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Orikpete OF, Dennis NM, Kikanme KN, Ewim DRE. Advancing noise management in aviation: Strategic approaches for preventing noise-induced hearing loss. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 363:121413. [PMID: 38850921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
As urbanization and population growth escalate, the challenge of noise pollution intensifies, particularly within the aviation industry. This review examines current insights into noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in aviation, highlighting the risks to pilots, cabin crew, aircraft maintenance engineers, and ground staff from continuous exposure to high-level noise. It evaluates existing noise management and hearing conservation strategies, identifying key obstacles and exploring new technological solutions. While progress in developing protective devices and noise control technologies is evident, gaps in their widespread implementation persist. The study underscores the need for an integrated strategy combining regulatory compliance, technological advances, and targeted educational efforts. It advocates for global collaboration and policy development to safeguard the auditory health of aviation workers and proposes a strategic framework to enhance hearing conservation practices within the unique challenges of the aviation sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko Felix Orikpete
- Centre for Occupational Health, Safety and Environment (COHSE), University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Nicole M Dennis
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, USA
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2
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Dröge J, Klingelhöfer D, Braun M, Groneberg DA. Influence of a large commercial airport on the ultrafine particle number concentration in a distant residential area under different wind conditions and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123390. [PMID: 38309420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to ultrafine particles has a significant influence on human health. In regions with large commercial airports, air traffic and ground operations can represent a potential particle source. The particle number concentration was measured in a low-traffic residential area about 7 km from Frankfurt Airport with a Condensation Particle Counter in a long-term study. In addition, the particle number size distribution was determined using a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer. The particle number concentrations showed high variations over the entire measuring period and even within a single day. A maximum 24 h-mean of 24,120 cm-3 was detected. Very high particle number concentrations were in particular measured when the wind came from the direction of the airport. In this case, the particle number size distribution showed a maximum in the particle size range between 5 and 15 nm. Particles produced by combustion in jet engines typically have this size range and a high potential to be deposited in the alveoli. During a period with high air traffic volume, significantly higher particle number concentrations could be measured than during a period with low air traffic volume, as in the COVID-19 pandemic. A large commercial airport thus has the potential to lead to a high particle number concentration even in a distant residential area. Due to the high particle number concentrations, the critical particle size, and strong concentration fluctuations, long-term measurements are essential for a realistic exposure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Dröge
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Doris Klingelhöfer
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Braun
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David A Groneberg
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Rodríguez-Maroto JJ, García-Alonso S, Rojas E, Sanz D, Ibarra I, Pérez-Pastor R, Pujadas M, Hormigo D, Sánchez J, Moreno PM, Sánchez M, Kılıc D, Williams PI. Characterization of PAHs bound to ambient ultrafine particles around runways at an international airport. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141440. [PMID: 38368961 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The impact of airport activities on air quality, is not sufficiently documented. In order to better understand the magnitude and properly assess the sources of emissions in the sector, it is necessary to establish databases with real data on those pollutants that could have the greatest impact on both health and the environment. Particulate matter (PM), especially ultrafine particles, are a research priority, not only because of its physical properties, but also because of its ability to bind highly toxic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Samples of PM were collected in the ambient air around the runways at Barajas International Airport (Madrid, Spain) during October, November and December 2021. Samples were gathered using three different sampling systems and analysed to determine the concentration of PAHs bound to PM. A high-volume air sampler, a Berner low-pressure impactor, and an automated off-line sampler developed in-house were used. The agreement between the samplers was statistically verified from the PM and PAH results. The highest concentration of PM measured was 31 μg m-3, while the concentration of total PAH was 3 ng m-3, both comparable to those recorded in a semi-urban area of Madrid. The PAHs showed a similar profile to the particle size distribution, with a maximum in the 0.27-0.54 μm size range, being preferentially found in the submicron size fractions, with more than 84% and around 15-20% associated to UFPs. It was found that the ratio [PAHs(m)/PM(m)] was around 10-4 in the warmer period (October), whereas it more than doubled in the colder months (November-December). It is significant the shift in the relative distribution of compounds within these two periods, with a notable increase in the 5 and 6 ring proportions in the colder period. This increase was probably due to the additional contribution of other external sources, possibly thermal and related to combustion processes, as supported by the PAH diagnostic ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Rodríguez-Maroto
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - S García-Alonso
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - E Rojas
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - D Sanz
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - I Ibarra
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - R Pérez-Pastor
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - M Pujadas
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - D Hormigo
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850, Spain
| | - J Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850, Spain
| | - P M Moreno
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850, Spain
| | - M Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850, Spain
| | - D Kılıc
- DEES and University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - P I Williams
- DEES and University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK; NCAS, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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4
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Wang C, Zhang T, Tian R, Wang R, Alam F, Hossain MB, Illés CB. Corporate social Responsibility's impact on passenger loyalty and satisfaction in the Chinese airport industry: The moderating role of green HRM. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23360. [PMID: 38173470 PMCID: PMC10761357 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Corporate social responsibility has been extensively discussed and linked to the firm performance by the researchers. However, a significant research gap remains unexplored and that is measuring the association between corporate social responsibility, passenger satisfaction, and loyalty in the context of two international airports in China. This research also measures the moderating impact of green human resources management on the relationship between CSR, passengers' satisfaction, and loyalty. Data from two international airports in China were collected through a questionnaire. A total of 269 questionnaires were used for statistical analysis using Smart PLS 3.3. The findings from the statistical analysis revealed that corporate social responsibility in the airport affected passenger satisfaction and loyalty positively and significantly. Moreover, green human resource management in an airport plays a moderating role between corporate social responsibility, passengers' satisfaction, and loyalty. Overall, the study's findings enrich the literature on CSR, customer satisfaction, and loyalty, portray GHRM's role in the airport setting, and suggest practical indications for services industries. Discussions, limitations, and future recommendations are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Wang
- Changchun Tongtai Corporation Management Service Co., LTD, China
| | | | - Rongzhi Tian
- Institute for International Strategic Studies, Party School of the Central Committee of C.P.C, Beijing, China
| | | | - Fahad Alam
- School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Md Billal Hossain
- Business Management and Marketing Department, School of Business and Economics, Westminster International University in Tashkent (WIUT), Tashkent 100047, Uzbekistan
| | - Csaba Bálint Illés
- John von Neumann University, Doctoral School of Management and Business Administration, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Hageman G, van Broekhuizen P, Nihom J. The role of carbon monoxide in aerotoxic syndrome. Neurotoxicology 2024; 100:107-116. [PMID: 38135191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low-level exposure to toxic compounds in airplane cabin air may result in Aerotoxic Syndrome (AS). Aetiologic agents are organophosphates and numerous volatile organic hydrocarbons originating from leaks of engine oil and hydraulic fluids. Despite a documented history spanning decades, the role of carbon monoxide remains controversial. What evidence exists that carbon monoxide (CO), present in the cocktail of toxic compounds in bleed air, contributes to the AS? We selected 22 publications encompassing 888 flights with 18 different aircraft types. In one study of 100 flights, fume events were confirmed in 38. Four studies were initialized after air quality incidents. The cabin CO concentrations could be categorized in three levels, 1) low (<5 ppm), without health implications, 2) moderate (5-10 ppm) with probably health implications in case of chronic exposure, and 3) high > 10 ppm, with health effects in case of acute and chronic exposure. These levels were recorded in 12, 6 and 4 studies respectively. In the six studies in category 2, max CO concentrations ranged from 5.8-9.4 ppm. The four studies with CO > 10 ppm comprised 376 of the 888 flights (42%) with six aircraft types. Toxic CO levels ranging between 13-60 ppm were identified in at least 129 of 888 (14.5%) flights. In one study with high CO levels four flight attendants were diagnosed with CO poisoning with elevated HbCO levels. Max CO levels in aviation are either the same or higher than current occupational exposure limits (OEL) for ground-based workplace exposures or levels for urban street transport environments. Specific aspects of aviation should be taken into consideration: the effect of low(er) air pressure at high altitudes increasing the toxicity of CO, and the binding of CO to CYP enzymes, leading to impaired organophosphate detoxification. We conclude that CO must be considered an important factor in the lubrication derived cocktail of airborne toxic compounds causing AS. In line with the WHO advice, a reduction of the OEL to 5 ppm over 8 hr time weighted average (TWA) for aircrew is strongly recommended. And we advocate continuous monitoring during all phases of flight and installation of CO detectors in the air supply ducts to the aircraft cabin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hageman
- Department of Neurology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, hospital Enschede, Koningsplein 1, 7500 KA Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - P van Broekhuizen
- University of Amsterdam, Spui 21, 1012 WX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Nihom
- Department of Neurology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, hospital Enschede, Koningsplein 1, 7500 KA Enschede, the Netherlands
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6
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Deng Y, Cao KK, Wetzel M, Hu W, Jochem P. Carbon-neutral power system enabled e-kerosene production in Brazil in 2050. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21348. [PMID: 38049524 PMCID: PMC10696038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rich in renewable resources, extensive acreage, and bioenergy expertise, Brazil, however, has no established strategies for sustainable aviation fuels, particularly e-kerosene. We extend the lens from the often-studied economic feasibility of individual e-kerosene supply chains to a system-wide perspective. Employing energy system analyses, we examine the integration of e-kerosene production into Brazil's national energy supplies. We introduce PyPSA-Brazil, an open-source energy system optimisation model grounded in public data. This model integrates e-kerosene production and offers granular spatial resolution, enabling federal-level informed decisions on infrastructure locations and enhancing transparency in Brazilian energy supply scenarios. Our findings indicate that incorporating e-kerosene production can bolster system efficiency as Brazil targets a carbon-neutral electricity supply by 2050. The share of e-kerosene in meeting kerosene demand fluctuates between 2.7 and 51.1%, with production costs varying from 113.3 to 227.3 €/MWh. These costs are influenced by factors such as biokerosene costs, carbon pricing, and export aspirations. Our findings are relevant for Brazilian policymakers championing aviation sustainability and offer a framework for other countries envisioning carbon-neutral e-kerosene production and export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Deng
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Networked Energy Systems, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Industrial Production (IIP), 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Karl-Kiên Cao
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Networked Energy Systems, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manuel Wetzel
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Networked Energy Systems, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wenxuan Hu
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Networked Energy Systems, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Industrial Production (IIP), 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Jochem
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Networked Energy Systems, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Industrial Production (IIP), 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
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7
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Wang X, He W, Wu X, Song X, Yang X, Zhang G, Niu P, Chen T. Exposure to volatile organic compounds is a risk factor for diabetes: A cross-sectional study. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139424. [PMID: 37419158 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Currently, more studies showed that environmental chemicals were associated with the development of diabetes. However, the effect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on diabetes remained uncertain and needed to be studied. This cross-sectional study examined whether exposure to low levels of VOCs was associated with diabetes, insulin resistance (TyG index) and glucose-related indicators (FPG,HbA1c, insulin) in the general population by using the NHANES dataset (2013-2014 and 2015-2016). We analyzed the association between urinary VOC metabolism (mVOCs) and these indicators in 1409 adults by multiple linear regression models or logistic regression models, further Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were performed for mixture exposure analysis. The results showed positive associations between multiple mVOCs and diabetes, TyG index, FPG, HbA1c and insulin, respectively. Among them, HPMMA concentration in urine was significantly positively correlated with diabetes and related indicators (TyG index, FPG and HbA1c), and the concentration of CEMA was significantly positively correlated with insulin. The positive association of mVOCs with diabetes and its related indicators was more significant in the female group and in the 40-59 years group. Thus, our study suggested that exposure to VOCs affected insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis, further affecting diabetes levels, which had important public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Weifeng He
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Gaoman Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Piye Niu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Tian Chen
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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8
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Xi S, Hou J, Yang S, Wang Z, Li SH, Wang F. Development and Validation of Small-Size Mechanism for RP-3 Aviation Fuel with High Precision. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:29150-29160. [PMID: 37599952 PMCID: PMC10433499 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a kerosene surrogate model fuel containing 73% n-dodecane, 14.7% 1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, and 12.3% n-propylbenzene (percentage in mass) is developed by considering both the physical and chemical characteristics of practical aviation kerosene. By combining the small-size C0-C4 (carbon number) core mechanism and the large hydrocarbon submechanisms, a low- and high-temperature chemical kinetic mechanism including 43 species and 136 reactions is constructed for the kerosene surrogate model fuel. The performance of the 43-species mechanism is validated by examining various experimental ignition delay times and laminar flame speeds of single component of n-dodecane and practical kerosene. The predicted main species concentrations during the oxidation process in the jet-stirred reactor by this small-size mechanism exhibit generally acceptable performance with the corresponding experimental data of RP-3 kerosene. The results of brute force sensitivity analysis indicate that the mechanism retains key reaction paths. This relatively small size can be applied to the simulation of computational fluid dynamics to further explore the practical problems of aviation fuel application in engine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghui Xi
- School
of Aerospace Engineering, Zhengzhou University
of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Junxing Hou
- School
of Aerospace Engineering, Zhengzhou University
of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yang
- School
of Aerospace Engineering, Zhengzhou University
of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghe Wang
- School
of Aerospace Engineering, Zhengzhou University
of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Hao Li
- School
of Aero Engine, Zhengzhou University of
Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular
Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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9
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Zhang Q, Yang L, Peng J, Wu L, Mao H. Characteristics, sources, and health risks of inorganic elements in PM 2.5 and PM 10 at Tianjin Binhai international airport. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 332:121988. [PMID: 37301458 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To study air pollution from aircraft activity at airport and its risks to human health, we conducted an experiment near Tianjin Binhai International Airport from November 11 to November 24, 2017. The characteristics, source apportionment, and health risk of inorganic elements in particles were determined in the airport environment. The mean mass concentrations of inorganic elements in PM10 and PM2.5 were 17.1 and 5.0 μg/m3, accounting for 19.0% of PM10 mass and 12.3% of PM2.5 mass, respectively. Inorganic elements, including arsenic, chromium, lead, zinc, sulphur, cadmium, potassium, sodium, and cobalt, were mainly concentrated in fine particulate matter. The particle number concentration within the 60-170 nm particle size range was significantly higher under polluted than non-polluted conditions. A principal component analysis revealed important contributions of Cr, Fe, K, Mn, Na, Pb, S, and Zn originating from airport activities, including aircraft exhaust, braking, tire wear, ground service equipment, and airport vehicles. Based on analyses of the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of heavy metal elements in PM10 and PM2.5, there were notable human health impacts, emphasising the importance of relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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10
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Wang Y, Liu P, Schwartz J, Castro E, Wang W, Chang H, Scovronick N, Shi L. Disparities in ambient nitrogen dioxide pollution in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2208450120. [PMID: 37036985 PMCID: PMC10120073 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208450120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Average ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), an important air pollutant, have declined in the United States since the enactment of the Clean Air Act. Despite evidence that NO2 disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minority groups, it remains unclear what drives the exposure disparities and how they have changed over time. Here, we provide evidence by integrating high-resolution (1 km × 1 km) ground-level NO2 estimates, sociodemographic information, and source-specific emission intensity and location for 217,740 block groups across the contiguous United States from 2000 to 2016. We show that racial/ethnic minorities are disproportionately exposed to higher levels of NO2 pollution compared with Whites across the United States and within major metropolitan areas. These inequities persisted over time and have worsened in many cases, despite a significant decrease in the national average NO2 concentration over the 17-y study period. Overall, traffic contributes the largest fraction of NO2 disparity. Contributions of other emission sources to exposure disparities vary by location. Our analyses offer insights into policies aimed at reducing air pollution exposure disparities among races/ethnicities and locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30322
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30322
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Edgar Castro
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Wenhao Wang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30322
| | - Howard Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30322
| | - Noah Scovronick
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30322
| | - Liuhua Shi
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30322
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11
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Zeydan Ö, Zeydan I. Impacts of travel bans and travel intention changes on aviation emissions due to Covid-19 pandemic. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023; 26:1-18. [PMID: 36817739 PMCID: PMC9928588 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-02916-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic negatively affected many sectors including aviation and travel. Travel bans and forced lockdowns prevented transportation activity, especially air travel. Accordingly, huge amounts of emission reductions occurred. On the other hand, travel restrictions are not the only cause of emissions reductions. Changing travel intention in the era of Covid-19 is another important factor that affects aviation emissions. This paper aims to investigate the Landing/Take-Off (LTO) emission changes at Turkish airports. An emission inventory has been implemented for the years 2019 and 2020 to reveal the impacts of Covid-19 on aviation emissions. Domestic, international, and cargo flights have been included in the inventory. According to the results, total emissions of SO2, CO2, CO, NOx, NMVOC, CH4, N2O, and PM2.5 have decreased in 2020 compared to 2019 by 49.8%, 49.7%, 41.0%, 52.6%, 40.0%, 33.8%, 49.8%, and 50.3%, respectively. Total CO2 reductions in the Q2, Q3, and Q4 periods of 2020 compared to that of 2019 are 87%, 50% and 43%, respectively. Another aim of this paper is to find the underlying reasons for emission reductions. For Turkish airports, emission reductions have resulted from travel bans in Q2. After the relaxation of restrictions with the declaration of the "New Normal" in Turkey, flight traffic rebounded to a certain level but was lower than 2019 levels. Therefore, changing travel intention is the main cause of emission reductions in Q3 and Q4 of 2020. The results of this study contribute to both the areas of air pollution and tourism management. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-023-02916-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ö Zeydan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - I Zeydan
- The Institute of Graduate Studies, Department of Business, Karabük University, 78000 Karabük, Turkey
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12
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Dursun OO, Toraman S, Aygun H. Deep learning approach for prediction of exergy and emission parameters of commercial high by-pass turbofan engines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:27539-27559. [PMID: 36383312 PMCID: PMC9666968 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aviation emissions originated from the fuel burn have been hot topics by engineers and policy-makers due to their harmful effects on the environment and thereby human health as well as sustainability. In this study, it is tried that several emission indexes (EIs) involving CO, HC and NOx as well as fuel flow of several commercial aircraft engines (CAEs) are predicted using support vector regression (SVR) and long short-term memory (LSTM) approaches for take-off phase. Moreover, exergo-environmental parameters involving exergy efficiency (ExEFF), wasted exergy ratio (WExR) and environmental effect factor (EEF) pertinent to CAEs are computed employing thermodynamics laws. While establishing the models, rated thrust, by-pass ratio, overall pressure ratio and combustion type of the CAEs are utilized as the model inputs. According to the findings of emission modelling, the coefficient of determination (R2) of EI NOx and EI CO of the CAEs is found as 0.929074 and 0.960277 with SVR, whereas their R2 values are elevated to 0.954878 and 0.989283 with LSTM approach, respectively. However, R2 of EI HC is determined lower with 0.632280 (by SVR) and 0.651749 (by LSTM). On the other hand, exergo-environmental parameters for the CAEs are estimated with high correctness at both models. Namely, R2 of ExEFF and EEF regarding the CAEs are computed as 0.991748 and 0.989067 by SVR; however, these are calculated as 0.994785 and 0.992797 by LSTM method. To model these parameters with low error by using significant design variables as model inputs could help in predicting emission and environmental metrics for new engine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Osman Dursun
- Department of Aircraft Electric and Electronic, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suat Toraman
- Department of Air Traffic Control, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Hakan Aygun
- Department of Aircraft Air Frame and Power Plant, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
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13
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Han B, Yao T, Li G, Song Y, Zhang Y, Dai Q, Yu J. Marginal reduction in surface NO 2 attributable to airport shutdown: A machine learning regression-based approach. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114117. [PMID: 35985489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from aviation and airport-related activities degrade surface air quality but received limited attention relative to regular transportation sectors like road traffic and waterborne vessels. Statistically, assessing the impact of airport-related emissions remains a challenge due to the fact that its signal in the air quality time series data is largely dwarfed by meteorology and other emissions. Flight-ban policy has been implemented in a number of cities in response to the COVID-19 spread since early 2020, which provides an unprecedented opportunity to examine the changes in air quality attributable to airport closure. It would also be interesting to know whether such an intervention produces extra marginal air quality benefits, in addition to road traffic. Here we investigated the impact of airport-related emissions from a civil airport on nearby NO2 air quality by applying machine learning predictive model to observational data collected from this unique quasi-natural experiment. The whole lockdown-attributable change in NO2 was 16.7 μg/m3, equals to a drop of 73% in NO2 with respect to the business-as-usual level. Meanwhile, the airport flight-ban aviation-attributable NO2 was 3.1 μg/m3, accounting for a marginal reduction of 18.6% of the overall NO2 change that driven by the whole lockdown effect. The airport-related emissions contributed up to 24% of the local ambient NO2 under normal conditions. Additionally, the average impact of airport-related emissions on the nearby air quality was ∼0.01 ± 0.001 μg/m3 NO2 per air-flight. Our results highlight that attention needs to be paid to such a considerable emission source in many places where regular air quality regulatory measures were insufficient to bring NO2 concentration into compliance with the health-based limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, China; Research Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development of Civil Aviation Administration of China, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, China.
| | - Tingwei Yao
- Research Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development of Civil Aviation Administration of China, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, China
| | - Guojian Li
- Airline Operating Center, Xiamen Airlines, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuqin Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiye Zhang
- Research Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development of Civil Aviation Administration of China, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jian Yu
- Research Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development of Civil Aviation Administration of China, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, China
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14
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Wang K, Wang X, Cheng S, Cheng L, Wang R. National emissions inventory and future trends in greenhouse gases and other air pollutants from civil airports in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:81703-81712. [PMID: 35739449 PMCID: PMC9225816 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Civil aviation is an important source of air pollutants, but this field has received insufficient attention in China. Based on the standard emissions model of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and actual flight information from 241 airports, this study estimated a comprehensive emissions inventory for 2010-2020 by considering the impacts of mixing layer height. The results showed that annual pollutant emissions rapidly trended upward along with population and economic growth; however, the emissions decreased owing to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), particulate matter (PM), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor (H2O) were 34.34, 65.73, 0.10, 0.34, 0.40, 14,706.26, and 5733.11 Gg, respectively. The emissions of total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from China's civil airports in 2020 were estimated at 17.20 Gg; the major components were formic acid (1.70 Gg), acetic acid (1.62 Gg), 1-butylene (1.03 Gg), acetone (0.96 Gg), and acetaldehyde (0.93 Gg). The distribution of pollutant emissions was consistent with the level of economic development, mainly in Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai. In addition, we estimated future pollution trends for the aviation industry under four scenarios. Under the comprehensive scenario, which considered the impacts of economic growth, passenger turnover, cargo turnover, COVID-19, and technological efficiency, the levels of typical pollutants were expected to increase by nearly 1.51-fold from 2010 to 2035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing On Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing On Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing On Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Long Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing On Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Ruipeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing On Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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15
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Ghedhaïfi W, Montreuil E, Chouak M, Garnier F. 3D High-Resolution Modeling of Aircraft-Induced NO x Emission Dispersion in CAEPport Configuration Using Landing and Take-Off Trajectory Tracking. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2022; 233:418. [PMID: 36248726 PMCID: PMC9555266 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-022-05889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pollutant emissions from aircraft operations contribute to the degradation of air quality in and around airports. Meeting the ICAO's environmental certification standards regarding both gaseous and particulate aircraft engine emissions is one of the main challenges for air-transportation development over the coming years. To increase the accuracy of airport air pollution monitoring and prediction, advanced decision-making tools need to be developed. In this context, the present study aimed at demonstrating the modeling capabilities of an innovative methodology that accounts for the microscale evolution of aircraft emissions, both spatially and temporally. For this purpose, 3D high-resolution CFD simulations were carried out in the CAEPport configuration (medium-size mock airport) as defined by the Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP/8) for local air-quality assessment. The modeled domain extends up to 8 km around the airport. A spatial resolution down to 1 m was used around buildings to refine the prediction of pollutant-emission concentrations. The model accounts for ambient meteorological conditions along with the background chemical composition. NO x emissions from main engines and auxiliary power units (APUs) were individually tracked along LTO trajectories with a time resolution down to 1 s. The impact of atmospheric stability was investigated in three cases, i.e., stable, neutral, and unstable. The results show NO2 dominating in apron areas due to the low power setting of main engines along APU contribution during extended parking. Conversely, a domination of NO emissions was observed at the runway threshold due to the high power setting of the main engines. Stable atmospheric conditions promoted higher NO and NO2 concentrations as compared to both neutral and unstable cases. The use of APUs contributed to higher concentrations of both NO and NO2 emissions and especially of NO2 in terminal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Ghedhaïfi
- Multi-Physics Department for Energetics, ONERA, University of Paris Saclay, 91123 Palaiseau, France
| | - E. Montreuil
- Multi-Physics Department for Energetics, ONERA, University of Paris Saclay, 91123 Palaiseau, France
| | - M. Chouak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ÉTS, University of Quebec, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - F. Garnier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ÉTS, University of Quebec, Montreal, QC Canada
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16
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Delaval MN, Jonsdottir HR, Leni Z, Keller A, Brem BT, Siegerist F, Schönenberger D, Durdina L, Elser M, Salathe M, Baumlin N, Lobo P, Burtscher H, Liati A, Geiser M. Responses of reconstituted human bronchial epithelia from normal and health-compromised donors to non-volatile particulate matter emissions from an aircraft turbofan engine. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119521. [PMID: 35623573 PMCID: PMC10024864 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Health effects of particulate matter (PM) from aircraft engines have not been adequately studied since controlled laboratory studies reflecting realistic conditions regarding aerosols, target tissue, particle exposure and deposited particle dose are logistically challenging. Due to the important contributions of aircraft engine emissions to air pollution, we employed a unique experimental setup to deposit exhaust particles directly from an aircraft engine onto reconstituted human bronchial epithelia (HBE) at air-liquid interface under conditions similar to in vivo airways to mimic realistic human exposure. The toxicity of non-volatile PM (nvPM) from a CFM56-7B26 aircraft engine was evaluated under realistic engine conditions by sampling and exposing HBE derived from donors of normal and compromised health status to exhaust for 1 h followed by biomarker analysis 24 h post exposure. Particle deposition varied depending on the engine thrust levels with 85% thrust producing the highest nvPM mass and number emissions with estimated surface deposition of 3.17 × 109 particles cm-2 or 337.1 ng cm-2. Transient increase in cytotoxicity was observed after exposure to nvPM in epithelia derived from a normal donor as well as a decrease in the secretion of interleukin 6 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1. Non-replicated multiple exposures of epithelia derived from a normal donor to nvPM primarily led to a pro-inflammatory response, while both cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induction remained unaffected. This raises concerns for the long-term implications of aircraft nvPM for human pulmonary health, especially in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zaira Leni
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Keller
- Institute for Sensors and Electronics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T Brem
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - David Schönenberger
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Durdina
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Elser
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Prem Lobo
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Heinz Burtscher
- Institute for Sensors and Electronics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Anthi Liati
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Geiser
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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17
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Rangel-Alvarado R, Pal D, Ariya P. PM 2.5 decadal data in cold vs. mild climate airports: COVID-19 era and a call for sustainable air quality policy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58133-58148. [PMID: 35364791 PMCID: PMC8975444 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Airports are identified hotspots for air pollution, notably for fine particles (PM2.5) that are pivotal in aerosol-cloud interaction processes of climate change and human health. We herein studied the field observation and statistical analysis of 10-year data of PM2.5 and selected emitted co-pollutants (CO, NOx, and O3), in the vicinity of three major Canadian airports, with moderate to cold climates. The decadal data analysis indicated that in colder climate airports, pollutants like PM2.5 and CO accumulate disproportionally to their emissions in fall and winter, in comparison to airports in milder climates. Decadal daily averages and standard errors of PM2.5 concentrations were as follows: Vancouver, 5.31 ± 0.017; Toronto, 6.71 ± 0.199; and Montreal, 7.52 ± 0.023 μg/m3. The smallest and the coldest airport with the least flights/passengers had the highest PM2.5 concentration. QQQ-ICP-MS/MS and HR-S/TEM analysis of aerosols near Montreal Airport indicated a wide range of emerging contaminants (Cd, Mo, Co, As, Ni, Cr, and Pb) ranging from 0.90 to 622 μg/L, which were also observed in the atmosphere. During the lockdown, a pronounced decrease in the concentrations of PM2.5 and submicron particles, including nanoparticles, in residential areas close to airports was observed, conforming with the recommended workplace health thresholds (~ 2 × 104 cm-3), while before the lockdown, condensable particles were up to ~ 1 × 105 cm-3. Targeted reduction of PM2.5 emission is recommended for cold climate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devendra Pal
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Parisa Ariya
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada.
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada.
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18
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Aircraft Emissions, Their Plume-Scale Effects, and the Spatio-Temporal Sensitivity of the Atmospheric Response: A Review. AEROSPACE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/aerospace9070355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-CO2 aircraft emissions are responsible for the majority of aviation’s climate impact, however their precise effect is largely dependent on the environmental conditions of the ambient air in which they are released. Investigating the principal causes of this spatio-temporal sensitivity can bolster understanding of aviation-induced climate change, as well as offer potential mitigation solutions that can be implemented in the interim to low carbon flight regimes. This review paper covers the generation of emissions and their characteristic dispersion, air traffic distribution, local and global climate impact, and operational mitigation solutions, all aimed at improving scientific awareness of aviation’s non-CO2 climate impact.
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19
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Monte Carlo Simulations in Aviation Contrail Study: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12125885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a review of the role of stochastic approaches, in particular Monte Carlo calculations, in the study of aviation-induced contrails at different characteristic lengths, ranging from micrometers to the planetary scale. Pioneered in the 1960s by Bird, Direct Simulation Monte Carlo has for long time been considered unfeasible in extended dispersed-phase systems as clouds. Due to the impressive increase in computational power, Lagrangian Monte Carlo approaches are currently available, even for studying cloud formation and evolution. Some aspects of these new approaches are reviewed after a detailed introduction to the topic of aircraft-induced cloudiness. The role of Monte Carlo approaches in reducing the different source of uncertainty about the contribution of aviation contrails to climate change is introduced. Perspectives on their role in future experimental and theoretical studies are discussed throughout the paper.
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20
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Habib Y, Xia E, Hashmi SH, Yousaf AU. Testing the heterogeneous effect of air transport intensity on CO 2 emissions in G20 countries: An advanced empirical analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44020-44041. [PMID: 35124777 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the heterogeneous impact of air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport on air transport carbon emissions in G20 countries for the period of 1990-2016. The paper employs a robust and advanced fixed-effect panel quantile regression model that considers unobserved discrete and distributional heterogeneity. Our empirical results show that the impact of the independent variables on air transport carbon emissions is quite heterogeneous across various quantiles. More specifically, the effect of air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport on carbon emissions is positive and becomes more assertive with the increasing trend at upper quantiles and is quite heterogeneous across all quantiles. Economic growth, urbanization, and tourism are significant contributing factors in enhancing air transport CO2 emissions, while crude oil price significantly reduces CO2 emissions. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test estimates indicate that a bidirectional relationship extends from air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport to air transport CO2 emissions. The findings underline the need for cleaner, renewable, and environmentally sustainable energy sources for air transport operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Habib
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China.
| | - Enjun Xia
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | | | - Abaid Ullah Yousaf
- Department of Business Administration, Rawalpindi Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Ningbo China Institute for Supply Chain Innovation, 315832, No. 169 Qixingnan Rd., Ning, Zhejiang , China
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21
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Urban Air Quality Assessment by Fusing Spatial and Temporal Data from Multiple Study Sources Using Refined Estimation Methods. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi11060330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In urban environmental management and public health evaluation efforts, there is an urgent need for fine-grained urban air quality monitoring. However, the high price and sparse distribution of air quality monitoring equipment make it difficult to develop effective and comprehensive fine-scale monitoring at the city scale. This has also led to air quality estimation methods based on incomplete monitoring data, which lack the ability to detect urban air quality differences within a neighborhood. To address this problem, this study proposes a refined urban air quality estimation method that fuses multisource spatio-temporal data. Based on the fact that urban air quality is easily affected by social activities, this method integrates meteorological data with urban social activity data to form a comprehensive environmental data set. It uses the spatio-temporal feature extraction model to extract the multi-source spatio-temporal features of the comprehensive environmental data set. Finally, the improved cascade forest algorithm is used to fit the relationship between the multisource spatio-temporal features and the air quality index (AQI) to construct an air quality estimation model, and the model is used to estimate the hourly PM2.5 index in Beijing on a 1 km × 1 km grid. The results show that the estimation model has excellent performance, and its goodness-of-fit (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) reach 0.961 and 17.47, respectively. This method effectively achieves the assessment of urban air quality differences within a neighborhood and provides a new strategy for preventing information fragmentation and improving the effectiveness of information representation in the data fusion process.
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22
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Schiavo B, Morton-Bermea O, Salgado-Martínez E, García-Martínez R, Hernández-Álvarez E. Health risk assessment of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in Mexico City. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:456. [PMID: 35612636 PMCID: PMC9130986 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM or Hg0) from different sources in urban areas are important subjects for environmental investigations. In this study, atmospheric Hg measurements were conducted to investigate air pollution in the urban environment by carrying out several mobile surveys in Mexico City. This work presents atmospheric concentrations of GEM in terms of diurnal variation trends and comparisons with criteria for pollutant concentrations such as CO, SO2, NO2, PM2.5, and PM10. The concentration of GEM was measured during the pre-rainy period by using a high-resolution active air sampler, the Lumex RA 915 M mercury analyzer. In comparison with those for other cities worldwide, the GEM concentrations were similar or slightly elevated, and they ranged from 0.20 to 30.23 ng m-3. However, the GEM concentration was significantly lower than those in contaminated areas, such as fluorescent lamp factory locations and gold mining zones. The GEM concentrations recorded in Mexico City did not exceed the WHO atmospheric limit of 200 ng m-3. We performed statistical correlation analysis which suggests equivalent sources between Hg and other atmospheric pollutants, mainly NO2 and SO2, emitted from urban combustion and industrial plants. The atmospheric Hg emissions are basically controlled by sunlight radiation, as well as having a direct relationship with meteorological parameters. The area of the city studied herein is characterized by high traffic density, cement production, and municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment, which constantly release GEM into the atmosphere. In this study, we included the simulation with the HYSPLIT dispersion model from three potential areas of GEM release. Emissions from industrial corridors and volcanic plumes localized outside the urban area contribute to the pollution of Mexico City and mainly affect the northern area during specific periods and climate conditions. Using the USEPA model, we assessed the human health risk resulting from exposure to inhaled GEM among residents of Mexico City. The results of the health risk assessment indicated no significant noncarcinogenic risk (hazard quotient (HQ) < 1) or consequent adverse effects for children and adults living in the sampling area over the study period. GEM emissions inventory data is necessary to improve our knowledge about the Hg contribution and effect in urban megacity areas with the objective to develop public safe policy and implementing the Minamata Convention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetto Schiavo
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04150, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
| | - Ofelia Morton-Bermea
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04150, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Elias Salgado-Martínez
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04150, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Rocío García-Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04150, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
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23
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Zhang C, Chen L, Ding S, Zhou X, Chen R, Zhang X, Yu Z, Wang J. Mitigation effects of alternative aviation fuels on non-volatile particulate matter emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153233. [PMID: 35066040 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global air transportation has grown rapidly in the past decade until the recent coronavirus pandemic. Previous research has demonstrated that particulate matter (PM) emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines can impair human health and environment, and may play a significant role in global climate change via direct absorption of solar radiation and indirect effect by their interaction with clouds. Using alternative aviation fuels (AAFs) from different sources have become a promising means to reduce aviation PM emissions and ensure energy sustainability. This work presents a review of non-volatile PM (nvPM) emission characteristics of aircraft gas turbine engines burning conventional aviation fuel (CAF) and CAF/AAF blends from recent ground and cruise tests. Current engine emission regulations, as well as available aviation PM emission prediction models and inventories are also discussed. Available nvPM emission characteristics, including particle number, particle mass, and particle size distribution (PSD), are analyzed and compared among different studies. The synthesized results indicate that burning AAFs tends to generate smaller size nvPM and reduce up to 90% nvPM number as well as 60-85% nvPM mass. The reduction is the most significant at low engine power settings, but becomes marginal at high engine power settings. The utilization of AAF blends reduces nvPM emission yet increases water vapor emission, which may promote contrail and even widespread cirrus cloud formation. Therefore, more investigation is required to quantify the potential impact of burning AAF at cruise altitudes on cloud formation and climate change. An appropriate estimation method for the particle number emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines fueled by both CAF and CAF/AAF blends is also in need aiming to establish a global aviation nvPM emission inventory and improve relevant global climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqi Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Shenyuan Honors College of Beihang University, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Chen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shuiting Ding
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingfan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Zhenhong Yu
- Hudson River Research, LLC, 123 Town Square Place, Jersey City, NJ 07310, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Zhang X, Wang J, Wu Y, Hao J. Developing a High-Resolution Emission Inventory of China's Aviation Sector Using Real-World Flight Trajectory Data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5743-5752. [PMID: 35418234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Economic growth and globalization have led to a surge in civil aviation transportation demand. Among the major economies in the world, China has experienced a 12-fold increase in terms of total passenger aviation traffic volume since 2000 and is expected to be the largest aviation market soon. To better understand the environmental impacts of China's aviation sector, this study developed a real-world flight trajectory-based emission inventory, which enabled the fine-grained characterization of four-dimensional (time, longitude, latitude, and altitude) emissions of various flight stages. Our results indicated that fuel consumption and CO2 emissions showed two peaks in altitude distribution: below 1,000 m and between 8,000 and 12,000 m. Various pollutants depicted different vertical distributions; for example, nitrogen oxides (NOX) had a higher fraction during the high-altitude cruise stage due to the thermal NOX mechanism, while hydrocarbons had a dominant fraction at the low-altitude stages due to the incomplete combustion under low-load conditions. This improved aviation emission inventory approach identified that total emissions of CO2 and air pollutants from short-distance domestic flights would be significantly underestimated by the conventional great-circle-based approach due to underrepresented calculation parameters (particularly, flight distance, duration, and cruise altitude). Therefore, we suggest that more real-world aviation flight information, especially actual trajectory records, should be utilized to improve assessments of the environmental impacts of aviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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25
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Re DB, Yan B, Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Andrew AS, Tischbein M, Stommel EW. A perspective on persistent toxicants in veterans and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: identifying exposures determining higher ALS risk. J Neurol 2022; 269:2359-2377. [PMID: 34973105 PMCID: PMC9021134 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies indicate that United States veterans have an increased risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) compared to civilians. However, the responsible etiological factors are unknown. In the general population, specific occupational (e.g. truck drivers, airline pilots) and environmental exposures (e.g. metals, pesticides) are associated with an increased ALS risk. As such, the increased prevalence of ALS in veterans strongly suggests that there are exposures experienced by military personnel that are disproportionate to civilians. During service, veterans may encounter numerous neurotoxic exposures (e.g. burn pits, engine exhaust, firing ranges). So far, however, there is a paucity of studies investigating environmental factors contributing to ALS in veterans and even fewer assessing their exposure using biomarkers. Herein, we discuss ALS pathogenesis in relation to a series of persistent neurotoxicants (often emitted as mixtures) including: chemical elements, nanoparticles and lipophilic toxicants such as dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. We propose these toxicants should be directly measured in veteran central nervous system tissue, where they may have accumulated for decades. Specific toxicants (or mixtures thereof) may accelerate ALS development following a multistep hypothesis or act synergistically with other service-linked exposures (e.g. head trauma/concussions). Such possibilities could explain the lower age of onset observed in veterans compared to civilians. Identifying high-risk exposures within vulnerable populations is key to understanding ALS etiopathogenesis and is urgently needed to act upon modifiable risk factors for military personnel who deserve enhanced protection during their years of service, not only for their short-term, but also long-term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane B Re
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Department of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Department Biomedical Sciences, College of Health, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angeline S Andrew
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Maeve Tischbein
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Elijah W Stommel
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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Ge Y, Fu Q, Yi M, Chao Y, Lei X, Xu X, Yang Z, Hu J, Kan H, Cai J. High spatial resolution land-use regression model for urban ultrafine particle exposure assessment in Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151633. [PMID: 34785221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is currently known about long-term health effects of ambient ultrafine particles (UFPs) due to the lack of exposure assessment metrics suitable for use in large population-based studies. Land use regression (LUR) models have been used increasingly for modeling small-scale spatial variation in UFPs concentrations in European and American, but have never been applied in developing countries with heavy air pollution. OBJECTIVE This study developed a land-use regression (LUR) model for UFP exposure assessment in Shanghai, a typic mega city of China, where dense population resides. METHOD A 30-minute measurement of particle number concentrations of UFPs was collected at each visit at 144 fixed sites, and each was visited three times in each season of winter, spring, and summer. The annual adjusted average was calculated and regressed against pre-selected geographic information system-derived predictor variables using a stepwise variable selection method. RESULT The final LUR model explained 69% of the spatial variability in UFP with a root mean square error of 6008 particles cm-3. The 10-fold cross validation R2 reached 0.68, revealing the robustness of the model. The final predictors included traffic-related NOx emissions, number of restaurants, building footprint area, and distance to the nearest national road. These predictors were within a relatively small buffer size, ranging from 50 m to 100 m, indicating great spatial variations of UFP particle number concentration and the need of high-resolution models for UFP exposure assessment in urban areas. CONCLUSION We concluded that based on a purpose-designed short-term monitoring network, LUR model can be applied to predict UFPs spatial surface in a mega city of China. Majority of the spatial variability in the annual mean of ambient UFP was explained in the model comprised primarily of traffic-, building-, and restaurant-related predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Ge
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Min Yi
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yuan Chao
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaoning Lei
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xueyi Xu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhenchun Yang
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Zhou L, Ni Y, Feng H, Hu X. Assessment of predicted aircraft engine non-volatile particulate matter emissions at Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport using an integrated method. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2022; 72:370-382. [PMID: 35061582 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2029617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the aircraft engine nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions during landing and take-off (LTO) cycles is significant for airport air quality management. However, presently few prior studies have examined aircraft engine nvPM emissions on a daily basis for optimizing flight operations at airports. Therefore, based on the latest first-order approximation method of engine nvPM emissions, we introduce the engine emission data and aircraft flight data to establish an integrated method for estimating daily aircraft engine nvPM emissions at airports. This method can be applied to obtain different engine nvPM mass and number emissions in each phase of the LTO cycle, and therefore the total nvPM mass and number emissions in different time periods can be estimated for the analysis of the sources and trends of daily aircraft engine nvPM emissions during LTO cycles at Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport. Results show that the highest aircraft engine nvPM mass and number emissions are generally predicted to occur in the climb and taxi/ground idle phase, respectively. The proportion of total engine nvPM mass and number emissions in each phase of the LTO cycle could also be estimated, specifically the take-off phase (21% & 6%), climb phase (52% &15%), approach phase (8% & 27%), and taxi/ground idle phase (19% & 52%). In addition, the trends of hourly engine nvPM mass and number emissions during LTO cycles within a day are similar, but the predicted highest total hourly engine nvPM mass and number emissions occur in different time periods (7:00-8:00 a.m. & 11:00-12:00 a.m.) at the airport, and the total hourly engine nvPM mass and number emissions at 6:00 a.m. to 17:00 p.m. are generally higher than those of the rest periods. These results are valuable for optimizing flight operations for mitigating the environmental impact of aircraft engine nvPM emissions.Implications: The integrated method for estimating engine nvPM mass and number emissions in the LTO cycle based on FOA4.0 method reported in this study is effective to assess the sources and trends of daily aircraft engine nvPM emissions during LTO cycles at airports, which is valuable for optimizing flight operations considering the environmental impact of aircraft engine nvPM emissions. When the relevant aircraft flights, engine parameters, and engine nvPM emission databases embedded in the integrated method for any airport are established, the method is feasible to assess the sources and trends of aircraft engine nvPM emissions during LTO cycles at any time period in the airport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zhou
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Civil Aviation Department, Zhejiang Institute of Communications, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushan Ni
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huolei Feng
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Pellegrin B, Berne P, Giraud H, Roussey A. Exploring the potential of electrostatic precipitation as an alternative particulate matter filtration system in aircraft cabins. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12990. [PMID: 35225396 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
On most modern airliners, cabin air pressurization, heating, and renewal are mainly achieved using air supplied from the gas turbine engines during flight. This air intake impairs the motors yield and needs to be conditioned, leading to energy overconsumption. Recent advances in thermal management enable aircraft manufacturers to reduce further the intake airflow needed to maintain cabin temperature at high altitude. Nevertheless, for lower air renewal rates, an appropriate air filtration system will be needed to maintain acceptable air quality in the cabin. In this context, Clean Sky 2 Joint Undertaking (CS2JU) project EC2S (Environment Control Secondary System) aims at developing an integrated filtration system to be implemented in existing cabin air management systems (so-called environmental control system-ECS). The EC2S unit will include three filtration units addressing separately volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO2 , and particulate matter (PM). Circulated air in the ECS is conventionally filtered on pleated HEPA filters that generate substantial pressure drop. Since the EC2S VOCs and CO2 filtration units would generate additional pressure drop in the ECS system, electrostatic precipitation is foreseen as a low flow resistance alternative for PM removal. This paper reports the development and performance assessment of a two-stage electrostatic precipitator (ESP) designed for aircraft recirculated air filtration. The ESP prototype presents high single-pass particle collection rates (i.e., over 90% for airborne particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 0.5 μm or larger), low-pressure drop (i.e., 4 Pa at nominal flowrate), and a limited ozone generation rate (i.e., below 8 mg h-1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Berne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Liten, DTNM, Grenoble, France
| | - Hervé Giraud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Liten, DTNM, Grenoble, France
| | - Arthur Roussey
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Liten, DTNM, Grenoble, France
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30
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Lawal AS, Russell AG, Kaiser J. Assessment of Airport-Related Emissions and Their Impact on Air Quality in Atlanta, GA, Using CMAQ and TROPOMI. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:98-108. [PMID: 34931821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of emissions from the Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson Airport (ATL) on ozone (O3), ultrafine particulates (UFPs), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are evaluated using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model and high-resolution satellite observations of NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) from TROPOMI. Two airport inventories are compared: an inventory using emissions where landing and take-off (LTO) processes are allocated to the surface (default) and a modified (3D) inventory that has LTO and cruise emissions vertically and horizontally distributed, accounting for aircraft climb and descend rates. The 3D scenario showed reduced bias and error between CMAQ and TROPOMI VCDs compared to the default scenario [i.e., normalized mean bias: -43%/-46% and root mean square error: 1.12/1.21 (1015 molecules/cm2)]. Close agreement of TROPOMI-derived observations to modeled NO2 VCDs from two power plants with continuous emissions monitors was found. The net effect of aviation-related emissions was an increase in UFP (j mode in CMAQ), PM2.5 (i + j mode), and O3 concentrations by up to 6.5 × 102 particles/cm3 (∼38%), 0.7 μg/m3 (∼8%), and 2.7 ppb (∼4%), respectively. Overall, the results show (1) that the spatial allocation of airport emissions has notable effects on air quality modeling results and will be of further importance as airports become a larger part of the total urban emissions and (2) the applicability of high-resolution satellite retrievals to better understand emissions from facilities such as airports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiola S Lawal
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jennifer Kaiser
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Forecast of Hourly Airport Visibility Based on Artificial Intelligence Methods. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Based on the hourly visibility data, visibility and its changes during 2010–2020 at monthly and annual time scales over 47 international airports in China are investigated, and nine artificial-intelligence-based hourly visibility prediction models are trained (hourly data in 2018–2019) and tested (hourly data in 2020) at these airports. The analyses show that the visibility of airports in eastern and central China is at a poor level all year round, and LXA (in Lhasa) has good visibility all year round. Airports in south and the northwest China have better visibility from May to October and poorer visibility from November to April. In all months, the increasing visibility mainly occurs in the central, northeast and coastal areas of China, while decreasing visibility mainly appears in the western and northern parts of China. In spring, summer and autumn, the changes difference between east and west is particularly obvious. This East–West distribution of trends is obviously different from the North–South distribution shown by the mean. For all airports, good visibility mainly occurs from 14:00–18:00 p.m. Beijing Time, while poor visibility mainly concentrates from 22:00 p.m. to 12:00 p.m. the next day, especially between 3:00–9:00 a.m. Our proposed artificial intelligence algorithm models can be reasonably used in airport visibility prediction. In particular, most algorithm models have the best results in the visibility prediction over HFE (in Hefei) and SJW (in Shijiazhuang). On the contrary, the worst forecast results appear at LXA and LHW (in Lanzhou) airports. The prediction results of airport visibility in the cold season (October–December) are better than those in the warm season (May–September). Among the algorithm models, the prediction performance of the RF-based model is the best.
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32
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Sher F, Raore D, Klemeš JJ, Rafi-ul-Shan PM, Khzouz M, Marintseva K, Razmkhah O. Unprecedented Impacts of Aviation Emissions on Global Environmental and Climate Change Scenario. CURRENT POLLUTION REPORTS 2021; 7:549-564. [PMID: 34777950 PMCID: PMC8578007 DOI: 10.1007/s40726-021-00206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There has been a continuously growing trend in international commercial air traffic, with the exception of COVID-19 crises; however, after the recovery, the trend is expected to even sharpen. The consequences of released emissions and by-products in the environment range from human health hazards, low air quality and global warming. This study is aimed to investigate the role of aviation emissions in global warming. For this purpose, data on different variables including global air traffic and growth rate, air traffic in different continents, total global CO2 emissions of different airlines, direct and indirect emissions, air traffic in various UK airports and fuel-efficient aircraft was collected from various sources like EU member states, Statista, Eurostat, IATA, CAA and EUROCONTROL. The results indicated that in 2019, commercial airlines carried over 4.5 × 109 passengers on scheduled flights. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the global number of passengers was reduced to 1.8 × 109, representing around a 60% reduction in air traffic. Germany was the largest contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) from the EU, releasing 927 kt of emissions in 3 years. In the UK, Heathrow airport had the highest number of passengers in 2019 with over 80 million, and the study of monthly aircraft movement revealed that Heathrow Airport also had the highest number of EU and International flights, while Edinburgh had the domestic flights in 2018. These research findings could be beneficial for airlines, policymakers and governments targeting the reduction of aircraft emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - David Raore
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
| | - Jiří Jaromír Klemeš
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory – SPIL, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, NETME Centre, Brno University of Technology - VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martin Khzouz
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
- Department of Systems Engineering, Military Technological College, Al Matar Street, Muscat, 111 Oman
| | - Kristina Marintseva
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
| | - Omid Razmkhah
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
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Kittelson DB, Swanson J, Aldridge M, Giannelli RA, Kinsey JS, Stevens JA, Liscinsky DS, Hagen D, Leggett C, Stephens K, Hoffman B, Howard R, Frazee RW, Silvis W, McArthur T, Lobo P, Achterberg S, Trueblood M, Thomson K, Wolff L, Cerully K, Onasch T, Miake-Lye R, Freedman A, Bachalo W, Payne G. Experimental verification of principal losses in a regulatory particulate matter emissions sampling system for aircraft turbine engines. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2021; 56:63-74. [PMID: 35602286 PMCID: PMC9118390 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2021.1971152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A sampling system for measuring emissions of nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) from aircraft gas turbine engines has been developed to replace the use of smoke number and is used for international regulatory purposes. This sampling system can be up to 35 m in length. The sampling system length in addition to the volatile particle remover (VPR) and other sampling system components lead to substantial particle losses, which are a function of the particle size distribution, ranging from 50 to 90% for particle number concentrations and 10-50% for particle mass concentrations. The particle size distribution is dependent on engine technology, operating point, and fuel composition. Any nvPM emissions measurement bias caused by the sampling system will lead to unrepresentative emissions measurements which limit the method as a universal metric. Hence, a method to estimate size dependent sampling system losses using the system parameters and the measured mass and number concentrations was also developed (SAE 2017; SAE 2019). An assessment of the particle losses in two principal components used in ARP6481 (SAE 2019) was conducted during the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) 2 campaign. Measurements were made on the 25-meter sample line portion of the system using multiple, well characterized particle sizing instruments to obtain the penetration efficiencies. An agreement of ± 15% was obtained between the measured and the ARP6481 method penetrations for the 25-meter sample line portion of the system. Measurements of VPR penetration efficiency were also made to verify its performance for aviation nvPM number. The research also demonstrated the difficulty of making system loss measurements and substantiates the E-31 decision to predict rather than measure system losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. B. Kittelson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - J. Swanson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - M. Aldridge
- National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - R. A. Giannelli
- National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J. S. Kinsey
- Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - J. A. Stevens
- National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - D. S. Liscinsky
- Formerly United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut, USA (retired)
| | - D. Hagen
- Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - C. Leggett
- National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - K. Stephens
- Aerospace Testing Alliance, Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, USA
| | - B. Hoffman
- Aerospace Testing Alliance, Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, USA
| | - R. Howard
- Aerospace Testing Alliance, Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - W. Silvis
- AVL-North America, Plymouth, Michigan, USA
| | | | - P. Lobo
- Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - S. Achterberg
- Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - M. Trueblood
- Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - K. Thomson
- National Research Council-Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L. Wolff
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - T. Onasch
- Aerodyne Research, Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R. Miake-Lye
- Aerodyne Research, Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A. Freedman
- Aerodyne Research, Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W. Bachalo
- Artium Technologies, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - G. Payne
- Artium Technologies, Sunnyvale, California, USA
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Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Electroconversion of CO 2 : An Organometallic Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11628-11686. [PMID: 33464678 PMCID: PMC8248444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide has been a topic of interest in the field of CO2 utilization for a long time. Recently, the area has seen increasing dynamics as an alternative strategy to catalytic hydrogenation for CO2 reduction. While many studies focus on the direct electron transfer to the CO2 molecule at the electrode material, molecular transition metal complexes in solution offer the possibility to act as catalysts for the electron transfer. C1 compounds such as carbon monoxide, formate, and methanol are often targeted as the main products, but more elaborate transformations are also possible within the coordination sphere of the metal center. This perspective article will cover selected examples to illustrate and categorize the currently favored mechanisms for the electrochemically induced transformation of CO2 promoted by homogeneous transition metal complexes. The insights will be corroborated with the concepts and elementary steps of organometallic catalysis to derive potential strategies to broaden the molecular diversity of possible products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
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Yangmin B, Shaohong F, Yan L. Assessing the synergy and sustainability of "Airport-Industry-City"(AIC) system in aerotropolis: Evidence from Zhengzhou Aerotropolis in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110886. [PMID: 33621596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aviation economy refers to the newly derived income effect after the aggregation of aviation-related industries, it is related economic activities in the formed aerotropolis. Therefore, sustainable development of aerotropolis provides important guarantee for the steady rise of aviation economics and air transport. The research conclusions and practical experience show that, the key to the sustainable development of aerotropolis lies in coordinating the linkage relationship between "Airport-Industry-City" (AIC), as well as the external system connection between AIC and economic, social and environmental systems in the airport area. Therefore, assessing the synergy and sustainability of AIC system is important step. Based on the perspective of sustainable development, the article analyzes the synergetic development mechanism of AIC system, and select positive and negative outward indicators to create AIC synergetic evaluation index system for aerotropolis; Secondly, a synergy measure model and sustainability evaluation model is constructed; Finally, Zhengzhou Aerotropolis is selected as a case study to evaluate the AIC from 2009 to 2018, the research results agree with the actual situation: (1) From 2009 to 2018, the orderliness and overall synergy of AIC system of Zhengzhou Aerotropolis has grown rapidly, and (2) its sustainability has good prospects for development. (3) Aerotropolis must continuously optimize AIC's internal synergetic development mechanism and coordinate the relationship between AIC system and the regional environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Yangmin
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China; Economics and Management School, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, 300300, China.
| | - Feng Shaohong
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China.
| | - Li Yan
- Economics and Management School, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, 300300, China.
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Abstract
The PARSIFAL project (Prandtlplane ARchitecture for the Sustainable Improvement of Future AirpLanes) aims to promote an innovative box-wing aircraft: the PrandtlPlane. Aircraft developed adopting this configuration are expected to achieve a payload capability higher than common single aisle analogues (e.g., Airbus 320 and Boeing 737 families), without any increase in the overall dimensions. We estimated the exhaust emissions from the PrandtlPlane and compared the corresponding impacts to those of a conventional reference aircraft, in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Global Temperature Potential (GTP), on two time-horizons and accounted for regional sensitivity. We considered carbon dioxide, carbonaceous and sulphate aerosols, nitrogen oxides and related ozone production, methane degradation and nitrate aerosols formation, contrails, and contrail cirrus. Overall, the introduction of the PrandtlPlane is expected to bring a considerable reduction of climate change in all the source regions considered, on both the time-horizons examined. Moreover, fuel consumption is expected to be reduced by 20%, as confirmed through high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. Sensitivity of data, models, and metrics are detailed. Impact reduction and mitigation strategies are discussed, as well as the gaps to be addressed in order to develop a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment on aircraft emissions.
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Bendtsen KM, Bengtsen E, Saber AT, Vogel U. A review of health effects associated with exposure to jet engine emissions in and around airports. Environ Health 2021; 20:10. [PMID: 33549096 PMCID: PMC7866671 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airport personnel are at risk of occupational exposure to jet engine emissions, which similarly to diesel exhaust emissions include volatile organic compounds and particulate matter consisting of an inorganic carbon core with associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. Diesel exhaust is classified as carcinogenic and the particulate fraction has in itself been linked to several adverse health effects including cancer. METHOD In this review, we summarize the available scientific literature covering human health effects of exposure to airport emissions, both in occupational settings and for residents living close to airports. We also report the findings from the limited scientific mechanistic studies of jet engine emissions in animal and cell models. RESULTS Jet engine emissions contain large amounts of nano-sized particles, which are particularly prone to reach the lower airways upon inhalation. Size of particles and emission levels depend on type of aircraft, engine conditions, and fuel type, as well as on operation modes. Exposure to jet engine emissions is reported to be associated with biomarkers of exposure as well as biomarkers of effect among airport personnel, especially in ground-support functions. Proximity to running jet engines or to the airport as such for residential areas is associated with increased exposure and with increased risk of disease, increased hospital admissions and self-reported lung symptoms. CONCLUSION We conclude that though the literature is scarce and with low consistency in methods and measured biomarkers, there is evidence that jet engine emissions have physicochemical properties similar to diesel exhaust particles, and that exposure to jet engine emissions is associated with similar adverse health effects as exposure to diesel exhaust particles and other traffic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M. Bendtsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Bengtsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne T. Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Übergangsmetallkomplexe als Katalysatoren für die elektrische Umwandlung von CO
2
– eine metallorganische Perspektive. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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Grand Challenges in Central Europe: The Relationship of Food Security, Climate Change, and Energy Use. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13205422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pursuing various sustainable development goals is posing new challenges for societies, policymakers, and researchers alike. This study implements an exploratory approach to address the complexity of food security and nuance its relationship with other grand challenges, such as energy use and climate change, in Central European countries. A multiple factor analysis (MFA) suggests that the three pillars of food security relate differently to climate change: food affordability and food accessibility positively correlate with climate change, while food quality has a negative association with temperature rise. However, if countries switched to renewable energy resources, all three pillars of food security could be achieved simultaneously. The study also underlines regional inequalities regarding grand challenges and emphasizes the need for innovative local solutions, i.e., advances in agriculture systems, educational programs, and the development of environmental technologies that consider social and economic issues.
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Comparative toxicity of ultrafine particles around a major airport in human bronchial epithelial (Calu-3) cell model at the air–liquid interface. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Environmental Impact Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils Near the Runway at the International Airport in Central Europe. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12177224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The environmental impacts of air transport and air transportation systems have become increasingly important and are heavily debated. The aim of the study was to determine the degree of soil contamination by the potentially toxic elements (Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the vicinity of the airport runway and to evaluate whether airport traffic has had factual toxic effects on airport vegetation. The overall assessment of soil contamination by means of the Nemerow integrated pollution index indicated slight pollution; evaluation by the geoaccumulation index evinced moderate contamination by Zn and nonexistent to moderate contamination by Cu, Ni, and Pb. A significant difference between the take-off and landing sections of the runway was not statistically confirmed. The vegetation risk assessment by means of the potential ecological risk index (RI) showed the low ecological risk, while the phytotoxicity test revealed an inhibition of up to 33.7%, with a slight inhibition of 16.7% on average, and thus low toxic effects of airport traffic on airport vegetation. The results of the linear regression model between phytotoxicity and RI manifested no relation between the two. The outcomes from other studies suggest that the range of elements and the extent of contamination can be highly variable at different airports and frequently affected by car traffic. Therefore, further research on this issue is needed for the more precise determination of the elements emitted by air traffic at airports.
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Wei C, Wang M. Spatial distribution of greenhouse gases (CO 2 and CH 4) on expressways in the megacity Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31143-31152. [PMID: 32476075 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the two major greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere that contribute to global warming. Vehicle emissions on expressways cannot be neglected in the megacity Shanghai because oil accounts for 41% of the total primary energy consumption, and the expressway network carries 60% of the total traffic volume. The spatial distributions of CO2 and CH4 concentrations were monitored in situ on the expressways and in road tunnels using a mobile vehicle. The average CO2 and CH4 concentrations were 472.88 ± 34.48 ppm and 2033 ± 54 ppb on the expressways and 1308.92 ± 767.48 ppm and 2182 ± 112 ppb in the road tunnels in Shanghai, respectively. The highest CO2 and CH4 concentrations appeared on the Yan'an Elevated Road and the North-South Elevated Road, respectively, while their lowest values both occurred on the Huaxia Elevated Road passing through the suburban area. The hotspots of CO2 and CH4 were not consistent, suggesting that they have different sources. Tunnels had a "push-pull effect" on GHGs, and the traffic-congested Yan'an East Road Tunnel showed a dramatically increasing trend of GHG concentration from the entrance to the exit. This traffic-congested tunnel could accumulate a very high concentration of GHGs as well as other pollutants, which could introduce unhealthy conditions for both drivers and passengers. Significant correlations between CO2 and CH4 mostly appeared on the expressways and in the tunnels in Shanghai, suggesting the influences of vehicle exhaust. ΔCH4/ΔCO2 (the slope of the linear regression between CH4 and CO2) and the CH4/CO2 ratio could be used as indicators of vehicle exhaust sources because it increases from sources (e.g., road tunnels) to the observatories in the urban area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Maohua Wang
- Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Turgut ET, Açıkel G, Gaga EO, Çalişir D, Odabasi M, Ari A, Artun G, İlhan SÖ, Savaci U, Can E, Turan S. A Comprehensive Characterization of Particulate Matter, Trace Elements, and Gaseous Emissions of Piston-Engine Aircraft. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7818-7835. [PMID: 32428403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous and PM10 emissions of a piston-engine aircraft during ground operations at different engine states (six engine speed points and three air/fuel mixtures) representing certain flight phases were concurrently measured from the exhaust duct. PM10 emissions were sampled on a 47 mm-diameter polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter in order to be analyzed with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) to identify the presence and level of forty-eight elements. The most abundant element is found to be Pb (med = 4.6 × 106 ng m-3), which is 40 times the second most abundant element, Na (med = 1.1 × 105 ng m-3). The filters used for sampling exhaust gases tend to lighten with an increase in engine speed and leaning of the fuel mixture. The average of measured PM mass concentrations at all engine speeds were calculated to be 27.7 mg m-3 (full-rich) > 26.7 mg m-3 (best-power) > 24.7 mg m-3 (best-economy). The total mass of the trace elements constitutes an average of 24.1 ± 12.8% of the mass of PM. Electron microscope analyses suggest that the particles enriched by Al tend to agglomerate in a needle-shaped structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enis T Turgut
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aircraft Airframe and Powerplant Department, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Açıkel
- Eskisehir Technical University, Aircraft Maintenance Centre, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Duran Çalişir
- Eskisehir Technical University, Aircraft Maintenance Centre, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Akif Ari
- Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering, Gölköy Campus, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Gülzade Artun
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Soner Özenc İlhan
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Umut Savaci
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Emre Can
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Servet Turan
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
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44
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Variation of the Distribution of Atmospheric n-Alkanes Emitted by Different Fuels’ Combustion. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11060643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the emission profiles of n-alkanes for different vehicular sources in two Brazilian cities. Atmospheric particulate matter was collected in São Paulo (Southeast) and in Salvador (Northeast) to determine n-alkanes. The sites were impacted by bus emissions and heavy and light-duty vehicles. The objective of the present study is to attempt to differentiate the profile of n-alkane emissions for particulate matter (PM) collected at different sites. PM concentrations ranged between 73 and 488 µg m−3, and the highest concentration corresponded to a tunnel for light and heavy duty vehicles. At sites where diesel-fueled vehicles are dominant, the n-alkanes show a unimodal distribution, which is different from the bimodal profile observed in the literature. Carbon preference index values corresponded to anthropogenic sources for most of the sites, as expected, but Cmax varied comparing to literature and a source signature was difficult to observe. The main sources to air pollution were indicated by principal component analysis (PCA). For PCA, a receptor model often used as an exploratory tool to identify the major sources of air pollutant emissions, the principal factors were attributed to mixed sources and to bus emissions. Chromatograms of four specific samples showed distinct profiles of unresolved complex mixtures (UCM), indicating different contributions of contamination from petroleum or fossil fuel residues, which are unable to resolve by gas chromatography. The UCM area seemed higher in samples collected at sites with the abundance of heavy vehicles.
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Xu H, Xiao K, Cheng J, Yu Y, Liu Q, Pan J, Chen J, Chen F, Fu Q. Characterizing aircraft engine fuel and emission parameters of taxi phase for Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport with aircraft operational data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137431. [PMID: 32145615 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aircraft engine emissions during landing and take-off cycle are commonly estimated on the basis of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) promulgated calculation model and emission parameters; however, the ICAO certified parameters are generally not applicable for an individual airport. In this study, the operation times, fuel and emission parameters of 8 aircraft models during taxi phase at Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (SHA) are analyzed with the Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) data, and compared with corresponding values referenced by the ICAO. The results show perceptible discrepancies between the SHA-specific and ICAO certified values. The taxi-out times at SHA are considerably overestimated (up to 35.3%) by ICAO for all the analyzed aircraft models, whereas the taxi-in durations are highly close to the ICAO referenced value with a variation within -6.3% to 9.7%. In the majority of cases, the localized fuel flows and emission indices (EIs) are overvalued by ICAO, and the extent of overestimation can be as large as 21.6% and 28.3%, respectively. Variabilities in operation times, fuel and emission parameters are also characterized depending on aircraft types. Additionally, as a novel attempt, the effect of engine aging on EIs is explored and no significant correlation has been detected, indicating that other factors may affect the EIs dominantly over engine age. The resulting SHA-specific emission parameters are significant towards a precise emission quantification and modeling of impacts on air quality and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Wuhan Environmental Protection Science Academy, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yamei Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qizhen Liu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China
| | - Fangting Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200233, China.
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Xu H, Fu Q, Yu Y, Liu Q, Pan J, Cheng J, Wang Z, Liu L. Quantifying aircraft emissions of Shanghai Pudong International Airport with aircraft ground operational data. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114115. [PMID: 32045794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The air traffic growth at Shanghai Pudong International Airport (PVG) has attracted much concern over the potential impacts on local air quality and human health; however, the emission contributions due to aircraft activities, impact on air quality and health effects remain unclear. In this study, the ground operational data derived from the Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) dataset are newly utilized to obtain the PVG-specific emission parameters of 10 distinct aircraft-engine combinations during the taxi-in and taxi-out phases of the landing and take-off (LTO) cycle. The resulting emission parameters, together with PVG-specific operational conditions, are applied to quantify the annual emissions in 2017 for main engines and auxiliary power units (APUs) at PVG, emission variations caused by mixing layer height, sensitivity of black carbon (BC) emissions to the estimation method and sensitivity of PM2.5 emissions to the fuel sulfur content (FSC). The results show noticeable discrepancies between the corrected fuel flows and NOx emission indices (EIs) and those certified by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The annual emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), CO, NOx, NO, NO2, HONO, HNO3, NOy, SO2, SO42-, BC, organic carbon (OC) and PM2.5 with corrected emission parameters are 3.82 × 105 kg, 4.35 × 106 kg, 5.36 × 106 kg, 4.40 × 106 kg, 9.58 × 105 kg, 1.03 × 105 kg, 3.83 × 103 kg, 5.47 × 106 kg, 3.56 × 105 kg, 1.31 × 104 kg, 5.43 × 104 kg, 4.73 × 103 kg and 7.22 × 104 kg, respectively, while the application of the maximum height of the mixing layer contributes to emission increases as high as 16.9% (NOx). An alternative estimation of BC emissions leads to an increase of 50% compared with first-order approximation 3 (FOA3), while a reduction in PM2.5 emissions can be expected by minimizing the FSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yamei Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qizhen Liu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Zhenwu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Linqi Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Pirhadi M, Mousavi A, Sowlat MH, Janssen NAH, Cassee FR, Sioutas C. Relative contributions of a major international airport activities and other urban sources to the particle number concentrations (PNCs) at a nearby monitoring site. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114027. [PMID: 32014744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment model was employed to quantify the contributions of airport activities to particle number concentrations (PNCs) at Amsterdam Schiphol. Time-resolved particle number size distributions in parallel with the concentrations of auxiliary variables, including gaseous pollutants (NOx and CO), black carbon, PM2.5 mass, and number of arrivals/departures were measured for 32 sampling days over a 6-month period near Schiphol airport to be used in the model. PMF results revealed that airport activities, cumulatively, accounted for around 79.3% of PNCs and our model segregated them into three major groups: (i) aircraft departures, (ii) aircraft arrivals, and (iii) ground service equipment (GSE) (with some contributions of local road traffic, mostly from airport parking lots). Aircraft departures and aircraft arrivals showed mode diameters <20 nm and contributed, respectively, to 46.1% and 26.7% of PNCs. The factor GSE/local road traffic, with a mode diameter of around 60-80 nm, accounted for 6.5% of the PNCs. Road traffic related mainly to the surrounding freeways was characterized with a mode diameter of 30-40 nm; this factor contributed to 18.0% of PNCs although its absolute PNCs was comparable with that of areas heavily impacted by traffic emissions. Lastly, urban background with a mode diameter at 150-225 nm, had a minimal contribution (2.7%) to PNCs while dominating the particle volume/mass concentrations with a contribution of 58.2%. These findings illustrate the dominant role of the airport activities in ambient PNCs in the surrounding areas. More importantly, the quantification of the contributions of different airport activities to PNCs is a useful tool to better control and limit the increased PNCs near the airports that could adversely impact the health of the adjacent urban communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Pirhadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amirhosein Mousavi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad H Sowlat
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole A H Janssen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Robichaud A. An overview of selected emerging outdoor airborne pollutants and air quality issues: The need to reduce uncertainty about environmental and human impacts. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:341-378. [PMID: 31994992 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1723738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
According to the literature, it is estimated that outdoor air pollution is responsible for the premature death in a range from 3.7 to 8.9 million persons on an annual basis across the world. Although there is uncertainty on this figure, outdoor air pollution represents one of the greatest global risks to human health. In North America, the rapid evolution of technologies (e.g., nanotechnology, unconventional oil and gas rapid development, higher demand for fertilizers in agriculture) and growing demand for ground, marine and air transportation may result in significant increases of emissions of pollutants that have not been carefully studied so far. As a result, these atmospheric pollutants insufficiently addressed by science in Canada and elsewhere are becoming a growing issue with likely human and environmental impacts in the near future. Here, an emerging pollutant is defined as one that meets the following criteria: 1) potential or demonstrated risk for humans or the environment, 2) absence of Canada-wide national standard, 3) insufficient routine monitoring, 4) yearly emissions greater than one ton in Canada, 5) insufficient data concerning significant sources, fate, and detection limit, and 6) insufficiently addressed by epidemiological studies. A new methodology to rank emerging pollutants is proposed here based on weighting multiple criteria. Some selected emerging issues are also discussed here and include the growing concern of ultrafine or nanoparticles, growing ammonia emissions (due to rapid expansion of the agriculture), increased methane/ethane/propane emissions (due to the expanding hydraulic fracturing in the oil and gas sector) and the growing transportation sector. Finally, the interaction between biological and anthropogenic pollution has been found to be a double threat for public health. Here, a multidisciplinary and critical overview of selected emerging pollutants and related critical issues is presented with a focus in Canada.Implications: This overview paper provides a selection methodology for emerging pollutants in the atmospheric environment. It also provides a critical discussion of some related issues. The ultimate objective is to inform about the need to 1) address emerging issues through adequate surface monitoring and modeling in order to inform the development of regulations, 2) reduce uncertainties by geographically mapping emerging pollutants (e.g., through data fusion, data assimilation of observations into air quality models) which can improve the scientific support of epidemiological studies and policies. This review also highlights some of the difficulties with the management of these emerging pollutants, and the need for an integrated approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Robichaud
- Air Quality Modelling and Integration Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, Quebec
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49
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Rivas I, Beddows DCS, Amato F, Green DC, Järvi L, Hueglin C, Reche C, Timonen H, Fuller GW, Niemi JV, Pérez N, Aurela M, Hopke PK, Alastuey A, Kulmala M, Harrison RM, Querol X, Kelly FJ. Source apportionment of particle number size distribution in urban background and traffic stations in four European cities. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105345. [PMID: 31810011 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP) are suspected of having significant impacts on health. However, there have only been a limited number of studies on sources of UFP compared to larger particles. In this work, we identified and quantified the sources and processes contributing to particle number size distributions (PNSD) using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) at six monitoring stations (four urban background and two street canyon) from four European cities: Barcelona, Helsinki, London, and Zurich. These cities are characterised by different meteorological conditions and emissions. The common sources across all stations were Photonucleation, traffic emissions (3 sources, from fresh to aged emissions: Traffic nucleation, Fresh traffic - mode diameter between 13 and 37 nm, and Urban - mode diameter between 44 and 81 nm, mainly traffic but influenced by other sources in some cities), and Secondary particles. The Photonucleation factor was only directly identified by PMF for Barcelona, while an additional split of the Nucleation factor (into Photonucleation and Traffic nucleation) by using NOx concentrations as a proxy for traffic emissions was performed for all other stations. The sum of all traffic sources resulted in a maximum relative contributions ranging from 71 to 94% (annual average) thereby being the main contributor at all stations. In London and Zurich, the relative contribution of the sources did not vary significantly between seasons. In contrast, the high levels of solar radiation in Barcelona led to an important contribution of Photonucleation particles (ranging from 14% during the winter period to 35% during summer). Biogenic emissions were a source identified only in Helsinki (both in the urban background and street canyon stations), that contributed importantly during summer (23% in urban background). Airport emissions contributed to Nucleation particles at urban background sites, as the highest concentrations of this source took place when the wind was blowing from the airport direction in all cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioar Rivas
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - David C S Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David C Green
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Leena Järvi
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gary W Fuller
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Air Protection Unit, P.O. Box 100, FI-00066 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences/Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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50
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Garrido JDD, Ellakkis S, Ballester MY. Relaxation of Vibrationally Excited OH Radical by SO. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8994-9007. [PMID: 31573197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan de Dios Garrido
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, PR 85866-000, Brazil
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-330, Brazil
| | - Samah Ellakkis
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, PR 85866-000, Brazil
| | - Maikel Y. Ballester
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-330, Brazil
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