely unknown. To begin to address this question, molecular and biochemical oxidative stress (OS) biomarker responses and photomotor behavioral alterations were investigated in two common fish models, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). Varying nutrient and salinity conditions influenced P. parvum related OS biomarkers and fish behavioral responses in zebrafish and fathead minnows, which were heightened by nonoptimal conditions for P. parvum growth. Such sublethal observations present important considerations for future aquatic assessments and management of P. parvum HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgett N Hill
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Gavin N Saari
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - W Baylor Steele
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Jone Corrales
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States.
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21
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Meyer-Alert H, Larsson M, Hollert H, Keiter SH. Benzo[a]pyrene and 2,3-benzofuran induce divergent temporal patterns of AhR-regulated responses in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109505. [PMID: 31394372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biotests like the fish embryo toxicity test have become increasingly popular in risk assessment and evaluation of chemicals found in the environment. The large range of possible endpoints is a big advantage when researching on the mode of action of a certain substance. Here, we utilized the frequently used model organism zebrafish (Danio rerio) to examine regulative mechanisms in the pathway of the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in early development. We exposed embryos to representatives of two chemical classes known to elicit dioxin-like activity: benzo[a]pyrene for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 2,3-benzofuran for polar O-substituted heterocycles as a member of heterocyclic compounds in general (N-, S-, O-heterocycles; NSO-hets). We measured gene transcription of the induced P450 cytochromes (cyp1), their formation of protein and biotransformation activity throughout the whole embryonic development until 5 days after fertilization. The results show a very specific time course of transcription depending on the chemical properties (e.g. halogenation, planarity, Kow), the physical decay and the biodegradability of the tested compound. However, although this temporal pattern was not precisely transferable onto the protein level, significant regulation in enzymatic activity over time could be detected. We conclude, that a careful choice of time and end point as well as consideration of the chemical properties of a substance are fairly important when planning, conducting and especially evaluating biotests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Meyer-Alert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen H Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
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22
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From mRNA Expression of Drug Disposition Genes to In Vivo Assessment of CYP-Mediated Biotransformation during Zebrafish Embryonic and Larval Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123976. [PMID: 30544719 PMCID: PMC6321216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo is currently explored as an alternative for developmental toxicity testing. As maternal metabolism is lacking in this model, knowledge of the disposition of xenobiotics during zebrafish organogenesis is pivotal in order to correctly interpret the outcome of teratogenicity assays. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity in zebrafish embryos and larvae until 14 d post-fertilization (dpf) by using a non-specific CYP substrate, i.e., benzyloxy-methyl-resorufin (BOMR) and a CYP1-specific substrate, i.e., 7-ethoxyresorufin (ER). Moreover, the constitutive mRNA expression of CYP1A, CYP1B1, CYP1C1, CYP1C2, CYP2K6, CYP3A65, CYP3C1, phase II enzymes uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) and sulfotransferase 1st1 (SULT1ST1), and an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporter, i.e., abcb4, was assessed during zebrafish development until 32 dpf by means of quantitative PCR (qPCR). The present study showed that trancripts and/or the activity of these proteins involved in disposition of xenobiotics are generally low to undetectable before 72 h post-fertilization (hpf), which has to be taken into account in teratogenicity testing. Full capacity appears to be reached by the end of organogenesis (i.e., 120 hpf), although CYP1-except CYP1A-and SULT1ST1 were shown to be already mature in early embryonic development.
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23
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Meyer-Alert H, Ladermann K, Larsson M, Schiwy S, Hollert H, Keiter SH. A temporal high-resolution investigation of the Ah-receptor pathway during early development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 204:117-129. [PMID: 30245344 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the regulating mechanisms of the aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor (AHR) in zebrafish embryos, we aimed to elucidate the interaction of proteins taking part in this signaling pathway during early development of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) after chemical exposure. We managed to illustrate initial transcription processes of the implemented proteins after exposure to two environmentally relevant chemicals: polychlorinated biphenyl 126 (PCB126) and β-Naphthoflavone (BNF). Using qPCR, we quantified mRNA every 4 h until 118 h post fertilization and found the expression of biotransformation enzymes (cyp1 family) and the repressor of the AHR (ahr-r) to be dependent on the duration of chemical exposure and the biodegradability of the compounds. PCB126 induced persistently increased amounts of transcripts as it is not metabolized, whereas activation by BNF was limited to the initial period of exposure. We did not find a clear relation between the amount of transcripts and activity of the induced CYP-proteins, so posttranscriptional mechanisms are likely to regulate biotransformation of BNF. With regard to zebrafish embryos and their application in risk assessment of hazardous chemicals, our examination of the AHR pathway especially supports the relevance of the time point or period of exposure that is used for bioanalytical investigations and consideration of chemical properties determining biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Meyer-Alert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kim Ladermann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen H Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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24
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Sarasquete C, Úbeda-Manzanaro M, Ortiz-Delgado JB. Toxicity and non-harmful effects of the soya isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, in embryos of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 211:57-67. [PMID: 29870789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Based on the assumed oestrogenic and apoptotic properties of soya isoflavones (genistein, daidzein), and following the current OECD test-guidelines and principle of 3Rs, we have studied the potential toxicity of phytochemicals on the zebrafish embryos test (ZFET). For this purpose, zebrafish embryos at 2-3 h post-fertilisation (hpf) were exposed to both soya isoflavones (from 1.25 mg/L to 20 mg/L) and assayed until 96 hpf. Lethal and sub-lethal endpoints (mortality, hatching rates and malformations) were estimated in the ZFET, which was expanded to potential gene expression markers, determining the lowest observed effect (and transcriptional) concentrations (LOEC, LOTEC), and the no-observable effect (and transcriptional) concentrations (NOEC, NOTEC). The results revealed that genistein is more toxic (LC50-96 hpf: 4.41 mg/L) than daidzein (over 65.15 mg/L). Both isoflavones up-regulated the oestrogen (esrrb) and death receptors (fas) and cyp1a transcript levels. Most thyroid transcript signals were up-regulated by genistein (except for thyroid peroxidase/tpo), and the hatching enzyme (he1a1) was exclusively up-regulated by daidzein (from 1.25 mg/L onwards). The ZFET proved suitable for assessing toxicant effects of both isoflavones and potential disruptions (i.e. oestrogenic, apoptotic, thyroid, enzymatic) during the embryogenesis and the endotrophic larval period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sarasquete
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN-CSIC, Spain; Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro, Apdo oficial, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - María Úbeda-Manzanaro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN-CSIC, Spain; Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro, Apdo oficial, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan B Ortiz-Delgado
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN-CSIC, Spain; Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro, Apdo oficial, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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25
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Sonavane M, Schollée JE, Hidasi AO, Creusot N, Brion F, Suter MJF, Hollender J, Aїt-Aїssa S. An integrative approach combining passive sampling, bioassays, and effect-directed analysis to assess the impact of wastewater effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2079-2088. [PMID: 29667746 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are major sources of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and other chemicals of toxicological concern for the aquatic environment. In the present study, we used an integrated strategy combining passive sampling (Chemcatcher®), developmental toxicity, and mechanism-based in vitro and in vivo bioassays to monitor the impacts of a WWTP on a river. In vitro screening revealed the WWTP effluent as a source of estrogen, glucocorticoid, and aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) receptor-mediated activities impacting the downstream river site where significant activities were also measured, albeit to a lesser extent than in the effluent. Effect-directed analysis of the effluent successfully identified the presence of potent estrogens (estrone, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and 17β-estradiol) and glucocorticoids (clobetasol propionate and fluticasone propionate) as the major contributors to the observed in vitro activities, even though other unidentified active chemicals were likely present. The impact of the WWTP was also assessed using zebrafish embryo assays, highlighting its ability to induce estrogenic response through up-regulation of the aromatase promoter-dependent reporter gene in the transgenic (cyp19a1b-green fluorescent protein [GFP]) zebrafish assay and to generate teratogenic effects at nonlethal concentrations in the zebrafish embryo toxicity test. The present study argues for the use of such an integrated approach, combining passive sampling, bioassays, and effect-directed analysis, to comprehensively identify endocrine active compounds and associated hazards of WTTP effluents. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2079-2088. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sonavane
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jennifer E Schollée
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anita O Hidasi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPF Lausanne), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Creusot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - François Brion
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Selim Aїt-Aїssa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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26
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Otte JC, Schultz B, Fruth D, Fabian E, van Ravenzwaay B, Hidding B, Salinas ER. Intrinsic Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzyme Activities in Early Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol Sci 2018; 159:86-93. [PMID: 28903500 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio, zf) are gaining attention as an alternative invivo test system for drug discovery, early developmental toxicity screenings and chemical testing in ecotoxicological and toxicological testing strategies. Previous studies have demonstrated transcriptional evidence for xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME) during early zf development. However, elaborate experiments on XME activities during development are incomplete. In this work, the intrinsic activities of representative phase I and II XME were monitored by transformation of putative zf model substrates analyzed using photometry and high pressure liquid chromatography techniques. Six different defined stages of zf development (between 2.5 h postfertilization (hpf) to 120 hpf) were investigated by preparing a subcellular fraction from whole organism homogenates. We demonstrated that zf embryos as early as 2.5 hpf possess intrinsic metabolic activities for esterase, Aldh, Gst, and Cyp1a above the methodological detection limit. The activities of the enzymes Cyp3a and Nat were measurable during later stages in development. Activities represent dynamic patterns during development. The role of XME activities revealed in this work is relevant for the assessing toxicity in this test system and therefore contributes to a valuable characterization of zf embryos as an alternative testing organism in toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernadette Schultz
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Daniela Fruth
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Eric Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Björn Hidding
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Edward R Salinas
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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27
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Boehler S, Lörracher AK, Schubert J, Braunbeck T. Comparative live-imaging of in vivo EROD (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) induction in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos after exposure to PAHs and river sediment extracts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:827-838. [PMID: 29202294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of EROD (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) activity to determine the induction of CYP1A after exposure to dioxin-like substances is a well-established biomarker in fish. For reasons of animal welfare and implementations of new chemicals regulations (REACh), in vivo methods using zebrafish (Danio rerio) and medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos have recently been developed to quantify CYP1A induction, which is visualized as mean intensity of the autofluorescent resorufin formed in living anaesthetized embryos. In the present study, concentration ranges of three PAHs (benzo[a]pyrene, β-naphthoflavone, benzo[k]fluoranthene) as examples of known CYP1A inducers as well as extracts of two well-characterized sediment samples of the lower Neckar river (Southern Germany) were used to determine the suitability of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryo for the in vivo EROD assay. Data for zebrafish embryos were generated for comparison. Fathead minnow embryos were principally suitable to show in vivo EROD induction via live-imaging. Since in fathead minnow embryos both signal area and fluorescence intensities are lower than in zebrafish embryos, the induction potentials of the three model PAHs and the environmental samples proved to be species-dependent. Among the three PAHs tested, benzo[k]fluoranthene lead to the strongest EROD signal followed by β-naphthoflavone and benzo[a]pyrene in comparison to the positive control. Whereas benzo[k]fluoranthene and β-naphthoflavone showed a dose-response relationship for the EROD induction, benzo[a]pyrene failed to induce a significant signal in fathead minnow embryos. If compared to the model PAHs, the extracts of both sediments from the lower Neckar River induced stronger EROD signals in both fathead minnow and zebrafish embryos. Observations thus documented fathead minnow embryos to be as suitable for biomonitoring purposes as are zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Boehler
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ann-Kathrin Lörracher
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Janine Schubert
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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28
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Poulsen R, Cedergreen N, Hayes T, Hansen M. Nitrate: An Environmental Endocrine Disruptor? A Review of Evidence and Research Needs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3869-3887. [PMID: 29494771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is heavily used as an agricultural fertilizer and is today a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. Environmental endocrine effects caused by nitrate have received increasing attention over the last 15 years. Nitrate is hypothesized to interfere with thyroid and steroid hormone homeostasis and developmental and reproductive end points. The current review focuses on aquatic ecotoxicology with emphasis on field and laboratory controlled in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, nitrate is just one of several forms of nitrogen that is present in the environment and many of these are quickly interconvertible. Therefore, the focus is additionally confined to the oxidized nitrogen species (nitrate, nitrite and nitric oxide). We reviewed 26 environmental toxicology studies and our main findings are (1) nitrate has endocrine disrupting properties and hypotheses for mechanisms exist, which warrants for further investigations; (2) there are issues determining actual nitrate-speciation and abundance is not quantified in a number of studies, making links to speciation-specific effects difficult; and (3) more advanced analytical chemistry methodologies are needed both for exposure assessment and in the determination of endocrine biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Poulsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40 , 1871 Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40 , 1871 Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Tyrone Hayes
- Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Molecular Toxicology, Group in Endocrinology, Energy and Resources Group, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, and Department of Integrative Biology , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Martin Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40 , 1871 Frederiksberg , Denmark
- Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Molecular Toxicology, Group in Endocrinology, Energy and Resources Group, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, and Department of Integrative Biology , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Environmental Science , Aarhus University , 4000 Roskilde , Denmark
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29
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Kristofco LA, Haddad SP, Chambliss CK, Brooks BW. Differential uptake of and sensitivity to diphenhydramine in embryonic and larval zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1175-1181. [PMID: 29274281 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish fish embryo toxicity (FET) test is increasingly employed for alternative toxicity studies, yet our previous research identified increased sensitivity of zebrafish slightly older than embryos employed in FET methods (0-4 d postfertilization [dpf]). We identified rapid steady-state accumulation of diphenhydramine across zebrafish embryo and larval stages. However, significantly (p < 0.05) lower accumulation was observed at 48 h compared to 96 h in chorionated and dechorionated embryos (0-4 dpf), but not in zebrafish at 7 to 11 and 14 to 18 dpf. Increased uptake and toxicity of diphenhydramine was further observed in zebrafish at 7 to 11 and 14 to 18 dpf compared with 0-4 dpf embryos with chorion or dechorionated, which indicates that differential zebrafish sensitivity with age is associated with accumulation resulting from gill and other toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic changes during development. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1175-1181. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Kristofco
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Samuel P Haddad
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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30
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Kais B, Ottermanns R, Scheller F, Braunbeck T. Modification and quantification of in vivo EROD live-imaging with zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to detect both induction and inhibition of CYP1A. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:330-347. [PMID: 28982082 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The visualization of specific activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) directly in the zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio) via live-imaging is a reliable tool to investigate the presence of dioxin-like substances in environmental samples. The co-existence of inducers and inhibitors of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (CYP1A) is typical of complex environmental mixtures and requires modifications of the in vivo EROD assay: For this end, zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate the EROD-modifying potentials of common single-compound exposures as well as binary mixtures with the PAH-type Ah-receptor agonist β-naphthoflavone. For chemical testing, chlorpyrifos and Aroclor 1254 were selected; β-naphthoflavone served as maximum EROD induction control. Chlorpyrifos (≤EC10) could be documented to be a strong CYP1A inhibitor causing characteristic edema-related toxicity. Aroclor 1254 resulted in inhibition of CYP1A catalytic activity in a concentration- and specific time-dependent manner. Next to a fast CYP1A induction, CYP1A inhibition could also be detected after 3h short-term exposure of zebrafish embryos to chlorpyrifos. This communication also describes techniques for the quantification of fluorescence signals via densitometry as a basis for subsequent statistical assessment. The co-exposure approach with zebrafish embryos accounts for the nature of potential interaction between CYP1A inducers and inhibitors and thus pays tribute to the complexity of environmental mixtures. The co-exposure EROD live-imaging assay thus facilitates a better understanding of mixture effects and allows a better assessment and interpretation of (embryo) toxic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Kais
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Richard Ottermanns
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Scheller
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Xu H, Li C, Suklai P, Zeng Q, Chong R, Gong Z. Differential sensitivities to dioxin-like compounds PCB 126 and PeCDF between Tg(cyp1a:gfp) transgenic medaka and zebrafish larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:24-30. [PMID: 29091793 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been intensively documented that there are species-differences in the sensitivity to dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in mammalian and avian. However, this issue is still unclear in fish. This study aimed at evaluating the differential sensitivities to DLCs in fish larvae. Here, larvae of Tg(cyp1a:gfp) medaka and Tg(cyp1a:gfp) zebrafish were tested with 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), polychlorinated biphenyl 126 (PCB 126) and 2,3,4,7,8,-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF). Comparative analyses were performed on induction of GFP fluorescence, expression of endogenous cyp1a mRNAs and EROD activity between the two species after exposure to these chemicals. We found that PCB 126 and PeCDF exposure at high concentrations induced strong GFP expression in multiple organs (liver, head kidney and gut) in both medaka and zebrafish larvae. Moreover, the expression of endogenous cyp1a mRNA was significantly elevated in the zebrafish larvae exposed to TCDD, PCB 126 and PeCDF at different concentrations. Likewise, almost all the exposure conditions could cause prominent elevation of EROD activity in the zebrafish larvae, while the EROD activities were just slightly elevated in the medaka larvae exposed to 1 nM and 0.5 nM of TCDD as well as to 1.5 nM and 15 nM of PeCDF, but not in the medaka larvae exposed to PCB 126. Taken together, zebrafish was proved to be more sensitive than medaka to PCB 126 and to PeCDF in this study. The findings suggested species-specific sensitivity to DLCs in fish and will facilitate choosing a sensitive and reliable fish model or tool to evaluate the risk of dioxins and DLCs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 1 Xingyu Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510380, China; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Caixia Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pacharaporn Suklai
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qinghua Zeng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond Chong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Blanc M, Kärrman A, Kukucka P, Scherbak N, Keiter S. Mixture-specific gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:249-257. [PMID: 28283292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) are persistent organic pollutants of high concern because of their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and toxic properties. Besides, the amphiphilic properties of fluorinated compounds such as PFOS and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) suggest a role in increasing cell membrane permeability and solubilizing chemicals. The present study aimed at investigating whether PFOS and PFHxA are capable of modifying the activation of PCB126 toxicity-related pathways. For this purpose, zebrafish embryos were exposed in semi-static conditions to 7.5μg/L of PCB126 alone, in the presence of 25mg/L of PFOS, 15.7mg/L of PFHxA or in the presence of both PFOS and PFHxA. Quantitative PCR was performed on embryos aged from 24h post fertilization (hpf) to 96 hpf to investigate expression changes of genes involved in metabolism of xenobiotics (ahr2, cyp1a), oxidative stress (gpx1a, tp53), lipids metabolism (acaa2, osbpl1a), and epigenetic mechanisms (dnmt1, dnmt3ba). Cyp1a and ahr2 expression were significantly induced by the presence of PCB126. However, after 72 and 78h of exposure, induction of cyp1a expression was significantly lower when embryos were co-exposed to PCB126+PFOS+PFHxA when compared to PCB126-exposed embryos. Significant upregulation of gpx1a occurred after exposure to PCB126+PFHxA and to PCB126+PFOS+PFHxA at 30 and 48 hpf. Besides, embryos appeared more sensitive to PCB126+PFOS+PFHxA at 78 hpf: acaa2 and osbpl1a were significantly downregulated; dnmt1 was significantly upregulated. While presented as environmentally safe, PFHxA demonstrated that it could affect gene expression patterns in zebrafish embryos when combined to PFOS and PCB126, suggesting that such mixture may increase PCB126 toxicity. This is of particular relevance since PFHxA is persistent and still being ejected into the environment. Moreover, it provides additional information as to the importance to integrate mixture effects of chemicals in risk assessment and biomonitoring frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Blanc
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Petr Kukucka
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Nikolai Scherbak
- Örebro Life Science Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Steffen Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Kais B, Schiwy S, Hollert H, Keiter SH, Braunbeck T. In vivo EROD assays with the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as rapid screening tools for the detection of dioxin-like activity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:269-280. [PMID: 28268020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study compares two alternative in vivo approaches for the measurement of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) following exposure to acetonic model sediment extracts: (1) the live-imaging EROD assay for the direct detection of EROD induction in individual livers via epifluorescence, and (2) the fish embryo EROD assay in subcellular fractions derived from entire zebrafish embryos after in vivo exposure. For toxicity assessment, each sediment extract was tested with the standard fish embryo test (FET). Upon completion of a functioning liver after 72h, the embryos gave a distinct fluorescent signal in the liver, and a corresponding EROD activity could be detected in the fish embryo EROD assay. The exposure time in the live-imaging EROD assay was reduced to 3h, which resulted in a stronger, less variable and more sensitive EROD response. Overall, the live-imaging and the fish embryo EROD assays showed the same tendencies and gave comparable results, e.g. a concentration-dependent increase in EROD activity at concentrations one order of magnitude below concentrations producing macroscopically visible abnormalities. At higher concentrations, however, a decrease of EROD activity was observed in either test. Both tests ranked the three model sediment extracts in the same order. Results indicate that both test systems complement each other and together provide a rapid and reliable in vivo tool to investigate the presence of dioxin-like substances in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Kais
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 120, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen H Keiter
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 120, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Verbueken E, Alsop D, Saad MA, Pype C, Van Peer EM, Casteleyn CR, Van Ginneken CJ, Wilson J, Van Cruchten SJ. In Vitro Biotransformation of Two Human CYP3A Probe Substrates and Their Inhibition during Early Zebrafish Development. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010217. [PMID: 28117738 PMCID: PMC5297846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the zebrafish embryo is increasingly used as an alternative animal model to screen for developmental toxicity after exposure to xenobiotics. Since zebrafish embryos depend on their own drug-metabolizing capacity, knowledge of their intrinsic biotransformation is pivotal in order to correctly interpret the outcome of teratogenicity assays. Therefore, the aim of this in vitro study was to assess the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP)—a group of drug-metabolizing enzymes—in microsomes from whole zebrafish embryos (ZEM) of 5, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h post-fertilization (hpf) by means of a mammalian CYP substrate, i.e., benzyloxy-methyl-resorufin (BOMR). The same CYP activity assays were performed in adult zebrafish liver microsomes (ZLM) to serve as a reference for the embryos. In addition, activity assays with the human CYP3A4-specific Luciferin isopropyl acetal (Luciferin-IPA) as well as inhibition studies with ketoconazole and CYP3cide were carried out to identify CYP activity in ZLM. In the present study, biotransformation of BOMR was detected at 72 and 96 hpf; however, metabolite formation was low compared with ZLM. Furthermore, Luciferin-IPA was not metabolized by the zebrafish. In conclusion, the capacity of intrinsic biotransformation in zebrafish embryos appears to be lacking during a major part of organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Verbueken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Derek Alsop
- Wilson Tox Lab, Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Moayad A Saad
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Casper Pype
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Els M Van Peer
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Christophe R Casteleyn
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Chris J Van Ginneken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Joanna Wilson
- Wilson Tox Lab, Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Steven J Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Brannen KC, Chapin RE, Jacobs AC, Green ML. Alternative Models of Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity in Pharmaceutical Risk Assessment and the 3Rs. ILAR J 2017; 57:144-156. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Regulation of Human Cytochrome P4501A1 (hCYP1A1): A Plausible Target for Chemoprevention? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5341081. [PMID: 28105425 PMCID: PMC5220472 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5341081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 1A1 (hCYP1A1) has been an object of study due to its role in precarcinogen metabolism; for this reason it is relevant to know more in depth the mechanisms that rule out its expression and activity, which make this enzyme a target for the development of novel chemiopreventive agents. The aim of this work is to review the origin, regulation, and structural and functional characteristics of CYP1A1 letting us understand its role in the bioactivation of precarcinogen and the consequences of its modulation in other physiological processes, as well as guide us in the study of this important protein.
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Corrales J, Kristofco LA, Steele WB, Saari GN, Kostal J, Williams ES, Mills M, Gallagher EP, Kavanagh TJ, Simcox N, Shen LQ, Melnikov F, Zimmerman JB, Voutchkova-Kostal AM, Anastas PT, Brooks BW. Toward the Design of Less Hazardous Chemicals: Exploring Comparative Oxidative Stress in Two Common Animal Models. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:893-904. [PMID: 27750016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable molecular design of less hazardous chemicals presents a potentially transformative approach to protect public health and the environment. Relationships between molecular descriptors and toxicity thresholds previously identified the octanol-water distribution coefficient, log D, and the HOMO-LUMO energy gap, ΔE, as two useful properties in the identification of reduced aquatic toxicity. To determine whether these two property-based guidelines are applicable to sublethal oxidative stress (OS) responses, two common aquatic in vivo models, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and zebrafish (Danio rerio), were employed to examine traditional biochemical biomarkers (lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and total glutathione) and antioxidant gene activation following exposure to eight structurally diverse industrial chemicals (bisphenol A, cumene hydroperoxide, dinoseb, hydroquinone, indene, perfluorooctanoic acid, R-(-)-carvone, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide). Bisphenol A, cumene hydroperoxide, dinoseb, and hydroquinone were consistent inducers of OS. Glutathione was the most consistently affected biomarker, suggesting its utility as a sensitivity response to support the design of less hazardous chemicals. Antioxidant gene expression (changes in nrf2, gclc, gst, and sod) was most significantly (p < 0.05) altered by R-(-)-carvone, cumene hydroperoxide, and bisphenol A. Results from the present study indicate that metabolism of parent chemicals and the role of their metabolites in molecular initiating events should be considered during the design of less hazardous chemicals. Current empirical and computational findings identify the need for future derivation of sustainable molecular design guidelines for electrophilic reactive chemicals (e.g., SN2 nucleophilic substitution and Michael addition reactivity) to reduce OS related adverse outcomes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Corrales
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Lauren A Kristofco
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - W Baylor Steele
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Gavin N Saari
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Jakub Kostal
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University , Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - E Spencer Williams
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Margaret Mills
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Evan P Gallagher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nancy Simcox
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Longzhu Q Shen
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Fjodor Melnikov
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Julie B Zimmerman
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | - Paul T Anastas
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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In vitro CYP1A activity in the zebrafish: temporal but low metabolite levels during organogenesis and lack of gender differences in the adult stage. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 64:50-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cunha V, Santos MM, Moradas-Ferreira P, Ferreira M. Simvastatin effects on detoxification mechanisms in Danio rerio embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10615-10629. [PMID: 27040680 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The transcription and protein activity of defence mechanisms such as ABC transporters, phase I and II of cellular detoxification and antioxidant enzymes can be altered in the presence of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals impacting the overall detoxification mechanism. The present work aimed to characterise the effects of simvastatin on the detoxification mechanisms of embryonic stages of Danio rerio. In a first approach, constitutive transcription of key genes involved in detoxification was determined. Embryos were collected at different developmental stages, and transcription patterns of genes coding for ABC transporters, phase I and II and oxidative stress were analysed. With exception of abcc2, all genes seem to be from maternal transfer (0-2 hpf). Embryos were then exposed to different concentrations of simvastatin (5 and 50 μg/L), verapamil and MK571 (10 μM; ABC protein inhibitors) and a combination of simvastatin and ABC inhibitors. mRNA expression levels of abcb4, abcc1, abcc2, abcg2, cyp1a, cyp3a65, gst, sod, cat was evaluated. Accumulation assays to measure ABC proteins activity and activity of EROD, GST, CAT and Cu/ZnSOD, were also undertaken. Simvastatin acted as a weak inhibitor of ABC proteins and increased EROD and GST activity, whereas Cu/ZnSOD and CAT activity were decreased. Simvastatin up-regulated abcb4 and cyp3a65 transcription (both concentrations), as well as abcc1 and abcc2 at 50 μg/L, and down-regulated gst, sod, cat at 5 μg/L. In conclusion, our data revealed the interaction of simvastatin with detoxification mechanisms highlighting the importance of monitoring the presence of this emerging contaminant in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cunha
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Coastal and Marine Environmental Toxicology Lab, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
- ICBAS/UP-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - M M Santos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Coastal and Marine Environmental Toxicology Lab, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
- FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Moradas-Ferreira
- ICBAS/UP-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Ferreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Coastal and Marine Environmental Toxicology Lab, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
- School of Marine Studies, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, The University of South Pacific, Laucala Bay Road, Suva, Fiji Islands
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Xiao H, Kuckelkorn J, Nüßer LK, Floehr T, Hennig MP, Roß-Nickoll M, Schäffer A, Hollert H. The metabolite 3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) exerts a higher ecotoxicity than the parent compounds 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and propanil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 551-552:304-316. [PMID: 26878642 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) is not commercially manufactured but formed as an unwanted by-product in the manufacturing of 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) or metabolized from the degradation of chloranilide herbicides, like propanil. While a considerable amount of research has been done concerning the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of propanil and 3,4-DCA, limited information is available on TCAB. Our study examined the toxicity of TCAB in comparison to its parent compounds propanil and 3,4-DCA, using a battery of bioassays including in vitro with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated activity by the 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay and micro-EROD, endocrine-disrupting activity with chemically activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX) as well as in vivo with fish embryo toxicity (FET) assays with Danio rerio. Moreover, the quantitative structure activity response (QSAR) concepts were applied to simulate the binding affinity of TCAB to certain human receptors. It was shown that TCAB has a strong binding affinity to the AhR in EROD and micro-EROD induction assay, with the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) of 8.7×10(-4) and 1.2×10(-5), respectively. TCAB presented to be a weak endocrine disrupting compound with a value of estradiol equivalence factor (EEF) of 6.4×10(-9) and dihydrotestosterone equivalency factor (DEF) of 1.1×10(-10). No acute lethal effects of TCAB were discovered in FET test after 96h of exposure. Major sub-lethal effects detected were heart oedema, yolk malformation, as well as absence of blood flow and tail deformation. QSAR modelling suggested an elevated risk to environment, particularly with respect to binding to the AhR. An adverse effect potentially triggering ERβ, mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid and progesterone receptor activities might be expected. Altogether, the results obtained suggest that TCAB exerts a higher toxicity than both propanil and 3,4-DCA. This should be considered when assessing the impact of these compounds for the environment and also for regulatory decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Xiao
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jochen Kuckelkorn
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Leonie Katharina Nüßer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tilman Floehr
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Michael Patrick Hennig
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Martina Roß-Nickoll
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Tiansheng Road Beibei 1, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China.
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Tiansheng Road Beibei 1, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China.
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Tiansheng Road Beibei 1, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
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Liu H, Nie FH, Lin HY, Ma Y, Ju XH, Chen JJ, Gooneratne R. Developmental toxicity, EROD, and CYP1A mRNA expression in zebrafish embryos exposed to dioxin-like PCB126. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:201-10. [PMID: 25099626 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin-like PCB126 is a persistent organic pollutant that causes a range of syndromes including developmental toxicity. Dioxins have a high affinity for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and induce cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A). However, the role of CYP1A activity in developmental toxicity is less clear. To better understand dioxin induced developmental toxicity, we exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to PCB126 at concentrations of 0, 16, 32, 64, and 128 μg L(-1) from 3-h post-fertilization (hpf) to 168 hpf. The embryonic survival rate decreased at 144 and 168 hpf. The fry at 96 hpf displayed gross developmental malformations, including pericardial and yolk sac edema, spinal curvature, abnormal lower jaw growth, and non-inflated swim bladder. The pericardial and yolk sac edema rate significantly increased and the heart rate declined from 96 hpf compared with the controls. PCB126 did not alter the hatching rate. To elucidate the mechanism of PCB126-induced developmental toxicity, we conducted ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) in vivo assay to determine CYP1A enzyme activity, and real-time PCR to study the induction of CYP1A mRNA gene expression in embryo/larval zebrafish at 24, 72, 96, and 132 hpf. In vivo EROD activity was induced by PCB126 at 16 μg L(-1) concentration as early as 72 hpf but significant increases were observed only in zebrafish exposed to 64 and 128 μg L(-1) doses (p < 0.005) at 72, 96, and 132 hpf. Induction of CYP1A mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in zebrafish exposed to 32 and 64 μg L(-1) at 24, 72, 96, and 132 hpf. Overall, the severe pericardial and yolk sac edema and reduced heart rate suggest that heart defects are a sensitive endpoint, and the general trend of dose-dependent increase in EROD activity and induction of CYP1A mRNA gene expression provide evidence that the developmental toxicity of PCB126 to zebrafish embryos is mediated by activation of AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Fang-Hong Nie
- Department of Food Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Hong-Ying Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Ju
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Jin-Jun Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
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43
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Glisic B, Hrubik J, Fa S, Dopudj N, Kovacevic R, Andric N. Transcriptional profiles of glutathione-S-Transferase isoforms, Cyp, and AOE genes in atrazine-exposed zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:233-244. [PMID: 25158112 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) superfamily consists of multiple members involved in xenobiotic metabolism. Expressional pattern of the GST isoforms in adult fish has been used as a biomarker of exposure to environmental chemicals. However, GST transcriptional responses vary across organs, thus requiring a cross-tissue examination of multiple mRNAs for GST profiling in an animal after chemical exposure. Zebrafish embryos express all GST isoforms as adult fish and could therefore represent an alternative model for identification of biomarkers of exposure. To evaluate such a possibility, we studied a set of cytosolic and microsomal GST isoform-specific expression profiles in the zebrafish embryos after exposure to atrazine, a widely used herbicide. Expression of the GST isoforms was compared with that of CYP genes involved in the phase I of xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidant enzyme (AOE) genes. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we showed dynamic changes in the expressional pattern of twenty GST isoforms, cyp1a, cyp3a65, ahr2, and four AOEs in early development of zebrafish. Acute (48 and 72 h) exposure of 24 h-old embryos to atrazine, from environmentally relevant (0.005 mg/L) to high (40 mg/L) concentrations, caused a variety of transient, albeit minor changes (<2.5-fold) in the GST isoforms, ahr2 and AOE genes response. However, expression of cyp1a and cyp3a65 mRNA was markedly and consistently induced by high doses of atrazine (5 and 40 mg/L). In summary, an analysis of the response of multiple systems in the zebrafish embryos provided a comprehensive understanding of atrazine toxicity and its potential impact on biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Glisic
- Molecular and Reproductive Toxicology Unit, Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Hrubik
- Molecular and Reproductive Toxicology Unit, Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Fa
- Molecular and Reproductive Toxicology Unit, Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Nela Dopudj
- Molecular and Reproductive Toxicology Unit, Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Radmila Kovacevic
- Molecular and Reproductive Toxicology Unit, Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Andric
- Molecular and Reproductive Toxicology Unit, Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
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44
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Saad M, Cavanaugh K, Verbueken E, Pype C, Casteleyn C, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. Xenobiotic metabolism in the zebrafish: a review of the spatiotemporal distribution, modulation and activity of Cytochrome P450 families 1 to 3. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:1-11. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moayad Saad
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kate Cavanaugh
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evy Verbueken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Casper Pype
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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45
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Xu H, Li C, Li Y, Ng GHB, Liu C, Zhang X, Gong Z. Generation of Tg(cyp1a:gfp) Transgenic Zebrafish for Development of a Convenient and Sensitive In Vivo Assay for Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activity. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:831-840. [PMID: 26410295 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Both dioxins/dioxin-like compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants and cause multiple adverse health effects on human and wildlife. Cyp1a is the most commonly used biomarker induced by these pollutants through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. Here we generated Tg(cyp1a:gfp) transgenic zebrafish for establishing a convenient in vivo assay for analysing these xenobiotic compounds. The Tg(cyp1a:gfp) larvae at 4 day post-fertilization were tested with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and GFP induction was observed mainly in the kidney, liver and gut. Similar GFP expression was also induced strongly by two dioxin-like chemicals, co-planar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB126) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furan (PeCDF) and relatively weakly by two PAHs, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) and benzo[a]pyrene (BAP). The lowest observed effective concentration (LOEC) of TCDD was estimated to be ∼1 pM and the EC50 (effective concentration to induce GFP in 50 % of Tg(cyp1a:gfp) larvae) was ∼10 pM. PCB126 and PeCDF had ∼10× lower potencies in GFP induction than TCDD, while the potencies for 3-MC and BAP were at least 1000× lower. The sensitivity of Tg(cyp1a:gfp) larvae to respond TCDD was also favourable compared to that of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay in both zebrafish larvae and adult livers. As GFP-based assay in transgenic zebrafish can be easily accommodated in multi-well dishes, the Tg(cyp1a:gfp) zebrafish should provide not only a valuable biomonitoring tool for aquatic contaminants but also a potential high-throughput chemical screening platform for identification of new AhR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, S3-Level 6, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Caixia Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, S3-Level 6, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, S3-Level 6, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Grace Hwee Boon Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, S3-Level 6, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, S3-Level 6, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, S3-Level 6, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, S3-Level 6, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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46
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Schiwy S, Bräunig J, Alert H, Hollert H, Keiter SH. A novel contact assay for testing aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated toxicity of chemicals and whole sediments in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:16305-16318. [PMID: 24958532 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The European Water Framework Directive aims to achieve a good ecological and chemical status in surface waters until 2015. Sediment toxicology plays a major role in this intention as sediments can act as a secondary source of pollution. In order to fulfill this legal obligation, there is an urgent need to develop whole-sediment exposure protocols, since sediment contact assays represent the most realistic scenario to simulate in situ exposure conditions. Therefore, in the present study, a vertebrate sediment contact assay to determine aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activity of particle-bound pollutants was developed. Furthermore, the activity and the expression of the CYP1 family in early life stages of zebrafish after exposure to freeze-dried sediment samples were investigated. In order to validate the developed protocol, effects of β-naphthoflavone and three selected sediment on zebrafish embryos were investigated. Results documented clearly AhR-mediated toxicity after exposure to β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) and to the sediment from the Vering canal. Upregulation of mRNA levels was observed for all investigated sediment samples. The highest levels of all investigated cyp genes (cyp1a, cyp1b1, cyp1c1, and cyp1c2) were recorded after exposure to the sediment sample of the Vering canal. In conclusion, the newly developed sediment contact assay can be recommended for the investigation of dioxin-like activities of single substances and the bioavailable fraction of complex environmental samples. Moreover, the exposure of whole zebrafish embryos to native (freeze-dried) sediment samples represents a highly realistic and ecologically relevant exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Schiwy
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henriette Alert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Steffen H Keiter
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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47
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Bräunig J, Schiwy S, Broedel O, Müller Y, Frohme M, Hollert H, Keiter SH. Time-dependent expression and activity of cytochrome P450 1s in early life-stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:16319-16328. [PMID: 25994265 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos are being increasingly used as model organisms for the assessment of single substances and complex environmental samples for regulatory purposes. Thus, it is essential to fully understand the xenobiotic metabolism during the different life-stages of early development. The aim of the present study was to determine arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activity during selected times of early development using qPCR, enzymatic activity through measurement of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and protein expression analysis. In the present study, gene expression of cyp1a, cyp1b1, cyp1c1, cyp1c2, and ahr2 as well as EROD activity were investigated up to 120 h postfertilization (hpf) after exposure to either β-naphthoflavone (BNF) or a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)-contaminated sediment extract from Vering Kanal in Hamburg (VK). Protein expression was measured at 72 hpf after exposure to 20 μg/L BNF. Altered proteins were identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) peptide mass fingerprinting. Distinct patterns of basal messenger RNA (mRNA) expression were found for each of the cyp1 genes, suggesting specific roles during embryonic development. All transcripts were induced by BNF and VK. ahr2 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated after exposure to VK. All cyp1 genes investigated showed a temporal decline in expression at 72 hpf. The significant decline of Hsp 90β protein at 72 hpf after exposure to BNF may suggest an explanation for the decline of cyp1 genes at this time point as Hsp 90β is of major importance for the functioning of the Ah-receptor. EROD activity measured in embryos was significantly induced after 96 hpf of exposure to BNF or VK. Together, these results demonstrate distinct temporal patterns of cyp1 genes and protein activities in zebrafish embryos as well as show a need to investigate further the xenobiotic biotransformation system during early development of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bräunig
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, 4108, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Broedel
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Yvonne Müller
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Frohme
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen H Keiter
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden.
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48
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Braunbeck T, Kais B, Lammer E, Otte J, Schneider K, Stengel D, Strecker R. The fish embryo test (FET): origin, applications, and future. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:16247-61. [PMID: 25395325 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Originally designed as an alternative for the acute fish toxicity test according to, e.g., OECD TG 203, the fish embryo test (FET) with the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been optimized, standardized, and validated during an OECD validation study and adopted as OECD TG 236 as a test to assess toxicity of embryonic forms of fish. Given its excellent correlation with the acute fish toxicity test and the fact that non-feeding developmental stages of fish are not categorized as protected stages according to the new European Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, the FET is ready for use not only for range-finding but also as a true alternative for the acute fish toxicity test, as required for a multitude of national and international regulations. If-for ethical reasons-not accepted as a full alternative, the FET represents at least a refinement in the sense of the 3Rs principle. Objections to the use of the FET have mainly been based on the putative lack of biotransformation capacity and the assumption that highly lipophilic and/or high molecular weight substances might not have access to the embryo due to the protective role of the chorion. With respect to bioactivation, the only substance identified so far as not being activated in the zebrafish embryo is allyl alcohol; all other biotransformation processes that have been studied in more detail so far were found to be present, albeit, in some cases, at lower levels than in adult fish. With respect to larger molecules, the extension of the test duration to 96 h (i.e., beyond hatch) has-at least for the substances tested so far-compensated for the reduced access to the embryo; however, more research is necessary to fully explore the applicability of the FET to substances with a molecular weight >3 kDa as well as substances with a neurotoxic mode of action. An extension of the endpoints to also cover sublethal endpoints makes the FET a powerful tool for the detection of teratogenicity, dioxin-like activity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity, neurotoxicity, as well as various forms of endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Britta Kais
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Lammer
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Otte
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Schneider
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Stengel
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruben Strecker
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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49
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González-Doncel M, Carbonell G, San Segundo L, Sastre S, Beltrán EM, Fernández-Torija C. Stage-dependent ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) in vivo activity in medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:108-115. [PMID: 25930051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos, this study aimed to quantitatively characterize the stage-dependent in vivo ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) as indicator of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity. Embryos were challenged for 24-h to an agonist (β-naphthoflavone [BNF], 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 μg L(-1)) or to its combination (2.5 μg L(-1)) with an antagonist (α-naphthoflavone [ANF], 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg L(-1)), initiated at four different developmental time points (1, 3, 6, and 9 d post-fertilization [dpf]). Respective induction and competitive inhibition were evaluated over fluorescent images of whole embryo (nonorgan-specific [NOS] EROD activity) and gallbladder (organ-specific [OS] EROD activity). Both flavonoids showed signs of stability in solution. Generally speaking, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values for NOS EROD increased with BNF concentration and exposure challenge. BNF co-exposure with ⩾50 μg ANF L(-1) during the 1-2 and 3-4 dpf challenges lowered NOS EROD to undetectably induced levels. Significant increments in MFIs for OS-EROD were seen from exposures to ⩾2.5 μg BNF L(-1), peaking during the 6-7 dpf challenge regardless of BNF concentration. The simultaneous BNF/ANF incubation showed competitive inhibition for OS EROD activity, although levels were generally detectably induced during all challenges and at all ANF concentrations. The morphometric in vivo gallbladder analysis indicated significant dilation in the 10 dpf-old embryos co-exposed to BNF and 200 μg ANF L(-1). This quantitative approach can be used successfully at 4 dpf at the NOS-EROD or OS-EROD levels, although the NOS-EROD response was sensitive enough to induction or inhibition, even at 2 dpf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel González-Doncel
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gregoria Carbonell
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura San Segundo
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Sastre
- Laboratory of Forest Soils, Department of Forest Ecology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eulalia M Beltrán
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández-Torija
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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50
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Sørhus E, Edvardsen RB, Karlsen Ø, Nordtug T, van der Meeren T, Thorsen A, Harman C, Jentoft S, Meier S. Unexpected interaction with dispersed crude oil droplets drives severe toxicity in Atlantic haddock embryos. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124376. [PMID: 25923774 PMCID: PMC4414579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxicity resulting from exposure to oil droplets in marine fish embryos and larvae is still subject for debate. The most detailed studies have investigated the effects of water-dissolved components of crude oil in water accommodated fractions (WAFs) that lack bulk oil droplets. Although exposure to dissolved petroleum compounds alone is sufficient to cause the characteristic developmental toxicity of crude oil, few studies have addressed whether physical interaction with oil micro-droplets are a relevant exposure pathway for open water marine speices. Here we used controlled delivery of mechanically dispersed crude oil to expose pelagic embryos and larvae of a marine teleost, the Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Haddock embryos were exposed continuously to two different concentrations of dispersed crude oil, high and low, or in pulses. By 24 hours of exposure, micro-droplets of oil were observed adhering and accumulating on the chorion, accompanied by highly elevated levels of cyp1a, a biomarker for exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons. Embryos from all treatment groups showed abnormalities representative of crude oil cardiotoxicity at hatch (5 days of exposure), such as pericardial and yolk sac edema. Compared to other species, the frequency and severity of toxic effects was higher than expected for the waterborne PAH concentrations (e.g., 100% of larvae had edema at the low treatment). These findings suggest an enhanced tissue uptake of PAHs and/or other petroleum compounds from attached oil droplets. These studies highlight a novel property of haddock embryos that leads to greater than expected impact from dispersed crude oil. Given the very limited number of marine species tested in similar exposures, the likelihood of other species with similar properties could be high. This unanticipated result therefore has implications for assessing the ecological impacts of oil spills and the use of methods for dispersing oil in the open sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ørjan Karlsen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Austevoll Research Station, and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Storebø, Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sluppen, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje van der Meeren
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Austevoll Research Station, and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Storebø, Norway
| | | | | | - Sissel Jentoft
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
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