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Brancati GE, Magnesa A, Acierno D, Carli M, De Rosa U, Froli A, Gemignani S, Ventura L, Weiss F, Perugi G. Current nonstimulant medications for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38915262 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2370346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stimulants, including methylphenidate and amphetamines, are the first-line pharmacological treatment of ADHD in adults. However, in patients who do not respond or poorly tolerate stimulants, non-stimulant medications are usually recommended. AREAS COVERED The authors provide a narrative review of the literature on non-stimulant treatments for adult ADHD, including controlled and observational clinical studies conducted on adult samples. Atomoxetine has been extensively studied and showed significant efficacy in treating adult ADHD. Issues related to dosing, treatment duration, safety, and use in the case of psychiatric comorbidity are summarized. Among other compounds indicated for ADHD in adults, antidepressants sharing at least a noradrenergic or dopaminergic component, including tricyclic compounds, bupropion, and viloxazine, have shown demonstratable efficacy. Evidence is also available for antihypertensives, particularly guanfacine, as well as memantine, metadoxine, and mood stabilizers, while negative findings have emerged for galantamine, antipsychotics, and cannabinoids. EXPERT OPINION While according to clinical guidelines, atomoxetine may serve as the only second-line option in adults with ADHD, several other nonstimulant compounds may be effectively used in order to personalize treatment based on comorbid conditions and ADHD features. Nevertheless, further research is needed to identify and test more personalized treatment strategies for adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Emilio Brancati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Magnesa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Donatella Acierno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo De Rosa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Froli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Samuele Gemignani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lisa Ventura
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Weiss
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Perugi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Stanley JA, Daugherty AM, Gorey CR, Thomas P, Khatib D, Chowdury A, Rajan U, Haddad L, Amirsadri A, Diwadkar VA. Basal glutamate in the hippocampus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: Relationships to cognitive proficiency investigated with structural equation modelling. World J Biol Psychiatry 2023; 24:730-740. [PMID: 36999359 PMCID: PMC10591941 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2023.2197653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia is characterised by deficits across multiple cognitive domains and altered glutamate related neuroplasticity. The purpose was to investigate whether glutamate deficits are related to cognition in schizophrenia, and whether glutamate-cognition relationships are different between schizophrenia and controls. METHODS Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 3 Tesla was acquired from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and hippocampus in 44 schizophrenia participants and 39 controls during passive viewing visual task. Cognitive performance (working memory, episodic memory, and processing speed) was assessed on a separate session. Group differences in neurochemistry and mediation/moderation effects using structural equation modelling (SEM) were investigated. RESULTS Schizophrenia participants showed lower hippocampal glutamate (p = .0044) and myo-Inositol (p = .023) levels, and non-significant dlPFC levels. Schizophrenia participants also demonstrated poorer cognitive performance (p < .0032). SEM-analyses demonstrated no mediation or moderation effects, however, an opposing dlPFC glutamate-processing speed association between groups was observed. CONCLUSIONS Hippocampal glutamate deficits in schizophrenia participants are consistent with evidence of reduced neuropil density. Moreover, SEM analyses indicated that hippocampal glutamate deficits in schizophrenia participants as measured during a passive state were not driven by poorer cognitive ability. We suggest that functional MRS may provide a better framework for investigating glutamate-cognition relationships in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Stanley
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ana M. Daugherty
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Patricia Thomas
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dalal Khatib
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asadur Chowdury
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Usha Rajan
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Luay Haddad
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alireza Amirsadri
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Vaibhav A. Diwadkar
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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3
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Kohler CG, Wolf DH, Abi-Dargham A, Anticevic A, Cho YT, Fonteneau C, Gil R, Girgis RR, Gray DL, Grinband J, Javitch JA, Kantrowitz JT, Krystal JH, Lieberman JA, Murray JD, Ranganathan M, Santamauro N, Van Snellenberg JX, Tamayo Z, Gur RC, Gur RE, Calkins ME. Illness Phase as a Key Assessment and Intervention Window for Psychosis. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:340-350. [PMID: 37519466 PMCID: PMC10382701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of schizophrenia, regardless of etiology, represents the most studied psychotic disorder with respect to neurobiology and distinct phases of illness. The early phase of illness represents a unique opportunity to provide effective and individualized interventions that can alter illness trajectories. Developmental age and illness stage, including temporal variation in neurobiology, can be targeted to develop phase-specific clinical assessment, biomarkers, and interventions. We review an earlier model whereby an initial glutamate signaling deficit progresses through different phases of allostatic adaptation, moving from potentially reversible functional abnormalities associated with early psychosis and working memory dysfunction, and ending with difficult-to-reverse structural changes after chronic illness. We integrate this model with evidence of dopaminergic abnormalities, including cortical D1 dysfunction, which develop during adolescence. We discuss how this model and a focus on a potential critical window of intervention in the early stages of schizophrenia impact the approach to research design and clinical care. This impact includes stage-specific considerations for symptom assessment as well as genetic, cognitive, and neurophysiological biomarkers. We examine how phase-specific biomarkers of illness phase and brain development can be incorporated into current strategies for large-scale research and clinical programs implementing coordinated specialty care. We highlight working memory and D1 dysfunction as early treatment targets that can substantially affect functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G. Kohler
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel H. Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Youngsun T. Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Clara Fonteneau
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Roberto Gil
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook
| | - Ragy R. Girgis
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
| | - David L. Gray
- Cerevel Therapeutics Research and Development, East Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jack Grinband
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
| | - Jonathan A. Javitch
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Joshua T. Kantrowitz
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York
| | - John H. Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jeffrey A. Lieberman
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
| | - John D. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mohini Ranganathan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nicole Santamauro
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jared X. Van Snellenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook
| | - Zailyn Tamayo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Goodman J, Leong KC, Packard MG. NMDA receptor blockade in the dorsolateral striatum impairs consolidation but not retrieval of habit memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 197:107709. [PMID: 36503101 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) mediate consolidation and retrieval of habit memory. Adult male Long-Evans rats were trained in a response learning version of a water plus-maze task in which rats were reinforced to make a habitual and consistent body-turn response at the maze choice point in order to mount a hidden escape platform. Prior research indicates that acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval in this task requires DLS function. The present study consisted of two experiments. In Experiment 1, rats received intra-DLS post-training injections of the NMDA receptor antagonist 2-amino-5- phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5; 2 µg/side) to examine the role of NMDA receptors in consolidation of habit memory. In Experiment 2, different groups of rats received a single pre-retrieval injection of AP5 in the DLS (AP5; 2 µg/side) during the last day of maze training to examine the potential role of NMDA receptors in retrieval of habit memory. Results indicated that post-training intra-DLS AP5 injections impaired memory consolidation. However, administration of AP5 at the same dose that impaired consolidation had no effect on memory retrieval. The findings are consistent with previous research indicating a role for NMDA receptors in the DLS in memory consolidation, and suggest that NMDA-dependent synaptic activity in the DLS may not be a critical component of habit memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarid Goodman
- Department of Psychology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Kah-Chung Leong
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Mark G Packard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Kody E, Diwadkar VA. Magnocellular and parvocellular contributions to brain network dysfunction during learning and memory: Implications for schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:520-531. [PMID: 36351307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Memory deficits are core features of schizophrenia, and a central aim in biological psychiatry is to identify the etiology of these deficits. Scrutiny is naturally focused on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the hippocampal cortices, given these structures' roles in memory and learning. The fronto-hippocampal framework is valuable but restrictive. Network-based underpinnings of learning and memory are substantially diverse and include interactions between hetero-modal and early sensory networks. Thus, a loss of fidelity in sensory information may impact memorial and cognitive processing in higher-order brain sub-networks, becoming a sensory source for learning and memory deficits. In this overview, we suggest that impairments in magno- and parvo-cellular visual pathways result in degraded inputs to core learning and memory networks. The ascending cascade of aberrant neural events significantly contributes to learning and memory deficits in schizophrenia. We outline the network bases of these effects, and suggest that any network perspectives of dysfunction in schizophrenia must assess the impact of impaired perceptual contributions. Finally, we speculate on how this framework enriches the space of biomarkers and expands intervention strategies to ameliorate this prototypical disconnection syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kody
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA.
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6
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Titulaer J, Radhe O, Danielsson K, Dutheil S, Marcus MM, Jardemark K, Svensson TH, Snyder GL, Ericson M, Davis RE, Konradsson-Geuken Å. Lumateperone-mediated effects on prefrontal glutamatergic receptor-mediated neurotransmission: A dopamine D 1 receptor dependent mechanism. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 62:22-35. [PMID: 35878581 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lumateperone is a novel drug approved for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults and depressive episodes associated with bipolar depression in adults, as monotherapy and as adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate treatment in the United States. Lumateperone simultaneously modulates key neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, implicated in serious mental illness. In patients with schizophrenia, lumateperone was shown to improve positive symptoms along with negative and depressive symptoms, while also enhancing prosocial behavior. Moreover, in patients with bipolar I or II disorder, lumateperone improved depressive symptoms as well. To further understand the mechanisms related to lumateperone's clinical response, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lumateperone on dopaminergic- and glutamatergic signaling in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We used the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test to determine the antipsychotic-like effect of lumateperone, electrophysiology in vitro to study lumateperone's effects on NMDA- and AMPA-induced currents in the mPFC, and the neurochemical techniques microdialysis and amperometry to measure dopamine- and glutamate release in the rat mPFC. Our results demonstrate that lumateperone; i) significantly suppressed CAR in rats, indicating an antipsychotic-like effect, ii) facilitated NMDA and AMPA receptor-mediated currents in the mPFC, in a dopamine D1-dependent manner, and iii) significantly increased dopamine and glutamate release in the rat mPFC. To the extent that these findings can be translated to humans, the ability of lumateperone to activate these pathways may contribute to its demonstrated effectiveness in safely improving symptoms related to neuropsychiatric disorder including mood alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Titulaer
- Section of Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - O Radhe
- Section of Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Danielsson
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Dutheil
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - M M Marcus
- Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Jardemark
- Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T H Svensson
- Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G L Snyder
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - M Ericson
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R E Davis
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - Å Konradsson-Geuken
- Section of Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Stone TW. Relationships and Interactions between Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and Nicotinic Receptors in the CNS. Neuroscience 2021; 468:321-365. [PMID: 34111447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although ionotropic glutamate receptors and nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine (ACh) have usually been studied separately, they are often co-localized and functionally inter-dependent. The objective of this review is to survey the evidence for interactions between the two receptor families and the mechanisms underlying them. These include the mutual regulation of subunit expression, which change the NMDA:AMPA response balance, and the existence of multi-functional receptor complexes which make it difficult to distinguish between individual receptor sites, especially in vivo. This is followed by analysis of the functional relationships between the receptors from work on transmitter release, cellular electrophysiology and aspects of behavior where these can contribute to understanding receptor interactions. It is clear that nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) on axonal terminals directly regulate the release of glutamate and other neurotransmitters, α7-nAChRs generally promoting release. Hence, α7-nAChR responses will be prevented not only by a nicotinic antagonist, but also by compounds blocking the indirectly activated glutamate receptors. This accounts for the apparent anticholinergic activity of some glutamate antagonists, including the endogenous antagonist kynurenic acid. The activation of presynaptic nAChRs is by the ambient levels of ACh released from pre-terminal synapses, varicosities and glial cells, acting as a 'volume neurotransmitter' on synaptic and extrasynaptic sites. In addition, ACh and glutamate are released as CNS co-transmitters, including 'cholinergic' synapses onto spinal Renshaw cells. It is concluded that ACh should be viewed primarily as a modulator of glutamatergic neurotransmission by regulating the release of glutamate presynaptically, and the location, subunit composition, subtype balance and sensitivity of glutamate receptors, and not primarily as a classical fast neurotransmitter. These conclusions and caveats should aid clarification of the sites of action of glutamate and nicotinic receptor ligands in the search for new centrally-acting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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8
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Sofranko A, Wahle T, Heusinkveld HJ, Stahlmecke B, Dronov M, Pijnenburg D, Hilhorst R, Lamann K, Albrecht C, Schins RPF. Evaluation of the neurotoxic effects of engineered nanomaterials in C57BL/6J mice in 28-day oral exposure studies. Neurotoxicology 2021; 84:155-171. [PMID: 33771574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, concerns have emerged about the potential neurotoxic effects of engineered nanomaterials (NMs). Titanium dioxide and silver are among the most widely used types of metallic NMs. We have investigated the effects of these NMs on behaviour and neuropathology in male and female C57BL/6J mice following 28-day oral exposure with or without a 14-day post-exposure recovery. The mice were fed ad libitum with food pellets dosed with 10 mg/g TiO2, 2 mg/g polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated Ag or control pellets. Behaviour was evaluated by X-maze, open field, string suspension and rotarod tests. Histological alterations were analysed by immunohistochemistry and brain tissue homogenates were investigated for markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption. Effects of the NMs on tyrosine and serine/threonine protein kinase activity in mouse brains were investigated by measuring kinase activity on peptide microarrays. Markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and blood-brain barrier integrity were not significantly affected in the male and female mice following exposure to Ag or TiO2. Both types of NMs also revealed no consistent significant treatment-related effects on anxiety and cognition. However, in the Ag NM exposed mice altered motor performance effects were observed by the rotarod test that differed between sexes. At 1-week post-exposure, a diminished performance in this test was observed exclusively in the female animals. Cortex tissues of female mice also showed a pronounced increase in tyrosine kinase activity following 28 days oral exposure to Ag NM. A subsequent Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) based toxicokinetic study in female mice revealed a rapid and persistent accumulation of Ag in various internal organs including liver, kidney, spleen and the brain up to 4 weeks post-exposure. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that subacute exposure to foodborne TiO2 and Ag NMs does not cause substantial neuropathological changes in mice. However, the toxicokinetic and specific toxicodynamic findings indicate that long-term exposures to Ag NM can cause neurotoxicity, possibly in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Sofranko
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tina Wahle
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Harm J Heusinkveld
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Burkhard Stahlmecke
- Institute for Energy and Environmental Technology e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
| | - Michail Dronov
- Institute for Energy and Environmental Technology e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Pijnenburg
- PamGene International B.V.,' s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Riet Hilhorst
- PamGene International B.V.,' s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Karsten Lamann
- Tascon GmbH, Münster, Germany; University of Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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9
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Robison A, Thakkar K, Diwadkar VA. Cognition and Reward Circuits in Schizophrenia: Synergistic, Not Separate. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:204-214. [PMID: 31733788 PMCID: PMC6946864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been studied from the perspective of cognitive or reward-related impairments, yet it cannot be wholly related to one or the other process and their corresponding neural circuits. We posit a comprehensive circuit-based model proposing that dysfunctional interactions between the brain's cognitive and reward circuits underlie schizophrenia. The model is underpinned by how the relationship between glutamatergic and dopaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia drives interactions between cognition and reward circuits. We argue that this interaction is synergistic: that is, deficits of cognition and reward processing interact, and this interaction is a core feature of schizophrenia. In adopting this position, we undertake a focused review of animal physiology and human clinical data, and in proposing this synergistic model, we highlight dopaminergic afferents from the ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens (mesolimbic circuit) and frontal cortex (mesocortical circuit). We then expand on the role of glutamatergic inputs to these dopamine circuits and dopaminergic modulation of critical excitatory pathways with attention given to the role of glutamatergic hippocampal outputs onto nucleus accumbens. Finally, we present evidence for how in schizophrenia, dysfunction in the mesolimbic and mesocortical circuits and their corresponding glutamatergic inputs gives rise to clinical and cognitive phenotypes and is associated with positive and negative symptom dimensions. The synthesis attempted here provides an impetus for a conceptual shift that links cognitive and motivational aspects of schizophrenia and that can lead to treatment approaches that seek to harmonize network interactions between the brain's cognition and reward circuits with ameliorative effects in each behavioral domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharine Thakkar
- Dept. of Psychology, Michigan State University,Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University
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10
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Jalal B, McNally RJ, Elias JA, Potluri S, Ramachandran VS. "Fake it till You Make it"! Contaminating Rubber Hands ("Multisensory Stimulation Therapy") to Treat Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 13:414. [PMID: 31998095 PMCID: PMC6962184 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a deeply enigmatic psychiatric condition associated with immense suffering worldwide. Efficacious therapies for OCD, like exposure and response prevention (ERP), are sometimes poorly tolerated by patients. As many as 25% of patients refuse to initiate ERP mainly because they are too anxious to follow exposure procedures. Accordingly, we proposed a simple and tolerable (immersive yet indirect) low-cost technique for treating OCD that we call “multisensory stimulation therapy.” This method involves contaminating a rubber hand during the so-called “rubber hand illusion” (RHI) in which tactile sensations may be perceived as arising from a fake hand. Notably, Jalal et al. (2015) showed that such fake hand contamination during the RHI provokes powerful disgust reactions in healthy volunteers. In the current study, we explored the therapeutic potential of this novel approach. OCD patients (n = 29) watched as their hidden real hand was being stroked together with a visible fake hand; either synchronously (inducing the RHI; i.e., the experimental condition; n = 16) or asynchronously (i.e., the control condition; n = 13). After 5 min of tactile stimulation, the rubber hand was contaminated with fake feces, simulating conventional exposure therapy. Intriguingly, results suggested sensory assimilation of contamination sensations into the body image via the RHI: patients undergoing synchronous stimulation did not report greater contamination sensations when the fake hand was initially contaminated relative to asynchronous stroking. But contrary to expectations, they did so after the rubber hand had been contaminated for 5 min, as assessed via disgust facial expressions (a secondary outcome) and in vivo exposure (upon discontinuing the illusion). Further, to our surprise, synchronous and asynchronous stroking induced an equally vivid and fast-emerging illusion, which helps explain why both conditions initially (5 min after initiating tactile stimulation) provoked contamination reactions of equal magnitude. This study is the first to suggest heightened malleability of body image in OCD. Importantly, it may pave the way for a tolerable technique for the treatment of OCD—highly suitable for poorly resourced and emergency settings, including low-income and developing countries with minimal access to high-tech solutions like virtual reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baland Jalal
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Richard J McNally
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jason A Elias
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sriramya Potluri
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vilayanur S Ramachandran
- Center for Brain and Cognition, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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11
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Schicknick H, Henschke JU, Budinger E, Ohl FW, Gundelfinger ED, Tischmeyer W. β-adrenergic modulation of discrimination learning and memory in the auditory cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3141-3163. [PMID: 31162753 PMCID: PMC6900137 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite vast literature on catecholaminergic neuromodulation of auditory cortex functioning in general, knowledge about its role for long‐term memory formation is scarce. Our previous pharmacological studies on cortex‐dependent frequency‐modulated tone‐sweep discrimination learning of Mongolian gerbils showed that auditory‐cortical D1/5‐dopamine receptor activity facilitates memory consolidation and anterograde memory formation. Considering overlapping functions of D1/5‐dopamine receptors and β‐adrenoceptors, we hypothesised a role of β‐adrenergic signalling in the auditory cortex for sweep discrimination learning and memory. Supporting this hypothesis, the β1/2‐adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol bilaterally applied to the gerbil auditory cortex after task acquisition prevented the discrimination increment that was normally monitored 1 day later. The increment in the total number of hurdle crossings performed in response to the sweeps per se was normal. Propranolol infusion after the seventh training session suppressed the previously established sweep discrimination. The suppressive effect required antagonist injection in a narrow post‐session time window. When applied to the auditory cortex 1 day before initial conditioning, β1‐adrenoceptor‐antagonising and β1‐adrenoceptor‐stimulating agents retarded and facilitated, respectively, sweep discrimination learning, whereas β2‐selective drugs were ineffective. In contrast, single‐sweep detection learning was normal after propranolol infusion. By immunohistochemistry, β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptors were identified on the neuropil and somata of pyramidal and non‐pyramidal neurons of the gerbil auditory cortex. The present findings suggest that β‐adrenergic signalling in the auditory cortex has task‐related importance for discrimination learning of complex sounds: as previously shown for D1/5‐dopamine receptor signalling, β‐adrenoceptor activity supports long‐term memory consolidation and reconsolidation; additionally, tonic input through β1‐adrenoceptors may control mechanisms permissive for memory acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Schicknick
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julia U Henschke
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eike Budinger
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank W Ohl
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tischmeyer
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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12
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Bahmani Z, Clark K, Merrikhi Y, Mueller A, Pettine W, Isabel Vanegas M, Moore T, Noudoost B. Prefrontal Contributions to Attention and Working Memory. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 41:129-153. [PMID: 30739308 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The processes of attention and working memory are conspicuously interlinked, suggesting that they may involve overlapping neural mechanisms. Working memory (WM) is the ability to maintain information in the absence of sensory input. Attention is the process by which a specific target is selected for further processing, and neural resources directed toward that target. The content of WM can be used to direct attention, and attention can in turn determine which information is encoded into WM. Here we discuss the similarities between attention and WM and the role prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays in each. First, at the theoretical level, we describe how attention and WM can both rely on models based on attractor states. Then we review the evidence for an overlap between the areas involved in both functions, especially the frontal eye field (FEF) portion of the prefrontal cortex. We also discuss similarities between the neural changes in visual areas observed during attention and WM. At the cellular level, we review the literature on the role of prefrontal DA in both attention and WM at the behavioral and neural levels. Finally, we summarize the anatomical evidence for an overlap between prefrontal mechanisms involved in attention and WM. Altogether, a summary of pharmacological, electrophysiological, behavioral, and anatomical evidence for a contribution of the FEF part of prefrontal cortex to attention and WM is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahmani
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kelsey Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yaser Merrikhi
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adrienne Mueller
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Warren Pettine
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Isabel Vanegas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tirin Moore
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Behrad Noudoost
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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13
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Isherwood SN, Robbins TW, Dalley JW, Pekcec A. Bidirectional variation in glutamate efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex induced by selective positive and negative allosteric mGluR5 modulators. J Neurochem 2018; 145:111-124. [PMID: 29315577 PMCID: PMC5972455 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of prefrontal cortical glutamatergic signalling via NMDA receptor hypofunction has been implicated in cognitive dysfunction and impaired inhibitory control in such neuropsychiatric disorders as schizophrenia, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and drug addiction. Although NMDA receptors functionally interact with metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), the consequence of this interaction for glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) remains unknown. We therefore investigated the effects of positive and negative allosteric mGluR5 modulation on changes in extracellular glutamate efflux in the medial PFC (mPFC) induced by systemic administration of the non‐competitive NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine (or MK801) in rats. Extracellular glutamate efflux was measured following systemic administration of the positive allosteric mGluR5 modulator [S‐(4‐Fluoro‐phenyl)‐{3‐[3‐(4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐[1,2,4]‐oxadiazol‐5‐yl]‐piperidin‐1‐yl}‐methanone] (ADX47273; 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and negative allosteric mGluR5 modulator [2‐chloro‐4‐{[1‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl]ethynyl}pyridine] (RO4917523; 0.3 mg/kg, p.o.), using a wireless glutamate biosensor in awake, freely moving rats. The effect of MK801 (0.03–0.06 mg/kg, s.c.) on mPFC glutamate efflux was also investigated in addition to the effects of MK801 (0.03 mg/kg, s.c.) following ADX47273 (100 mg/kg, p.o.) pre‐treatment. ADX47273 produced a sustained increase in glutamate efflux and increased the effect of NMDA receptor antagonism on glutamate efflux in the mPFC. In contrast, negative allosteric mGluR5 modulation with RO4917523 decreased glutamate efflux in the mPFC. These findings indicate that positive and negative allosteric mGluR5 modulators produce long lasting and opposing actions on extracellular glutamate efflux in the mPFC. Positive and negative allosteric modulators of mGluR5 may therefore be viable therapeutic agents to correct abnormalities in glutamatergic signalling present in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Isherwood
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anton Pekcec
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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14
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Functional dynamics of hippocampal glutamate during associative learning assessed with in vivo 1H functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2017; 153:189-197. [PMID: 28363835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
fMRI has provided vibrant characterization of regional and network responses associated with associative learning and memory; however, their relationship to functional neurochemistry is unclear. Here, we introduce a novel application of in vivo proton functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H fMRS) to investigate the dynamics of hippocampal glutamate during paired-associated learning and memory in healthy young adults. We show that the temporal dynamics of glutamate differed significantly during processes of memory consolidation and retrieval. Moreover, learning proficiency was predictive of the temporal dynamics of glutamate such that fast learners were characterized by a significant increase in glutamate levels early in learning, whereas this increase was only observed later in slow learners. The observed functional dynamics of glutamate provides a novel in vivo marker of brain function. Previously demonstrated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor mediated synaptic plasticity during associative memory formation may be expressed in glutamate dynamics, which the novel application of 1H MRS is sensitive to. The novel application of 1H fMRS can provide highly innovative vistas for characterizing brain function in vivo, with significant implications for studying glutamatergic neurotransmission in health and disorders such as schizophrenia.
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15
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Biederman J, Fried R, Tarko L, Surman C, Spencer T, Pope A, Grossman R, McDermott K, Woodworth KY, Faraone SV. Memantine in the Treatment of Executive Function Deficits in Adults With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:343-352. [PMID: 24970718 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714538656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of memantine hydrochloride as an adjunct to stimulant pharmacotherapy for treating executive function deficits (EFDs) in adults with ADHD. METHOD This was a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of memantine added to open-label treatment with stimulant medication. Because of the small sample size, we considered a standardized mean difference (equivalent to effect size) of ≥0.5 and odds ratios ≥2 as indicators of trend improvements. RESULTS Twelve participants received memantine and 14 received a placebo. Trend improvements favoring memantine were observed on Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions-Adult Inhibition and Self-Monitor subscales when compared with Placebo. No significant changes were noted on the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. CONCLUSION Among adults with ADHD and EFDs, adjunct treatment with memantine to osmotic release oral system-methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) was associated with improvements in selective areas of executive functioning, supporting the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronna Fried
- 1 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Tarko
- 1 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig Surman
- 1 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Amanda Pope
- 1 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stephen V Faraone
- 2 State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, MA, USA
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16
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Moraga-Amaro R, González H, Ugalde V, Donoso-Ramos JP, Quintana-Donoso D, Lara M, Morales B, Rojas P, Pacheco R, Stehberg J. Dopamine receptor D5 deficiency results in a selective reduction of hippocampal NMDA receptor subunit NR2B expression and impaired memory. Neuropharmacology 2016; 103:222-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Lominac KD, Quadir SG, Barrett HM, McKenna CL, Schwartz LM, Ruiz PN, Wroten MG, Campbell RR, Miller BW, Holloway JJ, Travis KO, Rajasekar G, Maliniak D, Thompson AB, Urman LE, Kippin TE, Phillips TJ, Szumlinski KK. Prefrontal glutamate correlates of methamphetamine sensitization and preference. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:689-702. [PMID: 26742098 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is a widely misused, highly addictive psychostimulant that elicits pronounced deficits in neurocognitive function related to hypo-functioning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Our understanding of how repeated MA impacts excitatory glutamatergic transmission within the PFC is limited, as is information about the relationship between PFC glutamate and addiction vulnerability/resiliency. In vivo microdialysis and immunoblotting studies characterized the effects of MA (ten injections of 2 mg/kg, i.p.) upon extracellular glutamate in C57BL/6J mice and upon glutamate receptor and transporter expression, within the medial PFC. Glutamatergic correlates of both genetic and idiopathic variance in MA preference/intake were determined through studies of high vs. low MA-drinking selectively bred mouse lines (MAHDR vs. MALDR, respectively) and inbred C57BL/6J mice exhibiting spontaneously divergent place-conditioning phenotypes. Repeated MA sensitized drug-induced glutamate release and lowered indices of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor expression in C57BL/6J mice, but did not alter basal extracellular glutamate content or total protein expression of Homer proteins, or metabotropic or α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid glutamate receptors. Elevated basal glutamate, blunted MA-induced glutamate release and ERK activation, as well as reduced protein expression of mGlu2/3 and Homer2a/b were all correlated biochemical traits of selection for high vs. low MA drinking, and Homer2a/b levels were inversely correlated with the motivational valence of MA in C57BL/6J mice. These data provide novel evidence that repeated, low-dose MA is sufficient to perturb pre- and post-synaptic aspects of glutamate transmission within the medial PFC and that glutamate anomalies within this region may contribute to both genetic and idiopathic variance in MA addiction vulnerability/resiliency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Lominac
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Sema G Quadir
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Hannah M Barrett
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Courtney L McKenna
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Lisa M Schwartz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Paige N Ruiz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Melissa G Wroten
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Rianne R Campbell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Bailey W Miller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - John J Holloway
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Katherine O Travis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Ganesh Rajasekar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Dan Maliniak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Andrew B Thompson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Lawrence E Urman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Tod E Kippin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Tamara J Phillips
- Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
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18
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Norepinephrine versus dopamine and their interaction in modulating synaptic function in the prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 2016; 1641:217-33. [PMID: 26790349 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the neuromodulators that regulate prefrontal cortical circuit function, the catecholamine transmitters norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) stand out as powerful players in working memory and attention. Perturbation of either NE or DA signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, and drug addiction. Although the precise mechanisms employed by NE and DA to cooperatively control prefrontal functions are not fully understood, emerging research indicates that both transmitters regulate electrical and biochemical aspects of neuronal function by modulating convergent ionic and synaptic signaling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This review summarizes previous studies that investigated the effects of both NE and DA on excitatory and inhibitory transmissions in the prefrontal cortical circuitry. Specifically, we focus on the functional interaction between NE and DA in prefrontal cortical local circuitry, synaptic integration, signaling pathways, and receptor properties. Although it is clear that both NE and DA innervate the PFC extensively and modulate synaptic function by activating distinctly different receptor subtypes and signaling pathways, it remains unclear how these two systems coordinate their actions to optimize PFC function for appropriate behavior. Throughout this review, we provide perspectives and highlight several critical topics for future studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Noradrenergic System.
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19
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Manganese-Disrupted Interaction of Dopamine D1 and NMDAR in the Striatum to Injury Learning and Memory Ability of Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6745-6758. [PMID: 26660110 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is widely regarded as a neurotoxic heavy metal that causes learning and memory deficits. Recently, it has been proved that the striatum is related to memory and learning ability. However, no previous study focused on the effect of Mn-induced learning and memory deficits on the striatum. This study aims to investigate the probable interaction of dopamine D1 receptor (DR1) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), two cognition-related receptors in the striatum during Mn exposure. Mice are randomly divided into four groups, including control group, 12.5 mg/kg MnCl2 group, 25 mg/kg MnCl2 group, and 50 mg/kg MnCl2 group. The mice receive intraperitoneal injections of 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg MnCl2 once daily for 2 weeks. Then, learning and memory ability, pathological changes, expression, and interaction of DR1 and NMDAR are determined. It has been found that Mn disrupted spatial learning and memory ability of mice by Morris water maze test and the passive avoidance test. Pathological and ultrastructure were injured. Mn decreased the immunohistochemical activities, protein levels, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of DR1, NR1, and NR2A. Mn exposure inhibited interaction between DR1 and NMDAR in striatum by double immunofluorescent staining and co-immunoprecipitation. In conclusion, our study illustrated that Mn caused learning and memory dysfunction via injury of striatum and inhibition of interaction between DR1 and NMDAR in striatum.
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20
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Björkholm C, Jardemark K, Schilström B, Svensson TH. Ketamine-like effects of a combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine on AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1842-7. [PMID: 26233606 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies indicate that the rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine is dependent on activation of AMPA receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) resulting in a prolonged enhancement of glutamatergic transmission in the mPFC. In similarity, addition of atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) to SSRIs has also been found to induce a rapid and potent antidepressant effect. Using intracellular recordings in layer V/VI pyramidal cells of the rat mPFC in vitro, we found that a combination of low, clinically relevant concentrations of the atypical APD olanzapine and the SSRI fluoxetine facilitated NMDA and AMPA-induced currents in pyramidal cells via activation of dopamine D1 receptors. A single ketamine injection (10mg/kg, 24h before the experiment) enhanced AMPA-and apparently to some extent also NMDA-induced currents. Our results propose that the rapid and potent antidepressant effects of both treatments may be related to a common mechanism of action, namely facilitation of glutamatergic, in particular AMPA receptor-mediated transmission, in the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Björkholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kent Jardemark
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Schilström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torgny H Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Glucose, relational memory, and the hippocampus. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2113-25. [PMID: 25527036 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Many studies suggest that glucose can temporarily enhance hippocampal-dependent memories. As the hippocampus plays a key role in associative learning, we examined the influence of glucose on verbal paired associate memory. OBJECTIVE This study examines how glucose modifies performance on a relational memory task by examining its influence on learning, subsequent forgetting and relearning. METHODS A selective reminding procedure was used to show high and low imagability paired associates to 80 participants, who were seen twice. On the first session, they received 25 g glucose pre-learning, 25 g glucose post-learning or placebo. On the second session, 1 week later, they received 25 g glucose or placebo. Cued-recall was evaluated after each learning trial, 1 week later to assess forgetting and after an opportunity to relearn the material forgotten. RESULTS Glucose did not influence paired associate acquisition. Those given glucose pre-learning tended to forget less material the following week, and independently, glucose at retrieval facilitated cued-recall. Both forms of facilitation were equally apparent on low and high imagability pairs. The benefit of glucose pre-learning was eliminated once the paired associates had been seen again, but the benefit of glucose at retrieval extended into the second relearning trial. CONCLUSIONS The discussion considers the cognitive processes and hippocampal basis for paired associate learning and retention and the implications for glucose's mode of action. It is proposed that glucose during encoding serves to make the delayed memories initially more available, whereas its influence during delayed retrieval makes available memories temporarily more accessible.
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22
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Snyder HR, Miyake A, Hankin BL. Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches. Front Psychol 2015; 6:328. [PMID: 25859234 PMCID: PMC4374537 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) is essential for successfully navigating nearly all of our daily activities. Of critical importance for clinical psychological science, EF impairments are associated with most forms of psychopathology. However, despite the proliferation of research on EF in clinical populations, with notable exceptions clinical and cognitive approaches to EF have remained largely independent, leading to failures to apply theoretical and methodological advances in one field to the other field and hindering progress. First, we review the current state of knowledge of EF impairments associated with psychopathology and limitations to the previous research in light of recent advances in understanding and measuring EF. Next, we offer concrete suggestions for improving EF assessment. Last, we suggest future directions, including integrating modern models of EF with state of the art, hierarchical models of dimensional psychopathology as well as translational implications of EF-informed research on clinical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Snyder
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver CO, USA
| | - Akira Miyake
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO, USA
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23
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Björkholm C, Frånberg O, Malmerfelt A, Marcus MM, Konradsson-Geuken Å, Schilström B, Jardemark K, Svensson TH. Adjunctive treatment with asenapine augments the escitalopram-induced effects on monoaminergic outflow and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu068. [PMID: 25522408 PMCID: PMC4360248 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial clinical data support the addition of low doses of atypical antipsychotic drugs to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to rapidly enhance the antidepressant effect in treatment-resistant depression. Preclinical studies suggest that this effect is at least partly explained by an increased catecholamine outflow in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). METHODS In the present study we used in vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats and in vitro intracellular recordings of pyramidal cells of the rat mPFC to investigate the effects of adding the novel atypical antipsychotic drug asenapine to the SSRI escitalopram with regards to monoamine outflow in the mPFC and dopamine outflow in nucleus accumbens as well as glutamatergic transmission in the mPFC. RESULTS The present study shows that addition of low doses (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) of asenapine to escitalopram (5 mg/kg) markedly enhances dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin release in the rat mPFC as well as dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Moreover, this drug combination facilitated both N-methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA)- and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-induced currents as well as electrically evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials in pyramidal cells of the rat mPFC. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the notion that the augmentation of SSRIs by atypical antipsychotic drugs in treatment-resistant depression may, at least in part, be related to enhanced catecholamine output in the prefrontal cortex and that asenapine may be clinically used to achieve this end. In particular, the subsequent activation of the D1 receptor may be of importance for the augmented antidepressant effect, as this mechanism facilitated both NMDA and AMPA receptor-mediated transmission in the mPFC. Our novel observation that the drug combination, like ketamine, facilitates glutamatergic transmission in the mPFC may contribute to explain the rapid and potent antidepressant effect obtained when atypical antipsychotic drugs are added to SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Björkholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olivia Frånberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Malmerfelt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica M Marcus
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Konradsson-Geuken
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Schilström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kent Jardemark
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torgny H Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Puig MV, Antzoulatos EG, Miller EK. Prefrontal dopamine in associative learning and memory. Neuroscience 2014; 282:217-29. [PMID: 25241063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Learning to associate specific objects or actions with rewards and remembering the associations are everyday tasks crucial for our flexible adaptation to the environment. These higher-order cognitive processes depend on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and frontostriatal circuits that connect areas in the frontal lobe with the striatum in the basal ganglia. Both structures are densely innervated by dopamine (DA) afferents that originate in the midbrain. Although the activity of DA neurons is thought to be important for learning, the exact role of DA transmission in frontostriatal circuits during learning-related tasks is still unresolved. Moreover, the neural substrates of this modulation are poorly understood. Here, we review our recent work in monkeys utilizing local pharmacology of DA agents in the PFC to investigate the cellular mechanisms of DA modulation of associative learning and memory. We show that blocking both D1 and D2 receptors in the lateral PFC impairs learning of new stimulus-response associations and cognitive flexibility, but not the memory of highly familiar associations. In addition, D2 receptors may also contribute to motivation. The learning deficits correlated with reductions of neural information about the associations in PFC neurons, alterations in global excitability and spike synchronization, and exaggerated alpha and beta neural oscillations. Our findings provide new insights into how DA transmission modulates associative learning and memory processes in frontostriatal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Puig
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - E G Antzoulatos
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - E K Miller
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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25
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Puig MV, Rose J, Schmidt R, Freund N. Dopamine modulation of learning and memory in the prefrontal cortex: insights from studies in primates, rodents, and birds. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:93. [PMID: 25140130 PMCID: PMC4122189 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we provide a brief overview over the current knowledge about the role of dopamine transmission in the prefrontal cortex during learning and memory. We discuss work in humans, monkeys, rats, and birds in order to provide a basis for comparison across species that might help identify crucial features and constraints of the dopaminergic system in executive function. Computational models of dopamine function are introduced to provide a framework for such a comparison. We also provide a brief evolutionary perspective showing that the dopaminergic system is highly preserved across mammals. Even birds, following a largely independent evolution of higher cognitive abilities, have evolved a comparable dopaminergic system. Finally, we discuss the unique advantages and challenges of using different animal models for advancing our understanding of dopamine function in the healthy and diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Victoria Puig
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Rose
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Neurobiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Schmidt
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, Department of Biology, Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Freund
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
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26
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Abstract
The brain encodes information about past experience in specific populations of neurons that communicate with one another by firing action potentials. Studies of experience-dependent neural plasticity have largely focused on individual synaptic changes in response to neuronal input. Indicative of the neuronal output transmitted to downstream neurons, persistent firing patterns are affected by prior experience in selective neuronal populations. However, little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which experience-related persistent firing patterns are regulated in specific neuronal populations. Using frontal cortical slices prepared from transgenic mice carrying a fluorescent reporter of Arc gene expression, this study investigates how behavioral experience and the activity-regulated Arc gene affect patterns of neuronal firing. We found that motor training increases Arc expression in subsets of excitatory neurons. Those neurons exhibit persistent firing in contrast to Arc-negative neurons from the same mice or neurons from the untrained mice. Furthermore, in mice carrying genetic deletion of Arc, the frontal cortical circuitry is still in place to initiate experience-dependent gene expression, but the level of persistent firing thereafter is diminished. Finally, our results showed that the emergence of persistent activity is associated with Arc-dependent changes in the function of NMDA-type glutamate receptors, rather than changes in AMPA-type receptors or membrane excitability. Our findings therefore reveal an Arc-dependent molecular pathway by which gene-experience interaction regulates the emergence of persistent firing patterns in specific neuronal populations.
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27
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Li J, Gu J, Wang B, Xie M, Huang L, Liu Y, Zhang L, Xue J, Guo F, Zhang L, Zhang L. Activation of Dopamine D1 Receptors Regulates Dendritic Morphogenesis Through Rac1 and RhoA in Prefrontal Cortex Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1024-37. [PMID: 24915967 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8762-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is an important regulator of neuronal plasticity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and plays a critical role in addiction-related neuroadaptation. The Rho GTPases, including Rac1, RhoA and Cdc42, are key regulators of actin cytoskeleton rearrangement that play important roles in dendritic morphogenesis. The goal of the current study was to use cultures of primary PFC neurons to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying DA-induced dendritic morphogenesis, a phenomenon that mimics the increase in DA synaptic transmission observed in the PFC of in vivo cocaine administration. We investigated the effects of repeated DA treatments on dendritic morphology changes in PFC neurons, and identified Rac1 and RhoA as downstream effectors of D1 receptors during the regulation of dendritic morphogenesis. Importantly, we found that D1 receptor-regulated Rac1 and RhoA have distinct roles in the regulation of dendritic morphogenesis after repeated DA treatments. Our data provide the first evidence that Rac1 and RhoA are effectors of D1 receptor signaling during dendritic morphogenesis and represent new signaling molecules involved in long-lasting neuroadaptation in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
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Carli M, Invernizzi RW. Serotoninergic and dopaminergic modulation of cortico-striatal circuit in executive and attention deficits induced by NMDA receptor hypofunction in the 5-choice serial reaction time task. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:58. [PMID: 24966814 PMCID: PMC4052821 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive functions are an emerging propriety of neuronal processing in circuits encompassing frontal cortex and other cortical and subcortical brain regions such as basal ganglia and thalamus. Glutamate serves as the major neurotrasmitter in these circuits where glutamate receptors of NMDA type play key role. Serotonin and dopamine afferents are in position to modulate intrinsic glutamate neurotransmission along these circuits and in turn to optimize circuit performance for specific aspects of executive control over behavior. In this review, we focus on the 5-choice serial reaction time task which is able to provide various measures of attention and executive control over performance in rodents and the ability of prefrontocortical and striatal serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C as well as dopamine D1- and D2-like receptors to modulate different aspects of executive and attention disturbances induced by NMDA receptor hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex. These behavioral studies are integrated with findings from microdialysis studies. These studies illustrate the control of attention selectivity by serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and dopamine D1- but not D2-like receptors and a distinct contribution of these cortical and striatal serotonin and dopamine receptors to the control of different aspects of executive control over performance such as impulsivity and compulsivity. An association between NMDA antagonist-induced increase in glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex and attention is suggested. Collectively, this review highlights the functional interaction of serotonin and dopamine with NMDA dependent glutamate neurotransmission in the cortico-striatal circuitry for specific cognitive demands and may shed some light on how dysregulation of neuronal processing in these circuits may be implicated in specific neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Carli
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto W Invernizzi
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" Milano, Italy
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29
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Clark KL, Noudoost B. The role of prefrontal catecholamines in attention and working memory. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:33. [PMID: 24782714 PMCID: PMC3986539 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While much progress has been made in identifying the brain regions and neurochemical systems involved in the cognitive processes disrupted in mental illnesses, to date, the level of detail at which neurobiologists can describe the chain of events giving rise to cognitive functions is very rudimentary. Much of the intense interest in understanding cognitive functions is motivated by the hope that it might be possible to understand these complex functions at the level of neurons and neural circuits. Here, we review the current state of the literature regarding how modulations in catecholamine levels within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) alter the neuronal and behavioral correlates of cognitive functions, particularly attention and working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L Clark
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Behrad Noudoost
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University Bozeman, MT, USA
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30
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Brisch R, Saniotis A, Wolf R, Bielau H, Bernstein HG, Steiner J, Bogerts B, Braun K, Jankowski Z, Kumaratilake J, Henneberg M, Gos T, Henneberg M, Gos T. The role of dopamine in schizophrenia from a neurobiological and evolutionary perspective: old fashioned, but still in vogue. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:47. [PMID: 24904434 PMCID: PMC4032934 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in the pathology of schizophrenia. The revised dopamine hypothesis states that dopamine abnormalities in the mesolimbic and prefrontal brain regions exist in schizophrenia. However, recent research has indicated that glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, and serotonin alterations are also involved in the pathology of schizophrenia. This review provides an in-depth analysis of dopamine in animal models of schizophrenia and also focuses on dopamine and cognition. Furthermore, this review provides not only an overview of dopamine receptors and the antipsychotic effects of treatments targeting them but also an outline of dopamine and its interaction with other neurochemical models of schizophrenia. The roles of dopamine in the evolution of the human brain and human mental abilities, which are affected in schizophrenia patients, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Brisch
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk , Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Arthur Saniotis
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA , Australia ; Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Rainer Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ruhr University Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Hendrik Bielau
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Katharina Braun
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk , Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Jaliya Kumaratilake
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk , Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk , Gdańsk , Poland
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31
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Diwadkar VA, Bustamante A, Rai H, Uddin M. Epigenetics, stress, and their potential impact on brain network function: a focus on the schizophrenia diatheses. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:71. [PMID: 25002852 PMCID: PMC4066368 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent sociodevelopmental cognitive model of schizophrenia/psychosis is a highly influential and compelling compendium of research findings. Here, we present logical extensions to this model incorporating ideas drawn from epigenetic mediation of psychiatric disease, and the plausible effects of epigenetics on the emergence of brain network function and dysfunction in adolescence. We discuss how gene-environment interactions, effected by epigenetic mechanisms, might in particular mediate the stress response (itself heavily implicated in the emergence of schizophrenia). Next, we discuss the plausible relevance of this framework for adolescent genetic risk populations, a risk group characterized by vexing and difficult-to-explain heterogeneity. We then discuss how exploring relationships between epigenetics and brain network dysfunction (a strongly validated finding in risk populations) can enhance understanding of the relationship between stress, epigenetics, and functional neurobiology, and the relevance of this relationship for the eventual emergence of schizophrenia/psychosis. We suggest that these considerations can expand the impact of models such as the sociodevelopmental cognitive model, increasing their explanatory reach. Ultimately, integration of these lines of research may enhance efforts of early identification, intervention, and treatment in adolescents at-risk for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Angela Bustamante
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Harinder Rai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Monica Uddin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA ; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA
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32
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Schumann G, Binder EB, Holte A, de Kloet ER, Oedegaard KJ, Robbins TW, Walker-Tilley TR, Bitter I, Brown VJ, Buitelaar J, Ciccocioppo R, Cools R, Escera C, Fleischhacker W, Flor H, Frith CD, Heinz A, Johnsen E, Kirschbaum C, Klingberg T, Lesch KP, Lewis S, Maier W, Mann K, Martinot JL, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Müller CP, Müller WE, Nutt DJ, Persico A, Perugi G, Pessiglione M, Preuss UW, Roiser JP, Rossini PM, Rybakowski JK, Sandi C, Stephan KE, Undurraga J, Vieta E, van der Wee N, Wykes T, Haro JM, Wittchen HU. Stratified medicine for mental disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:5-50. [PMID: 24176673 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is recognition that biomedical research into the causes of mental disorders and their treatment needs to adopt new approaches to research. Novel biomedical techniques have advanced our understanding of how the brain develops and is shaped by behaviour and environment. This has led to the advent of stratified medicine, which translates advances in basic research by targeting aetiological mechanisms underlying mental disorder. The resulting increase in diagnostic precision and targeted treatments may provide a window of opportunity to address the large public health burden, and individual suffering associated with mental disorders. While mental health and mental disorders have significant representation in the "health, demographic change and wellbeing" challenge identified in Horizon 2020, the framework programme for research and innovation of the European Commission (2014-2020), and in national funding agencies, clear advice on a potential strategy for mental health research investment is needed. The development of such a strategy is supported by the EC-funded "Roadmap for Mental Health Research" (ROAMER) which will provide recommendations for a European mental health research strategy integrating the areas of biomedicine, psychology, public health well being, research integration and structuring, and stakeholder participation. Leading experts on biomedical research on mental disorders have provided an assessment of the state of the art in core psychopathological domains, including arousal and stress regulation, affect, cognition social processes, comorbidity and pharmacotherapy. They have identified major advances and promising methods and pointed out gaps to be addressed in order to achieve the promise of a stratified medicine for mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Schumann
- MRC-Social Genetic Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, PO80, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | | | - Arne Holte
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Ronald de Kloet
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Centre and Medical Pharmacology, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Ketil J Oedegaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Bergen and Psychiatric division, Health Bergen, Norway
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tom R Walker-Tilley
- MRC-Social Genetic Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, PO80, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Istvan Bitter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Verity J Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Medical Center, St Radboud and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | | | - Carles Escera
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Fleischhacker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chris D Frith
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience (BCCN), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik Johnsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Bergen and Psychiatric division, Health Bergen, Norway
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Psychology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany and Department of Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHENS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Shon Lewis
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Mann
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, Orsay; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian P Müller
- Psychiatric University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Walter E Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter Niederursel, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David J Nutt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Antonio Persico
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Perugi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mathias Pessiglione
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich W Preuss
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jonathan P Roiser
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo M Rossini
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience & Orthopaedics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Janusz K Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioural Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Klaas E Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juan Undurraga
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar Disorders Programme, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nic van der Wee
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cogntion/Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Dept. of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Til Wykes
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hans Ulrich Wittchen
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Driesen NR, McCarthy G, Bhagwagar Z, Bloch MH, Calhoun VD, D'Souza DC, Gueorguieva R, He G, Leung HC, Ramani R, Anticevic A, Suckow RF, Morgan PT, Krystal JH. The impact of NMDA receptor blockade on human working memory-related prefrontal function and connectivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2613-22. [PMID: 23856634 PMCID: PMC3828532 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical research suggests that N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDA-Rs) have a crucial role in working memory (WM). In this study, we investigated the role of NMDA-Rs in the brain activation and connectivity that subserve WM. Because of its importance in WM, the lateral prefrontal cortex, particularly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and its connections, were the focus of analyses. Healthy participants (n=22) participated in a single functional magnetic resonance imaging session. They received saline and then the NMDA-R antagonist ketamine while performing a spatial WM task. Time-course analysis was used to compare lateral prefrontal activation during saline and ketamine administration. Seed-based functional connectivity analysis was used to compare dorsolateral prefrontal connectivity during the two conditions and global-based connectivity was used to test for laterality in these effects. Ketamine reduced accuracy on the spatial WM task and brain activation during the encoding and early maintenance (EEM) period of task trials. Decrements in task-related activation during EEM were related to performance deficits. Ketamine reduced connectivity in the DPFC network bilaterally, and region-specific reductions in connectivity were related to performance. These results support the hypothesis that NMDA-Rs are critical for WM. The knowledge gained may be helpful in understanding disorders that might involve glutamatergic deficits such as schizophrenia and developing better treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Driesen
- Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, CNRU 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Tel: +203 974 7259, Fax: +203 974 7662, E-mail:
| | | | - Zubin Bhagwagar
- Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Bristol Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT, USA
| | - Michael H Bloch
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vincent D Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Deepak C D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ralitza Gueorguieva
- Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - George He
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hoi-Chung Leung
- Department of Psychology, Sate University of New York, Stonybrook, NY, USA
| | - Ramachandran Ramani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Raymond F Suckow
- Analytical Psychopharmacology Laboratory, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter T Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Tomiyama K, Kato R, Hara Y, Kobayashi M, Mishina M, Yanagawa Y, Kinsella A, Koshikawa N, Waddington J. Phenotypic characterization of orofacial movement topography in mutants with disruption of amino acid mechanisms: Glutamate N2A/B/D [GluRε1/2/4] subtypes and the GABA synthesizing enzyme GAD65. Neuroscience 2013; 250:743-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Pauli A, Prata DP, Mechelli A, Picchioni M, Fu CHY, Chaddock CA, Kane F, Kalidindi S, McDonald C, Kravariti E, Toulopoulou T, Bramon E, Walshe M, Ehlert N, Georgiades A, Murray R, Collier DA, McGuire P. Interaction between effects of genes coding for dopamine and glutamate transmission on striatal and parahippocampal function. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 34:2244-58. [PMID: 22438288 PMCID: PMC6869864 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes for the dopamine transporter (DAT) and the D-Amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA or G72) have been independently implicated in the risk for schizophrenia and in bipolar disorder and/or their related intermediate phenotypes. DAT and G72 respectively modulate central dopamine and glutamate transmission, the two systems most robustly implicated in these disorders. Contemporary studies have demonstrated that elevated dopamine function is associated with glutamatergic dysfunction in psychotic disorders. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging we examined whether there was an interaction between the effects of genes that influence dopamine and glutamate transmission (DAT and G72) on regional brain activation during verbal fluency, which is known to be abnormal in psychosis, in 80 healthy volunteers. Significant interactions between the effects of G72 and DAT polymorphisms on activation were evident in the striatum, parahippocampal gyrus, and supramarginal/angular gyri bilaterally, the right insula, in the right pre-/postcentral and the left posterior cingulate/retrosplenial gyri (P < 0.05, FDR-corrected across the whole brain). This provides evidence that interactions between the dopamine and the glutamate system, thought to be altered in psychosis, have an impact in executive processing which can be modulated by common genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Pauli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Spühler IA, Hauri A. Decoding the dopamine signal in macaque prefrontal cortex: a simulation study using the Cx3Dp simulator. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71615. [PMID: 23951205 PMCID: PMC3741115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine transmission in the prefrontal cortex plays an important role in reward based learning, working memory and attention. Dopamine is thought to be released non-synaptically into the extracellular space and to reach distant receptors through diffusion. This simulation study examines how the dopamine signal might be decoded by the recipient neuron. The simulation was based on parameters from the literature and on our own quantified, structural data from macaque prefrontal area 10. The change in extracellular dopamine concentration was estimated at different distances from release sites and related to the affinity of the dopamine receptors. Due to the sparse and random distribution of release sites, a transient heterogeneous pattern of dopamine concentration emerges. Our simulation predicts, however, that at any point in the simulation volume there is sufficient dopamine to bind and activate high-affinity dopamine receptors. We propose that dopamine is broadcast to its distant receptors and any change from the local baseline concentration might be decoded by a transient change in the binding probability of dopamine receptors. Dopamine could thus provide a graduated ‘teaching’ signal to reinforce concurrently active synapses and cell assemblies. In conditions of highly reduced or highly elevated dopamine levels the simulations predict that relative changes in the dopamine signal can no longer be decoded, which might explain why cognitive deficits are observed in patients with Parkinson’s disease, or induced through drugs blocking dopamine reuptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ayumi Spühler
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Wadehra S, Pruitt P, Murphy ER, Diwadkar VA. Network dysfunction during associative learning in schizophrenia: Increased activation, but decreased connectivity: an fMRI study. Schizophr Res 2013; 148:38-49. [PMID: 23759649 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is characterized by disordered activation and disordered connectivity, yet few fMRI studies have convergently investigated both. Here, we compared differences in activation and connectivity between SCZ and controls (HC). Twenty-two subjects (18≤age≤35yrs) participated in a paired-associative learning task, a behavioral domain particularly dependent on fronto-hippocampal connectivity and of relevance to the schizophrenia diathesis. Activation differences were assessed using standard approaches. Seed-based connectivity differences were compared using Psychophysiological Interaction (PPI) with a hippocampus-based seed. SCZ evinced significantly increased activation, but significantly decreased connectivity with the hippocampus across a cortical-striatal learning network. These results assess potentially complementary patterns of network dysfunction in schizophrenia: increased activation suggests inefficient responses relating to functional specialization; decreased connectivity suggests impaired integration of functional signals between regions. Inefficiency and dysconnection appear to collectively characterize functional deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunali Wadehra
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University SOM, United States
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Martin KAC, Spühler IA. The fine structure of the dopaminergic innervation of area 10 of macaque prefrontal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1061-71. [PMID: 23331617 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In common with other areas of the prefrontal cortex, activity in frontopolar area 10 is probably modulated by dopamine. We studied the dopaminergic innervation of monkey prefrontal area 10 by immunostaining with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibodies. TH-positive axons in layer 3 were examined by electron microscopy of series of ultrathin sections. TH-positive boutons containing vesicles were sparse (2 × 10(-4) per μm(3)) and the majority (94%, n = 52) had no identifiable synaptic specialization, which supports the hypothesis that dopamine is released non-synaptically and raises the question of whether the local microenvironment surrounding the boutons is special. Compared with unlabelled boutons TH-positive boutons had a higher proportion of their perimeter in contact with dendritic shafts and were more often in continuous contact with pairs of pre- and postsynaptic structures. However, this may result from exclusion from sites preferred by glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses as the density of all synapses in the closer vicinity was no different from any randomly selected site in the neuropil. This quantitative ultrastructural study presents basic features of the dopaminergic innervation in prefrontal area 10 and provides a more detailed understanding of the structural basis of dopamine signalling in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan A C Martin
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zürich and ETH Zürich, Winterthurerstr.190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
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Gomez AM, Midde NM, Mactutus CF, Booze RM, Zhu J. Environmental enrichment alters nicotine-mediated locomotor sensitization and phosphorylation of DARPP-32 and CREB in rat prefrontal cortex. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44149. [PMID: 22952905 PMCID: PMC3432100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure within an environmental enrichment paradigm results in neurobiological adaptations and decreases the baseline of locomotor activity. The current study determined activation of DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32) and CREB (cAMP response element binding protein), and locomotor activity in rats raised in enriched (EC), impoverished (IC), and standard (SC) conditions following repeated administration of nicotine or saline. In the saline-control group, the basal phosphorylation state of DARPP-32 at Threonine-34 site (pDARPP-32 Thr34) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was lower in EC compared to IC and SC rats, which was positively correlated with their respective baseline activities. While nicotine (0.35 mg/kg, freebase) produced locomotor sensitization across all housing conditions when the nicotine-mediated locomotor activity was expressed as a percent change from their respective saline control, EC rats displayed greater sensitization to nicotine than IC and SC rats. Consistent with the behavioral findings, repeated nicotine injection increased pDARPP-32 Thr34 in PFC of EC and IC rats and in nucleus accumbens of EC rats; however, the magnitude of change from saline control in nicotine-induced enhancement of pDARPP-32 Thr34 in PFC was strikingly increased in EC rats relative to IC rats. Moreover, EC rats had lower basal phosphorylation levels of CREB at serine 133 in PFC and nucleus accumbens compared to IC and SC rats, whereas the nicotine-induced increase in phosphorylated CREB-Ser133 was more pronounced in PFC of EC rats relative to IC and SC rats. Collectively, these findings suggest innovative insights into advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of enrichment-induced changes in the motivational effects of nicotine, and aiding in the identification of new therapeutic strategies for tobacco smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M. Gomez
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Narasimha M. Midde
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles F. Mactutus
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie M. Booze
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
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de Bartolomeis A, Tomasetti C. Calcium-Dependent Networks in Dopamine–Glutamate Interaction: The Role of Postsynaptic Scaffolding Proteins. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:275-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Herold C, Joshi I, Chehadi O, Hollmann M, Güntürkün O. Plasticity in D1-like receptor expression is associated with different components of cognitive processes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36484. [PMID: 22574169 PMCID: PMC3344878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine D1-like receptors consist of D1 (D1A) and D5 (D1B) receptors and play a key role in working memory. However, their possibly differential contribution to working memory is unclear. We combined a working memory training protocol with a stepwise increase of cognitive subcomponents and real-time RT-PCR analysis of dopamine receptor expression in pigeons to identify molecular changes that accompany training of isolated cognitive subfunctions. In birds, the D1-like receptor family is extended and consists of the D1A, D1B, and D1D receptors. Our data show that D1B receptor plasticity follows a training that includes active mental maintenance of information, whereas D1A and D1D receptor plasticity in addition accompanies learning of stimulus-response associations. Plasticity of D1-like receptors plays no role for processes like response selection and stimulus discrimination. None of the tasks altered D2 receptor expression. Our study shows that different cognitive components of working memory training have distinguishable effects on D1-like receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Herold
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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42
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D1/NMDA receptors and concurrent methamphetamine+ HIV-1 Tat neurotoxicity. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:599-608. [PMID: 22552781 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The interactive effects of HIV-1 infection and methamphetamine (METH) abuse in producing cognitive dysfunction represent a serious medical problem; however, the neural mechanisms underlying this interactive neurotoxicity remain elusive. In this study, we report that a combination of low, sub-toxic doses of METH + HIV-1 Tat 1-86 B, but not METH + HIV-1 gp120, directly induces death of rodent midbrain neurons in vitro. The effects of D1- and NMDA-receptor specific antagonists (SCH23390 and MK-801, respectively) on the neurotoxicity of different doses of METH or HIV-1 Tat alone and on the METH + HIV-1Tat interaction in midbrain neuronal cultures suggest that the induction of the cell death cascade by METH and Tat requires both dopaminergic (D1) and N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated signaling. This interactive METH+Tat neurotoxicity does not occur in cultures of hippocampal neurons, which are predominately glutamatergic, express very low levels of dopamine receptors, and have no functional dopamine transporter (DAT). Thus, the presence of a subpopulation of neurons capable of dopamine release/uptake is essential for METH+Tat induction of the cell death cascade. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that METH and HIV-1 Tat disrupt the normal conjunction of signaling between D1 and NMDA receptors, resulting in neural dysfunction and death.
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Ashor AW. Effect of a single dose of dextromethorphan on psychomotor performance and working memory capacity. Indian J Psychol Med 2012; 34:140-3. [PMID: 23162189 PMCID: PMC3498776 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.101779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies show that the prolonged use of dextromethorphan produces cognitive deterioration in humans. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a single dose of dextroemthrophan on psychomotor performance and working memory capacity. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a randomized, double-blind, controlled, and prospective study. Thirty-six (17 women, 19 men) medical students enrolled in the study; half of them (7 women, 11 men) were given placebo, while the other half (10 women, 8 men) received dextromethorphan. The choice reaction time, critical flicker fusion threshold, and N-back working memory task were measured before and after 2 h of taking the drugs. RESULTS Dextromethorphan showed a significant deterioration in the 3-back working memory task (P<0.05). No significant changes were seen as regards the choice reaction time components (total, recognition, motor) and critical flicker fusion threshold (P>0.05). On the other hand, placebo showed no significant changes as regards the choice reaction time, critical flicker fusion threshold, and N-back working memory task (P>0.05). CONCLUSION A single dose of dextromethorphan has no effect on attention and arousal but may significantly impair the working memory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
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N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B subunit (GRIN2B) gene variation is associated with alerting, but not with orienting and conflicting in the Attention Network Test. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:259-65. [PMID: 22484476 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate attention levels are pivotal for cognitive processes, and individual differences in attentional functioning are related to variations in the interplay of neurotransmitters. The attention network theory reflects attention as a non-homogenous set of separate neural networks: alerting, orienting and conflicting. In the present study, the role of variations in GRIN2B, which encodes the NR2B subunit of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, was explored with regard to the regulation of arousal and attention by comparing the efficiency of the three attentional networks as measured with the Attention Network Test (ANT). Two synonymous SNPs in GRIN2B, rs1806201 (T888T) and rs1806191 (H1178H) were genotyped in 324 young Caucasian adults. Results revealed a highly specific modulatory influence of SNP rs1806201 on alerting processes with subjects homozygous for the frequent C allele displaying higher alerting network scores as compared to the other two genotype groups (CT and TT). This effect is due to the fact that in the no cue condition faster reaction times were evident in participants carrying at least one of the rare T alleles, possibly as a result of more effective glutamatergic neurotransmission. The results might be further explained by a dissociation between tonic and phasic alertness modulated by the GRIN2B genotype and by a ceiling effect, meaning that subjects cannot be phasicly alert in excess to a certain level. Altogether, the results show that variations in GRIN2B have to be taken into consideration when examining attentional processes.
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Frånberg O, Marcus MM, Svensson TH. Involvement of 5-HT2A receptor and α2-adrenoceptor blockade in the asenapine-induced elevation of prefrontal cortical monoamine outflow. Synapse 2012; 66:650-60. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Diwadkar VA, Pruitt P, Zhang A, Radwan J, Keshavan MS, Murphy E, Rajan U, Zajac-Benitez C. The neural correlates of performance in adolescents at risk for schizophrenia: inefficiently increased cortico-striatal responses measured with fMRI. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:12-21. [PMID: 22033368 PMCID: PMC5731832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND fMRI studies indicate that schizophrenia patients and their adult relatives require greater prefrontal activation to maintain performance at levels equal to controls, but studies have not established if this pattern of inefficiency is observed in child and adolescent offspring of schizophrenia patients (SCZ-Off). METHODS Using a task with visual working memory demands, we investigated activation in cortico-striatal networks and dorsal prefrontal modulation of regions underlying visual working memory in a group of SCZ-Off (n = 19) and controls with no family history of psychosis (n = 25 subjects) using an event-related design. Trials were divided based on memory performance (correct vs. incorrect) to specifically identify the neural correlates of correct working memory performance. RESULTS Whereas groups did not differ in terms of behavioral accuracy, SCZ-Off demonstrated significantly increased fMRI-measured activation in dorsal prefrontal cortex and the caudate nucleus during correct, relative to incorrect memory performance. Whereas activation in SCZ-Off was high and independent of performance in each region, in controls the fMRI response was related to behavioral proficiency in the caudate. Further, exploratory analyses indicated that this inefficiency in the dorsal prefrontal cortex response increased with age in SCZ-Off (but in no other regions or group). Finally, these differences were not based in differences in dorsal prefrontal modulation of other regions during successful performance. DISCUSSION These results are consistent with observed patterns in adult patients and first-degree relatives. Inefficient fronto-striatal responses during working memory may characterize the schizophrenia diathesis and may reflect the effects of the illness and vulnerability for the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University SOM, MI 48201, USA.
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Marcus MM, Jardemark K, Malmerfelt A, Gertow J, Konradsson-Geuken Å, Svensson TH. Augmentation by escitalopram, but not citalopram or R-citalopram, of the effects of low-dose risperidone: Behavioral, biochemical, and electrophysiological evidence. Synapse 2011; 66:277-90. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Groveman BR, Feng S, Fang XQ, Pflueger M, Lin SX, Bienkiewicz EA, Yu X. The regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by Src kinase. FEBS J 2011; 279:20-8. [PMID: 22060915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) play critical roles in the regulation of many cellular functions by growth factors, G-protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels. Recent data have shown that SFKs serve as a convergent point of multiple signaling pathways regulating N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the central nervous system. Multiple SFK molecules, such as Src and Fyn, closely associate with their substrate, NMDA receptors, via indirect and direct binding mechanisms. The NMDA receptor is associated with an SFK signaling complex consisting of SFKs; the SFK-activating phosphatase, protein tyrosine phosphatase α; and the SFK-inactivating kinase, C-terminal Src kinase. Early studies have demonstrated that intramolecular interactions with the SH2 or SH3 domain lock SFKs in a closed conformation. Disruption of the interdomain interactions can induce the activation of SFKs with multiple signaling pathways involved in regulation of this process. The enzyme activity of SFKs appears 'graded', exhibiting different levels coinciding with activation states. It has also been proposed that the SH2 and SH3 domains may stimulate catalytic activity of protein tyrosine kinases, such as Abl. Recently, it has been found that the enzyme activity of neuronal Src protein is associated with its stability, and that the SH2 and SH3 domain interactions may act not only to constrain the activation of neuronal Src, but also to regulate the enzyme activity of active neuronal Src. Collectively, these findings demonstrate novel mechanisms underlying the regulation of SFKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Groveman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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Bányai M, Diwadkar V, Érdi P. Model-based dynamical analysis of functional disconnection in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2011; 58:870-7. [PMID: 21726653 PMCID: PMC3221737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is shown to be associated with impaired interactions in functional macro-networks of the brain. The focus of our study was if there is an impairment of cognitive control of learning during schizophrenia. To investigate this question, we collected fMRI data from a group of stable schizophrenia patients and controls performing an object-location associative learning task in which the learning performance of the patient group was significantly worse. We applied Dynamic Causal Modeling to analyze the fMRI data. A set of causal models of BOLD signal generation was defined to evaluate connections between five regions material to the task (Primary Visual Cortex, Superior Parietal and Inferior Temporal Cortex, Hippocampus and Dorsal Prefrontal Cortex). Bayesian model selection was used to investigate hypotheses on differences in model architecture across groups, and indicated fundamental differences in model architecture in patients compared to controls. Models lacking connections related to cognitive control were more probable in the patient group. Hypotheses on differences in effective connectivity between groups were tested by comparing estimates of neural coupling parameters in winning model structures. This analysis indicated reduced fronto-hippocampal and hippocampo-inferior temporal coupling in patients, and reduced excitatory modulation of these pathways by learning. These findings may account for the documented reductions in learning performance of schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Bányai
- KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Center for Complex Systems Studies, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Vaibhav Diwadkar
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Péter Érdi
- KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Center for Complex Systems Studies, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
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Kostakis E, Jang MK, Russek SJ, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. A steroid modulatory domain in NR2A collaborates with NR1 exon-5 to control NMDAR modulation by pregnenolone sulfate and protons. J Neurochem 2011; 119:486-96. [PMID: 21883211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission plays a critical role in synaptic plasticity and memory formation, whereas its dysfunction may underlie neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. The neuroactive steroid pregnenolone sulfate (PS) acts as a cognitive enhancer in impaired animals, augments LTP in hippocampal slices by enhancing NMDAR activity, and may participate in the reduction of schizophrenia's negative symptoms by systemic pregnenolone. We report that the effects of PS on NMDAR function are diverse, varying with subunit composition and NR1 splice variant. While PS potentiates NR1-1a/NR2B receptors through a critical steroid modulatory domain in NR2B that also modulates tonic proton inhibition, potentiation of the NMDA response is not dependent upon relief of such inhibition, a finding that distinguishes it from spermine. In contrast, the presence of an NR2A subunit confers enhanced PS-potentiation at reduced pH, suggesting that it may indeed act like spermine does at NR2B-containing receptors. Additional tuning of the NMDAR response by PS comes via the N-terminal exon-5 splicing insert of NR1-1b, which regulates the magnitude of proton-dependent PS potentiation. For NR2C- and NR2D-containing receptors, negative modulation at NR2C receptors is pH-independent (like NR2B) while negative modulation at NR2D receptors is pH-dependent (like NR2A). Taken together, PS displays a rich modulatory repertoire that takes advantage of the structural diversity of NMDARs in the CNS. The differential pH sensitivity of NMDAR isoforms to PS modulation may be especially important given the emerging role of proton sensors to both learning and memory, as well as brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kostakis
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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