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Kozlov G, Franceschi C, Vedunova M. Intricacies of aging and Down syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105794. [PMID: 38971514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Down syndrome is the most frequently occurring genetic condition, with a substantial escalation in risk associated with advanced maternal age. The syndrome is characterized by a diverse range of phenotypes, affecting to some extent all levels of organization, and its progeroid nature - early manifestation of aspects of the senile phenotype. Despite extensive investigations, many aspects and mechanisms of the disease remain unexplored. The current review aims to provide an overview of the main causes and manifestations of Down syndrome, while also examining the phenomenon of accelerated aging and exploring potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kozlov
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin ave., 23, 603022, Russia
| | - C Franceschi
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin ave., 23, 603022, Russia
| | - M Vedunova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin ave., 23, 603022, Russia; Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov str., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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2
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Sukreet S, Rafii MS, Rissman RA. From understanding to action: Exploring molecular connections of Down syndrome to Alzheimer's disease for targeted therapeutic approach. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 16:e12580. [PMID: 38623383 PMCID: PMC11016820 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by a third copy of chromosome 21. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Both disorders have elevated Aβ, tau, dysregulated immune response, and inflammation. In people with DS, Hsa21 genes like APP and DYRK1A are overexpressed, causing an accumulation of amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles, and potentially contributing to an increased risk of AD. As a result, people with DS are a key demographic for research into AD therapeutics and prevention. The molecular links between DS and AD shed insights into the underlying causes of both diseases and highlight potential therapeutic targets. Also, using biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring is an active area of research, and genetic screening for high-risk individuals may enable earlier intervention. Finally, the fundamental mechanistic parallels between DS and AD emphasize the necessity for continued research into effective treatments and prevention measures for DS patients at risk for AD. Genetic screening with customized therapy approaches may help the DS population in current clinical studies and future biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Sukreet
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California‐San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael S. Rafii
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research InstituteKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California‐San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department Physiology and Neuroscience, Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research InstituteKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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3
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Glass TJ, Russell JA, Fisher EH, Ostadi M, Aori N, Yu YE, Connor NP. Altered tongue muscle contractile properties coincide with altered swallow function in the adult Ts65Dn mouse model of down syndrome. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1384572. [PMID: 38585362 PMCID: PMC10995394 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1384572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Down syndrome (DS) is a developmental disability associated with difficulties in deglutition. The adult Ts65Dn mouse model of DS has been previously shown to have differences in measures of swallowing compared with euploid controls. However, the putative mechanisms of these differences in swallowing function are unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that the Ts65Dn genotype is associated with atypical measures of tongue muscle contractile properties, coinciding with atypical swallow function. Methods Adult (5-month-old) Ts65Dn (n = 15 female, 14 male) and euploid sibling controls (n = 16 female, 14 male) were evaluated through videofluoroscopy swallow studies (VFSS) to quantify measures of swallowing performance including swallow rate and inter-swallow interval (ISI). After VFSS, retrusive tongue muscle contractile properties, including measures of muscle fatigue, were determined using bilateral hypoglossal nerve stimulation. Results The Ts65Dn group had significantly slower swallow rates, significantly greater ISI times, significantly slower rates of tongue force development, and significantly greater levels of tongue muscle fatigue, with lower retrusive tongue forces than controls in fatigue conditions. Conclusion Tongue muscle contractile properties are altered in adult Ts65Dn and coincide with altered swallow function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J. Glass
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - John A. Russell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Erin H. Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Marziyeh Ostadi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nanyumuzi Aori
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Y. Eugene Yu
- The Children’s Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nadine P. Connor
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Buczyńska A, Sidorkiewicz I, Krętowski AJ, Zbucka-Krętowska M. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Trisomy 21 Phenotype. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3943-3963. [PMID: 37819608 PMCID: PMC10661812 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the deregulated metabolic pathways in the development of trisomy 21 (T21) or Down syndrome. This research has shed light on the hypothesis that oxidative stress plays a significant role in the manifestation of the T21 phenotype. Although in vivo studies have shown promising results in mitigating the detrimental effects of oxidative stress, there is currently a lack of introduced antioxidant treatment options targeting cognitive impairments associated with T21. To address this gap, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to provide an updated overview of the involvement of oxidative stress in T21. The review aimed to summarize the insights into the pathogenesis of the Down syndrome phenotype and present the findings of recent innovative research that focuses on improving cognitive function in T21 through various antioxidant interventions. By examining the existing literature, this research seeks to provide a holistic understanding of the role oxidative stress plays in the development of T21 and to explore novel approaches that target multiple aspects of antioxidant intervention to improve cognitive function in individuals with Down syndrome. The guides -base systematic review process (Hutton et al. 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Buczyńska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Iwona Sidorkiewicz
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam Jacek Krętowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland
| | - Monika Zbucka-Krętowska
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Adolescent Gynecology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland.
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5
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Jomova K, Raptova R, Alomar SY, Alwasel SH, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Valko M. Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: chronic diseases and aging. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2499-2574. [PMID: 37597078 PMCID: PMC10475008 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
A physiological level of oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and non-radical reactive species (collectively known as ROS/RNS) is termed oxidative eustress or "good stress" and is characterized by low to mild levels of oxidants involved in the regulation of various biochemical transformations such as carboxylation, hydroxylation, peroxidation, or modulation of signal transduction pathways such as Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and other processes. Increased levels of ROS/RNS, generated from both endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH oxidases) and/or exogenous sources (radiation, certain drugs, foods, cigarette smoking, pollution) result in a harmful condition termed oxidative stress ("bad stress"). Although it is widely accepted, that many chronic diseases are multifactorial in origin, they share oxidative stress as a common denominator. Here we review the importance of oxidative stress and the mechanisms through which oxidative stress contributes to the pathological states of an organism. Attention is focused on the chemistry of ROS and RNS (e.g. superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, peroxyl radicals, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite), and their role in oxidative damage of DNA, proteins, and membrane lipids. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of oxidative stress biomarkers is also discussed. Oxidative stress contributes to the pathology of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, Down syndrome), psychiatric diseases (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), renal disease, lung disease (chronic pulmonary obstruction, lung cancer), and aging. The concerted action of antioxidants to ameliorate the harmful effect of oxidative stress is achieved by antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutases-SODs, catalase, glutathione peroxidase-GPx), and small molecular weight antioxidants (vitamins C and E, flavonoids, carotenoids, melatonin, ergothioneine, and others). Perhaps one of the most effective low molecular weight antioxidants is vitamin E, the first line of defense against the peroxidation of lipids. A promising approach appears to be the use of certain antioxidants (e.g. flavonoids), showing weak prooxidant properties that may boost cellular antioxidant systems and thus act as preventive anticancer agents. Redox metal-based enzyme mimetic compounds as potential pharmaceutical interventions and sirtuins as promising therapeutic targets for age-related diseases and anti-aging strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Jomova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, 949 74, Slovakia
| | - Renata Raptova
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovakia
| | - Suliman Y Alomar
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh H Alwasel
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovakia.
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Peng L, Baradar AA, Aguado J, Wolvetang E. Cellular senescence and premature aging in Down Syndrome. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 212:111824. [PMID: 37236373 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in cognitive impairment, physical abnormalities, and an increased risk of age-related co-morbidities. Individuals with DS exhibit accelerated aging, which has been attributed to several cellular mechanisms, including cellular senescence, a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest that is associated with aging and age-related diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that cellular senescence may play a key role in the pathogenesis of DS and the development of age-related disorders in this population. Importantly, cellular senescence may be a potential therapeutic target in alleviating age-related DS pathology. Here, we discuss the importance of focusing on cellular senescence to understand accelerated aging in DS. We review the current state of knowledge regarding cellular senescence and other hallmarks of aging in DS, including its putative contribution to cognitive impairment, multi-organ dysfunction, and premature aging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianli Peng
- Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alireza A Baradar
- Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Julio Aguado
- Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Ernst Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Atlante A, Valenti D. Mitochondria Have Made a Long Evolutionary Path from Ancient Bacteria Immigrants within Eukaryotic Cells to Essential Cellular Hosts and Key Players in Human Health and Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4451-4479. [PMID: 37232752 PMCID: PMC10217700 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have made a long evolutionary path from ancient bacteria immigrants within the eukaryotic cell to become key players for the cell, assuming crucial multitasking skills critical for human health and disease. Traditionally identified as the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells due to their central role in energy metabolism, these chemiosmotic machines that synthesize ATP are known as the only maternally inherited organelles with their own genome, where mutations can cause diseases, opening up the field of mitochondrial medicine. More recently, the omics era has highlighted mitochondria as biosynthetic and signaling organelles influencing the behaviors of cells and organisms, making mitochondria the most studied organelles in the biomedical sciences. In this review, we will especially focus on certain 'novelties' in mitochondrial biology "left in the shadows" because, although they have been discovered for some time, they are still not taken with due consideration. We will focus on certain particularities of these organelles, for example, those relating to their metabolism and energy efficiency. In particular, some of their functions that reflect the type of cell in which they reside will be critically discussed, for example, the role of some carriers that are strictly functional to the typical metabolism of the cell or to the tissue specialization. Furthermore, some diseases in whose pathogenesis, surprisingly, mitochondria are involved will be mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Valenti
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Ganguly BB, Kadam NN. Therapeutics for mitochondrial dysfunction-linked diseases in Down syndrome. Mitochondrion 2023; 68:25-43. [PMID: 36371073 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide deregulation contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and impairment in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) mechanism resulting in oxidative stress, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The cells, which require more energy, such as muscles, brain and heart are greatly affected. Impairment in mitochondrial network has a direct link with patho-mechanism at cellular and systemic levels at the backdrop of generalized metabolic perturbations in individuals with DS. Myriads of clinico-phenotypic features, including intellectual disability, early aging and neurodegeneration, and Alzheimer disease (AD)-related dementia are inevitable in DS-population where mitochondrial dysfunctions play the central role. Collectively, the mitochondrial abnormalities and altered energy metabolism perturbs several signaling pathways, particularly related to neurogenesis, which are directly associated with cognitive development and early onset of AD in individuals with DS. Therefore, therapeutic challenges for amelioration of the mitochondrial defects were perceived to improve the quality of life of the DS population. A number of pharmacologically active natural compounds such as polyphenols, antioxidants and flavonoids have shown convincing outcome for reversal of the dysfunctional mitochondrial network and oxidative metabolism, and improvement in intellectual skill in mouse models of DS and humans with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bani Bandana Ganguly
- MGM New Bombay Hospital and MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India.
| | - Nitin N Kadam
- MGM New Bombay Hospital and MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India
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9
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Białek-Dratwa A, Żur S, Wilemska-Kucharzewska K, Szczepańska E, Kowalski O. Nutrition as Prevention of Diet-Related Diseases-A Cross-Sectional Study among Children and Young Adults with Down Syndrome. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010036. [PMID: 36670587 PMCID: PMC9856910 DOI: 10.3390/children10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the diet of children with Down syndrome (DS) and to identify potential dietary mistakes made by their parents. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted among 195 parents of people with DS between November 2020 and March 2021. Data for the study were collected anonymously using the CAWI method. RESULTS 122 (62.6%) people with DS did not eliminate any nutrient from their diet. By contrast, in the study group, the following numbers of people reported the following dietary restrictions: 51 (26.2%) gluten, 56 (28.7%) lactose, 17 (8.7%) casein, 26 (13.3%) sucrose, 2 (1.0%) histamine, 2 (1.0%) lectins, and 1 (0.5%) dairy. The most frequent response for vegetable and fruit consumption was once a day, with 83 (42.6%) and 87 (44.6%) parents indicating this. The most frequent response for dairy product consumption was every day, with 72 (36.9%) parents indicating this, while 36 (20%) parents stated that their children do not eat dairy products at all. In the study group, the most frequent response for meat consumption was several times a week, this was indicated by 107 (54.9%) parents, while 1 (0.5%) of them said that their children do not eat meat products at all. The most frequent response for fish consumption was 1-2 times a week, this answer was indicated by 101 (51.8%) parents, while 13 (6.7%) said that their children do not eat these products at all. CONCLUSIONS A majority of the subjects with DS are usually fed in a normal way, but nutritional mistakes are made by the parents. Special attention should be paid to prolonging the period of natural feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(032)-275-5195
| | - Sebastian Żur
- Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wilemska-Kucharzewska
- Internal Diseases and Diabetology Ward, Neurology Subdivision Specialist Hospital, no. 1 ul. Żeromskiego 7, 41-900 Bytom, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Szczepańska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Oskar Kowalski
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
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Martini AC, Gross TJ, Head E, Mapstone M. Beyond amyloid: Immune, cerebrovascular, and metabolic contributions to Alzheimer disease in people with Down syndrome. Neuron 2022; 110:2063-2079. [PMID: 35472307 PMCID: PMC9262826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
People with Down syndrome (DS) have increased risk of Alzheimer disease (AD), presumably conferred through genetic predispositions arising from trisomy 21. These predispositions necessarily include triplication of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), but also other Ch21 genes that confer risk directly or through interactions with genes on other chromosomes. We discuss evidence that multiple genes on chromosome 21 are associated with metabolic dysfunction in DS. The resulting dysregulated pathways involve the immune system, leading to chronic inflammation; the cerebrovascular system, leading to disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB); and cellular energy metabolism, promoting increased oxidative stress. In combination, these disruptions may produce a precarious biological milieu that, in the presence of accumulating amyloid, drives the pathophysiological cascade of AD in people with DS. Critically, mechanistic drivers of this dysfunction may be targetable in future clinical trials of pharmaceutical and/or lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra C Martini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Thomas J Gross
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Hamaguchi Y, Kondoh T, Fukuda M, Yamasaki K, Yoshiura KI, Moriuchi H, Morii M, Muramatsu M, Minami T, Osato M. Leukopenia, macrocytosis, and thrombocytopenia occur in young adults with Down syndrome. Gene 2022; 835:146663. [PMID: 35690282 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a common congenital disorder caused by trisomy 21. Due to the increase in maternal age with population aging and advances in medical treatment for fatal complications in their early childhood, the prevalence and life expectancy of DS individuals have greatly increased. Despite this rise in the number of DS adults, their hematological status remains poorly examined. Here, we report that three hematological abnormalities, leukopenia, macrocytosis, and thrombocytopenia, develop as adult DS-associated features. Multi- and uni-variate analyses on hematological data collected from 51 DS and 60 control adults demonstrated that young adults with DS are at significantly higher risk of (i) myeloid-dominant leukopenia, (ii) macrocytosis characterized by high mean cell volume (MCV) of erythrocytes, and (iii) lower platelet counts than the control. Notably, these features were more pronounced with age. Further analyses on DS adults would provide a deeper understanding and novel research perspectives for multiple aging-related disorders in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Hamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan; Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Kondoh
- The Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical and Welfare Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukuda
- The Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical and Welfare Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yamasaki
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichiro Yoshiura
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences and Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Moriuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mariko Morii
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Masashi Muramatsu
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Takashi Minami
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Motomi Osato
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Pagnotta S, Tramutola A, Barone E, Di Domenico F, Pittalà V, Salerno L, Folgiero V, Caforio M, Locatelli F, Petrini S, Butterfield DA, Perluigi M. CAPE and its synthetic derivative VP961 restore BACH1/NRF2 axis in Down Syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 183:1-13. [PMID: 35283228 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cells possess several mechanisms to counteract the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), including enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, an important sensor involved in the anti-oxidant response is KEAP1-NRF2-ARE signaling complex. Under oxidative stress (OS), the transcription factor NRF2 can dissociate from the KEAP1-complex in the cytosol and translocate into the nucleus to promote the transcriptional activation of anti-oxidant genes, such as heme oxygenase 1 and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase. Within this context, the activation of NRF2 response is further regulated by BACH1, a transcription repressor, that compete with the KEAP1-NRF2-ARE complex. In this work, we focused on the role of BACH1/NRF2 ratio in the regulation of the anti-oxidant response, proposing their antithetical relation as a valuable target for a therapeutic strategy to test drugs able to exert neuroprotective effects, notably in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Among these, Down syndrome (DS) is a complex genetic disorder characterized by BACH1 gene triplication that likely results in the impairment of NRF2 causing increased OS. Our results revealed that BACH1 overexpression alters the BACH1/NRF2 ratio in the nucleus and disturbs the induction of antioxidant response genes ultimately resulting in the accumulation of oxidative damage both in Ts2Cje mice (a mouse model of DS) and human DS lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Based on this evidence, we tested Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) and the synthetic analogue VP961, which have been proven to modulate NRF2 activity. We showed that CAPE and VP961 administration to DS LCLs was able to promote NRF2 nuclear translocation, which resulted in the amelioration of antioxidant response. Overall, our study supports the hypothesis that BACH1 triplication in DS subjects is implicated in the alteration of redox homeostasis and therapeutic strategies to overcome this effect are under investigation in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pagnotta
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliiated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliiated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliiated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliiated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pittalà
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Loredana Salerno
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Folgiero
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and of Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Caforio
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and of Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and of Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliiated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Lee SJ. Alzheimer’s Disease is a Result of Loss of Full Brain Buoyancy. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Buczyńska A, Sidorkiewicz I, Hameed A, Krętowski AJ, Zbucka-Krętowska M. Future Perspectives in Oxidative Stress in Trisomy 13 and 18 Evaluation. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11071787. [PMID: 35407395 PMCID: PMC8999694 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11071787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal aneuploidies are the most frequently occurring congenital abnormalities and are related to many metabolic disorders, hormonal dysfunctions, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and intellectual disabilities. Trisomies are generated by an error of chromosomal segregation during cell division. Accumulating evidence has shown that deregulated gene expression resulting from the triplication of chromosomes 13 and 18 is associated with many disturbed cellular processes. Moreover, a disturbed oxidative stress status may be implicated in the occurrence of fetal malformations. Therefore, a literature review was undertaken to provide novel insights into the evaluation of trisomy 13 (T13) and 18 (T18) pathogeneses, with a particular concern on the oxidative stress. Corresponding to the limited literature data focused on factors leading to T13 and T18 phenotype occurrence, the importance of oxidative stress evaluation in T13 and T18 could enable the determination of subsequent disturbed metabolic pathways, highlighting the related role of mitochondrial dysfunction or epigenetics. This review illustrates up-to-date T13 and T18 research and discusses the strengths, limitations, and possible directions for future studies. The progressive unification of trisomy-related research protocols might provide potential medical targets in the future along with the implementation of the foundation of modern prenatal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Buczyńska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (I.S.); (A.H.); (A.J.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (M.Z.-K.); Tel.: +48-85-746-85-13 (A.B.); +48-85-746-83-36 (M.Z.-K.)
| | - Iwona Sidorkiewicz
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (I.S.); (A.H.); (A.J.K.)
| | - Ahsan Hameed
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (I.S.); (A.H.); (A.J.K.)
| | - Adam Jacek Krętowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (I.S.); (A.H.); (A.J.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Zbucka-Krętowska
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Adolescent Gynecology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (M.Z.-K.); Tel.: +48-85-746-85-13 (A.B.); +48-85-746-83-36 (M.Z.-K.)
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15
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Di Franco N, Drutel G, Roullot-Lacarrière V, Julio-Kalajzic F, Lalanne V, Grel A, Leste-Lasserre T, Matias I, Cannich A, Gonzales D, Simon V, Cota D, Marsicano G, Piazza PV, Vallée M, Revest JM. Differential expression of the neuronal CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the hippocampus of male Ts65Dn Down syndrome mouse model. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 119:103705. [PMID: 35158060 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) or Trisomy 21 is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation with severe learning and memory deficits. DS is due to the complete or partial triplication of human chromosome 21 (HSA21) triggering gene overexpression and protein synthesis alterations responsible for a plethora of mental and physical phenotypes. Among the diverse brain target systems that affect hippocampal-dependent learning and memory deficit impairments in DS, the upregulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), and notably the overexpression of the cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1), seems to play a major role. Combining various protein and gene expression targeted approaches using western blot, qRT-PCR and FISH techniques, we investigated the expression pattern of ECS components in the hippocampus (HPC) of male Ts65Dn mice. Among all the molecules that constitute the ECS, we found that the expression of the CB1 is altered in the HPC of Ts65Dn mice. CB1 distribution is differentially segregated between the dorsal and ventral part of the HPC and within the different cell populations that compose the HPC. CB1 expression is upregulated in GABAergic neurons of Ts65Dn mice whereas it is downregulated in glutamatergic neurons. These results highlight a complex regulation of the CB1 encoding gene (Cnr1) in Ts65Dn mice that could open new therapeutic solutions for this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Di Franco
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Drutel
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Valérie Lalanne
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Agnès Grel
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Isabelle Matias
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Astrid Cannich
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Gonzales
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Simon
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Monique Vallée
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Michel Revest
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Toshikawa H, Ikenaka A, Li L, Nishinaka-Arai Y, Niwa A, Ashida A, Kazuki Y, Nakahata T, Tamai H, Russell DW, Saito MK. N-Acetylcysteine prevents amyloid-β secretion in neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells with trisomy 21. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17377. [PMID: 34462463 PMCID: PMC8405674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the trisomy of chromosome 21. Among the many disabilities found in individuals with DS is an increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although higher oxidative stress and an upregulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides from an extra copy of the APP gene are attributed to the AD susceptibility, the relationship between the two factors is unclear. To address this issue, we established an in vitro cellular model using neurons differentiated from DS patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and isogenic euploid iPSCs. Neurons differentiated from DS patient-derived iPSCs secreted more Aβ compared to those differentiated from the euploid iPSCs. Treatment of the neurons with an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, significantly suppressed the Aβ secretion. These findings suggest that oxidative stress has an important role in controlling the Aβ level in neurons differentiated from DS patient-derived iPSCs and that N-acetylcysteine can be a potential therapeutic option to ameliorate the Aβ secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Toshikawa
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, 5690801, Japan.,Social Welfare Organization "SAISEIKAI" Imperial Gift Foundation Inc., Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita, 5640013, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ikenaka
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Li Li
- Division of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yoko Nishinaka-Arai
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | - Akira Niwa
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Ashida
- Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, 5690801, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.,Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsutoshi Nakahata
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamai
- Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, 5690801, Japan.,Institute for Developmental Brain Research, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, 5690801, Japan
| | - David W Russell
- Division of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Megumu K Saito
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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17
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Hypoxemia in infants with trisomy 21 in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol 2021; 41:1448-1453. [PMID: 34035452 PMCID: PMC8576738 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-021-01105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Newborns with trisomy 21 (T21) often require NICU hospitalization. Oxygen desaturations are frequently observed in these infants, even in the absence of congenital heart defects (CHD). We hypothesized that NICU patients with T21 have more hypoxemia than those without T21. DESIGN All infants with T21 without significant CHD discharged home from the NICU between 2009 and 2018 were included (n = 23). Controls were matched 20:1 for gestational age and length of stay. We compared daily severe hypoxemia events (SpO2 < 80% for ≥10 s) for the whole NICU stay and the pre-discharge week. RESULTS Infants with T21 showed significantly more daily hypoxemia events during their entire NICU stay (median 10 versus 7, p = 0.0064), and more so in their final week (13 versus 7, p = 0.0008). CONCLUSION NICU patients with T21 without CHD experience more severe hypoxemia events than controls, particularly in the week before discharge. Whether this hypoxemia predicts or contributes to adverse outcomes is unknown.
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18
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Buczyńska A, Sidorkiewicz I, Ławicki S, Krętowski AJ, Zbucka-Krętowska M. Prenatal Screening of Trisomy 21: Could Oxidative Stress Markers Play a Role? J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112382. [PMID: 34071365 PMCID: PMC8198847 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in trisomy 21 (T21) diagnostic tools, amniocentesis is still used for the confirmation of an abnormal fetal karyotype. Invasive tests carry the potential risk of miscarriage; thus, screening biomarkers are commonly used before undergoing invasive procedures. In our study, we investigated the possible application of oxidative stress markers in the prenatal screening of trisomy 21. The DNA/RNA oxidative stress damage products (OSDPs), advanced glycation end (AGE) products, ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), alfa-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), asprosin, and vitamin D concentrations were measured in both maternal plasma and amniotic fluid in trisomy 21 (T21) and euploid pregnancies. The obtained results indicated increased levels of DNA/RNA OSDPs and asprosin with simultaneous decreased levels of vitamin D and A1AT in the study group. The diagnostic utility of the plasma measurement based on the area under the received operative characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) calculation of asprosin (AUC = 0.965), IMA (AUC = 0.880), AGE (AUC = 0.846) and DNA/RNA OSDPs (AUC = 0.506) in T21 screening was demonstrated. The obtained results indicate a potential role for the application of oxidative stress markers in the prenatal screening of T21 with the highest screening utility of plasma asprosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Buczyńska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (A.B.); (I.S.); (A.J.K.)
| | - Iwona Sidorkiewicz
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (A.B.); (I.S.); (A.J.K.)
| | - Sławomir Ławicki
- Department of Population Medicine and Civilization Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Adam Jacek Krętowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (A.B.); (I.S.); (A.J.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Zbucka-Krętowska
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Adolescent Gynecology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48 85-746-83-36
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Rosa AC, Corsi D, Cavi N, Bruni N, Dosio F. Superoxide Dismutase Administration: A Review of Proposed Human Uses. Molecules 2021; 26:1844. [PMID: 33805942 PMCID: PMC8037464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are metalloenzymes that play a major role in antioxidant defense against oxidative stress in the body. SOD supplementation may therefore trigger the endogenous antioxidant machinery for the neutralization of free-radical excess and be used in a variety of pathological settings. This paper aimed to provide an extensive review of the possible uses of SODs in a range of pathological settings, as well as describe the current pitfalls and the delivery strategies that are in development to solve bioavailability issues. We carried out a PubMed query, using the keywords "SOD", "SOD mimetics", "SOD supplementation", which included papers published in the English language, between 2012 and 2020, on the potential therapeutic applications of SODs, including detoxification strategies. As highlighted in this paper, it can be argued that the generic antioxidant effects of SODs are beneficial under all tested conditions, from ocular and cardiovascular diseases to neurodegenerative disorders and metabolic diseases, including diabetes and its complications and obesity. However, it must be underlined that clinical evidence for its efficacy is limited and consequently, this efficacy is currently far from being demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Carolina Rosa
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (N.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Daniele Corsi
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (N.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Niccolò Cavi
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (N.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Natascia Bruni
- Istituto Farmaceutico Candioli, Strada Comunale di None, 1, 10092 Beinasco, Italy;
| | - Franco Dosio
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (N.C.); (F.D.)
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20
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Lanzillotta C, Di Domenico F. Stress Responses in Down Syndrome Neurodegeneration: State of the Art and Therapeutic Molecules. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020266. [PMID: 33670211 PMCID: PMC7916967 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genomic disorder characterized by the increased incidence of developing early Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In DS, the triplication of genes on chromosome 21 is intimately associated with the increase of AD pathological hallmarks and with the development of brain redox imbalance and aberrant proteostasis. Increasing evidence has recently shown that oxidative stress (OS), associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and with the failure of antioxidant responses (e.g., SOD1 and Nrf2), is an early signature of DS, promoting protein oxidation and the formation of toxic protein aggregates. In turn, systems involved in the surveillance of protein synthesis/folding/degradation mechanisms, such as the integrated stress response (ISR), the unfolded stress response (UPR), and autophagy, are impaired in DS, thus exacerbating brain damage. A number of pre-clinical and clinical studies have been applied to the context of DS with the aim of rescuing redox balance and proteostasis by boosting the antioxidant response and/or inducing the mechanisms of protein re-folding and clearance, and at final of reducing cognitive decline. So far, such therapeutic approaches demonstrated their efficacy in reverting several aspects of DS phenotype in murine models, however, additional studies aimed to translate these approaches in clinical practice are still needed.
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21
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Guedj F, Siegel AE, Pennings JLA, Alsebaa F, Massingham LJ, Tantravahi U, Bianchi DW. Apigenin as a Candidate Prenatal Treatment for Trisomy 21: Effects in Human Amniocytes and the Ts1Cje Mouse Model. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:911-931. [PMID: 33098770 PMCID: PMC7675036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fetuses with trisomy 21 (T21) have atypical brain development that is apparent sonographically in the second trimester. We hypothesize that by analyzing and integrating dysregulated gene expression and pathways common to humans with Down syndrome (DS) and mouse models we can discover novel targets for prenatal therapy. Here, we tested the safety and efficacy of apigenin, identified with this approach, in both human amniocytes from fetuses with T21 and in the Ts1Cje mouse model. In vitro, T21 cells cultured with apigenin had significantly reduced oxidative stress and improved antioxidant defense response. In vivo, apigenin treatment mixed with chow was administered prenatally to the dams and fed to the pups over their lifetimes. There was no significant increase in birth defects or pup deaths resulting from prenatal apigenin treatment. Apigenin significantly improved several developmental milestones and spatial olfactory memory in Ts1Cje neonates. In addition, we noted sex-specific effects on exploratory behavior and long-term hippocampal memory in adult mice, and males showed significantly more improvement than females. We demonstrated that the therapeutic effects of apigenin are pleiotropic, resulting in decreased oxidative stress, activation of pro-proliferative and pro-neurogenic genes (KI67, Nestin, Sox2, and PAX6), reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines INFG, IL1A, and IL12P70 through the inhibition of NFκB signaling, increase of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL10 and IL12P40, and increased expression of the angiogenic and neurotrophic factors VEGFA and IL7. These studies provide proof of principle that apigenin has multiple therapeutic targets in preclinical models of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faycal Guedj
- Prenatal Genomics and Therapy Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Ashley E Siegel
- Prenatal Genomics and Therapy Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, BA 3720, the Netherlands
| | - Fatimah Alsebaa
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Lauren J Massingham
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Umadevi Tantravahi
- Department of Pathology, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Diana W Bianchi
- Prenatal Genomics and Therapy Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Martínez-Cué C, Rueda N. Signalling Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease Neurodegeneration in Individuals with and without Down Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6906. [PMID: 32962300 PMCID: PMC7555886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), the most common cause of intellectual disability of genetic origin, is characterized by alterations in central nervous system morphology and function that appear from early prenatal stages. However, by the fourth decade of life, all individuals with DS develop neuropathology identical to that found in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the development of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles due to hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, loss of neurons and synapses, reduced neurogenesis, enhanced oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. It has been proposed that DS could be a useful model for studying the etiopathology of AD and to search for therapeutic targets. There is increasing evidence that the neuropathological events associated with AD are interrelated and that many of them not only are implicated in the onset of this pathology but are also a consequence of other alterations. Thus, a feedback mechanism exists between them. In this review, we summarize the signalling pathways implicated in each of the main neuropathological aspects of AD in individuals with and without DS as well as the interrelation of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain;
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Rueda Revilla N, Martínez-Cué C. Antioxidants in Down Syndrome: From Preclinical Studies to Clinical Trials. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080692. [PMID: 32756318 PMCID: PMC7464577 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no effective pharmacological therapy to improve the cognitive dysfunction of individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Due to the overexpression of several chromosome 21 genes, cellular and systemic oxidative stress (OS) is one of the most important neuropathological processes that contributes to the cognitive deficits and multiple neuronal alterations in DS. In this condition, OS is an early event that negatively affects brain development, which is also aggravated in later life stages, contributing to neurodegeneration, accelerated aging, and the development of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Thus, therapeutic interventions that reduce OS have been proposed as a promising strategy to avoid neurodegeneration and to improve cognition in DS patients. Several antioxidant molecules have been proven to be effective in preclinical studies; however, clinical trials have failed to show evidence of the efficacy of different antioxidants to improve cognitive deficits in individuals with DS. In this review we summarize preclinical studies of cell cultures and mouse models, as well as clinical studies in which the effect of therapies which reduce oxidative stress and mitochondrial alterations on the cognitive dysfunction associated with DS have been assessed.
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Verstegen RHJ, Kusters MAA. Inborn Errors of Adaptive Immunity in Down Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:791-806. [PMID: 32638194 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00805-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome fits an immunophenotype of combined immunodeficiency with immunodysregulation, manifesting with increased susceptibility to infections, autoimmunity, autoinflammatory diseases, and hematologic malignancies. Qualitative and quantitative alterations in innate and adaptive immunity are found in most individuals with Down syndrome. However, there is substantial heterogeneity and no correlation between immunophenotype and clinical presentation. Previously, it was thought that the immunological changes in Down syndrome were caused by precocious aging. We emphasize in this review that the immune system in Down syndrome is intrinsically different from the very beginning. The overexpression of specific genes located on chromosome 21 contributes to immunodeficiency and immunodysregulation, but gene expression differs between genes located on chromosome 21 and depends on tissue and cell type. In addition, trisomy 21 results in gene dysregulation of the whole genome, reflecting the complex nature of this syndrome in comparison to well-known inborn errors of immunity that result from monogenic germline mutations. In this review, we provide an updated overview focusing on inborn errors of adaptive immunity in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud H J Verstegen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Maaike A A Kusters
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Rueda N, Flórez J, Dierssen M, Martínez-Cué C. Translational validity and implications of pharmacotherapies in preclinical models of Down syndrome. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 251:245-268. [PMID: 32057309 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are challenging to study in the laboratory, and despite a large investment, few novel treatments have been developed in the last decade. While animal models have been valuable in elucidating disease mechanisms and in providing insights into the function of specific genes, the predictive validity of preclinical models to test potential therapies has been questioned. In the last two decades, diverse new murine models of Down syndrome (DS) have been developed and numerous studies have demonstrated neurobiological alterations that could be responsible for the cognitive and behavioral phenotypes found in this syndrome. In many cases, similar alterations were found in murine models and in individuals with DS, although several phenotypes shown in animals have yet not been confirmed in the human condition. Some of the neurobiological alterations observed in mice have been proposed to account for their changes in cognition and behavior, and have received special attention because of being putative therapeutic targets. Those include increased oxidative stress, altered neurogenesis, overexpression of the Dyrk1A gene, GABA-mediated overinhibition and Alzheimer's disease-related neurodegeneration. Subsequently, different laboratories have tested the efficacy of pharmacotherapies targeting these alterations. Unfortunately, animal models are limited in their ability to mimic the extremely complex process of human neurodevelopment and neuropathology. Therefore, the safety and efficacy identified in animal studies are not always translated to humans, and most of the drugs tested have not demonstrated any positive effect or very limited efficacy in clinical trials. Despite their limitations, though, animal trials give us extremely valuable information for developing and testing drugs for human use that cannot be obtained from molecular or cellular experiments alone. This chapter reviews some of these therapeutic approaches and discusses some reasons that could account for the discrepancy between the findings in mouse models of DS and in humans, including: (i) the incomplete resemble of the genetic alterations of available mouse models of DS and human trisomy 21, (ii) the lack of evidence that some of the phenotypic alterations found in mice (e.g., GABA-mediated overinhibition, and alterations in adult neurogenesis) are also present in DS individuals, and (iii) the inaccuracy and/or inadequacy of the methods used in clinical trials to detect changes in the cognitive and behavioral functions of people with DS. Despite the shortcomings of animal models, animal experimentation remains an invaluable tool in developing drugs. Thus, we will also discuss how to increase predictive validity of mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Rueda
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Jesús Flórez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology, Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
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Gross TJ, Doran E, Cheema AK, Head E, Lott IT, Mapstone M. Plasma metabolites related to cellular energy metabolism are altered in adults with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:622-638. [PMID: 31419370 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a well-known neurodevelopmental disorder most commonly caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Because individuals with DS almost universally develop heavy amyloid burden and Alzheimer's disease (AD), biomarker discovery in this population may be extremely fruitful. Moreover, any AD biomarker in DS that does not directly involve amyloid pathology may be of high value for understanding broader mechanisms of AD generalizable to the neurotypical population. In this retrospective biomarker discovery study, we examined banked peripheral plasma samples from 78 individuals with DS who met clinical criteria for AD at the time of the blood draw (DS-AD) and 68 individuals with DS who did not (DS-NAD). We measured the relative abundance of approximately 5,000 putative features in the plasma using untargeted mass spectrometry (MS). We found significantly higher levels of a peak putatively annotated as lactic acid in the DS-AD group (q = .014), a finding confirmed using targeted MS (q = .011). Because lactate is the terminal product of glycolysis and subsequent lactic acid fermentation, we performed additional targeted MS focusing on central carbon metabolism which revealed significantly increased levels of pyruvic (q = .03) and methyladipic (q = .03) acids in addition to significantly lower levels of uridine (q = .007) in the DS-AD group. These data suggest that AD in DS is accompanied by a shift from aerobic respiration toward the less efficient fermentative metabolism and that bioenergetically derived metabolites observable in peripheral blood may be useful for detecting this shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Gross
- Department of Neurology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Eric Doran
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Amrita K Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Department of Neurology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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Baburamani AA, Patkee PA, Arichi T, Rutherford MA. New approaches to studying early brain development in Down syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 2019; 61:867-879. [PMID: 31102269 PMCID: PMC6618001 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome is the most common genetic developmental disorder in humans and is caused by partial or complete triplication of human chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). It is a complex condition which results in multiple lifelong health problems, including varying degrees of intellectual disability and delays in speech, memory, and learning. As both length and quality of life are improving for individuals with Down syndrome, attention is now being directed to understanding and potentially treating the associated cognitive difficulties and their underlying biological substrates. These have included imaging and postmortem studies which have identified decreased regional brain volumes and histological anomalies that accompany early onset dementia. In addition, advances in genome-wide analysis and Down syndrome mouse models are providing valuable insight into potential targets for intervention that could improve neurogenesis and long-term cognition. As little is known about early brain development in human Down syndrome, we review recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging that allow non-invasive visualization of brain macro- and microstructure, even in utero. It is hoped that together these advances may enable Down syndrome to become one of the first genetic disorders to be targeted by antenatal treatments designed to 'normalize' brain development. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Magnetic resonance imaging can provide non-invasive characterization of early brain development in Down syndrome. Down syndrome mouse models enable study of underlying pathology and potential intervention strategies. Potential therapies could modify brain structure and improve early cognitive levels. Down syndrome may be the first genetic disorder to have targeted therapies which alter antenatal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Baburamani
- Centre for the Developing BrainDepartment of Perinatal Imaging and HealthSchool of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging SciencesKing's College LondonKing's Health PartnersSt Thomas’ HospitalLondonUK
| | - Prachi A Patkee
- Centre for the Developing BrainDepartment of Perinatal Imaging and HealthSchool of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging SciencesKing's College LondonKing's Health PartnersSt Thomas’ HospitalLondonUK
| | - Tomoki Arichi
- Centre for the Developing BrainDepartment of Perinatal Imaging and HealthSchool of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging SciencesKing's College LondonKing's Health PartnersSt Thomas’ HospitalLondonUK,Department of BioengineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK,Children's NeurosciencesEvelina London Children's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Mary A Rutherford
- Centre for the Developing BrainDepartment of Perinatal Imaging and HealthSchool of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging SciencesKing's College LondonKing's Health PartnersSt Thomas’ HospitalLondonUK
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Nawa N, Hirata K, Kawatani K, Nambara T, Omori S, Banno K, Kokubu C, Takeda J, Nishimura K, Ohtaka M, Nakanishi M, Okuzaki D, Taniguchi H, Arahori H, Wada K, Kitabatake Y, Ozono K. Elimination of protein aggregates prevents premature senescence in human trisomy 21 fibroblasts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219592. [PMID: 31356639 PMCID: PMC6663065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome abnormalities induces profound alterations in gene expression, leading to various disease phenotypes. Recent studies on yeast and mammalian cells have demonstrated that aneuploidy exerts detrimental effects on organismal growth and development, regardless of the karyotype, suggesting that aneuploidy-associated stress plays an important role in disease pathogenesis. However, whether and how this effect alters cellular homeostasis and long-term features of human disease are not fully understood. Here, we aimed to investigate cellular stress responses in human trisomy syndromes, using fibroblasts and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Dermal fibroblasts derived from patients with trisomy 21, 18 and 13 showed a severe impairment of cell proliferation and enhanced premature senescence. These phenomena were accompanied by perturbation of protein homeostasis, leading to the accumulation of protein aggregates. We found that treatment with sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA), a chemical chaperone, decreased the protein aggregates in trisomy fibroblasts. Notably, 4-PBA treatment successfully prevented the progression of premature senescence in secondary fibroblasts derived from trisomy 21 iPSCs. Our study reveals aneuploidy-associated stress as a potential therapeutic target for human trisomies, including Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutoshi Nawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Hirata
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiji Kawatani
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nambara
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sayaka Omori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Banno
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Chikara Kokubu
- Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junji Takeda
- Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Nishimura
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Manami Ohtaka
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Arahori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuko Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuji Kitabatake
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Ishihara K, Kawashita E, Shimizu R, Nagasawa K, Yasui H, Sago H, Yamakawa K, Akiba S. Copper accumulation in the brain causes the elevation of oxidative stress and less anxious behavior in Ts1Cje mice, a model of Down syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:248-259. [PMID: 30660502 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Elevated oxidative stress (OS) is widely accepted to be involved in the pathogenesis of Down syndrome (DS). However, the mechanisms underlying the elevation of OS in DS are poorly understood. Biometals, in particular copper and iron, play roles in OS. We therefore focused on biometals in the brain with DS. In this study, we analyzed the profile of elements, including biometals, in the brain of Ts1Cje mice, a widely used genetic model of DS. An inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)-based comparative metallomic/elementomic analysis of Ts1Cje mouse brain revealed a higher level of copper in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, but not in the striatum, in comparison to wild-type littermates. The expression of the copper transporter CTR1, which is involved in the transport of copper into cells, was decreased in the ependymal cells of Ts1Cje mice, suggesting a decrease in the CTR1-mediated transport of copper into the ependymal cells, which excrete copper into the cerebrospinal fluid. To evaluate the pathological significance of the accumulation of copper in the brain of Ts1Cje mice, we examined the effects of a diet with a low copper content (LoCD) on the elevated lipid peroxidation, the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau, and some behavioral anomalies. Reducing the copper concentration in the brain by an LoCD restored the enhanced lipid peroxidation and phosphorylation of tau in the brain and reduced anxiety-like behavior, but not hyperactivity or impaired spatial leaning, in Ts1Cje mice. The findings highlight the reduction of accumulation of copper in the brain may be a novel therapeutic strategy for DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Ishihara
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Eri Kawashita
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Ryohei Shimizu
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagasawa
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasui
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Physical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sago
- Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medecine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Satoshi Akiba
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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Duval N, Vacano GN, Patterson D. Rapamycin Treatment Ameliorates Age-Related Accumulation of Toxic Metabolic Intermediates in Brains of the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome and Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:263. [PMID: 30237765 PMCID: PMC6135881 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of chromosome 21, is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. Individuals with DS exhibit changes in neurochemistry and neuroanatomy that worsen with age, neurological delay in learning and memory, and predisposition to Alzheimer's disease. The Ts65Dn mouse is the best characterized model of DS and has many features reminiscent of DS, including developmental anomalies and age-related neurodegeneration. The mouse carries a partial triplication of mouse chromosome 16 containing roughly 100 genes syntenic to human chromosome 21 genes. We hypothesized that there would be differences in brain metabolites with trisomy and age, and that long-term treatment with rapamycin, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor and immunosuppressant, would correct these differences. Using HPLC coupled with electrochemical detection, we identified differences in levels of metabolites involved in dopaminergic, serotonergic, and kynurenine pathways in trisomic mice that are exacerbated with age. These include homovanillic acid, norepinephrine, and kynurenine. In addition, we demonstrate that prolonged treatment with rapamycin reduces accumulation of toxic metabolites (such as 6-hydroxymelatonin and 3-hydroxykynurenine) in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Duval
- Department of Biological Sciences, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
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Anichini C, Lotti F, Longini M, Felici C, Proietti F, Buonocore G. Antioxidant Strategies in Genetic Syndromes with High Neoplastic Risk in Infant Age. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1778.19256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Anichini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Lotti
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mariangela Longini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Cosetta Felici
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Proietti
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Buonocore
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Valenti D, Braidy N, De Rasmo D, Signorile A, Rossi L, Atanasov AG, Volpicella M, Henrion-Caude A, Nabavi SM, Vacca RA. Mitochondria as pharmacological targets in Down syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:69-83. [PMID: 28838841 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in cellular energy-generating processes and are considered master regulators of cell life and death fate. Mitochondrial function integrates signalling networks in several metabolic pathways controlling neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Indeed, dysfunctional mitochondria and mitochondrial-dependent activation of intracellular stress cascades are critical initiating events in many human neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental diseases including Down syndrome (DS). It is well established that trisomy of human chromosome 21 can cause DS. DS is associated with neurodevelopmental delay, intellectual disability and early neurodegeneration. Recently, molecular mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial damage and energy deficits have been identified and characterized in several DS-derived human cells and animal models of DS. Therefore, therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria could have great potential for new treatment regimens in DS. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent studies concerning mitochondrial impairment in DS, focusing on alterations of the molecular pathways controlling mitochondrial function. We will also discuss the effects and molecular mechanisms of naturally occurring and chemically synthetized drugs that exert neuroprotective effects through modulation of mitochondrial function and attenuation of oxidative stress. These compounds might represent novel therapeutic tools for the modulation of energy deficits in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valenti
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Council of Research, Bari, Italy
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Domenico De Rasmo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Council of Research, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Signorile
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - A G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariateresa Volpicella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alexandra Henrion-Caude
- INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, GenAtlas Platform, 24 Boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France
| | - S M Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - R A Vacca
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Council of Research, Bari, Italy.
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Barone E, Arena A, Head E, Butterfield DA, Perluigi M. Disturbance of redox homeostasis in Down Syndrome: Role of iron dysmetabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:84-93. [PMID: 28705658 PMCID: PMC5748256 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic form of intellectual disability that leads in the majority of cases to development of early-onset Alzheimer-like dementia (AD). The neuropathology of DS has several common features with AD including alteration of redox homeostasis, mitochondrial deficits, and inflammation among others. Interestingly, some of the genes encoded by chromosome 21 are responsible of increased oxidative stress (OS) conditions that are further exacerbated by decreased antioxidant defense. Previous studies from our groups showed that accumulation of oxidative damage is an early event in DS neurodegeneration and that oxidative modifications of selected proteins affects the integrity of the protein degradative systems, antioxidant response, neuronal integrity and energy metabolism. In particular, the current review elaborates recent findings demonstrating the accumulation of oxidative damage in DS and we focus attention on specific deregulation of iron metabolism, which affects both the central nervous system and the periphery. Iron dysmetabolism is a well-recognized factor that contributes to neurodegeneration; thus we opine that better understanding how and to what extent the concerted loss of iron dyshomeostasis and increased OS occur in DS could provide novel insights for the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer-like dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de alud, Avenida Pedro de Valdivia 425, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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On the Origin of Superoxide Dismutase: An Evolutionary Perspective of Superoxide-Mediated Redox Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6040082. [PMID: 29084153 PMCID: PMC5745492 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of free radical biology originated with the discovery of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in 1969. Over the last 5 decades, a plethora of research has been performed in species ranging from bacteria to mammals that has elucidated the molecular reaction, subcellular location, and specific isoforms of SOD. However, while humans have only begun to study this class of enzymes over the past 50 years, it has been estimated that these enzymes have existed for billions of years, and may be some of the original enzymes found in primitive life. As life evolved over this expanse of time, these enzymes have taken on new and different functional roles potentially in contrast to how they were originally derived. Herein, examination of the evolutionary history of these enzymes provides both an explanation and further inquiries into the modern-day role of SOD in physiology and disease.
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Barone E, Head E, Butterfield DA, Perluigi M. HNE-modified proteins in Down syndrome: Involvement in development of Alzheimer disease neuropathology. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:262-269. [PMID: 27838436 PMCID: PMC5639937 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), trisomy of chromosome 21, is the most common genetic form of intellectual disability. The neuropathology of DS involves multiple molecular mechanisms, similar to AD, including the deposition of beta-amyloid (Aβ) into senile plaques and tau hyperphosphorylationg in neurofibrillary tangles. Interestingly, many genes encoded by chromosome 21, in addition to being primarily linked to amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) pathology, are responsible for increased oxidative stress (OS) conditions that also result as a consequence of reduced antioxidant system efficiency. However, redox homeostasis is disturbed by overproduction of Aβ, which accumulates into plaques across the lifespan in DS as well as in AD, thus generating a vicious cycle that amplifies OS-induced intracellular changes. The present review describes the current literature that demonstrates the accumulation of oxidative damage in DS with a focus on the lipid peroxidation by-product, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). HNE reacts with proteins and can irreversibly impair their functions. We suggest that among different post-translational modifications, HNE-adducts on proteins accumulate in DS brain and play a crucial role in causing the impairment of glucose metabolism, neuronal trafficking, protein quality control and antioxidant response. We hypothesize that dysfunction of these specific pathways contribute to accelerated neurodegeneration associated with AD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Salud, Avenida Pedro de Valdivia 425, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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Gally F, Rao DM, Schmitz C, Colvin KL, Yeager ME, Perraud AL. The TRPM2 ion channel contributes to cytokine hyperproduction in a mouse model of Down Syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:126-132. [PMID: 28970008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome, DS) is the most common chromosomal anomaly. Although DS is mostly perceived as affecting cognitive abilities and cardiac health, individuals with DS also exhibit dysregulated immune functions. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are increased, but intrinsic alterations of innate immunity are understudied in DS. Furthermore, elevated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are well documented in individuals with DS, further exacerbating inflammatory processes. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are often precursors of subsequent tissue destruction and pathologies, which affect a majority of persons with DS. Together with ROS, the second messenger ion Ca2+ plays a central role in immune regulation. TRPM2 (Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2) is a Ca2+-permeable ion channel that is activated under conditions of oxidative stress. The Trpm2 gene is located on human Chromosome 21 (Hsa21). TRPM2 is strongly represented in innate immune cells, and numerous studies have documented its role in modulating inflammation. We have previously found that as a result of suboptimal cytokine production, TRPM2-/- mice are highly susceptible to the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). We therefore used Lm infection to trigger and characterize immune responsiveness in the DS mouse model Dp10(yey), and to investigate the potential contribution of TRPM2. In comparison to wildtype (WT), Dp10(yey) mice show an increased resistance against Lm infection and higher IFNγ serum concentrations. Using a gene elimination approach, we show that these effects correlate with Trpm2 gene copy number, supporting the notion that Trpm2 might promote hyperinflammation in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Gally
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Research, CO, United States; National Jewish Health, Dept. of Biomedical Research, CO, United States
| | - Deviyani M Rao
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Research, CO, United States; National Jewish Health, Dept. of Biomedical Research, CO, United States
| | - Carsten Schmitz
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Research, CO, United States; National Jewish Health, Dept. of Biomedical Research, CO, United States; University of Colorado Denver, Dept. of Immunology and Microbiology, United States
| | - Kelley L Colvin
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Research, CO, United States; University of Colorado Denver, Dept. of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Dept. of Bioengineering, United States
| | - Michael E Yeager
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Research, CO, United States; University of Colorado Denver, Dept. of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Dept. of Bioengineering, United States
| | - Anne-Laure Perraud
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Research, CO, United States; National Jewish Health, Dept. of Biomedical Research, CO, United States; University of Colorado Denver, Dept. of Immunology and Microbiology, United States.
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Niegawa T, Takitani K, Takaya R, Ishiro M, Kuroyanagi Y, Okasora K, Minami Y, Matsuda T, Tamai H. Evaluation of uric acid levels, thyroid function, and anthropometric parameters in Japanese children with Down syndrome. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2017; 61:146-152. [PMID: 28955133 PMCID: PMC5612823 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.17-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome, caused by trisomy 21, is characterized by congenital abnormalities as well as mental retardation. From the neonatal stage through adolescence, patients with Down syndrome often have several complications. Thus, it is important to attain knowledge of the prevalence of these comorbidities in children with Down syndrome. We, therefore, evaluated the biochemical data, thyroid function, and anthropometric parameters, and analyzed the association among them in Japanese children and early adolescents with Down syndrome. There was no difference in the prevalence of obesity and overweight between boys and girls. The level of uric acid was higher in boys than in girls. Moreover, the prevalence of hyperuricemia was also higher in boys than in girls (approximately 32% and 10%, respectively). The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in children with Down syndrome was approximately 20%, with no significant sex differences. The levels of uric acid and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate were positively associated with age, while the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine had a negative association with age. Overall, children with Down syndrome, exhibit a higher incidence of hyperuricemia. Therefore, uric acid levels, as well as thyroid function, from childhood to early adulthood should be monitored in this patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Niegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Takitani
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Takaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Saiseikai Ibaraki Hospital, 2-1-45 Mitsukeyama, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0035, Japan
| | - Manabu Ishiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kuroyanagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, 1-2 Kawazonocho, Suita, Osaka 564-0013, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okasora
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirakata City Hospital, 2-14-1 Kinyahonmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1013, Japan
| | - Yukako Minami
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamai
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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Corrales A, Parisotto EB, Vidal V, García-Cerro S, Lantigua S, Diego M, Wilhem Filho D, Sanchez-Barceló EJ, Martínez-Cué C, Rueda N. Pre- and post-natal melatonin administration partially regulates brain oxidative stress but does not improve cognitive or histological alterations in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Behav Brain Res 2017; 334:142-154. [PMID: 28743603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin administered during adulthood induces beneficial effects on cognition and neuroprotection in the Ts65Dn (TS) mouse model of Down syndrome. Here, we investigated the effects of pre- and post-natal melatonin treatment on behavioral and cognitive abnormalities and on several neuromorphological alterations (hypocellularity, neurogenesis impairment and increased oxidative stress) that appear during the early developmental stages in TS mice. Pregnant TS females were orally treated with melatonin or vehicle from the time of conception until the weaning of the offspring, and the pups continued to receive the treatment from weaning until the age of 5 months. Melatonin administered during the pre- and post-natal periods did not improve the cognitive impairment of TS mice as measured by the Morris Water maze or fear conditioning tests. Histological alterations, such as decreased proliferation (Ki67+ cells) and hippocampal hypocellularity (DAPI+ cells), which are typical in TS mice, were not prevented by melatonin. However, melatonin partially regulated brain oxidative stress by modulating the activity of the primary antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase in the cortex and catalase in the cortex and hippocampus) and slightly decreasing the levels of lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus of TS mice. These results show the inability of melatonin to prevent cognitive impairment in TS mice when it is administered at pre- and post-natal stages. Additionally, our findings suggest that to induce pro-cognitive effects in TS mice during the early stages of development, in addition to attenuating oxidative stress, therapies should aim to improve other altered processes, such as hippocampal neurogenesis and/or hypocellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corrales
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Eduardo B Parisotto
- Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Verónica Vidal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Susana García-Cerro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Sara Lantigua
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Marian Diego
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Danilo Wilhem Filho
- Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Emilio J Sanchez-Barceló
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Noemí Rueda
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
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Modular transcriptional repertoire and MicroRNA target analyses characterize genomic dysregulation in the thymus of Down syndrome infants. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7497-533. [PMID: 26848775 PMCID: PMC4884935 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21-driven transcriptional alterations in human thymus were characterized through gene coexpression network (GCN) and miRNA-target analyses. We used whole thymic tissue--obtained at heart surgery from Down syndrome (DS) and karyotipically normal subjects (CT)--and a network-based approach for GCN analysis that allows the identification of modular transcriptional repertoires (communities) and the interactions between all the system's constituents through community detection. Changes in the degree of connections observed for hierarchically important hubs/genes in CT and DS networks corresponded to community changes. Distinct communities of highly interconnected genes were topologically identified in these networks. The role of miRNAs in modulating the expression of highly connected genes in CT and DS was revealed through miRNA-target analysis. Trisomy 21 gene dysregulation in thymus may be depicted as the breakdown and altered reorganization of transcriptional modules. Leading networks acting in normal or disease states were identified. CT networks would depict the "canonical" way of thymus functioning. Conversely, DS networks represent a "non-canonical" way, i.e., thymic tissue adaptation under trisomy 21 genomic dysregulation. This adaptation is probably driven by epigenetic mechanisms acting at chromatin level and through the miRNA control of transcriptional programs involving the networks' high-hierarchy genes.
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Zis P, Strydom A, Buckley D, Adekitan D, McHugh PC. Cognitive ability in Down syndrome and its relationship to urinary neopterin, a marker of activated cellular immunity. Neurosci Lett 2016; 636:254-257. [PMID: 27851899 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neopterin is an unconjugated pteridine that is secreted in large quantities by activated macrophages and can be used as a clinical marker of activated cellular immunity and oxidative stress. We aimed to investigate whether urinary neopterin levels are associated with cognitive function in people with Down syndrome (DS). METHODS Out of 32 adults with DS who originally participated in a longitudinal study, 25 were followed up at 4 years. Informants rated their adaptive behavior (ABAS) and the adults with DS attempted assessments of language skills and memory at both baseline and follow-up time points (Modified Memory Object Task, MOMT), and receptive vocabulary (British Picture Vocabulary Scale, BPVS). RESULTS Neopterin/creatinine levels were negatively correlated with change in the MOMT total score (Spearman's Rho=-0.517, p=0.020) and change in the MOMT delayed recall score (Spearman's Rho=-0.577, p=0.008) over time, i.e. higher neopterin/creatinine level was associated with worse performance on a test of cognitive ability over time. CONCLUSION Urine neopterin may have potential as a biomarker for memory decline in Down syndrome, and could potentially also help to track progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease in other high risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Zis
- University College London, Division of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Neurology, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - André Strydom
- University College London, Division of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom; The LonDowns Consortium, United Kingdom
| | - David Buckley
- Centre for Biomarker Research, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Adekitan
- Centre for Biomarker Research, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick C McHugh
- Centre for Biomarker Research, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
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Parisotto EB, Vidal V, García-Cerro S, Lantigua S, Wilhelm Filho D, Sanchez-Barceló EJ, Martínez-Cué C, Rueda N. Chronic Melatonin Administration Reduced Oxidative Damage and Cellular Senescence in the Hippocampus of a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2904-2913. [PMID: 27450081 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that melatonin administration improves spatial learning and memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation in the adult Ts65Dn (TS) mouse, a model of Down syndrome (DS). This functional benefit of melatonin was accompanied by protection from cholinergic neurodegeneration and the attenuation of several hippocampal neuromorphological alterations in TS mice. Because oxidative stress contributes to the progression of cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration in DS, this study evaluates the antioxidant effects of melatonin in the brains of TS mice. Melatonin was administered to TS and control mice from 6 to 12 months of age and its effects on the oxidative state and levels of cellular senescence were evaluated. Melatonin treatment induced antioxidant and antiaging effects in the hippocampus of adult TS mice. Although melatonin administration did not regulate the activities of the main antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase) in the cortex or hippocampus, melatonin decreased protein and lipid oxidative damage by reducing the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls (PC) levels in the TS hippocampus due to its ability to act as a free radical scavenger. Consistent with this reduction in oxidative stress, melatonin also decreased hippocampal senescence in TS animals by normalizing the density of senescence-associated β-galactosidase positive cells in the hippocampus. These results showed that this treatment attenuated the oxidative damage and cellular senescence in the brain of TS mice and support the use of melatonin as a potential therapeutic agent for age-related cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration in adults with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo B Parisotto
- Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Verónica Vidal
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Learning, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, c/Cardenal Herrera Oria, s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Susana García-Cerro
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Learning, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, c/Cardenal Herrera Oria, s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Sara Lantigua
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Learning, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, c/Cardenal Herrera Oria, s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Danilo Wilhelm Filho
- Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Emilio J Sanchez-Barceló
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Learning, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, c/Cardenal Herrera Oria, s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Learning, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, c/Cardenal Herrera Oria, s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Noemí Rueda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Learning, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, c/Cardenal Herrera Oria, s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain.
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Lin AL, Powell D, Caban-Holt A, Jicha G, Robertson W, Gold BT, Davis R, Abner E, Wilcock DM, Schmitt FA, Head E. (1)H-MRS metabolites in adults with Down syndrome: Effects of dementia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 11:728-735. [PMID: 27330972 PMCID: PMC4908308 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To determine if proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) detect differences in dementia status in adults with Down syndrome (DS), we used 1H-MRS to measure neuronal and glial metabolites in the posterior cingulate cortex in 22 adults with DS and in 15 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. We evaluated associations between 1H-MRS results and cognition among DS participants. Neuronal biomarkers, including N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and glutamate-glutamine complex (Glx), were significantly lower in DS patients with Alzheimer's should probably be changed to Alzheimer (without ' or s) through ms as per the new naming standard disease (DSAD) when compared to non-demented DS (DS) and healthy controls (CTL). Neuronal biomarkers therefore appear to reflect dementia status in DS. In contrast, all DS participants had significantly higher myo-inositol (MI), a putative glial biomarker, compared to CTL. Our data indicate that there may be an overall higher glial inflammatory component in DS compared to CTL prior to and possibly independent of developing dementia. When computing the NAA to MI ratio, we found that presence or absence of dementia could be distinguished in DS. NAA, Glx, and NAA/MI in all DS participants were correlated with scores from the Brief Praxis Test and the Severe Impairment Battery. 1H-MRS may be a useful diagnostic tool in future longitudinal studies to measure AD progression in persons with DS. In particular, NAA and the NAA/MI ratio is sensitive to the functional status of adults with DS, including prior to dementia. 1H-MRS was used to compare demented and nondemented adults with Down syndrome. Neuronal biomarkers were lowest in demented adults with Down syndrome. Glial biomarkers including myoinositol were higher in demented adults with DS. Neuronal and glial biomarkers were correlated with cognition in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-L Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D Powell
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - A Caban-Holt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - G Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - W Robertson
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - B T Gold
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R Davis
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - E Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D M Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - F A Schmitt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - E Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Oxidative Stress in Cancer-Prone Genetic Diseases in Pediatric Age: The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4782426. [PMID: 27239251 PMCID: PMC4863121 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4782426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a distinctive sign in several genetic disorders characterized by cancer predisposition, such as Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Fanconi Anemia, Down syndrome, progeroid syndromes, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, and Costello syndrome. Recent literature unveiled new molecular mechanisms linking oxidative stress to the pathogenesis of these conditions, with particular regard to mitochondrial dysfunction. Since mitochondria are one of the major sites of ROS production as well as one of the major targets of their action, this dysfunction is thought to be the cause of the prooxidant status. Deeper insight of the pathogenesis of the syndromes raises the possibility to identify new possible therapeutic targets. In particular, the use of mitochondrial-targeted agents seems to be an appropriate clinical strategy in order to improve the quality of life and the life span of the patients.
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A Review on Potential Mechanisms of Terminalia chebula in Alzheimer's Disease. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2016; 2016:8964849. [PMID: 26941792 PMCID: PMC4749770 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8964849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current management of Alzheimer's disease (AD) focuses on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and NMDA receptor antagonists, although outcomes are not completely favorable. Hence, novel agents found in herbal plants are gaining attention as possible therapeutic alternatives. The Terminalia chebula (Family: Combretaceae) is a medicinal plant with a wide spectrum of medicinal properties and is reported to contain various biochemicals such as hydrolysable tannins, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, so it may prove to be a good therapeutic alternative. In this research, we reviewed published scientific literature found in various databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Scirus, and Google Scholar, with the keywords: T. chebula, AD, neuroprotection, medicinal plant, antioxidant, ellagitannin, gallotannin, gallic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. This review shows that T. chebula extracts and its constituents have AChEI and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, all of which are currently relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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45
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Necchi D, Pinto A, Tillhon M, Dutto I, Serafini MM, Lanni C, Govoni S, Racchi M, Prosperi E. Defective DNA repair and increased chromatin binding of DNA repair factors in Down syndrome fibroblasts. Mutat Res 2015; 780:15-23. [PMID: 26258283 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by genetic instability, neurodegeneration, and premature aging. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to this phenotype are not yet well understood. Here, we report that DS fibroblasts from both fetal and adult donors show the presence of oxidative DNA base damage, such as dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxodG), and activation of a DNA damage response (DDR), already during unperturbed growth conditions. DDR with checkpoint activation was indicated by histone H2AX and Chk2 protein phosphorylation, and by increased p53 protein levels. In addition, both fetal and adult DS fibroblasts were more sensitive to oxidative DNA damage induced by potassium bromate, and were defective in the removal of 8-oxodG, as compared with age-matched cells from control healthy donors. The analysis of core proteins participating in base excision repair (BER), such as XRCC1 and DNA polymerase β, showed that higher amounts of these factors were bound to chromatin in DS than in control cells, even in the absence of DNA damage. These findings occurred in concomitance with increased levels of phosphorylated XRCC1 detected in DS cells. These results indicate that DS cells exhibit a BER deficiency, which is associated with prolonged chromatin association of core BER factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Necchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Antonella Pinto
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Micol Tillhon
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the National Research Council (CNR), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Dutto
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the National Research Council (CNR), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ennio Prosperi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the National Research Council (CNR), 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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El-Bassyouni HT, Afifi HH, Eid MM, Kamal RM, El-Gebali HH, El-Saeed G, Thomas MM, Abdel-Maksoud SA. Oxidative Stress -a Phenotypic Hallmark of Fanconi Anemia and Down Syndrome: The Effect of Antioxidants. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2015; 5:205-12. [PMID: 26097763 PMCID: PMC4455011 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.157511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of leukemia-prone diseases such as Fanconi anemia (FA) and Down syndrome (DS) Aim: To explore the oxidative stress state in children with DS and FA by estimating the levels of antioxidants (e.g., malondialdehyde [MDA], total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase [SOD] activity) and DNA damage, and to evaluate of the effect of antioxidant treatment on these patients. Subjects and methods The study included 32 children clinically diagnosed with (15 patients) and FA (17 patients) in addition to 17 controls matched for age and sex. MDA, total antioxidant capacity, SOD activity, and DNA damage were measured. Antioxidants including Vitamin A, E, and C were given to the patients according to the recommended daily allowance for 6 months. Clinical follow-up and re-evaluation were conducted for all patients. Laboratory tests including complete blood count, karyotyping, DNA damage, and oxidative stress were re-evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using statistical computer program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 14.0. Results: Children with FA and DS had elevated levels of oxidative stress and more DNA damage than controls. Oxidative stress parameters and DNA damage improved in FA and DS patients after antioxidant administration. Conclusion: Early administration of antioxidants to FA and DS patients is recommended for slowing of the disease course with symptoms amelioration and improvement of general health.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T El-Bassyouni
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H H Afifi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M M Eid
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - R M Kamal
- Institute of Postgraduate Childhood Studies, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H H El-Gebali
- Institute of Postgraduate Childhood Studies, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gsm El-Saeed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M M Thomas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S A Abdel-Maksoud
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Romano A, Cornia R, Moraschi M, Bozzao A, Chiacchiararelli L, Coppola V, Iani C, Stella G, Albertini G, Pierallini A. Age-Related Cortical Thickness Reduction in Non-Demented Down's Syndrome Subjects. J Neuroimaging 2015; 26:95-102. [DOI: 10.1111/jon.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Romano
- San Raffaele Foundation, Rehabilitation Facility; Merit Project RBNE08E8CZ
| | - Riccardo Cornia
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Departments of Biomedical; Metabolic and Neurosciences
| | - Marta Moraschi
- San Raffaele Foundation, Rehabilitation Facility; Merit Project RBNE08E8CZ
| | - Alessandro Bozzao
- University Sapienza, NESMOS, Department of Neuroradiology; S.Andrea Hospital
| | | | - Valeria Coppola
- University Sapienza, NESMOS, Department of Neuroradiology; S.Andrea Hospital
| | - Cristina Iani
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Department of Communication and Economy
| | - Giacomo Stella
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Departments of Biomedical; Metabolic and Neurosciences
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The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:55-74. [PMID: 25942353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1393] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This Review Article is focused on the action of the reactive oxygenated species in inducing oxidative injury of the lipid membrane components, as well as on the ability of antioxidants (of different structures and sources, and following different mechanisms of action) in fighting against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is defined as an excessive production of reactive oxygenated species that cannot be counteracted by the action of antioxidants, but also as a perturbation of cell redox balance. Reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species are represented by superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl, alkoxyl and lipid peroxyl radicals, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Oxidative stress determines structure modifications and function modulation in nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Oxidative degradation of lipids yields malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal, but also isoprostanes, from unsaturated fatty acids. Protein damage may occur with thiol oxidation, carbonylation, side-chain oxidation, fragmentation, unfolding and misfolding, resulting activity loss. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is an index of DNA damage. The involvement of the reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species in disease occurrence is described. The unbalance between the oxidant species and the antioxidant defense system may trigger specific factors responsible for oxidative damage in the cell: over-expression of oncogene genes, generation of mutagen compounds, promotion of atherogenic activity, senile plaque occurrence or inflammation. This leads to cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, kidney diseases. The concept of antioxidant is defined, along with a discussion of the existent classification criteria: enzymatic and non-enzymatic, preventative or repair-systems, endogenous and exogenous, primary and secondary, hydrosoluble and liposoluble, natural or synthetic. Primary antioxidants are mainly chain breakers, able to scavenge radical species by hydrogen donation. Secondary antioxidants are singlet oxygen quenchers, peroxide decomposers, metal chelators, oxidative enzyme inhibitors or UV radiation absorbers. The specific mechanism of action of the most important representatives of each antioxidant class (endogenous and exogenous) in preventing or inhibiting particular factors leading to oxidative injury in the cell, is then reviewed. Mutual influences, including synergistic effects are presented and discussed. Prooxidative influences likely to occur, as for instance in the presence of transition metal ions, are also reminded.
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Intracellular oxidant activity, antioxidant enzyme defense system, and cell senescence in fibroblasts with trisomy 21. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:509241. [PMID: 25852816 PMCID: PMC4380103 DOI: 10.1155/2015/509241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Down's syndrome (DS) is characterized by a complex phenotype associated with chronic oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Overexpression of genes on chromosome-21 is thought to underlie the pathogenesis of the major phenotypic features of DS, such as premature aging. Using cultured fibroblasts with trisomy 21 (T21F), this study aimed to ascertain whether an imbalance exists in activities, mRNA, and protein expression of the antioxidant enzymes SOD1, SOD2, glutathione-peroxidase, and catalase during the cell replication process in vitro. T21F had high SOD1 expression and activity which led to an interenzymatic imbalance in the antioxidant defense system, accentuated with replicative senescence. Intracellular ROS production and oxidized protein levels were significantly higher in T21F compared with control cells; furthermore, a significant decline in intracellular ATP content was detected in T21F. Cell senescence was found to appear prematurely in DS cells as shown by SA-β-Gal assay and p21 assessment, though not apoptosis, as neither p53 nor the proapoptotic proteins cytochrome c and caspase 9 were altered in T21F. These novel findings would point to a deleterious role of oxidatively modified molecules in early cell senescence of T21F, thereby linking replicative and stress-induced senescence in cultured cells to premature aging in DS.
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50
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Romano A, Moraschi M, Cornia R, Bozzao A, Gagliardo O, Chiacchiararelli L, Iani C, Stella G, Albertini G, Pierallini A. Age effects on cortical thickness in young Down's syndrome subjects: a cross-sectional gender study. Neuroradiology 2015; 57:401-11. [PMID: 25560246 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-014-1482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine differences in the characteristic pattern of age-related cortical thinning in men and women with Down's syndrome (DS) by means of MRI and automatic cortical thickness measurements and a cross-sectional design, in a large cohort of young subjects. METHODS Eighty-four subjects with DS, 30 females (11-35 years, mean age ± SD = 22.8 ± 5.9) and 54 males (11-35 years, mean age ± SD = 21.5 ± 6.5), were examined using a 1.5-T scanner. MRI-based quantification of cortical thickness was performed using FreeSurfer software package. For all subjects participating in the study, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient between age and mean cortical thickness values has been evaluated. RESULTS A significant negative correlation between cortical thickness and age was found in female DS subjects, predominantly in frontal and parietal lobes, bilaterally. In male DS subjects, a significant negative correlation between cortical thickness and age was found in the right fronto-temporal lobes and cingulate regions. Whole brain mean cortical thickness values were significantly negative correlated with age only in female DS subjects. CONCLUSIONS Females with Down's syndrome showed a strong correlation between cortical thickness and age, already in early age. We suggest that the cognitive impairment due to hormonal deficit in the postmenopausal period could be emphasized by the early structural decline of gray matter in female DS subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Romano
- San Raffaele Foundation Rome, Rehabilitation Facility Ceglie Messapica, Merit Project RBNE08E8CZ, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy,
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