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García-Álvarez RM, Zapata-Cachafeiro M, Visos-Varela I, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Pintos-Rodríguez S, Piñeiro-Lamas M, Herdeiro TM, Figueiras A, Salgado-Barreira A. Impact of prior antihypertensive treatment on COVID-19 outcomes, by active ingredient. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:1805-1815. [PMID: 38619761 PMCID: PMC11136854 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of prior chronic treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/ angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), both as a group and by active ingredient, on severity (risk of hospitalization and mortality), progression of and susceptibility to COVID-19. METHODS We conducted a multiple population-based case-control study in Galicia (north-west Spain). The study data were sourced from medical, administrative and clinical databases. We assessed: (1) risk of hospitalization, by selecting all patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 with PCR + as cases, and a random sample of subjects without a PCR + as controls; (2) COVID-19 mortality risk; (3) risk of disease progression; and (4) susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, considering all patients with PCR + as cases, and the same subjects used in the previous model as controls. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were calculated. RESULTS ACEIs and ARBs were shown to decrease the risk of hospitalization (aOR = 0.78 [95%CI 0.69-0.89] and aOR = 0.80 [95%CI 0.72-0.90] respectively), risk of mortality (aOR = 0.71 [95%CI 0.52-0.98] and aOR = 0.69 [95%CI 0.52-0.91] respectively), and susceptibility to the virus (aOR = 0.88 [95%CI 0.82-0.94] and aOR = 0.92 [95%CI 0.86-0.97] respectively). By active ingredient: use of enalapril was associated with a significantly lower risk of hospitalization (aOR = 0.72 [95%CI 0.61-0.85]), mortality (aOR = 0.59 [95%CI 0.38-0.92]) and susceptibility to COVID-19 (aOR = 0.86 [95%CI 0.79-0.94]); and use of candesartan was associated with a decreased risk of hospitalization (aOR = 0.76 [95%CI 0.60-0.95]), mortality (aOR = 0.36 [95%CI 0.17-0.75]) and disease progression (aOR = 0.73 [95%CI 0.56-0.95]). CONCLUSION This large-scale real-world data study suggest that enalapril and candesartan are associated with a considerable reduction in risk of severe COVID19 outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María García-Álvarez
- Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Clinic Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15786, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
| | - Maruxa Zapata-Cachafeiro
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15786, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain.
- Institute of Health Research of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Irene Visos-Varela
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15786, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
| | - Almudena Rodríguez-Fernández
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15786, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samuel Pintos-Rodríguez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15786, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
| | - Maria Piñeiro-Lamas
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Teresa M Herdeiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adolfo Figueiras
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15786, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Salgado-Barreira
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15786, Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Markousis-Mavrogenis G, Baumhove L, Al-Mubarak AA, Aboumsallem JP, Bomer N, Voors AA, van der Meer P. Immunomodulation and immunopharmacology in heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:119-149. [PMID: 37709934 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is intimately involved in the pathophysiology of heart failure. However, it is currently underused as a therapeutic target in the clinical setting. Moreover, the development of novel immunomodulatory therapies and their investigation for the treatment of patients with heart failure are hampered by the fact that currently used, evidence-based treatments for heart failure exert multiple immunomodulatory effects. In this Review, we discuss current knowledge on how evidence-based treatments for heart failure affect the immune system in addition to their primary mechanism of action, both to inform practising physicians about these pleiotropic actions and to create a framework for the development and application of future immunomodulatory therapies. We also delineate which subpopulations of patients with heart failure might benefit from immunomodulatory treatments. Furthermore, we summarize completed and ongoing clinical trials that assess immunomodulatory treatments in heart failure and present several therapeutic targets that could be investigated in the future. Lastly, we provide future directions to leverage the immunomodulatory potential of existing treatments and to foster the investigation of novel immunomodulatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Markousis-Mavrogenis
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lukas Baumhove
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ali A Al-Mubarak
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Joseph Pierre Aboumsallem
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nils Bomer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
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Martín-Hersog FA, Muñoz-Jurado A, Escribano BM, Luque E, Galván A, LaTorre M, Giraldo AI, Caballero-Villarraso J, Agüera E, Santamaría A, Túnez I. Sodium chloride-induced changes in oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysbiosis in experimental multiple sclerosis. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:74-86. [PMID: 36576232 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2161132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The high-salt diet (HSD) has been associated with cognitive dysfunction by attacking the cerebral microvasculature, through an adaptive response, initiated in the intestine and mediated by Th17 cells. In the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), it has been described that NaCl causes an increase in T cell infiltration in the central nervous system. NaCl also promotes macrophage response and Th17 cell differentiation, worsening the course of the disease. HSD may trigger an activation of the immune system and enhance inflammation. However, certain studies not only do not support this possibility, but support the opposite, as the effect of salt on immune cells may not necessarily be pathogenic. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of an over intake of salt in rats with EAE, based on the clinical course, oxidative stress, markers of inflammation and the gut dysbiosis.Methods: 15 Dark Agouti rats were used, which were divided into control group, EAE group and EAE + NaCl group. Daily 0.027 g of NaCl dissolved in 300 μl of H2O was administered through a nasogastric tube for 51 days.Results: NaCl administration produced an improvement in clinical status and a decrease in biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysbiosis.Conclusion: The underlying mechanism by which NaCl causes these effects could involve the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which is blocked by high doses of salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Martín-Hersog
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana Muñoz-Jurado
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Begoña M Escribano
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Evelio Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Histology Section, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alberto Galván
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel LaTorre
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana I Giraldo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Javier Caballero-Villarraso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Analysis Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Agüera
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Neurology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratory of exciting amino acids, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Cooperative Research Thematic Excellent Network on Brain Stimulation (REDESTIM), Madrid, Spain
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Sim J, Park J, Moon JS, Lim J. Dysregulation of inflammasome activation in glioma. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:239. [PMID: 37723542 PMCID: PMC10506313 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common brain tumors characterized by complicated heterogeneity. The genetic, molecular, and histological pathology of gliomas is characterized by high neuro-inflammation. The inflammatory microenvironment in the central nervous system (CNS) has been closely linked with inflammasomes that control the inflammatory response and coordinate innate host defenses. Dysregulation of the inflammasome causes an abnormal inflammatory response, leading to carcinogenesis in glioma. Because of the clinical importance of the various physiological properties of the inflammasome in glioma, the inflammasome has been suggested as a promising treatment target for glioma management. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the contribution of the inflammasomes in glioma and therapeutic insights. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeongMin Sim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pocheon, 11160, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, 59 Yatap-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongMan Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pocheon, 11160, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, 59 Yatap-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Moon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaejoon Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pocheon, 11160, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, 59 Yatap-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, 13496, Republic of Korea.
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Brown GC, Camacho M, Williams‐Gray CH. The Endotoxin Hypothesis of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1143-1155. [PMID: 37157885 PMCID: PMC10947365 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The endotoxin hypothesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the idea that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder. LPS endotoxins are found in, and released from, the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, for example in the gut. It is proposed that gut dysfunction in early PD leads to elevated LPS levels in the gut wall and blood, which promotes both α-synuclein aggregation in the enteric neurons and a peripheral inflammatory response. Communication to the brain via circulating LPS and cytokines in the blood and/or the gut-brain axis leads to neuroinflammation and spreading of α-synuclein pathology, exacerbating neurodegeneration in brainstem nuclei and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and manifesting in the clinical symptoms of PD. The evidence supporting this hypothesis includes: (1) gut dysfunction, permeability, and bacterial changes occur early in PD, (2) serum levels of LPS are increased in a proportion of PD patients, (3) LPS induces α-synuclein expression, aggregation, and neurotoxicity, (4) LPS causes activation of peripheral monocytes leading to inflammatory cytokine production, and (5) blood LPS causes brain inflammation and specific loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, mediated by microglia. If the hypothesis is correct, then treatment options might include: (1) changing the gut microbiome, (2) reducing gut permeability, (3) reducing circulating LPS levels, or (4) blocking the response of immune cells and microglia to LPS. However, the hypothesis has a number of limitations and requires further testing, in particular whether reducing LPS levels can reduce PD incidence, progression, or severity. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C. Brown
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Marta Camacho
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Heilmann RM, Csukovich G, Burgener IA, Dengler F. Time to eRAASe chronic inflammation: current advances and future perspectives on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system and chronic intestinal inflammation in dogs and humans. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1180125. [PMID: 37456955 PMCID: PMC10340121 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1180125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic idiopathic intestinal inflammation is an increasing worldwide problem that affects companion animals, especially dogs, and human patients. Although these disease entities have been intensely investigated recently, many questions remain, and alternative therapeutic options are needed. Diarrhea caused by dysregulation of intestinal electrolyte transport and subsequent fluid and electrolyte losses often leads to secondary consequences for the patient. Currently, it is not exactly clear which mechanisms are involved in the dysregulation of intestinal fluid absorption, but differences in intestinal electrolyte shifts between human and canine patients suggest species-specific regulatory or counterregulatory mechanisms. Several intestinal electrolyte transporters are differentially expressed in human patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), whereas there are virtually no studies on electrolyte transporters and their endocrine regulation in canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy. An important mechanism involved in regulating fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), which may affect intestinal Na+ transport. While RAAS has previously been considered a systemic regulator of blood pressure, additional complex roles of RAAS in inflammatory processes have been unraveled. These alternative RAAS pathways may pose attractive therapeutic targets to address diarrhea and, thus, electrolyte shifts in human IBD and canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy. This article comparatively summarizes the current knowledge about electrolyte transport in human IBD and canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy and the role of RAAS and offers perspectives for novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Csukovich
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A. Burgener
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Dengler
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Ishikawa M, Izumi Y, Sato K, Sato T, Zorumski CF, Kunikata H, Nakazawa T. Glaucoma and microglia-induced neuroinflammation. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1132011. [PMID: 38983051 PMCID: PMC11182182 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1132011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive optic neuropathy resulting in visual field defects. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the greatest risk factor for the development of glaucoma, and IOP reduction therapy is the only treatment currently available. However, there are many cases in which retinal degeneration progresses despite sufficient control of IOP. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the pathophysiology of glaucoma that is resistant to current IOP lowering therapies. Experiments using animal glaucoma models show the relationships between microglial neuroinflammatory responses and damage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Inhibition of neuroinflammatory pathways associated with microglial activation appears to be neuroprotective, indicating that microglia may be an important therapeutic target for RGC protection. In this review, we will focus on microglia-induced neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of glaucoma to offer new insights into the possibility of developing novel neuroprotective therapies targeting microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Izumi
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Brain Research in Mood Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kota Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taimu Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Charles F. Zorumski
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Brain Research in Mood Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hiroshi Kunikata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Advances in Molecular Pathology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238422. [PMID: 36500515 PMCID: PMC9739159 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common syndrome that features a complex etiology and set of mechanisms. Here we summarized the molecular pathogenesis of OSA, especially the prospective mechanism of upper? airway dilator fatigue and the current breakthroughs. Additionally, we also introduced the molecular mechanism of OSA in terms of related studies on the main signaling pathways and epigenetics alterations, such as microRNA, long non-coding RNA, and DNA methylation. We also reviewed small molecular compounds, which are potential targets for gene regulations in the future, that are involved in the regulation of OSA. This review will be beneficial to point the way for OSA research within the next decade.
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O'Brien JT, Chouliaras L, Sultana J, Taylor JP, Ballard C. RENEWAL: REpurposing study to find NEW compounds with Activity for Lewy body dementia-an international Delphi consensus. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:169. [PMID: 36369100 PMCID: PMC9650797 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug repositioning and repurposing has proved useful in identifying new treatments for many diseases, which can then rapidly be brought into clinical practice. Currently, there are few effective pharmacological treatments for Lewy body dementia (which includes both dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia) apart from cholinesterase inhibitors. We reviewed several promising compounds that might potentially be disease-modifying agents for Lewy body dementia and then undertook an International Delphi consensus study to prioritise compounds. We identified ambroxol as the top ranked agent for repurposing and identified a further six agents from the classes of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and angiotensin receptor blockers that were rated by the majority of our expert panel as justifying a clinical trial. It would now be timely to take forward all these compounds to Phase II or III clinical trials in Lewy body dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Leonidas Chouliaras
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janet Sultana
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Clive Ballard
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Atwa AM, Abd El-Ghafar OAM, Hassanein EHM, Mahdi SE, Sayed GA, Alruhaimi RS, Alqhtani HA, Alotaibi MF, Mahmoud AM. Candesartan Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Lung Injury by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and TLR-4/NF-κB, JAK1/STAT3, and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101222. [PMID: 36297334 PMCID: PMC9612036 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CIS) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent against different cancers. The use of CIS is associated with acute lung injury (ALI) and other adverse effects, and oxidative stress and inflammation were implicated in its toxic effects. Candesartan (CAN), an angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blocker, showed beneficial effects against oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore, this study investigated the potential of CAN to prevent CIS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and lung injury in rats, pointing to the involvement of TLR4/NF-κB, JAK1/STAT3, PPARγ, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. The rats received CAN (5 mg/kg) for 10 days and were challenged with a single dose of CIS (7 mg/kg) on day 7. CIS caused injury to the alveoli and the bronchial tree, increased lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, myeloperoxidase, TLR-4, NF-κB p65, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and caspase-3, and decreased cellular antioxidants and IL-6 in the lungs of rats. CAN effectively prevented tissue injury, suppressed TLR-4/ NF-κB signaling, and ameliorated oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and caspase-3 in CIS-administered rats. CAN enhanced antioxidants and IL-10, decreased Ang II, increased Ang (1–7), suppressed the phosphorylation of JAK1 and STAT3, and upregulated SOCS3 in CIS-administered rats. These effects were associated with the downregulation of Keap1 and enhanced Nrf2, GCLC, HO-1, and PPARγ. In conclusion, CAN prevented CIS-induced lung injury by attenuating oxidative stress, suppressing TLR-4/NF-κB and JAK1/STAT3 signaling, Ang II, and pro-inflammatory mediators, and upregulating PPARγ, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Atwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Omnia A. M. Abd El-Ghafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Emad H. M. Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Somya E. Mahdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ghadir A. Sayed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Reem S. Alruhaimi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifa A. Alqhtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F. Alotaibi
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman M. Mahmoud
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
- Correspondence: or
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Mota S, Bensalel J, Park DH, Gonzalez S, Rodriguez A, Gallego-Delgado J. Treatment Reducing Endothelial Activation Protects against Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060643. [PMID: 35745497 PMCID: PMC9229727 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is the most severe neurological complication of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection. The available antimalarial drugs are effective at clearing the parasite, but the mortality rate remains as high as 20% of CM cases. At the vascular level, CM is characterized by endothelial activation and dysfunction. Several biomarkers of endothelial activation have been associated with CM severity and mortality, making the brain vascular endothelium a potential target for adjunctive therapies. Statins and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) are drugs used to treat hypercholesterolemia and hypertension, respectively, that have shown endothelial protective activity in other diseases. Here, we used a combination of a statin (atorvastatin) and an ARB (irbesartan) as adjunctive therapy to conventional antimalarial drugs in a mouse experimental model of CM. We observed that administration of atorvastatin–irbesartan combination decreased the levels of biomarkers of endothelial activation, such as the von Willebrand factor and angiopoietin-1. After mice developed neurological signs of CM, treatment with the combination plus conventional antimalarial drugs increased survival rates of animals 3–4 times compared to treatment with antimalarial drugs alone, with animals presenting lower numbers and smaller hemorrhages in the brain. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that inhibiting endothelial activation would greatly reduce the CM-associated pathology and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mota
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (S.M.); (D.H.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Johanna Bensalel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York, NY 10468, USA;
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Do Hee Park
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (S.M.); (D.H.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Sandra Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (S.M.); (D.H.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (S.M.); (D.H.P.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (J.G.-D.); Tel.: +1-347-577-4109 (A.R. & J.G.-D.)
| | - Julio Gallego-Delgado
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York, NY 10468, USA;
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (J.G.-D.); Tel.: +1-347-577-4109 (A.R. & J.G.-D.)
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12
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Quijano A, Diaz-Ruiz C, Lopez-Lopez A, Villar-Cheda B, Muñoz A, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Angiotensin Type-1 Receptor Inhibition Reduces NLRP3 Inflammasome Upregulation Induced by Aging and Neurodegeneration in the Substantia Nigra of Male Rodents and Primary Mesencephalic Cultures. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020329. [PMID: 35204211 PMCID: PMC8868290 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has been shown to be involved in prooxidative and proinflammatory changes observed in aging and aging-related diseases such as dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We studied the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the substantia nigra with aging and early stages of dopaminergic degeneration in PD models and, particularly, if the brain RAS, via its prooxidative proinflammatory angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 (AT1) receptors, mediates the inflammasome activation. Nigras from aged rats and mice and 6-hydroxydopamine PD models showed upregulation in transcription of inflammasome-related components (NLRP3, pro-IL1β and pro-IL18) and IL1β and IL18 protein levels, which was inhibited by the AT1 receptor antagonist candesartan. The role of the AngII/AT1 axis in inflammasome activation was further confirmed in rats intraventricularly injected with AngII, and in primary mesencephalic cultures treated with 6-hydroxydopamine, which showed inflammasome activation that was blocked by candesartan. Observations in the nigra of young and aged AT1 and AT2 knockout mice confirmed the major role of AT1 receptors in nigral inflammasome activation. In conclusion, the inflammasome is upregulated by aging and dopaminergic degeneration in the substantia nigra, possibly related with a decrease in dopamine levels, and it is mediated by the AngII/AT1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloia Quijano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.Q.); (C.D.-R.); (A.L.-L.); (B.V.-C.); (A.M.); (A.I.R.-P.)
| | - Carmen Diaz-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.Q.); (C.D.-R.); (A.L.-L.); (B.V.-C.); (A.M.); (A.I.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Lopez-Lopez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.Q.); (C.D.-R.); (A.L.-L.); (B.V.-C.); (A.M.); (A.I.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Villar-Cheda
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.Q.); (C.D.-R.); (A.L.-L.); (B.V.-C.); (A.M.); (A.I.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Muñoz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.Q.); (C.D.-R.); (A.L.-L.); (B.V.-C.); (A.M.); (A.I.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.Q.); (C.D.-R.); (A.L.-L.); (B.V.-C.); (A.M.); (A.I.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L. Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.Q.); (C.D.-R.); (A.L.-L.); (B.V.-C.); (A.M.); (A.I.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-881-812223
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13
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Bayer AL, Alcaide P. MyD88: At the heart of inflammatory signaling and cardiovascular disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 161:75-85. [PMID: 34371036 PMCID: PMC8629847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and is associated with systemic inflammation. In depth study of the cell-specific signaling mechanisms mediating the inflammatory response is vital to improving anti-inflammatory therapies that reduce mortality and morbidity. Cellular damage in the cardiovascular system results in the release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), also known as "alarmins," which activate myeloid cells through the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88). MyD88 is broadly expressed in most cell types of the immune and cardiovascular systems, and its role often differs in a cardiovascular disease context and cell specific manner. Herein we review what is known about MyD88 in the setting of a variety of cardiovascular diseases, discussing cell specific functions and the relative contributions of MyD88-dependent vs. independent alarmin triggered inflammatory signaling. The widespread involvement of these pathways in cardiovascular disease, and their largely unexplored complexity, sets the stage for future in depth mechanistic studies that may place MyD88 in both immune and non-immune cell types as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham L Bayer
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine. 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States of America.
| | - Pilar Alcaide
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine. 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States of America.
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14
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Md S, Alhakamy NA, Alfaleh MA, Afzal O, Altamimi ASA, Iqubal A, Shaik RA. Mechanisms Involved in Microglial-Interceded Alzheimer's Disease and Nanocarrier-Based Treatment Approaches. J Pers Med 2021; 11:1116. [PMID: 34834468 PMCID: PMC8619529 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder accountable for dementia and cognitive dysfunction. The etiology of AD is complex and multifactorial in origin. The formation and deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ), hyperphosphorylated tau protein, neuroinflammation, persistent oxidative stress, and alteration in signaling pathways have been extensively explored among the various etiological hallmarks. However, more recently, the immunogenic regulation of AD has been identified, and macroglial activation is considered a limiting factor in its etiological cascade. Macroglial activation causes neuroinflammation via modulation of the NLRP3/NF-kB/p38 MAPKs pathway and is also involved in tau pathology via modulation of the GSK-3β/p38 MAPK pathways. Additionally, microglial activation contributes to the discrete release of neurotransmitters and an altered neuronal synaptic plasticity. Therefore, activated microglial cells appear to be an emerging target for managing and treating AD. This review article discussed the pathology of microglial activation in AD and the role of various nanocarrier-based anti-Alzeihmenr's therapeutic approaches that can either reverse or inhibit this activation. Thus, as a targeted drug delivery system, nanocarrier approaches could emerge as a novel means to overcome existing AD therapy limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Md
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Alfaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.); (A.S.A.A.)
| | - Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.); (A.S.A.A.)
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Rasheed A. Shaik
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
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15
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Saavedra JM. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Are Not Just for Hypertension Anymore. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:160-173. [PMID: 33904788 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00036.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond blood pressure control, angiotensin receptor blockers reduce common injury mechanisms, decreasing excessive inflammation and protecting endothelial and mitochondrial function, insulin sensitivity, the coagulation cascade, immune responses, cerebrovascular flow, and cognition, properties useful to treat inflammatory, age-related, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders of many organs including brain and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Saavedra
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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16
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Zeng X, Liu X, Bao H. Sulforaphane suppresses lipopolysaccharide- and Pam3CysSerLys4-mediated inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease via toll-like receptors. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1313-1321. [PMID: 33590951 PMCID: PMC8091816 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive inflammatory disease of the airway that represents a large global disease burden. Inflammation is a prominent feature of COPD and represents an important target for treatment. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that detect invading microorganisms and nonmicrobial endogenous molecules to trigger inflammatory responses during host defense and tissue repair. The TLR signaling pathway is closely linked to the pathogenesis of COPD. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables, is well known for its anti‐inflammatory activities. However, the molecular function of SFN in inhibition of COPD inflammation has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of SFN on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐ or Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4)‐induced inflammation in monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDMs) from patients with COPD. MDMs from patients with COPD showed higher expression levels of TLR2, TLR4 and downstream myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) than healthy controls, along with increased secretion of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) (P < 0.05). Stimulation with TLR ligands (Pam3CSK4 and LPS) up‐regulated the levels of TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 in MDMs from patients with COPD and induced the release of IL‐6 and TNF‐α (P < 0.05). Pretreatment of MDMs from patients with COPD with SFN significantly suppressed Pam3CSK4‐ or LPS‐induced TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 expression, along with a reduction in the production of IL‐6 and TNF‐α (P < 0.05). Collectively, these data indicate that SFN exerts its anti‐inflammatory activity in COPD by modulating the TLR pathway. SFN may represent a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zeng
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China
| | - Xiaoju Liu
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China
| | - Hairong Bao
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China
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17
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Chen Z, Zhang H, Qu M, Nan K, Cao H, Cata JP, Chen W, Miao C. Review: The Emerging Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Sepsis and Sepsis-Associated Thrombosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:653228. [PMID: 33816356 PMCID: PMC8010653 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.653228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with sepsis commonly suffer from coagulation dysfunction and lead to the formation of thrombus. During the development of sepsis, neutrophils migrate from the circulating blood to infected tissues and mediate the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that kill pathogens. However, the overactivation of neutrophils can promote the formation of immunothrombosis and even cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which damages microcirculation. The outcome of sepsis depends on early recognition and intervention, so clinical evaluation of NETs function may be a valuable biomarker for early diagnosis of sepsis. The interaction of NETs with platelets, complement, and endothelium mediates the formation of immunothrombosis in sepsis. Inhibiting the formation of NETs is also considered to be one of the potential treatments for sepsis. In this review, we will discuss the key role of neutrophils and NETs in sepsis and septic thrombosis, in order to reveal new mechanisms for thrombosis treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengdi Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Nan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanzhong Cao
- Anesthesiology and Surgical Oncology Research Group, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Juan P Cata
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Anesthesiology and Surgical Oncology Research Group, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wankun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Zhangjiang Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Wang T, Shi C, Luo H, Zheng H, Fan L, Tang M, Su Y, Yang J, Mao C, Xu Y. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Triggers, Mechanisms, and Immunotherapies. Neuroscientist 2021; 28:364-381. [PMID: 33576313 DOI: 10.1177/1073858421991066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease involving multiple etiologies and pathogenesis, in which neuroinflammation is a common factor. Both preclinical experiments and clinical studies provide evidence for the involvement of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of PD, although there are a number of key issues related to neuroinflammatory processes in PD that remain to be addressed. In this review, we highlight the relationship between the common pathological mechanisms of PD and neuroinflammation, including aggregation of α-synuclein, genetic factors, mitochondrial dysfunction, and gut microbiome dysbiosis. We also describe the two positive feedback loops initiated in PD after the immune system is activated, and their role in the pathogenesis of PD. In addition, the interconnections and differences between the central and peripheral immune systems are discussed. Finally, we review the latest progress in immunotherapy research for PD patients, and propose future directions for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huimin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mibo Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chengyuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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19
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Jha AK, Gairola S, Kundu S, Doye P, Syed AM, Ram C, Murty US, Naidu VGM, Sahu BD. Toll-like receptor 4: An attractive therapeutic target for acute kidney injury. Life Sci 2021; 271:119155. [PMID: 33548286 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a progressive renal complication which significantly affects the patient's life with huge economic burden. Untreated acute kidney injury eventually progresses to a chronic form and end-stage renal disease. Although significant breakthroughs have been made in recent years, there are still no effective pharmacological therapies for the treatment of acute kidney injury. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a well-characterized pattern recognition receptor, and increasing evidence has shown that TLR4 mediated inflammatory response plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury. The expression of TLR4 has been seen in resident renal cells, including podocytes, mesangial cells, tubular epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Activation of TLR4 signaling regulates the transcription of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, resulting in renal inflammation. Therefore, targeting TLR4 and its downstream effectors could serve as an effective therapeutic intervention to prevent renal inflammation and subsequent kidney damage. For the first time, this review summarizes the literature on acute kidney injury from the perspective of TLR4 from year 2010 to 2020. In the current review, the role of TLR4 signaling pathway in AKI with preclinical evidence is discussed. Furthermore, we have highlighted several compounds of natural and synthetic origin, which have the potential to avert the renal TLR4 signaling in preclinical AKI models and have shown protection against AKI. This scientific review provides new ideas for targeting TLR4 in the treatment of AKI and provides strategies for the drug development against AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Shobhit Gairola
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Sourav Kundu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Pakpi Doye
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Abu Mohammad Syed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Chetan Ram
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Upadhyayula Suryanarayana Murty
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - V G M Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari PIN-781101, Assam, India
| | - Bidya Dhar Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari PIN-781101, Assam, India.
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20
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Yang H, Song X, Wei Z, Xia C, Wang J, Shen L, Wang J. TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Is Involved in the Depressor Effect of Candesartan in Stress-Induced Hypertensive Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2978-2988. [PMID: 32898417 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether the proinflammatory and pressor effects of endogenous angiotensin II (AngII) are mediated by binding to the AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) and subsequently activating central Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of stress-induced hypertensive rats (SIHR). The stress-induced hypertension (SIH) model was established by random electric foot shocks combined with noise stimulation. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, plasma norepinephrine, and RVLM AngII and TLR4 increased in a time-dependent manner in SIHR. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β)), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor (NF)-κB also increased, while anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 decreased in the RVLM of SIHR. These changes were attenuated by 14-day intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of VIPER (a TLR4 inhibitor) or candesartan (an AT1R antagonist). Both TLR4 and AT1R were expressed in the neurons and microglia in the RVLM of SIHR. Candesartan attenuated the expression of TLR4 in the RVLM of SIHR. This study demonstrated that endogenous AngII may activate AT1R to upregulate TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling and subsequently trigger an inflammatory response in the RVLM of SIHR, which in turn enhanced sympathetic activity and increased blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoshan Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhimiao Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunmei Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jijiang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Linlin Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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21
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Ruscica M, Corsini A, Ferri N, Banach M, Sirtori CR. Clinical approach to the inflammatory etiology of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104916. [PMID: 32445957 PMCID: PMC7238995 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an obligatory marker of arterial disease, both stemming from the inflammatory activity of cholesterol itself and from well-established molecular mechanisms. Raised progenitor cell recruitment after major events and clonal hematopoiesis related mechanisms have provided an improved understanding of factors regulating inflammatory phenomena. Trials with inflammation antagonists have led to an extensive evaluation of biomarkers such as the high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP), not exerting a causative role, but frequently indicative of the individual cardiovascular (CV) risk. Aim of this review is to provide indication on the anti-inflammatory profile of agents of general use in CV prevention, i.e. affecting lipids, blood pressure, diabetes as well nutraceuticals such as n-3 fatty acids. A crucial issue in the evaluation of the benefit of the anti-inflammatory activity is the frequent discordance between a beneficial activity on a major risk factor and associated changes of hsCRP, as in the case of statins vs PCSK9 antagonists. In hypertension, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors exert an optimal anti-inflammatory activity, vs the case of sartans. The remarkable preventive activity of SLGT-2 inhibitors in heart failure is not associated with a clear anti-inflammatory mechanism. Finally, icosapent ethyl has been shown to reduce the CV risk in hypertriglyceridemia, with a 27 % reduction of hsCRP. The inflammation-based approach to arterial disease has considerably gained from an improved understanding of the clinical diagnostic strategy and from a better knowledge on the mode of action of numerous agents, including nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Ruscica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Multimedica IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland.
| | - Cesare R Sirtori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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22
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The Interplay of Renin-Angiotensin System and Toll-Like Receptor 4 in the Inflammation of Diabetic Nephropathy. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:6193407. [PMID: 32411800 PMCID: PMC7210546 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6193407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most serious chronic kidney diseases and the major cause of end-stage renal failure worldwide. The underlying mechanisms of DN are complex and required to be further investigated. Both innate immunity and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) play critical roles in the pathogenesis of DN. Except for traditional functions, abnormally regulated RAS has been proved to be involved in the inflammatory process of DN. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is the most deeply studied pattern recognition receptor in the innate immune system, and its activation has been reported to mediate the development of DN. In this review, we aim at discussing how dysregulated RAS affects TLR4 activation in the kidney that contributes to the exploration of the pathogenesis of DN. Understanding the interplay of RAS and TLR4 in inducing the progression of DN may provide new insights to develop effective treatments.
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23
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Liu CY, Wang X, Liu C, Zhang HL. Pharmacological Targeting of Microglial Activation: New Therapeutic Approach. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:514. [PMID: 31803024 PMCID: PMC6877505 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is not just a consequence but a vital contributor to the development and progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Microglia in particular, may contribute to the induction and modulation of inflammation in PD. Upon stimulation, microglia convert into activated phenotypes, which exist along a dynamic continuum and bear different immune properties depending on the disease stage and severity. Activated microglia release various factors involved in neuroinflammation, such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and prostaglandins (PGs). Further, activated microglia interact with other cell types (e.g., neurons, astrocytes and mast cells) and are closely associated with α-synuclein (α-syn) pathophysiology and iron homeostasis disturbance. Taken together, microglial activation and microglia-mediated inflammatory responses play essential roles in the pathogenesis of PD and elucidation of the complexity and imbalance of microglial activation may shed light on novel therapeutic approaches for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Life Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China
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24
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Toll-like receptors and their therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease and α-synucleinopathies. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:41-51. [PMID: 31271873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors which mediate an inflammatory response upon the detection of specific molecular patterns found on foreign organisms and on endogenous damage-related molecules. These receptors play a major role in the activation of microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, and are also expressed in peripheral tissues, including blood mononuclear cells and the gut. It is well established that immune activation, in both the brain and periphery, is a feature of Parkinson's disease as well as other α-synucleinopathies. Aggregated forms of α-synuclein can act as ligands for TLRs (particularly TLR2 and TLR4), and hence these receptors may play a critical role in mediating a detrimental immune response to this protein, as well as other inflammatory signals in Parkinson's and related α-synucleinopathies. In this review, the potential role of TLRs in contributing to the progression of these disorders is discussed. Existing evidence comes predominantly from studies in in vitro and in vivo models, as well as analyses of postmortem human brain tissue and pre-clinical studies of TLR inhibitors. This evidence is evaluated in detail, and the potential for therapeutic intervention in α-synucleinopathies through TLR inhibition is discussed.
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25
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Quinlan S, Merino-Serrais P, Di Grande A, Dussmann H, Prehn JHM, Ní Chonghaile T, Henshall DC, Jimenez-Mateos EM. The Anti-inflammatory Compound Candesartan Cilexetil Improves Neurological Outcomes in a Mouse Model of Neonatal Hypoxia. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1752. [PMID: 31396238 PMCID: PMC6667988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that mild hypoxia-induced neonatal seizures can trigger an acute neuroinflammatory response leading to long-lasting changes in brain excitability along with associated cognitive and behavioral deficits. The cellular elements and signaling pathways underlying neuroinflammation in this setting remain incompletely understood but could yield novel therapeutic targets. Here we show that brief global hypoxia-induced neonatal seizures in mice result in transient cytokine production, a selective expansion of microglia and long-lasting changes to the neuronal structure of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. Treatment of neonatal mice after hypoxia-seizures with the novel anti-inflammatory compound candesartan cilexetil suppressed acute seizure-damage and mitigated later-life aggravated seizure responses and hippocampus-dependent learning deficits. Together, these findings improve our understanding of the effects of neonatal seizures and identify potentially novel treatments to protect against short and long-lasting harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Quinlan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Merino-Serrais
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Departamento de Neurobiologia Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Di Grande
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Heiko Dussmann
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tríona Ní Chonghaile
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,INFANT Research Centre, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eva M Jimenez-Mateos
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Michel HE, Menze ET. Tetramethylpyrazine guards against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats through inhibiting HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB and activating Nrf2 and PPAR-γ signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 857:172422. [PMID: 31152701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin-induced acute renal injury is the most common and serious side effect, sometimes requiring discontinuation of the treatment. Thus, the development of new protective strategies is essential. The present study aimed to investigate the potential nephroprotective effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) against acute renal damage induced by cisplatin in rats. Rats were administered 50 and 100 mg/kg TMP intraperitoneally before cisplatin (7 mg/kg). Acute nephrotoxicity was evident in cisplatin-treated rats where relative kidney weight, BUN and serum creatinine were markedly elevated. Cisplatin administration resulted in enhanced oxidative stress, evidenced by depleted GSH level as well as catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Also, lipid peroxidation was boosted in comparison to the control. This was associated with inhibition of Nrf2 defense pathway. Moreover, cisplatin increased the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in the kidney tissues. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis was depicted by elevated Bax mRNA expression and caspase-3 activity, as well as decreased Bcl2 mRNA expression. In addition, high mobility group box 1/toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B (HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB) signaling pathway was significantly upregulated, while peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) expression was significantly diminished in cisplatin-treated rats. Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and the effect on Nrf2 defense pathway and HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB as well as PPAR-γ expression were markedly ameliorated by TMP administration. Given the major nephrotoxicity of cisplatin cancer chemotherapy, TMP might be a potential candidate for neoadjuvant chemotherapy due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, in addition to its effect on Nrf2, HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and PPAR-γ expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidy E Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Esther T Menze
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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27
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Human Toll-Like Receptor 4 (hTLR4): Structural and functional dynamics in cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 122:425-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Sharifi L, Moshiri M, Dallal MM, Asgardoon MH, Nourizadeh M, Bokaie S, Mirshafiey A. The Inhibitory Role of M2000 (β-D-Mannuronic Acid) on Expression of Toll-like Receptor 2 and 4 in HT29 Cell Line. RECENT PATENTS ON INFLAMMATION & ALLERGY DRUG DISCOVERY 2019; 13:57-65. [PMID: 30539708 PMCID: PMC6778985 DOI: 10.2174/1872213x13666181211160238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Anti-inflammatory agents play a crucial role in controlling inflammatory diseases such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) but their use is restricted due to their vast side effects. M2000 (β-D-mannuronic acid) is a new immunomodulatory drug. According to the capacity of M2000 in suppressing some molecules involved in Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) signaling and reducing oxidative stress we hypothesize that, this molecule may have a potential role in decreasing inflammatory responses in IBD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of M2000 and its effect on the gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4. METHODS HEK293 cell line was grown and divided into 96-well cell plate and MTT assay was performed. HT29 cells were cultured and treated with low and high doses of M2000. Total RNA was extracted and cDNA synthesized and quantitative real-time PCR was done to quantify the TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression. RESULTS We found that M2000 at the concentration of ≤ 1000µg/ml had no obvious cytotoxicity effect on the HEK293 cells. Also, low and high doses of M2000 could significantly down-regulate both TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression. Moreover, a significant reduction in gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in an inflammatory condition resulted in high doses of M2000 in the presence of LPS. CONCLUSION Our study which was conducted in colonic epithelial cell model, shows that M2000 can be considered as a new anti-inflammatory agent in IBD. However, more comprehensive experimental and clinical studies are required to recognize the molecular mechanism of M2000 and also its safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tel/Fax: +98 (21) 88954913; E-mail:
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29
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Schattner M. Platelet TLR4 at the crossroads of thrombosis and the innate immune response. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:873-880. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0618-213r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Schattner
- Laboratory of Experimental ThrombosisInstitute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX‐CONICET‐National Academy of Medicine) Buenos Aires Argentina
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30
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Ranjbar R, Shafiee M, Hesari A, Ferns GA, Ghasemi F, Avan A. The potential therapeutic use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2277-2295. [PMID: 30191985 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a normal part of the immune response to injury or infection but its dysregulation promotes the development of inflammatory diseases, which cause considerable human suffering. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents are the most commonly prescribed agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, but they are accompanied by a broad range of side effects, including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular events. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is traditionally known for its role in blood pressure regulation. However, there is increasing evidence that RAS signaling is also involved in the inflammatory response associated with several disease states. Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by binding to angiotensin type 1 (AT1 ) receptor, and direct renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) are clinically used as antihypertensive agents. Recent data suggest that these drugs also have anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this review summarizes these recent findings for the efficacy of two of the most widely used antihypertensive drug classes, ACE inhibitors and ARBs, to reduce or treat inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, arthritis, steatohepatitis, colitis, pancreatitis, and nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shafiee
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - AmirReza Hesari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Sussex, UK
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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31
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Elkahloun AG, Rodriguez Y, Alaiyed S, Wenzel E, Saavedra JM. Telmisartan Protects a Microglia Cell Line from LPS Injury Beyond AT1 Receptor Blockade or PPARγ Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3193-3210. [PMID: 30105672 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) Telmisartan reduces inflammation through Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation. However, in a mouse microglia-like BV2 cell line, imitating primary microglia responses with high fidelity and devoid of AT1 receptor gene expression or PPARγ activation, Telmisartan reduced gene expression of pro-injury factors, enhanced that of anti-inflammatory genes, and prevented LPS-induced increase in inflammatory markers. Using global gene expression profiling and pathways analysis, we revealed that Telmisartan normalized the expression of hundreds of genes upregulated by LPS and linked with inflammation, apoptosis and neurodegenerative disorders, while downregulating the expression of genes associated with oncological, neurodegenerative and viral diseases. The PPARγ full agonist Pioglitazone had no neuroprotective effects. Surprisingly, the PPARγ antagonists GW9662 and T0070907 were neuroprotective and enhanced Telmisartan effects. GW9226 alone significantly reduced LPS toxic effects and enhanced Telmisartan neuroprotection, including downregulation of pro-inflammatory TLR2 gene expression. Telmisartan and GW9662 effects on LPS injury negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory factors and upstream regulators, including TLR2, and positively with known neuroprotective factors and upstream regulators. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of the Telmisartan and GW9662 data revealed negative correlations with sets of genes associated with neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders and toxic treatments in cultured systems, while demonstrating positive correlations with gene sets associated with neuroprotection and kinase inhibition. Our results strongly suggest that novel neuroprotective effects of Telmisartan and GW9662, beyond AT1 receptor blockade or PPARγ activation, include downregulation of the TLR2 signaling pathway, findings that may have translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel G Elkahloun
- Microarray Core, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr, MSC 4435, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4435, USA
| | - Yara Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Seham Alaiyed
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Erin Wenzel
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Juan M Saavedra
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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32
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Xu XQ, Guo L, Wang X, Liu Y, Liu H, Zhou RH, Gu J, Liu JB, Xu P, Zhou L, Ho WZ. Human Cervical Epithelial Cells Release Antiviral Factors and Inhibit HIV Replication in Macrophages. J Innate Immun 2018; 11:29-40. [PMID: 30032138 DOI: 10.1159/000490586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The female reproductive tract is a major site of HIV sexual transmission. We here examined whether human cervical epithelial cells (HCEs) can be immunologically activated and produce antiviral factors against HIV. We demonstrated that HCEs (End1/E6E7 cells) possess the functional toll-like receptor (TLR)3 signaling system, which could be activated by Poly I:C and induce multiple cellular HIV restriction factors. The treatment of primary human macrophages with supernatant (SN) from TLR3-activated End1/E6E7 cell cultures resulted in HIV inhibition. This SN-mediated HIV inhibition was mainly through the induction of interferons (IFN)-β and IFN-λs, as the antibodies to IFN-β or IFN-λs receptor could effectively block the SN-mediated anti-HIV effect. Further studies showed that the incubation of macrophages with SN from the activated cervical epithelial cell cultures induced the expression of a number of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including IFN-stimulated gene (ISG15), ISG56, 2', 5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS 1), OAS 2, Myxovirus Resistance A (MxA), MxB, and Guanylate-binding protein 5 (GBP5). In addition, TLR3-activated cells produced the CC chemokines [regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), Human macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α), MIP-1β] the ligands of HIV entry co-receptor CCR5. These observations support further studies on HCEs as potentially crucial and alternative targets for immunological intervention to control and prevent HIV sexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qiu Xu
- Institute of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Le Guo
- Institute of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Institute of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Run-Hong Zhou
- Institute of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Institute of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Biao Liu
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Xu
- School of Medicine (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan,
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Institute of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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33
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Caplan IF, Maguire-Zeiss KA. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling and Current Approaches for Therapeutic Modulation in Synucleinopathies. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:417. [PMID: 29780321 PMCID: PMC5945810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) is implicated as both beneficial and detrimental to health. Integral to this process are microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS. Microglia express a wide variety of pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, that detect changes in the neural environment. The activation of microglia and the subsequent proinflammatory response has become increasingly relevant to synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. Within these diseases there is evidence of the accumulation of endogenous α-synuclein that stimulates an inflammatory response from microglia via the Toll-like receptors. There have been recent developments in both new and old pharmacological agents designed to target microglia and curtail the inflammatory environment. This review will aim to delineate the process of microglia-mediated inflammation and new therapeutic avenues to manage the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Caplan
- Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kathleen A Maguire-Zeiss
- Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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Ritarwan K, Lelo A, Pane YS, Nerdy N. Increasing Atherosclerosis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes into Four Groups of Mice. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018. [PMID: 29531590 PMCID: PMC5839434 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the protective effect of medicines on the formation of atherosclerosis in mice, it is needed to conduct the study in mice which is not genetically diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin (STZ) to produce hyperglycemia and atherosclerosis, compared with mice treated by yolk or its combination. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-six mice, Double Deutch Webster strain, male, receive 10 weeks, 20 - 30 gr bodyweight were divided into 4 groups (n = 14) i.e. control (do not received any agents), STZ (45 mg/kg/BW was injected intraperitoneally for 5 days), yolk (0.2 cc orally daily for 6 weeks), and combination of STZ and yolk ( STZ: 45 mg/kg/BW intraperitoneally add 0.2 cc yolk orally). All animals were executed in the 42nd day. Then, the aorta of the mice’s heart tissue was histopathology examined. Blood glucose and cholesterol levels were determined every week. RESULTS: Hyperglycemia occurred in mice induced by STZ injection with the highest BGL (521.8 ± 48.2 mg/dl; 188.4%) in the 4th-week observation; after that BGL decrease. We found that, except the control, all treatment groups with STZ, egg yolk, and combination underwent atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION: The present study was able to demonstrate the occurrence of atherosclerosis in mice treated by STZ accompanied with increasing blood glucose and cholesterol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiking Ritarwan
- Department of Neurology, Adam Malik General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Aznan Lelo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Yunita Sari Pane
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Nerdy Nerdy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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The Role of Toll-Like Receptors and Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Diseases-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112252. [PMID: 29077004 PMCID: PMC5713222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Therefore, a better understanding of their pathomechanisms and the subsequent implementation of optimal prophylactic and therapeutic strategies are of utmost importance. A growing body of evidence states that low-grade inflammation is a common feature for most of the cardiovascular diseases in which the contributing factors are the activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and vitamin D deficiency. In this article, available data concerning the association of cardiovascular diseases with TLRs and vitamin D status are reviewed, followed by a discussion of new possible approaches to cardiovascular disease management.
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Analysis of inflammatory cytokine and TLR expression levels in Type 2 Diabetes with complications. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7633. [PMID: 28794498 PMCID: PMC5550417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis and complications of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are closely linked with defective glucose metabolism, obesity, cardiovascular disease and an inability to mount an effective immune response to certain pathogenic organisms. Perturbations in key innate immune receptors known as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, TNFα and IL-1β have been linked with T2DM. Herein, we sought to establish whether patients with T2DM and underlying complications exhibit perturbations in cytokine and TLR expression. Serum cytokine and mRNA levels of cytokines/TLRs in monocytes (M) and neutrophils (N) were measured in a cohort of 112 diabetic patients: good glycaemic control without complications (GC), good glycaemic control with complications (GCC), poor glycaemic control without complications (PC) and poor glycaemic control with complications (PCC) and compared them with 34 non-diabetic volunteers (NGT). Serum cytokine levels were normal in all study participants. In the GC group, cytokine and TLR gene expression were enhanced compared to NGT. In contrast, suppressed cytokine and TLR gene expression were evident in PC, GCC & PCC groups when compared to the GC. In conclusion, whereas serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels are unaltered in T2DM patients, differences in inflammatory gene profiles exist among the T2DM patient groups.
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Gao W, Xiong Y, Li Q, Yang H. Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling as a Promising Therapy for Inflammatory Diseases: A Journey from Molecular to Nano Therapeutics. Front Physiol 2017; 8:508. [PMID: 28769820 PMCID: PMC5516312 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of invading pathogens and endogenous molecules from damaged tissues by toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers protective self-defense mechanisms. However, excessive TLR activation disrupts the immune homeostasis by sustained pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production and consequently contributes to the development of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), infection-associated sepsis, atherosclerosis, and asthma. Therefore, inhibitors/antagonists targeting TLR signals may be beneficial to treat these disorders. In this article, we first briefly summarize the pathophysiological role of TLRs in the inflammatory diseases. We then focus on reviewing the current knowledge in both preclinical and clinical studies of various TLR antagonists/inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. These compounds range from conventional small molecules to therapeutic biologics and nanodevices. In particular, nanodevices are emerging as a new class of potent TLR inhibitors for their unique properties in desired bio-distribution, sustained circulation, and preferred pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. More interestingly, the inhibitory activity of these nanodevices can be regulated through precise nano-functionalization, making them the next generation therapeutics or “nano-drugs.” Although, significant efforts have been made in developing different kinds of new TLR inhibitors/antagonists, only limited numbers of them have undergone clinical trials, and none have been approved for clinical uses to date. Nevertheless, these findings and continuous studies of TLR inhibition highlight the pharmacological regulation of TLR signaling, especially on multiple TLR pathways, as future promising therapeutic strategy for various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Rodríguez-Perez AI, Garrido-Gil P, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Lanciego JL, Guerra MJ. Brain Renin-Angiotensin System and Microglial Polarization: Implications for Aging and Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:129. [PMID: 28515690 PMCID: PMC5413566 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia can transform into proinflammatory/classically activated (M1) or anti-inflammatory/alternatively activated (M2) phenotypes following environmental signals related to physiological conditions or brain lesions. An adequate transition from the M1 (proinflammatory) to M2 (immunoregulatory) phenotype is necessary to counteract brain damage. Several factors involved in microglial polarization have already been identified. However, the effects of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) on microglial polarization are less known. It is well known that there is a “classical” circulating RAS; however, a second RAS (local or tissue RAS) has been observed in many tissues, including brain. The locally formed angiotensin is involved in local pathological changes of these tissues and modulates immune cells, which are equipped with all the components of the RAS. There are also recent data showing that brain RAS plays a major role in microglial polarization. Level of microglial NADPH-oxidase (Nox) activation is a major regulator of the shift between M1/proinflammatory and M2/immunoregulatory microglial phenotypes so that Nox activation promotes the proinflammatory and inhibits the immunoregulatory phenotype. Angiotensin II (Ang II), via its type 1 receptor (AT1), is a major activator of the NADPH-oxidase complex, leading to pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects. However, these effects are counteracted by a RAS opposite arm constituted by Angiotensin II/AT2 receptor signaling and Angiotensin 1–7/Mas receptor (MasR) signaling. In addition, activation of prorenin-renin receptors may contribute to activation of the proinflammatory phenotype. Aged brains showed upregulation of AT1 and downregulation of AT2 receptor expression, which may contribute to a pro-oxidative pro-inflammatory state and the increase in neuron vulnerability. Several recent studies have shown interactions between the brain RAS and different factors involved in microglial polarization, such as estrogens, Rho kinase (ROCK), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF)-α, iron, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Metabolic reprogramming has recently been involved in the regulation of the neuroinflammatory response. Interestingly, we have recently observed a mitochondrial RAS, which is altered in aged brains. In conclusion, dysregulation of brain RAS plays a major role in aging-related changes and neurodegeneration by exacerbation of oxidative
stress (OS) and neuroinflammation, which may be attenuated by pharmacological manipulation of RAS components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodríguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Garrido-Gil
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Jannette Rodriguez-Pallares
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Lanciego
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain.,Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Maria J Guerra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
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Biancardi VC, Bomfim GF, Reis WL, Al-Gassimi S, Nunes KP. The interplay between Angiotensin II, TLR4 and hypertension. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:88-96. [PMID: 28330785 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a multifactorial disease. Although a number of different underlying mechanisms have been learned from the various experimental models of the disease, hypertension still poses challenges for treatment. Angiotensin II plays an unquestionable role in blood pressure regulation acting through central and peripheral mechanisms. During hypertension, dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System is associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species causing kidney damage, endothelial dysfunction, and increase in sympathetic activity, among other damages, eventually leading to decline in organ function. Recent studies have shown that these effects involve both the innate and the adaptive immune response. The contribution of adaptive immune responses involving different lymphocyte populations in various models of hypertension has been extensively studied. However, the involvement of the innate immunity mediating inflammation in hypertension is still not well understood. The innate and adaptive immune systems intimately interact with one another and are essential to an effectively functioning of the immune response; hence, the importance of a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms mediating innate immune system during hypertension. In this review, we aim to discuss mechanisms linking Angiotensin II and the innate immune system, in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The newest research investigating Angiotensin II triggering toll like receptor 4 activation in the kidney, vasculature and central nervous system contributing to hypertension will be discussed. Understanding the role of the innate immune system in the development of hypertension may bring to light new insights necessary to improve hypertension management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicia Campana Biancardi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL, United States
| | | | - Wagner Luis Reis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sarah Al-Gassimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, FL, United States
| | - Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, FL, United States.
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40
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S. Lashkari B, Anumba DOC. Estradiol alters the immune-responsiveness of cervical epithelial cells stimulated with ligands of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173646. [PMID: 28296959 PMCID: PMC5351915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosa of the female reproductive tract plays a pivotal role in host defence. Pregnancy must alter immunological mechanisms at this interface to protect the conceptus. We sought to determine how estradiol (E2) alters the immune-responsiveness of cervical epithelial cells to ligand stimulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and -4. Human ectocervical epithelial cells (HECECs) were cultured and co-incubated with two concentrations of E2 and peptidoglycan (PGN) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) over durations that ranged between 10 minutes and 18 hours. Cytometric Bead Array was performed to quantify eight cytokines in the supernatant fluid. In response to PGN, HECECs co-incubated with E2 released lesser quantities of IL-1ß and IFNγ, higher levels of RANTES, and variable levels of IL-6 and IL-8 than those not exposed to E2. In contrast, HECECs co-incubated with LPS and E2 secreted increased levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, and IFNγ at 2 and 18 hours than HECECs not exposed to E2, and reduced levels of RANTES at same study time-points. Estradiol alters the immune-responsiveness of cultured HECECs to TLR2 and TLR4 ligands in a complex fashion that appears to vary with bacterial ligand, TLR subtype, and duration of exposure. Our observations are consistent with the functional complexity that this mucosal interface requires for its immunological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnia S. Lashkari
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Jessop Wing, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Dilly O. C. Anumba
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Jessop Wing, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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41
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Fedson DS. Treating the host response to emerging virus diseases: lessons learned from sepsis, pneumonia, influenza and Ebola. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:421. [PMID: 27942512 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.11.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing threat of epidemic or pandemic diseases that could be caused by influenza, Ebola or other emerging viruses. It will be difficult and costly to develop new drugs that target each of these viruses. Statins and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been effective in treating patients with sepsis, pneumonia and influenza, and a statin/ARB combination appeared to dramatically reduce mortality during the recent Ebola outbreak. These drugs target (among other things) the endothelial dysfunction found in all of these diseases. Most scientists work on new drugs that target viruses, and few accept the idea of treating the host response with generic drugs. A great deal of research will be needed to show conclusively that these drugs work, and this will require the support of public agencies and foundations. Investigators in developing countries should take an active role in this research. If the next Public Health Emergency of International Concern is caused by an emerging virus, a "top down" approach to developing specific new drug treatments is unlikely to be effective. However, a "bottom up" approach to treatment that targets the host response to these viruses by using widely available and inexpensive generic drugs could reduce mortality in any country with a basic health care system. In doing so, it would make an immeasurable contribution to global equity and global security.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Fedson
- Formerly, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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42
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Goulopoulou S, McCarthy CG, Webb RC. Toll-like Receptors in the Vascular System: Sensing the Dangers Within. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:142-67. [PMID: 26721702 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of the innate immune system that respond to exogenous infectious ligands (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and endogenous molecules that are released during host tissue injury/death (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs). Interaction of TLRs with their ligands leads to activation of downstream signaling pathways that induce an immune response by producing inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons (IFN), and other inflammatory mediators. TLR activation affects vascular function and remodeling, and these molecular events prime antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. Despite the presence of TLRs in vascular cells, the exact mechanisms whereby TLR signaling affects the function of vascular tissues are largely unknown. Cardiovascular diseases are considered chronic inflammatory conditions, and accumulating data show that TLRs and the innate immune system play a determinant role in the initiation and development of cardiovascular diseases. This evidence unfolds a possibility that targeting TLRs and the innate immune system may be a novel therapeutic goal for these conditions. TLR inhibitors and agonists are already in clinical trials for inflammatory conditions such as asthma, cancer, and autoimmune diseases, but their study in the context of cardiovascular diseases is in its infancy. In this article, we review the current knowledge of TLR signaling in the cardiovascular system with an emphasis on atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cerebrovascular injury. Furthermore, we address the therapeutic potential of TLR as pharmacological targets in cardiovascular disease and consider intriguing research questions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Goulopoulou
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is comprised of a cluster of closely related risk factors, including visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, hypertension, high triglyceride, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; all of which increase the risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A chronic state of inflammation appears to be a central mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and MetS. In this review, we summarize recent research which has provided insight into the mechanisms by which inflammation underlies the pathophysiology of the individual components of MetS including visceral adiposity, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. On the basis of these mechanisms, we summarize therapeutic modalities to target inflammation in the MetS and its individual components. Current therapeutic modalities can modulate the individual components of MetS and have a direct anti-inflammatory effect. Lifestyle modifications including exercise, weight loss, and diets high in fruits, vegetables, fiber, whole grains, and low-fat dairy and low in saturated fat and glucose are recommended as a first line therapy. The Mediterranean and dietary approaches to stop hypertension diets are especially beneficial and have been shown to prevent development of MetS. Moreover, the Mediterranean diet has been associated with reductions in total and cardiovascular mortality. Omega-3 fatty acids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonists lower high levels of triglyceride; their role in targeting inflammation is reviewed. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and aldosterone blockers comprise pharmacologic therapies for hypertension but also target other aspects of MetS including inflammation. Statin drugs target many of the underlying inflammatory pathways involved in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine K Welty
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Abdulhamied Alfaddagh
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Tarec K Elajami
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
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Biancardi VC, Stranahan AM, Krause EG, de Kloet AD, Stern JE. Cross talk between AT1 receptors and Toll-like receptor 4 in microglia contributes to angiotensin II-derived ROS production in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H404-15. [PMID: 26637556 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00247.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ANG II is thought to increase sympathetic outflow by increasing oxidative stress and promoting local inflammation in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. However, the relative contributions of inflammation and oxidative stress to sympathetic drive remain poorly understood, and the underlying cellular and molecular targets have yet to be examined. ANG II has been shown to enhance Toll-like receptor (TLR)4-mediated signaling on microglia. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to determine whether ANG II-mediated activation of microglial TLR4 signaling is a key molecular target initiating local oxidative stress in the PVN. We found TLR4 and ANG II type 1 (AT1) receptor mRNA expression in hypothalamic microglia, providing molecular evidence for the potential interaction between these two receptors. In hypothalamic slices, ANG II induced microglial activation within the PVN (∼65% increase, P < 0.001), an effect that was blunted in the absence of functional TLR4. ANG II increased ROS production, as indicated by dihydroethidium fluorescence, within the PVN of rats and mice (P < 0.0001 in both cases), effects that were also dependent on the presence of functional TLR4. The microglial inhibitor minocycline attenuated ANG II-mediated ROS production, yet ANG II effects persisted in PVN single-minded 1-AT1a knockout mice, supporting the contribution of a non-neuronal source (likely microglia) to ANG II-driven ROS production in the PVN. Taken together, these results support functional interactions between AT1 receptors and TLR4 in mediating ANG II-dependent microglial activation and oxidative stress within the PVN. More broadly, our results support a functional interaction between the central renin-angiotensin system and innate immunity in the regulation of neurohumoral outflows from the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis M Stranahan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Eric G Krause
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Annette D de Kloet
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Javier E Stern
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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Daniele SG, Béraud D, Davenport C, Cheng K, Yin H, Maguire-Zeiss KA. Activation of MyD88-dependent TLR1/2 signaling by misfolded α-synuclein, a protein linked to neurodegenerative disorders. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra45. [PMID: 25969543 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease and diffuse Lewy body disease, are progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by selective neuronal death, abnormal accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein, and sustained microglial activation. In addition to inducing neuronal toxicity, higher-ordered oligomeric α-synuclein causes proinflammatory responses in the brain parenchyma by triggering microglial activation, which may exacerbate pathogenic processes by establishing a chronic neuroinflammatory milieu. We found that higher-ordered oligomeric α-synuclein induced a proinflammatory microglial phenotype by directly engaging the heterodimer TLR1/2 (Toll-like receptor 1 and 2) at the cell membrane, leading to the nuclear translocation of NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) and the increased production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) and IL-1β (interleukin-1β) in a MyD88-dependent manner. Blocking signaling through the TLR1/2 heterodimer with the small-molecule inhibitor CU-CPT22 reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and secretion of TNF-α from cultured primary mouse microglia. Candesartan cilexetil, a drug approved for treating hypertension and that inhibits the expression of TLR2, reversed the activated proinflammatory phenotype of primary microglia exposed to oligomeric α-synuclein, supporting the possibility of repurposing this drug for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano G Daniele
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Dawn Béraud
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA. Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Connor Davenport
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kui Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Kathleen A Maguire-Zeiss
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA. Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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46
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Maguire-Zeiss KA, Daniele SG, Yin H, VanHook AM. Science Signaling
Podcast: 12 May 2015. Sci Signal 2015. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aac4242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Drugs that inhibit signaling by pattern recognition receptors on microglia reduce neuroinflammation associated with synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A. Maguire-Zeiss
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience; Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Stefano G. Daniele
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute; University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Annalisa M. VanHook
- Web Editor, Science Signaling, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA
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47
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Nakashima T, Umemoto S, Yoshimura K, Matsuda S, Itoh S, Murata T, Fukai T, Matsuzaki M. TLR4 is a critical regulator of angiotensin II-induced vascular remodeling: the roles of extracellular SOD and NADPH oxidase. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:649-55. [PMID: 25854990 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and angiotensin II (AngII) induce vascular remodeling through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). AngII has also been shown to increase antioxidant enzyme extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD). However, the roles of TLR4 in Ang II-induced ROS production, vascular remodeling and hypertension remain unknown. Mice lacking TLR4 function showed significant inhibition of vascular remodeling in response to chronic AngII infusion, with no impact on blood pressure. The increases in ROS level and NADPH oxidase activity in response to AngII infusion were markedly blunted in TLR4-deficient mice. Similar effects were observed in wild-type (WT) mice treated with a sub-depressor dose of the AT1 receptor antagonist irbesartan, which had no effects on TLR4-deficient mice. Intriguingly, the AngII infusion-induced increases in ecSOD activity and expression were rather enhanced in TLR4-deficient mice compared with WT mice, whereas the expression of the proinflammatory chemokine MCP-1 was decreased. Importantly, AngII-induced vascular remodeling was positively correlated with NADPH oxidase activity, ROS levels and MCP-1 expression levels. Notably, chronic norepinephrine infusion, which elevates blood pressure without increasing ROS production, did not induce significant vascular remodeling in WT mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that ROS elevation is required for accelerating vascular remodeling but not for hypertensive effects in this model. We demonstrated that TLR4 plays a pivotal role in regulating AngII-induced vascular ROS levels by inhibiting the expression and activity of the antioxidant enzyme ecSOD, as well as by activating NADPH oxidase, which enhances inflammation to facilitate the progression of vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaaki Nakashima
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Seiji Umemoto
- Center for Clinical Research, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Koichi Yoshimura
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Susumu Matsuda
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Itoh
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Murata
- Institute of Experimental Animals, Science Research Center, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tohru Fukai
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Masunori Matsuzaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
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48
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Saravanan PB, Shanmuganathan MV, Ramanathan M. Telmisartan attenuated LPS-induced neuroinflammation in human IMR-32 neuronal cell line via SARM in AT1R independent mechanism. Life Sci 2015; 130:88-96. [PMID: 25816983 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to find the protective role of Telmisartan (TS) in LPS intoxicated neuronal cells and elucidate the possible neuroprotective mechanism of action. MAIN METHODS TLR4 and AT1R specific primers were designed and used in rtPCR to confirm the receptor expression in IMR-32 and Neuro2A cell lines. The protective effect of TS was assayed by MTT assay. The mechanism of action of TS was elucidated by assessing the expression and activation of TLR4 specific adaptor proteins SARM and MyD88, phosphorylated NFκB, PPARγ, MAPK p38, c-JNK, ERK by Western blotting. Selective PPARγ antagonist GW9662 was used to confirm the link between PPARγ activation and TLR4 mediated NFκB inflammatory mechanisms. The pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL1β, and IL-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 release were measured by ELISA. KEY FINDINGS IMR-32 cells expressed TLR4 receptor and Neuro2A cells expressed both AT1R and TLR4 receptors. TS significantly protected both the cell lines from LPS intoxication. TS significantly suppressed the TLR4 mediated inflammatory response by PPARγ and SARM protein activation and the effect was reversed significantly by selective PPARγ antagonist GW9662, confirming the existence of link between PPARγ activation and TLR4 mediated inflammation via SARM. SIGNIFICANCE LPS intoxicated human neuronal IMR-32 cells can be a good in vitro model to study inflammatory mediated neurodegeneration due to TLR4 receptor expression. Our study strongly recommends that the PPARγ activating pleiotropic effect of TS is responsible for the protective effect in LPS induced TLR4 mediated inflammation via SARM adaptor protein in the IMR-32 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muthiah Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore 641004, India.
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49
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Lv J, Chen Q, Shao Y, Chen Y, Shi J. Cross-talk between angiotensin-II and toll-like receptor 4 triggers a synergetic inflammatory response in rat mesangial cells under high glucose conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:264-269. [PMID: 25732086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). In this study, We observed the TLR4 signal and the release of inflammation factors after angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation in rat mesangial cells (MCs) under high glucose conditions, this revealed the innate immune mechanism of injury by Ang II in DN. Our data showed that TLR4 and MyD88 were up-regulated significantly in high glucose and AngII-induced MCs; meanwhile, NF-κB as well as MCP-1, IL-6 were also highly expressed. In cells that were transfected with TLR4 SiRNA,the parameters were greatly inhibited; similar effects were detected in cells that were treated with Irbesartan. We concluded that Ang II synergized with high glucose in the release of pro-inflammatory factors mainly through the upregulation of TLR4 signaling in MCs, Cross-talk between Ang II and TLR4 contributed to the MC inflammatory injury under high glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Lv
- Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of NanChang University, China.
| | - Qinkai Chen
- Division of Nephrology and Organ Transplatation, The First Affiliated Hospital of NanChang University, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Division of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of NanChang University, China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of NanChang University, China
| | - Jun Shi
- Division of Nephrology and Organ Transplatation, The First Affiliated Hospital of NanChang University, China.
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50
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Jia SJ, Niu PP, Cong JZ, Zhang BK, Zhao M. TLR4 signaling: A potential therapeutic target in ischemic coronary artery disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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