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Jin Y, Kozan D, Young ED, Hensley MR, Shen MC, Wen J, Moll T, Anderson JL, Kozan H, Rawls JF, Farber SA. A high-cholesterol zebrafish diet promotes hypercholesterolemia and fasting-associated liver steatosis. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100637. [PMID: 39218217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are an ideal model organism to study lipid metabolism and to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of human lipid-associated disorders. Unlike murine models, to which various standardized high lipid diets such as a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) are available, there has yet to be a uniformly adopted zebrafish HCD protocol. In this study, we have developed an improved HCD protocol and thoroughly tested its impact on zebrafish lipid deposition and lipoprotein regulation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The diet stability, reproducibility, and fish palatability were also validated. Fish fed HCD developed hypercholesterolemia as indicated by significantly elevated ApoB-containing lipoproteins (ApoB-LPs) and increased plasma levels of cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Feeding of the HCD to larvae for 8 days produced hepatic steatosis that became more stable and sever after 1 day of fasting and was associated with an opaque liver phenotype (dark under transmitted light). Unlike larvae, adult fish fed HCD for 14 days followed by a 3-day fast did not develop a stable fatty liver phenotype, though the fish had higher ApoB-LP levels in plasma and an upregulated lipogenesis gene fasn in adipose tissue. In conclusion, our HCD zebrafish protocol represents an effective and reliable approach for studying the temporal characteristics of the physiological and biochemical responses to high levels of dietary cholesterol and provides insights into the mechanisms that may underlie fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jin
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Darby Kozan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric D Young
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Monica R Hensley
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meng-Chieh Shen
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jia Wen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tabea Moll
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L Anderson
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hannah Kozan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John F Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steven A Farber
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Su R, Liu HN, Wang YB, Bai Y. Cirrhosis after pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2024:S1499-3872(24)00107-3. [PMID: 39129077 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2024.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Su
- Graduate Academy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Hong-Na Liu
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Yu-Bo Wang
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050000, China; Graduate Academy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
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3
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Bonanini F, Singh M, Yang H, Kurek D, Harms AC, Mardinoglu A, Hankemeier T. A comparison between different human hepatocyte models reveals profound differences in net glucose production, lipid composition and metabolism in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2024; 437:114008. [PMID: 38499143 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are responsible for maintaining a stable blood glucose concentration during periods of nutrient scarcity. The breakdown of glycogen and de novo synthesis of glucose are crucial metabolic pathways deeply interlinked with lipid metabolism. Alterations in these pathways are often associated with metabolic diseases with serious clinical implications. Studying energy metabolism in human cells is challenging. Primary hepatocytes are still considered the golden standard for in vitro studies and have been instrumental in elucidating key aspects of energy metabolism found in vivo. As a result of several limitations posed by using primary cells, a multitude of alternative hepatocyte cellular models emerged as potential substitutes. Yet, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the precise applications for which these models accurately reflect the metabolic competence of primary hepatocytes. In this study, we compared primary hepatocytes, stem cell-derived hepatocytes, adult donor-derived liver organoids, immortalized Upcyte-hepatocytes and the hepatoma cell line HepG2s in their response to a glucose production challenge. We observed the highest net glucose production in primary hepatocytes, followed by organoids, stem-cell derived hepatocytes, Upcyte-hepatocytes and HepG2s. Glucogenic gene induction was observed in all tested models, as indicated by an increase in G6PC and PCK1 expression. Lipidomic analysis revealed considerable differences across the models, with organoids showing the closest similarity to primary hepatocytes in the common lipidome, comprising 347 lipid species across 19 classes. Changes in lipid profiles as a result of the glucose production challenge showed a variety of, and in some cases opposite, trends when compared to primary hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhulika Singh
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Netherlands
| | - Hong Yang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Amy C Harms
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Netherlands
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Netherlands.
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4
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Jin Y, Kozan D, Anderson JL, Hensley M, Shen MC, Wen J, Moll T, Kozan H, Rawls JF, Farber SA. A high-cholesterol zebrafish diet promotes hypercholesterolemia and fasting-associated liver triglycerides accumulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.01.565134. [PMID: 37961364 PMCID: PMC10635069 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.01.565134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish are an ideal model organism to study lipid metabolism and to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of human lipid-associated disorders. In this study, we provide an improved protocol to assay the impact of a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) on zebrafish lipid deposition and lipoprotein regulation. Fish fed HCD developed hypercholesterolemia as indicated by significantly elevated ApoB-containing lipoproteins (ApoB-LP) and increased plasma levels of cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Feeding of the HCD to larvae (8 days followed by a 1 day fast) and adult female fish (2 weeks, followed by 3 days of fasting) was also associated with a fatty liver phenotype that presented as severe hepatic steatosis. The HCD feeding paradigm doubled the levels of liver triacylglycerol (TG), which was striking because our HCD was only supplemented with cholesterol. The accumulated liver TG was unlikely due to increased de novo lipogenesis or inhibited β-oxidation since no differentially expressed genes in these pathways were found between the livers of fish fed the HCD versus control diets. However, fasted HCD fish had significantly increased lipogenesis gene fasn in adipose tissue and higher free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma. This suggested that elevated dietary cholesterol resulted in lipid accumulation in adipocytes, which supplied more FFA during fasting, promoting hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, our HCD zebrafish protocol represents an effective and reliable approach for studying the temporal characteristics of the physiological and biochemical responses to high levels of dietary cholesterol and provides insights into the mechanisms that may underlie fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jin
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Darby Kozan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L Anderson
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Monica Hensley
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Meng-Chieh Shen
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jia Wen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tabea Moll
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hannah Kozan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John F. Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Steven A. Farber
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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5
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Yang H, Wang Q, Xi Y, Yu W, Xie D, Morisaki H, Morisaki T, Cheng J. AMPD2 plays important roles in regulating hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 577:112039. [PMID: 37567359 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism can instigate the onset of various metabolic disorders including obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and fatty liver disease. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) deaminase (AMPD), which converts AMP to inosine monophosphate, plays a key role in maintaining adenylate energy charge. AMPD2 is the major isoform present in the liver. However, the mechanistic link between AMPD2 and hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism remains elusive. In this study, we probed into the hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in AMPD2-deficient (A2-/-) mice. These mice exhibited reduced body weight, fat accumulation, and blood glucose levels, coupled with enhanced insulin sensitivity while maintaining consistent calorie intake and spontaneous motor activity compared with wild type mice. Furthermore, A2-/- mice showed mitigated obesity and hyper-insulinemia induced by high-fat diet (HFD) but elevated levels of the serum triglyceride and cholesterol. The hepatic mRNA levels of several fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism-related genes were altered in A2-/- mice. RNA sequencing unveiled multiple alterations in lipid metabolic pathways due to AMPD2 deficiency. These mice were also more susceptible to fasting or HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. The liver exhibited elevated AMP levels but unaltered AMP/ATP ratio. In addition, AMPD2 deficiency is not associated with the adenosine production. In summary, this study established a link between purine metabolism and hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism via AMPD2, providing novel insights into these metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuemei Xi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - De Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hiroko Morisaki
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Medical Genecics, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Morisaki
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jidong Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Nucleic Acid Metabolism and Regulation, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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6
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Zhou M, Kong B, Zhang X, Xiao K, Lu J, Li W, Li M, Li Z, Ji W, Hou J, Xu T. A proximity labeling strategy enables proteomic analysis of inter-organelle membrane contacts. iScience 2023; 26:107159. [PMID: 37485370 PMCID: PMC10362359 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-organelle membrane contacts are highly dynamic and act as central hubs for many biological processes, but the protein compositions remain largely unknown due to the lack of efficient tools. Here, we developed BiFCPL to analyze the contact proteome in living cells by a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC)-based proximity labeling (PL) strategy. BiFCPL was applied to study mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts (MERCs) and mitochondria-lipid droplet (LD) contacts. We identified 403 highly confident MERC proteins, including many transiently resident proteins and potential tethers. Moreover, we demonstrated that mitochondria-LD contacts are sensitive to nutrient status. A comparative proteomic analysis revealed that 60 proteins are up- or downregulated at contact sites under metabolic challenge. We verified that SQLE, an enzyme for cholesterol synthesis, accumulates at mitochondria-LD contact sites probably to utilize local ATP for cholesterol synthesis. This work provides an efficient method to identify key proteins at inter-organelle membrane contacts in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoge Zhou
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510005, China
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bingjie Kong
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weixing Li
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Li
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510005, China
| | - Zonghong Li
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510005, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjie Hou
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510005, China
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
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7
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Plumb RS, Gethings LA, Rainville PD, Isaac G, Trengove R, King AM, Wilson ID. Advances in high throughput LC/MS based metabolomics: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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8
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Wang ZH, Zheng KI, Wang XD, Qiao J, Li YY, Zhang L, Zheng MH, Wu J. LC-MS-based lipidomic analysis in distinguishing patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from nonalcoholic fatty liver. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:452-459. [PMID: 34256994 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the main liver diseases, and its pathologic profile includes nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, there is no reliable non-invasive parameter in distinguishing NASH from NAFL in clinical practice. The present study was to find a non-invasive way to differentiate these two categories of NAFLD via lipidomic analysis. METHODS Lipidomic analysis was used to determine the changes of lipid moieties in blood from 20 NAFL and 10 NASH patients with liver biopsy. Liver histology was evaluated after hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining. The profile of lipid metabolites in correlation with steatosis, inflammation, hepatocellular necroptosis, fibrosis, and NAFLD activity score (NAS) was analyzed. RESULTS Compared with NAFL patients, NASH patients had higher degree of steatosis, ballooning degeneration, lobular inflammation. A total of 434 different lipid molecules were identified, which were mainly composed of various phospholipids and triacylglycerols. Many lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) (P-22:0/18:1), sphingomyelin (SM) (d14:0/18:0), SM (d14:0/24:0), SM (d14:0/22:0), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (18:0/22:5), PC (O-22:2/12:0), and PC (26:1/11:0) were elevated in the NASH group compared to those in the NAFL group. Specific analysis revealed an overall lipidomic profile shift from NAFL to NASH, and identified valuable lipid moieties, such as PCs [PC (14:0/18:2), PE (18:0/22:5) and PC (26:1/11:0)] or plasmalogens [PC (O-22:0/0:0), PC (O-18:0/0:0), PC (O-16:0/0:0)], which were significantly altered in NASH patients. In addition, PC (14:0/18:2), phosphatidic acid (18:2/24:4) were positively correlated with NAS; whereas PC (18:0/0:0) was correlated positively with fibrosis score. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed overall lipidomic profile shift from NAFL to NASH, identified valuable lipid moieties which may be non-invasive biomarkers in the categorization of NAFLD. The correlations between lipid moieties and NAS and fibrosis scores indicate that these lipid biomarkers may be used to predict the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kenneth I Zheng
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; The Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for the Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jin Qiao
- Department of General Practice, Huaihai Middle Road Community Health Service Center of Huangpu District, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang-Yang Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming-Hua Zheng
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; The Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for the Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Laboratory of Fatty Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Perspectives on Mitochondria-ER and Mitochondria-Lipid Droplet Contact in Hepatocytes and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092273. [PMID: 34571924 PMCID: PMC8472694 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrion–endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrion–lipid droplet (LD) contact sites are critical in regulating lipid metabolism in cells. It is well established that intracellular organelles communicate with each other continuously through membrane contact sites to maintain organelle function and cellular homeostasis. The accumulation of LDs in hepatocytes is an early indicator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), which may indicate a breakdown in proper inter-organelle communication. In this review, we discuss previous findings in mitochondrion–ER and mitochondrion–LD contact, focusing on their roles in lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. We also present evidence of a unique mitochondrion–LD contact structure in hepatocytes under various physiological and pathological conditions and propose a working hypothesis to speculate about the role of these structures in regulating the functions of mitochondria and LDs and their implications in NAFLD and ALD.
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10
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Yang Y, Huang Z, Yang Z, Qi Y, Shi H, Zhou Y, Wang F, Yang M. Serum metabolomic profiling reveals an increase in homocitrulline in Chinese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a retrospective study. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11346. [PMID: 33987020 PMCID: PMC8101472 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has multiple causes, is triggered by individual genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and metabolic disturbances, and may be triggered by acquired metabolic stress. The metabolic profiles of NAFLD show significant ethnic differences, and the metabolic characteristics of NAFLD in Chinese individuals are unclear. Our study aimed to identify the metabolites and pathways associated with NAFLD in a Chinese cohort. Methods One hundred participants, including 50 NAFLD patients and 50 healthy controls, were enrolled in this retrospective observational study at Jinling Hospital in Nanjing; serum samples were collected from the patients and healthy subjects. The metabolome was determined in all samples by liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS). Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to compare the metabolic profiles between the two groups. Results The comparison indicated that the levels of 89 metabolites were different between the two groups. The glycerophospholipid family of metabolites was the most abundant family of metabolites that demonstrated significant differences. L-acetylcarnitine, L-homocitrulline, and glutamic acid were the top three metabolites ranked by VIP score and had favorable effective functions for diagnosis. Moreover, pathway enrichment analysis suggested 14 potentially different metabolic pathways between NAFLD patients and healthy controls based on their impact value. Biological modules involved in the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism had the highest relevance to the conditions of NAFLD. Glycerophospholipid metabolism had the strongest associations with the conditions of NAFLD. Conclusions Our data suggest that the serum metabolic profiles of NAFLD patients and healthy controls are different. L-Homocitrulline was remarkably increased in NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zexin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miaofang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Xu H, Jiang Y, Miao XM, Tao YX, Xie L, Li Y. A Model Construction of Starvation Induces Hepatic Steatosis and Transcriptome Analysis in Zebrafish Larvae. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:92. [PMID: 33513687 PMCID: PMC7911188 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis caused by starvation, resulting in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), has been a research topic of human clinical and animal experiments. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the triggering of abnormal liver metabolism by starvation, thus inducing hepatic lipid accumulation, we used zebrafish larvae to establish a starvation-induced hepatic steatosis model and conducted comparative transcriptome analysis by RNA-seq. We demonstrated that the incidence of larvae steatosis is positively correlated with starvation time. Under starvation conditions, the fatty acid transporter (slc27a2a and slc27a6-like) and fatty acid translocase (cd36) were up-regulated significantly to promote extrahepatic fatty acid uptake. Meanwhile, starvation inhibits the hepatic fatty acid metabolism pathway but activates the de novo lipogenesis pathway to a certain extent. More importantly, we detected that the expression of numerous apolipoprotein genes was downregulated and the secretion of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) was inhibited significantly. These data suggest that starvation induces hepatic steatosis by promoting extrahepatic fatty acid uptake and lipogenesis, and inhibits hepatic fatty acid metabolism and lipid transport. Furthermore, we found that starvation-induced hepatic steatosis in zebrafish larvae can be rescued by targeting the knockout cd36 gene. In summary, these findings will help us understand the pathogenesis of starvation-induced NAFLD and provide important theoretical evidence that cd36 could serve as a potential target for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.X.); (Y.J.); (X.-M.M.); (Y.-X.T.); (L.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.X.); (Y.J.); (X.-M.M.); (Y.-X.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Xiao-Min Miao
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.X.); (Y.J.); (X.-M.M.); (Y.-X.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Yi-Xi Tao
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.X.); (Y.J.); (X.-M.M.); (Y.-X.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Lang Xie
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.X.); (Y.J.); (X.-M.M.); (Y.-X.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.X.); (Y.J.); (X.-M.M.); (Y.-X.T.); (L.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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12
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Jordao AA, Canale A, Brunaldi M, Zucoloto S. Hepatic ballooning degeneration: a new feature of the refeeding syndrome in rats. Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 6:327-334. [PMID: 33511280 PMCID: PMC7816639 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2020.102151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Hepatic changes have been described during the refeeding syndrome due to increase in enzymes and hepatomegaly; however, they have not been properly described. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the hepatic histological characteristics and biochemical markers of hepatic steatosis in Wistar rats with refeeding syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats were allocated to one of three groups: C, F or R. The animals from group C received an AIN-93 diet for 96 hours, and were then sacrificed. Animals allocated to group F were fasted for 48 hours and sacrificed. Animals from group R were also fasted for 48 hours, but were refed for another 48 hours, with AIN-93. The liver, blood and epididymal and retroperitoneal fats were collected. RESULTS Data obtained in groups F and R show the changes observed in refeeding syndrome, during starvation and refeeding. The serum glucose, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus, in group F, decreased. There was no evidence of hepatic steatosis. Hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia were also observed in group R, confirming refeeding syndrome. The main histological characteristic, in this group, was the extensive presence of ballooning degeneration. This is the first article that has detected such change in liver structure, due to refeeding syndrome. The possible causes are: retention of sodium, causing whole body edema; and/or dysfunction of the sodium/potassium pump of the hepatocytes, as a result of hypophosphatemia. CONCLUSIONS This is the first description of an animal model of hepatic severe ballooning degeneration induced due to refeeding syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alceu Afonso Jordao
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Amanda Canale
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Mariângela Brunaldi
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Sergio Zucoloto
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil
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13
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Obese Mice with Dyslipidemia Exhibit Meibomian Gland Hypertrophy and Alterations in Meibum Composition and Aqueous Tear Production. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228772. [PMID: 33233559 PMCID: PMC7699756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia may be linked to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and altered meibum lipid composition. The purpose was to determine if plasma and meibum cholesteryl esters (CE), triglycerides (TG), ceramides (Cer) and sphingomyelins (SM) change in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity where mice develop dyslipidemia. METHODS Male C57/BL6 mice (8/group, age = 6 wks) were fed a normal (ND; 15% kcal fat) or an obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD; 42% kcal fat) for 10 wks. Tear production was measured and meibography was performed. Body and epididymal adipose tissue (eAT) weights were determined. Nano-ESI-MS/MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS were used to detect CE, TG, Cer and SM species. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis, Pearson's correlation and unpaired t-tests adjusted for multiple comparisons; significance set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Compared to ND mice, HFD mice gained more weight and showed heavier eAT and dyslipidemia with higher levels of plasma CE, TG, Cer and SM. HFD mice had hypertrophic meibomian glands, increased levels of lipid species acylated by saturated fatty acids in plasma and meibum and excessive tear production. CONCLUSIONS The majority of meibum lipid species with saturated fatty acids increased with HFD feeding with evidence of meibomian gland hypertrophy and excessive tearing. The dyslipidemia is associated with altered meibum composition, a key feature of MGD.
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14
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Maeda T, Wakisaka S. Deficiency of C1q/TNF-related protein 3 (CTRP3) decreases adipose tissue weight in diet-induced obesity mice. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9219-9224. [PMID: 33057992 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines are important regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism. A family of adiponectin paralogs is known as C1q and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related proteins (CTRPs). One line of Ctrp3-deficient mice shows reduced liver size in response to obesity. We generated and characterized another line of Ctrp3 knockout (KO) mice to reveal novel physiological functions of CTRP3. Interestingly, high fat diet (HFD)-fed Ctrp3 KO mice displayed a decrease in the epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) weight to total body weight ratio. Histologically, adipocyte size was significantly smaller in the epididymal WAT of HFD-fed Ctrp3 KO mice than wild-type (WT) controls. The expression of several genes involved in lipogenesis, lipolysis and adipogenesis in the epididymal WAT of Ctrp3 KO mice fed a HFD was decreased. The present findings provide new insight into the role of CTRP3 as adipokine in the regulation of adipose tissue in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Maeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Wakisaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Yong HY, Larrouy-Maumus G, Zloh M, Smyth R, Ataya R, Benton CM, Munday MR. Early detection of metabolic changes in drug-induced steatosis using metabolomics approaches. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41047-41057. [PMID: 35519189 PMCID: PMC9057704 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Steatosis is the accumulation of triglycerides in hepatic cells wherein fats exceed 5% of the entire liver weight. Although steatotic liver damage is reversible due to the liver's regenerative capability, protracted damage often and typically leads to irreversible conditions such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, early steatotic detection is critical for preventing progression to advanced liver diseases. This also becomes particularly important given the higher prevalence of drug usage, as drugs are a frequent cause of liver damage. Currently, the recommendation to diagnose steatosis is using liver enzymes and performing a liver biopsy. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard method of detection, but the procedure is invasive and an unreliable diagnostic tool. Non-invasive, specific and sensitive diagnostic solutions such as biomarkers are therefore needed for the early detection of steatosis. Our aim is to identify changes in urinary metabolites in tetracycline-induced hepatic steatotic rats at different stages of the diseases using metabolomic-based techniques. Sprague Dawley male rats are treated by intraperitoneal injection (I.P.) with either 62.5 mg kg−1 or 125 mg kg−1 tetracycline, an antibiotic previously known to induce steatosis. We analyse the metabolic profile of the urinary tetracycline induced hepatic steatotic rats using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 2D 1H–1H TOCSY (total correlation spectroscopy) and electrospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS/MS) based metabolomics. The combined analysis of haematoxylin & eosin (H&E), oil red O (ORO) and direct measurement of triglyceride content in the liver tissues of the control samples against 125 mg kg−1 and 62.5 mg kg−1 treated samples, reveals that 125 mg kg−1 tetracycline exposure potentially induces steatosis. The combination of 1H NMR, 2D 1H–1H TOCSY and ESI-LC-MS/MS alongside multivariate statistical analysis, detected a total of 6 urinary metabolites changes, across 6 metabolic pathways. Furthermore, lysine concentration correlates with liver damage as tetracycline dose concentration increases, whilst both H&E and ORO fail to detect hepatocellular damage at the lowest dose concentration. We conclude that the combination of 1H NMR and ESI-LC-MS/MS suggests that these are suitable platforms for studying the pathogenesis of steatosis development, prior to morphological alterations observed in staining techniques and offer a more detailed description of the severity of the steatotic disease. Urinary metabolic profiling of tetracycline induced hepatic steatotic rats were investigated using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, 2D 1H–1H total correlation spectroscopy and electrospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolomics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Y Yong
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry
- University of London
- UK
| | - Gerald Larrouy-Maumus
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection
- Department of Life Science
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - Mire Zloh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry
- University of London
- UK
| | - Rosemary Smyth
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry
- University of London
- UK
| | - Rayan Ataya
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry
- University of London
- UK
| | | | - Michael R. Munday
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry
- University of London
- UK
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16
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Olivares S, Henkel AS. The role of X-box binding protein 1 in the hepatic response to refeeding in mice. J Lipid Res 2018; 60:353-359. [PMID: 30482806 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m086413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Refeeding mice after a prolonged fast is a potent stimulus of hepatic lipogenesis, but is also associated with induction of the hepatic unfolded protein response (UPR). The X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1), a key regulator of the adaptive UPR, transcriptionally activates hepatic lipogenesis genes. We therefore determined whether hepatic Xbp1 mediates the hepatic lipogenic response to refeeding. Mice bearing a hepatocyte-specific deletion of Xbp1 and littermate controls were fasted overnight, followed by refeeding for up to 6 h. Among control mice, refeeding induced hepatic expression of activated Xbp1 and, as expected, induced hepatic expression of genes controlling de novo lipogenesis of fatty acids. Unexpectedly, deletion of hepatic Xbp1 allowed for normal induction of hepatic lipogenesis genes, yet impaired translation of SREBP1c and its targets in response to refeeding. Impaired protein translation was associated with enhanced postprandial activation of the global translational arrest protein, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, among mice lacking hepatic Xbp1 Deletion of hepatic Xbp1 prevented postprandial induction of genes regulating protein folding and processing and shifted the pattern of postprandial UPR activation to favor proapoptotic signals. We conclude that activation of hepatic Xbp1 in the postprandial states serves the dual roles of restoring postprandial hepatic lipogenesis and proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantel Olivares
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Anne S Henkel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL .,Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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17
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Rennert C, Vlaic S, Marbach-Breitrück E, Thiel C, Sales S, Shevchenko A, Gebhardt R, Matz-Soja M. The Diurnal Timing of Starvation Differently Impacts Murine Hepatic Gene Expression and Lipid Metabolism - A Systems Biology Analysis Using Self-Organizing Maps. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1180. [PMID: 30271348 PMCID: PMC6146234 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms adapt their metabolism and draw on reserves as a consequence of food deprivation. The central role of the liver in starvation response is to coordinate a sufficient energy supply for the entire organism, which has frequently been investigated. However, knowledge of how circadian rhythms impact on and alter this response is scarce. Therefore, we investigated the influence of different timings of starvation on global hepatic gene expression. Mice (n = 3 each) were challenged with 24-h food deprivation started in the morning or evening, coupled with refeeding for different lengths and compared with ad libitum fed control groups. Alterations in hepatocyte gene expression were quantified using microarrays and confirmed or complemented with qPCR, especially for lowly detectable transcription factors. Analysis was performed using self-organizing maps (SOMs), which bases on clustering genes with similar expression profiles. This provides an intuitive overview of expression trends and allows easier global comparisons between complex conditions. Transcriptome analysis revealed a strong circadian-driven response to fasting based on the diurnal expression of transcription factors (e.g., Ppara, Pparg). Starvation initiated in the morning produced known metabolic adaptations in the liver; e.g., switching from glucose storage to consumption and gluconeogenesis. However, starvation initiated in the evening produced a different expression signature that was controlled by yet unknown regulatory mechanisms. For example, the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis decreased and fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis genes were induced. The differential regulation after morning and evening starvation were also reflected at the lipidome level. The accumulation of hepatocellular storage lipids (triacylglycerides, cholesteryl esters) was significantly higher after the initiation of starvation in the morning compared to the evening. Concerning refeeding, the gene expression pattern after a 12 h refeeding period largely resembled that of the corresponding starvation state but approached the ad libitum control state after refeeding for 21 h. Some components of these regulatory circuits are discussed. Collectively, these data illustrate a highly time-dependent starvation response in the liver and suggest that a circadian influence cannot be neglected when starvation is the focus of research or medicine, e.g., in the case of treating victims of sudden starvation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Rennert
- Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Vlaic
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Eugenia Marbach-Breitrück
- Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlo Thiel
- Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Sales
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Steinhauser ML, Olenchock BA, O'Keefe J, Lun M, Pierce KA, Lee H, Pantano L, Klibanski A, Shulman GI, Clish CB, Fazeli PK. The circulating metabolome of human starvation. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121434. [PMID: 30135314 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human adaptive starvation response allows for survival during long-term caloric deprivation. Whether the physiology of starvation is adaptive or maladaptive is context dependent: activation of pathways by caloric restriction may promote longevity, yet in the context of caloric excess, the same pathways may contribute to obesity. Here, we performed plasma metabolite profiling of longitudinally collected samples during a 10-day, 0-calorie fast in humans. We identify classical milestones in adaptive starvation, including the early consumption of gluconeogenic amino acids and the subsequent surge in plasma nonesterified fatty acids that marks the shift from carbohydrate to lipid metabolism, and demonstrate findings, including (a) the preferential release of unsaturated fatty acids and an associated shift in plasma lipid species with high degrees of unsaturation and (b) evidence that acute, starvation-mediated hypoleptinemia may be a driver of the transition from glucose to lipid metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Steinhauser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, and.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin A Olenchock
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John O'Keefe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, and
| | - Mingyue Lun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, and
| | - Kerry A Pierce
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hang Lee
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,MGH Biostatistics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lorena Pantano
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pouneh K Fazeli
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Gitto S, Schepis F, Andreone P, Villa E. Study of the Serum Metabolomic Profile in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Research and Clinical Perspectives. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8010017. [PMID: 29495258 PMCID: PMC5876006 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, metabolomics has attracted great scientific attention. The metabolomics methodology might permit a view into transitional phases between healthy liver and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Metabolomics can help to analyze the metabolic alterations that play a main role in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Lipid, glucose, amino acid, and bile acid metabolism should be widely studied to understand the complex pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The discovery of new biomarkers would be important for diagnosis and staging of liver disease as well as for the assessment of efficacy of new drugs. Here, we review the metabolomics data regarding nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. We analyzed the main studies regarding the application of metabolomics methodology in the complex context of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, trying to create a bridge from the basic to the clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gitto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
- Research Centre for the Study of Hepatitis, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Filippo Schepis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Pietro Andreone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
- Research Centre for the Study of Hepatitis, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Erica Villa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy.
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20
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Cuykx M, Claes L, Rodrigues RM, Vanhaecke T, Covaci A. Metabolomics profiling of steatosis progression in HepaRG ® cells using sodium valproate. Toxicol Lett 2018; 286:22-30. [PMID: 29355688 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a frequently encountered Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI). Although this stage of the disease is reversible, it can lead to irreversible damage provoked by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis. Therefore, the assessment of NAFLD is a paramount objective in toxicological screenings of new drug candidates. In this study, a metabolomic fingerprint of NAFLD induced in HepaRG® cells at four dosing schemes by a reference toxicant, sodium valproate (NaVPA), was obtained using liquid-liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography and accurate mass-mass spectrometry (LC-AM/MS). The combination of a strict design of experiment with a robust detection method, applied on sodium valproate, validated the possibilities of untargeted metabolomics in hepatic toxicological research. Distinctive patterns between exposed and control cells were consistently observed, multivariate analyses selected up to 200 features of interest, revealing hallmark NAFLD-biomarkers, such as diacylglycerol and triglyceride accumulation and carnitine deficiency. Initial toxic responses show increased levels of S-adenosylmethionine and mono-acetylspermidine in combination with only a moderate increase in triglycerides. New specific markers of toxicity have been observed, such as spermidines, creatine, and acetylcholine. The described design of experiment provides a valuable metabolomics platform for mechanistic research of toxicological hazards and identified new markers for steatotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Cuykx
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Leen Claes
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Robim M Rodrigues
- Research group In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Research group In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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21
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Li Y, Luo Z, Wu X, Zhu J, Yu K, Jin Y, Zhang Z, Zhao S, Zhou L. Proteomic Analyses of Cysteine Redox in High-Fat-Fed and Fasted Mouse Livers: Implications for Liver Metabolic Homeostasis. J Proteome Res 2017; 17:129-140. [PMID: 29098862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intensive oxidative stress occurs during high-fat-diet-induced hepatic fat deposition, suggesting a critical role for redox signaling in liver metabolism. Intriguingly, evidence shows that fasting could also result in redox-profile changes largely through reduced oxidant or increased antioxidant levels. However, a comprehensive landscape of redox-modified hepatic substrates is lacking, thereby hindering our understanding of liver metabolic homeostasis. We employed a proteomic approach combining iodoacetyl tandem mass tag and nanoliquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to quantitatively probe the effects of high-fat feeding and fasting on in vivo redox-based cysteine modifications. Compared with control groups, ∼60% of cysteine residues exhibited downregulated oxidation ratios by fasting, whereas ∼94% of these ratios were upregulated by high-fat feeding. Importantly, in fasted livers, proteins exhibiting diminished cysteine oxidation were annotated in pathways associated with fatty acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, insulin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and oxidative respiratory chain signaling, suggesting that fasting-induced redox changes targeted major metabolic pathways and consequently resulted in hepatic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University , Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Zupeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University , Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Xilong Wu
- Jingjie PTM Biolab Co. Ltd. , Hangzhou Economic and Technological Development Area, Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Jingjie PTM Biolab Co. Ltd. , Hangzhou Economic and Technological Development Area, Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
| | - Kai Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University , Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Yi Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University , Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University , Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University , Nanning 530004, P.R. China
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22
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Multivariate statistical analysis of metabolomics profiles in tissues of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Southern and Western Hudson Bay subpopulations. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Dong S, Zhan ZY, Cao HY, Wu C, Bian YQ, Li JY, Cheng GH, Liu P, Sun MY. Urinary metabolomics analysis identifies key biomarkers of different stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:2771-2784. [PMID: 28487615 PMCID: PMC5403757 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i15.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify a panel of biomarkers that can distinguish between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and explore molecular mechanism involved in the process of developing NASH from NAFLD.
METHODS Biomarkers may differ during stages of NAFLD. Urine and blood were obtained from non-diabetic subjects with NAFLD and steatosis, with normal liver function (n = 33), from patients with NASH, with abnormal liver function (n = 45), and from healthy age and sex-matched controls (n = 30). Samples were subjected to metabolomic analysis to identify potential non-invasive biomarkers. Differences in urinary metabolic profiles were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminate analysis.
RESULTS Compared with NAFLD patients, patients with NASH had abnormal liver function and high serum lipid concentrations. Urinary metabonomics found differences in 31 metabolites between these two groups, including differences in nucleic acids and amino acids. Pathway analysis based on overlapping metabolites showed that pathways of energy and amino acid metabolism, as well as the pentose phosphate pathway, were closely associated with pathological processes in NAFLD and NASH.
CONCLUSION These findings suggested that a panel of biomarkers could distinguish between NAFLD and NASH, and could help to determine the molecular mechanism involved in the process of developing NASH from NAFLD. Urinary biomarkers may be diagnostic in these patients and could be used to assess responses to therapeutic interventions.
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Hoene M, Li J, Li Y, Runge H, Zhao X, Häring HU, Lehmann R, Xu G, Weigert C. Muscle and liver-specific alterations in lipid and acylcarnitine metabolism after a single bout of exercise in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22218. [PMID: 26916151 PMCID: PMC4768182 DOI: 10.1038/srep22218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular lipid pools are highly dynamic and tissue-specific. Physical exercise is a strong physiologic modulator of lipid metabolism, but most studies focus on changes induced by long-term training. To assess the acute effects of endurance exercise, mice were subjected to one hour of treadmill running, and (13)C16-palmitate was applied to trace fatty acid incorporation in soleus and gastrocnemius muscle and liver. The amounts of carnitine, FFA, lysophospholipids and diacylglycerol and the post-exercise increase in acetylcarnitine were pronouncedly higher in soleus than in gastrocnemius. In the liver, exercise increased the content of lysophospholipids, plasmalogens and carnitine as well as transcript levels of the carnitine transporter. (13)C16-palmitate was detectable in several lipid and acylcarnitine species, with pronounced levels of tracer-derived palmitoylcarnitine in both muscles and a strikingly high incorporation into triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine in the liver. These data illustrate the high lipid storing activity of the liver immediately after exercise whereas in muscle, fatty acids are directed towards oxidation. The observed muscle-specific differences accentuate the need for single-muscle analyses as well as careful consideration of the particular muscle employed when studying lipid metabolism in mice. In addition, our results reveal that lysophospholipids and plasmalogens, potential lipid signalling molecules, are acutely regulated by physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoene
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Heike Runge
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Diabetology, Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Diabetology, Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Guowang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Cora Weigert
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Diabetology, Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
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25
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Janssens S, Jonkers RAM, Groen AK, Nicolay K, van Loon LJC, Prompers JJ. Effects of acute exercise on lipid content and dietary lipid uptake in liver and skeletal muscle of lean and diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E874-83. [PMID: 26419590 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00292.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with ectopic lipid accumulation. Physical activity improves insulin sensitivity, but the impact of exercise on lipid handling in insulin-resistant tissues remains to be elucidated. The present study characterizes the effects of acute exercise on lipid content and dietary lipid partitioning in liver and skeletal muscle of lean and diabetic rats by use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). After baseline measurements, rats were randomized to exercise or no-exercise groups. A subset of animals was subjected to MRS directly after 1 h of treadmill running for measurement of total intrahepatocellular lipid (IHCL) and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content (n=7 lean and diabetic rats). The other animals were administered 13C-labeled lipids orally after treadmill visit (with or without exercise) followed by MRS measurements after 4 and 24 h to determine the 13C enrichment of IHCL and IMCL (n=8 per group). Total IHCL and IMCL content were fivefold higher in diabetic vs. lean rats (P<0.001). Exercise did not significantly affect IHCL content but reduced IMCL by 25±7 and 33±4% in lean and diabetic rats (P<0.05), respectively. Uptake of dietary lipids in liver and muscle was 2.3-fold greater in diabetic vs. lean rats (P<0.05). Prior exercise did not significantly modulate dietary lipid uptake into muscle, but in liver of both lean and diabetic rats, lipid uptake was 44% reduced after acute exercise (P<0.05). In conclusion, IMCL but not IHCL represents a viable substrate source during exercise in both lean and diabetic rats, and exercise differentially affects dietary lipid uptake in muscle and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Janssens
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A M Jonkers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine J Prompers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
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PPARα Is Required for PPARδ Action in Regulation of Body Weight and Hepatic Steatosis in Mice. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:927057. [PMID: 26604919 PMCID: PMC4641930 DOI: 10.1155/2015/927057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors alpha (PPARα) and delta (PPARδ) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. PPARα is a target of well established lipid-lowering drugs. PPARδ (also known as PPARβ/δ) has been investigated as a promising antidiabetic drug target; however, the evidence in the literature on PPARδ effect on hepatic lipid metabolism is inconsistent. Mice conditionally expressing human PPARδ demonstrated pronounced weight loss and promoted hepatic steatosis when treated with GW501516 (PPARδ-agonist) when compared to wild type mice. This effect was completely absent in mice with either a dominant negative form of PPARδ or deletion of the DNA binding domain of PPARδ. This confirmed the absolute requirement for PPARδ in the physiological actions of GW501516 and confirmed the potential utility against the human form of this receptor. Surprisingly the genetic deletion of PPARα also abrogated the effect of GW501516 in terms of both weight loss and hepatic lipid accumulation. Also the levels of the PPARα endogenous agonist 16:0/18:1-GPC were shown to be modulated by PPARδ in wild type mice. Our results show that both PPARδ and PPARα receptors are essential for GW501516-driven adipose tissue reduction and subsequently hepatic steatosis, with PPARα working downstream of PPARδ.
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27
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Willebrords J, Pereira IVA, Maes M, Crespo Yanguas S, Colle I, Van Den Bossche B, Da Silva TC, de Oliveira CPMS, Andraus W, Alves VA, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Strategies, models and biomarkers in experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease research. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 59:106-25. [PMID: 26073454 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease encompasses a spectrum of liver diseases, including simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is currently the most dominant chronic liver disease in Western countries due to the fact that hepatic steatosis is associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome and drug-induced injury. A variety of chemicals, mainly drugs, and diets is known to cause hepatic steatosis in humans and rodents. Experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease models rely on the application of a diet or the administration of drugs to laboratory animals or the exposure of hepatic cell lines to these drugs. More recently, genetically modified rodents or zebrafish have been introduced as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease models. Considerable interest now lies in the discovery and development of novel non-invasive biomarkers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, with specific focus on hepatic steatosis. Experimental diagnostic biomarkers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, such as (epi)genetic parameters and '-omics'-based read-outs are still in their infancy, but show great promise. In this paper, the array of tools and models for the study of liver steatosis is discussed. Furthermore, the current state-of-art regarding experimental biomarkers such as epigenetic, genetic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabonomic biomarkers will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Isabel Veloso Alves Pereira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Isabelle Colle
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Campus Aalst, Merestraat 80, 9300 Aalst, Belgium.
| | - Bert Van Den Bossche
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Campus Aalst, Merestraat 80, 9300 Aalst, Belgium.
| | - Tereza Cristina Da Silva
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Wellington Andraus
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Venâncio Avancini Alves
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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van Lith HA, Laarakker MC, Lozeman-van't Klooster JG, Ohl F. Chromosomal assignment of quantitative trait loci influencing baseline circulating total cholesterol level in male laboratory mice: report of a consomic strain survey and comparison with published results. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:128. [PMID: 25889519 PMCID: PMC4404604 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An important risk for atherosclerosis is a low level of HDL cholesterol. Baseline HDL cholesterol is under complex genetic and environmental control. Here we report on results of male mice from a consomic strain survey and the parental inbred strains for baseline circulating total cholesterol concentration, which is almost the same as HDL cholesterol in chow fed mice. The consomic strains have been derived from C57BL/6J (host strain) and A/J (donor strain) inbred lines. The work contributes to the value of the mouse as an animal model for studying the genetic background of differences in baseline circulating total and HDL cholesterol levels. Results The consomic strain survey suggested that mouse chromosomes 1, 7, 9, 14, 16, 17, 19, X, and Y contained at least one quantitative trait locus that is involved in baseline circulating total cholesterol concentration. All consomic lines, for which there is evidence that the substituted chromosome contains a quantitative trait locus, increase compared to the host strain baseline circulating total cholesterol concentration. Since there is evidence that ‘body weight’, ‘age at blood sampling’, ‘time of the day blood was collected’, and ‘season’ influence this phenotype, additional statistical analyses (with these variables as covariates) were performed. Now there is only evidence for quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 1, 8, 12, and Y. Taken the present results together with previous consomic strain surveys there is evidence that all mouse chromosomes carry quantitative trait loci that control baseline circulating total cholesterol levels. There was however little agreement between the present consomic strain results and previous sets of data. This might be explained by seasonal effects and differences in methodological variables such as age of the mice, fasting versus non-fasting, percentage of dietary fat, unanesthetized versus anesthetized mice, and the daily light–dark cycle. Conclusions The present findings, when compared with previous consomic strain surveys, clearly illustrate the complexity of the genetic-environmental architecture for the regulation of baseline circulating total cholesterol levels in mice. Different data can be obtained from different labs and it underscores that animal geneticists should present as accurate a picture as possible of the laboratory mouse’s environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hein A van Lith
- Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, P.O. Box 80166, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marijke C Laarakker
- Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, P.O. Box 80166, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Current address: Boston Scientific Nederland B.V., Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - José G Lozeman-van't Klooster
- Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, P.O. Box 80166, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Frauke Ohl
- Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, P.O. Box 80166, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Li M, Wu T, Ji G, Zheng PY. Applications of metabolomics technology in traditional Chinese medicine treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1045-1051. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i7.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease and is related to many insulin resistance-related diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hypertensive disease, seriously threatening human health. Metabolomics focuses on understanding functional activities from an integrated perspective; it is similar to the holistic thinking of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Metabolomics in TCM is mainly applied to the prevention and diagnosis of diseases, classification of syndromes and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. In this article, we will review the applications of metabolomics technology in disease diagnosis, pathogenesis research, risk evaluation, syndrome classification and therapy of NAFLD based on TCM theory. Furthermore, we suggest that metabolomics could be used to provide a basis for TCM treatment of NAFLD.
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Huang Y, Liu X, Zhao L, Li F, Xiong Z. Kidney tissue targeted metabolic profiling of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and the proposed therapeutic effects of Rhizoma Drynariae studied using UHPLC/MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 28:878-84. [PMID: 24861758 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine and modern science have indicated that there is a close relationship between bone and kidney. In light of this, this project was designed to study the metabolic profiling by UHPLC/MS/MS of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in kidney tissue and the possible therapeutic effects of Rhizoma Drynariae (RD), a classic traditional Chinese medicine, in improving the kidney function and strengthening bone. Twenty-one Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group (rats before prednisolone inducing), a model group (prednisolone-induced group) and a treatment group (prednisolone-induced rats that were then administered RD ethanol extracts). By using pattern recognition analysis, a significant change in the metabolic profile of kidney tissue samples was observed in the model group and restoration of the profile was observed after the administration of RD ethanol extracts. Some significantly changed biomarkers related to osteoporosis such as sphingolipids (C16 dihydrosphingosine, C18 dihydrosphingosine, C18 phytosphingosine, C20 phytosphingosine), lysophosphatidycholines (C16:0 LPC, C18:0 LPC) and phenylalanine were identified. As a complement to the metabolic profiling of RD in plasma, these biomarkers suggest that kidney damage, cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis exist in osteoporosis rats, which is helpful in further understanding the underlying process of glucocorticoid-induced osetoporosis and the suggested therapeutic effects of RD. The method shows that tissue target metabonomics might provide a powerful tool to further understand the process of disease and the mechanism of therapeutic effect of Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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31
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Li LO, Grevengoed TJ, Paul DS, Ilkayeva O, Koves TR, Pascual F, Newgard CB, Muoio DM, Coleman RA. Compartmentalized acyl-CoA metabolism in skeletal muscle regulates systemic glucose homeostasis. Diabetes 2015; 64:23-35. [PMID: 25071025 PMCID: PMC4274800 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The impaired capacity of skeletal muscle to switch between the oxidation of fatty acid (FA) and glucose is linked to disordered metabolic homeostasis. To understand how muscle FA oxidation affects systemic glucose, we studied mice with a skeletal muscle-specific deficiency of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL)1. ACSL1 deficiency caused a 91% loss of ACSL-specific activity and a 60-85% decrease in muscle FA oxidation. Acsl1(M-/-) mice were more insulin sensitive, and, during an overnight fast, their respiratory exchange ratio was higher, indicating greater glucose use. During endurance exercise, Acsl1(M-/-) mice ran only 48% as far as controls. At the time that Acsl1(M-/-) mice were exhausted but control mice continued to run, liver and muscle glycogen and triacylglycerol stores were similar in both genotypes; however, plasma glucose concentrations in Acsl1(M-/-) mice were ∼40 mg/dL, whereas glucose concentrations in controls were ∼90 mg/dL. Excess use of glucose and the likely use of amino acids for fuel within muscle depleted glucose reserves and diminished substrate availability for hepatic gluconeogenesis. Surprisingly, the content of muscle acyl-CoA at exhaustion was markedly elevated, indicating that acyl-CoAs synthesized by other ACSL isoforms were not available for β-oxidation. This compartmentalization of acyl-CoAs resulted in both an excessive glucose requirement and severely compromised systemic glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei O Li
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - David S Paul
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Timothy R Koves
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Florencia Pascual
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Deborah M Muoio
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
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Gu Q, Yang X, Lin L, Li S, Li Q, Zhong S, Peng J, Cui Z. Genetic ablation of solute carrier family 7a3a leads to hepatic steatosis in zebrafish during fasting. Hepatology 2014; 60:1929-41. [PMID: 25130427 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disorder caused by abnormal lipid metabolisms, such as reduced hepatic fatty acid oxidation (FAO), but intracellular control of FAO under physio- and pathological conditions remains largely undefined. Here, we demonstrate that deprivation of Slc7a3a leads to hepatic steatosis in fasted zebrafish as a result of defects in arginine-dependent nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Fast-induced hepatic steatosis in slc7a3a-null mutants can be rescued by treatments with NO donor, cyclic guanosine monophosphate analog, adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) agonist. In contrast, inhibitors of NO synthases, AMPK, or soluble guanylate cyclase and liver-specifically expressed dominant negatives of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha and PPAR-α are sufficient to induce hepatic steatosis in fasted wild-type larvae. Moreover, knockdown of Slc7a3 in mice or SLC7A3 in human liver cells impaired AMPK-PPAR-α signaling and resulted in lipid accumulation under fasting or glucose starvation, respectively. CONCLUSION These findings have revealed a NO-AMPK-PPAR-α-signaling pathway that is crucial for the control of hepatic FAO in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Integrated plasma and urine metabolomics coupled with HPLC/QTOF-MS and chemometric analysis on potential biomarkers in liver injury and hepatoprotective effects of Er-Zhi-Wan. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7367-78. [PMID: 25245419 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics techniques are the comprehensive assessment of endogenous metabolites in a biological system and may provide additional insight into the molecular mechanisms. Er-Zhi-Wan (EZW) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula, which contains Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) and Herba Ecliptae (HE). EZW is widely used to prevent and treat various liver injuries through the nourishment of the liver. However, the precise molecular mechanism of hepatoprotective effects has not been comprehensively explored. Here, an integrated metabolomics strategy was designed to assess the effects and possible mechanisms of EZW against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury, a commonly used model of both acute and chronic liver intoxication. High-performance chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/QTOF-MS) combined with chemometric approaches including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to discover differentiating metabolites in metabolomics data of rat plasma and urine. Results indicate six differentiating metabolites, tryptophan, sphinganine, tetrahydrocorticosterone, pipecolic acid, L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acid and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, in the positive mode. Functional pathway analysis revealed that the alterations in these metabolites were associated with tryptophan metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, lysine degradation, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and pentose phosphate pathway. Of note, EZW has a potential pharmacological effect, which might be through regulating multiple perturbed pathways to the normal state. Our findings also showed that the robust integrated metabolomics techniques are promising for identifying more biomarkers and pathways and helping to clarify the function mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Makovicky P, Tumova E, Volek Z, Makovicky P, Vodicka P. Histological aspects of the small intestine under variable feed restriction: The effects of short and intense restriction on a growing rabbit model. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1623-1627. [PMID: 25289070 PMCID: PMC4186336 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of seven days of feed restriction (between days 42 and 49) on the morphology of the small intestine in experimental rabbit models. Sixty weaned Hyplus rabbits (35 days old) were included in the experiment and split into three groups of 20 rabbits. The first control group (n=20) received feed ad libitum (ADL group), the second (R1) experimental group (n=20) was fed 50 g feed per rabbit per day and the third (R2) experimental group (n=20) received 65 g feed per rabbit per day. Duodenal samples were collected when the rabbits were aged 49, 56, 63 and 70 days. The mean villus height, crypt depth and small intestine length were measured. Significant interactions (P<0.001) between group and age were identified in the villi height and crypt depths. The maximum mean villus height was found in the R2 group in 56-day-old rabbits (643.14 μm), while the minimum was found in the ADL group in 49-day-old rabbits (460.29 μm). The longest (P<0.001) small intestine was measured in the R1 group in 63-day-old rabbits (347.60 cm), while the shortest was measured in the ADL group in 49-day-old rabbits (263.60 cm). The models show that villus height, crypt depth and the length of the small intestine change with the intensity of feed restriction and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Makovicky
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Komarno, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Tumova
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Volek
- Laboratory of Physiology of Nutrition and Quality of Animal Product, Institute of Animal Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Makovicky
- Department of Biology, Selye Janos University, Komarno, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Mushtaq MY, Choi YH, Verpoorte R, Wilson EG. Extraction for metabolomics: access to the metabolome. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2014; 25:291-306. [PMID: 24523261 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The value of information obtained from a metabolomic study depends on how much of the metabolome is present in analysed samples. Thus, only a comprehensive and reproducible extraction method will provide reliable data because the metabolites that will be measured are those that were extracted and all conclusions will be built around this information. OBJECTIVE To discuss the efficiency and reliability of available sample pre-treatment methods and their application in different fields of metabolomics. METHODS The review has three sections: the first deals with pre-extraction techniques, the second discusses the choice of extraction solvents and their main features and the third includes a brief description of the most used extraction techniques: microwave-assisted extraction, solid-phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, Soxhlet and a new method developed in our laboratory--the comprehensive extraction method. RESULTS Examination of over 200 studies showed that sample collection, homogenisation, grinding and storage could affect the yield and reproducibility of results. They also revealed that apart from the solvent used for extraction, the extraction techniques have a decisive role on the metabolites available for analysis. CONCLUSION It is essential to evaluate efficacy and reproducibility of sample pre-treatment as a first step to ensure the reliability of a metabolomic study. Among the reviewed methods, the comprehensive extraction method appears to provide a promising approach for extracting diverse types of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Yahya Mushtaq
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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The metabolomic window into hepatobiliary disease. J Hepatol 2013; 59:842-58. [PMID: 23714158 PMCID: PMC4095886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The emergent discipline of metabolomics has attracted considerable research effort in hepatology. Here we review the metabolomic data for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), hepatitis B and C, cholecystitis, cholestasis, liver transplantation, and acute hepatotoxicity in animal models. A metabolomic window has permitted a view into the changing biochemistry occurring in the transitional phases between a healthy liver and hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma. Whether provoked by obesity and diabetes, alcohol use or oncogenic viruses, the liver develops a core metabolomic phenotype (CMP) that involves dysregulation of bile acid and phospholipid homeostasis. The CMP commences at the transition between the healthy liver (Phase 0) and NAFLD/NASH, ALD or viral hepatitis (Phase 1). This CMP is maintained in the presence or absence of cirrhosis (Phase 2) and whether or not either HCC or CCA (Phase 3) develops. Inflammatory signalling in the liver triggers the appearance of the CMP. Many other metabolomic markers distinguish between Phases 0, 1, 2 and 3. A metabolic remodelling in HCC has been described but metabolomic data from all four Phases demonstrate that the Warburg shift from mitochondrial respiration to cytosolic glycolysis foreshadows HCC and may occur as early as Phase 1. The metabolic remodelling also involves an upregulation of fatty acid β-oxidation, also beginning in Phase 1. The storage of triglycerides in fatty liver provides high energy-yielding substrates for Phases 2 and 3 of liver pathology. The metabolomic window into hepatobiliary disease sheds new light on the systems pathology of the liver.
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Zhang YL, Guo H, Zhang CS, Lin SY, Yin Z, Peng Y, Luo H, Shi Y, Lian G, Zhang C, Li M, Ye Z, Ye J, Han J, Li P, Wu JW, Lin SC. AMP as a low-energy charge signal autonomously initiates assembly of AXIN-AMPK-LKB1 complex for AMPK activation. Cell Metab 2013; 18:546-55. [PMID: 24093678 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of metabolic homeostasis by sensing cellular energy status. AMPK is mainly activated via phosphorylation by LKB1 when cellular AMP/ADP levels are increased. However, how AMP/ADP brings about AMPK phosphorylation remains unclear. Here, we show that it is AMP, but not ADP, that drives AXIN to directly tether LKB1 to phosphorylate AMPK. The complex formation of AXIN-AMPK-LKB1 is greatly enhanced in glucose-starved or AICAR-treated cells and in cell-free systems supplemented with exogenous AMP. Depletion of AXIN abrogated starvation-induced AMPK-LKB1 colocalization. Importantly, adenovirus-based knockdown of AXIN in the mouse liver impaired AMPK activation and caused exacerbated fatty liver after starvation, underscoring an essential role of AXIN in AMPK activation. These findings demonstrate an initiating role of AMP and demonstrate that AXIN directly transmits AMP binding of AMPK to its activation by LKB1, uncovering the mechanistic route for AMP to elicit AMPK activation by LKB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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van der Greef J, van Wietmarschen H, van Ommen B, Verheij E. Looking back into the future: 30 years of metabolomics at TNO. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:399-415. [PMID: 23630115 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites have played an essential role in our understanding of life, health, and disease for thousands of years. This domain became much more important after the concept of metabolism was discovered. In the 1950s, mass spectrometry was coupled to chromatography and made the technique more application-oriented and allowed the development of new profiling technologies. Since 1980, TNO has performed system-based metabolic profiling of body fluids, and combined with pattern recognition has led to many discoveries and contributed to the field known as metabolomics and systems biology. This review describes the development of related concepts and applications at TNO in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, nutritional, and microbiological fields, and provides an outlook for the future.
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Chen S, Hoene M, Li J, Li Y, Zhao X, Häring HU, Schleicher ED, Weigert C, Xu G, Lehmann R. Simultaneous extraction of metabolome and lipidome with methyl tert-butyl ether from a single small tissue sample for ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1298:9-16. [PMID: 23743007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A common challenge for scientists working with animal tissue or human biopsy samples is the limitation of material and consequently, the difficulty to perform comprehensive metabolic profiling within one experiment. Here, we present a novel approach to simultaneously perform targeted and non-targeted metabolomics as well as lipidomics from one small piece of liver or muscle tissue by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS) following a methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)-based extraction. Equal relative amounts of the resulting polar and non-polar fractions were pooled, evaporated and reconstituted in the appropriate solvent for UHPLC/MS analysis. This mix was comparable or superior in yield and reproducibility to a standard 80% methanol extraction for the profiling of polar and lipophilic metabolites (free carnitine, acylcarnitines and FFA). The mix was also suitable for non-targeted metabolomics, an easy measure to increase the metabolite coverage by 30% relative to using the polar fraction alone. Lipidomics was performed from an aliquot of the non-polar fraction. This novel strategy could successfully be applied to one mouse soleus muscle with a dry weight of merely 2.5 mg. By enabling a simultaneous profiling of lipids and metabolites with mixed polarity while saving material for molecular, biochemical or histological analyses, our approach may open up new perspectives toward a comprehensive investigation of small, valuable tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shili Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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Fardet A, Chardigny JM. Plant-Based Foods as a Source of Lipotropes for Human Nutrition: A Survey of In Vivo Studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:535-90. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.549596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sim EH, Kwon JH, Kim SY, Jung SM, Maeng LS, Jang JW, Chung KW. Severe steatohepatitis with hepatic decompensation resulting from malnutrition after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Clin Mol Hepatol 2012; 18:404-10. [PMID: 23323257 PMCID: PMC3540378 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2012.18.4.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common finding related to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is obesity, but a status of severe malnutrition can also induce the steatohepatitis. The authors report a rare case of steatohepatitis leading to hepatic decompensation caused by malnutrition after pancreaticoduodenectomy. A 68-year-old female patient who had been previously diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy 5 months previously presented with abdominal distension. Routine CT performed 3 months after the surgery revealed severe fatty liver without evidence of tumor recurrence. After undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy her food intake had reduced, and as a result she had lost 7 kg of body weight over 2 months. At this admission, CT revealed moderate amounts of ascites without tumor recurrence. Furthermore, her albumin and lipid profile levels were markedly decreased, and she had a flapping tremor and slurred speech suggestive of hepatic encephalopathy. Her liver biopsy findings were consistent with steatohepatitis and disclosed macrovesicular steatosis without definite fibrosis. After careful nutritional control, her symptoms disappeared and her laboratory findings improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hui Sim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Chitraju C, Trötzmüller M, Hartler J, Wolinski H, Thallinger GG, Lass A, Zechner R, Zimmermann R, Köfeler HC, Spener F. Lipidomic analysis of lipid droplets from murine hepatocytes reveals distinct signatures for nutritional stress. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2141-2152. [PMID: 22872753 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m028902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver steatosis can be induced by fasting or high-fat diet. We investigated by lipidomic analysis whether such metabolic states are reflected in the lipidome of hepatocyte lipid droplets (LDs) from mice fed normal chow diet (FED), fasted (FAS), or fed a high-fat diet (HFD). LC-MS/MS at levels of lipid species profiles and of lipid molecular species uncovered a FAS phenotype of LD enriched in triacylglycerol (TG) molecular species with very long-chain (VLC)-PUFA residues and an HFD phenotype with less unsaturated TG species in addition to characteristic lipid marker species. Nutritional stress did not result in dramatic structural alterations in diacylglycerol (DG) and phospholipid (PL) classes. Moreover, molecular species of bulk TG and of DG indicated concomitant de novo TG synthesis and lipase-catalyzed degradation to be active in LDs. DG species with VLC-PUFA residues would be preferred precursors for phosphatidylcholine (PC) species, the others for TG molecular species. In addition, molecular species of PL classes fitted the hepatocyte Kennedy and phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase pathways. We demonstrate that lipidomic analysis of LDs enables phenotyping of nutritional stress. TG species are best suited for such phenotyping, whereas structural analysis of TG, DG, and PL molecular species provides metabolic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramohan Chitraju
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Trötzmüller
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jürgen Hartler
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Graz University of Technology, and Core Facility Bioinformatics, Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard G Thallinger
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Graz University of Technology, and Core Facility Bioinformatics, Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald C Köfeler
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Friedrich Spener
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Kotarsky H, Keller M, Davoudi M, Levéen P, Karikoski R, Enot DP, Fellman V. Metabolite profiles reveal energy failure and impaired beta-oxidation in liver of mice with complex III deficiency due to a BCS1L mutation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41156. [PMID: 22829922 PMCID: PMC3400604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Liver is a target organ in many mitochondrial disorders, especially if the complex III assembly factor BCS1L is mutated. To reveal disease mechanism due to such mutations, we have produced a transgenic mouse model with c.232A>G mutation in Bcs1l, the causative mutation for GRACILE syndrome. The homozygous mice develop mitochondrial hepatopathy with steatosis and fibrosis after weaning. Our aim was to assess cellular mechanisms for disease onset and progression using metabolomics. Methods With mass spectrometry we analyzed metabolite patterns in liver samples obtained from homozygotes and littermate controls of three ages. As oxidative stress might be a mechanism for mitochondrial hepatopathy, we also assessed H2O2 production and expression of antioxidants. Results Homozygotes had a similar metabolic profile at 14 days of age as controls, with the exception of slightly decreased AMP. At 24 days, when hepatocytes display first histopathological signs, increases in succinate, fumarate and AMP were found associated with impaired glucose turnover and beta-oxidation. At end stage disease after 30 days, these changes were pronounced with decreased carbohydrates, high levels of acylcarnitines and amino acids, and elevated biogenic amines, especially putrescine. Signs of oxidative stress were present in end-stage disease. Conclusions The findings suggest an early Krebs cycle defect with increases of its intermediates, which might play a role in disease onset. During disease progression, carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism deteriorate leading to a starvation-like condition. The mouse model is valuable for further investigations on mechanisms in mitochondrial hepatopathy and for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Kotarsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Keller
- Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Mina Davoudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Levéen
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Riitta Karikoski
- Central Pathology Laboratory, Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David P. Enot
- Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Vineta Fellman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Bertram HC, Larsen LB, Chen X, Jeppesen PB. Impact of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on liver metabolism studied in a rat model with a systems biology approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:676-684. [PMID: 22224854 DOI: 10.1021/jf203994k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the use of an integrated metabolomics and proteomics approach in the elucidation of diet-induced effects on hepatic metabolism in a rat model. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics of liver extracts revealed a pronounced effect of a high-fat diet on the hepatic betaine content, whereas a carbohydrate-rich diet induced increases in hepatic glucose. In addition, the metabolomic investigations revealed that the high-fat diet was associated with increased hepatic lipid levels, which was not evident with the carbohydrate-rich diet. The proteomic investigations revealed strong high-fat diet effects on the expression of 186 proteins in the liver including malate dehydrogenase. Comparison of malate dehydrogenase expression determined by proteomics and NMR metabolite profiles revealed correlations between malate dehydrogenase and lactate, glucose, and glutamine/glutamate signals, thereby demonstrating a diet-induced regulation that was evident at both proteomic and metabolomic levels.
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YODER CA, MAYLE BA, FURCOLOW CA, COWAN DP, FAGERSTONE KA. Feeding of grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) with the contraceptive agent DiazaCon™: effect on cholesterol, hematology, and blood chemistry. Integr Zool 2011; 6:409-19. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2011.00247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tan Y, Yin P, Tang L, Xing W, Huang Q, Cao D, Zhao X, Wang W, Lu X, Xu Z, Wang H, Xu G. Metabolomics study of stepwise hepatocarcinogenesis from the model rats to patients: potential biomarkers effective for small hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 11:M111.010694. [PMID: 22084000 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.010694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to find the potential biomarkers from the rat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) disease model by using a non-target metabolomics method, and test their usefulness in early human HCC diagnosis. The serum metabolic profiling of the diethylnitrosamine-induced rat HCC model, which presents a stepwise histopathological progression that is similar to human HCC, was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Multivariate data analysis methods were utilized to identify the potential biomarkers. Three metabolites, taurocholic acid, lysophosphoethanolamine 16:0, and lysophosphatidylcholine 22:5, were defined as "marker metabolites," which can be used to distinguish the different stages of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. These metabolites represented the abnormal metabolism during the progress of hepatocarcinogenesis, which could also be found in patients. To test their diagnosis potential 412 sera from 262 patients with HCC, 76 patients with cirrhosis and 74 patients with chronic hepatitis B were collected and studied, it was found that 3 marker metabolites were effective for the discrimination of small liver tumor (solitary nodules of less than 2 cm in diameter) patients, achieved a sensitivity of 80.5% and a specificity of 80.1%,which is better than those of α-fetoprotein (53 and 64%, respectively). Moreover, they were also effective for the discrimination of all HCCs and chronic liver disease patients, which could achieve a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 72.3%, better than those of α-fetoprotein (61.2 and 64%). These results indicate metabolomics method has the potential of finding biomarkers for the early diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yexiong Tan
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Gorden DL, Ivanova PT, Myers DS, McIntyre JO, VanSaun MN, Wright JK, Matrisian LM, Brown HA. Increased diacylglycerols characterize hepatic lipid changes in progression of human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; comparison to a murine model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22775. [PMID: 21857953 PMCID: PMC3153459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and progression to cirrhosis. While differences in liver lipids between disease states have been reported, precise composition of phospholipids and diacylglycerols (DAG) at a lipid species level has not been previously described. The goal of this study was to characterize changes in lipid species through progression of human NAFLD using advanced lipidomic technology and compare this with a murine model of early and advanced NAFLD. Methods Utilizing mass spectrometry lipidomics, over 250 phospholipid and diacylglycerol species (DAGs) were identified in normal and diseased human and murine liver extracts. Results Significant differences between phospholipid composition of normal and diseased livers were demonstrated, notably among DAG species, consistent with previous reports that DAG transferases are involved in the progression of NAFLD and liver fibrosis. In addition, a novel phospholipid species (ether linked phosphatidylinositol) was identified in human cirrhotic liver extracts. Conclusions Using parallel lipidomics analysis of murine and human liver tissues it was determined that mice maintained on a high-fat diet provide a reproducible model of NAFLD in regards to specificity of lipid species in the liver. These studies demonstrated that novel lipid species may serve as markers of advanced liver disease and importantly, marked increases in DAG species are a hallmark of NAFLD. Elevated DAGs may contribute to altered triglyceride, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) levels characteristic of the disease and specific DAG species might be important lipid signaling molecules in the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lee Gorden
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.
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Sample preparation prior to the LC–MS-based metabolomics/metabonomics of blood-derived samples. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:1647-61. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood represents a very important biological fluid and has been the target of continuous and extensive research for diagnostic, or health and drug monitoring reasons. Recently, metabonomics/metabolomics have emerged as a new and promising ‘omics’ platform that shows potential in biomarker discovery, especially in areas such as disease diagnosis, assessment of drug efficacy or toxicity. Blood is collected in various establishments in conditions that are not standardized. Next, the samples are prepared and analyzed using different methodologies or tools. When targeted analysis of key molecules (e.g., a drug or its metabolite[s]) is the aim, enforcement of certain measures or additional analyses may correct and harmonize these discrepancies. In omics fields such as those performed by holistic analytical approaches, no such rules or tools are available. As a result, comparison or correlation of results or data fusion becomes impractical. However, it becomes evident that such obstacles should be overcome in the near future to allow for large-scale studies that involve the assaying of samples from hundreds of individuals. In this case the effect of sample handling and preparation becomes very serious, in order to avoid wasting months of work from experts and expensive instrument time. The present review aims to cover the different methodologies applied to the pretreatment of blood prior to LC–MS metabolomic/metabonomic studies. The article tries to critically compare the methods and highlight issues that need to be addressed.
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Overexpression of gankyrin induces liver steatosis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:536-48. [PMID: 21722753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gankyrin is a small ankyrin-repeat protein that previous research has confirmed to be overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although relevant literature has reported on gankyrin functions in cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis, the exact role of gankyrin is poorly understood in animal model systems. This study analyzed hepatic lipid accumulation in gankyrin transgenic (GK) zebrafish. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells were predominantly increased in the liver bud of GK larvae, indicating that gankyrin functionally promoted cell proliferation at the larval stage in GK fish. However, over 90% of the viable GK adults showed an increased lipid content, leading in turn to liver steatosis. Liver histology and oil red O staining also indicated the accumulation of fatty droplets in GK fish, consistent with the specific pathological features of severe steatosis. Molecular analysis revealed that gankyrin overexpression induced hepatic steatosis and modulated the expression profiles of four hepatic microRNAs, miR-16, miR-27b, miR-122, and miR-126, and 22 genes involved in lipid metabolism. Moreover, significantly increased hepatic cell apoptosis resulted in liver damage in GK adults, leading to liver failure and death after approximately 10months. This study is the first to report gankyrin as a potential link between microRNAs and liver steatosis in zebrafish.
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Hu C, Wei H, van den Hoek AM, Wang M, van der Heijden R, Spijksma G, Reijmers TH, Bouwman J, Wopereis S, Havekes LM, Verheij E, Hankemeier T, Xu G, van der Greef J. Plasma and liver lipidomics response to an intervention of rimonabant in ApoE*3Leiden.CETP transgenic mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19423. [PMID: 21611179 PMCID: PMC3096625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipids are known to play crucial roles in the development of life-style related risk factors such as obesity, dyslipoproteinemia, hypertension and diabetes. The first selective cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant, an anorectic anti-obesity drug, was frequently used in conjunction with diet and exercise for patients with a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2 with associated risk factors such as type II diabetes and dyslipidaemia in the past. Less is known about the impact of this drug on the regulation of lipid metabolism in plasma and liver in the early stage of obesity. Methodology/Principal Findings We designed a four-week parallel controlled intervention on apolipoprotein E3 Leiden cholesteryl ester transfer protein (ApoE*3Leiden.CETP) transgenic mice with mild overweight and hypercholesterolemia. A liquid chromatography–linear ion trap-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometric approach was employed to investigate plasma and liver lipid responses to the rimonabant intervention. Rimonabant was found to induce a significant body weight loss (9.4%, p<0.05) and a significant plasma total cholesterol reduction (24%, p<0.05). Six plasma and three liver lipids in ApoE*3Leiden.CETP transgenic mice were detected to most significantly respond to rimonabant treatment. Distinct lipid patterns between the mice were observed for both plasma and liver samples in rimonabant treatment vs. non-treated controls. This study successfully applied, for the first time, systems biology based lipidomics approaches to evaluate treatment effects of rimonabant in the early stage of obesity. Conclusion The effects of rimonabant on lipid metabolism and body weight reduction in the early stage obesity were shown to be moderate in ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mice on high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Heng Wei
- Sino-Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mei Wang
- Sino-Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Zeist, The Netherlands
- SU BioMedicine, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van der Heijden
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Spijksma
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H. Reijmers
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jildau Bouwman
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elwin Verheij
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- Sino-Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Zeist, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (JvdG); (GX)
| | - Jan van der Greef
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Sino-Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Zeist, The Netherlands
- SU BioMedicine, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (JvdG); (GX)
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