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Crisci I, Bonzano S, Nicolas Z, Dallorto E, Peretto P, Krezel W, De Marchis S. Tamoxifen exerts direct and microglia-mediated effects preventing neuroinflammatory changes in the adult mouse hippocampal neurogenic niche. Glia 2024; 72:1273-1289. [PMID: 38515286 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Tamoxifen-inducible systems are widely used in research to control Cre-mediated gene deletion in genetically modified animals. Beyond Cre activation, tamoxifen also exerts off-target effects, whose consequences are still poorly addressed. Here, we investigated the impact of tamoxifen on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammatory responses, focusing on the neurogenic activity in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. We demonstrated that a four-day LPS treatment led to an increase in microglia, astrocytes and radial glial cells with concomitant reduction of newborn neurons. These effects were counteracted by a two-day tamoxifen pre-treatment. Through selective microglia depletion, we elucidated that both LPS and tamoxifen influenced astrogliogenesis via microglia mediated mechanisms, while the effects on neurogenesis persisted even in a microglia-depleted environment. Notably, changes in radial glial cells resulted from a combination of microglia-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Overall, our data reveal that tamoxifen treatment per se does not alter the balance between adult neurogenesis and astrogliogenesis but does modulate cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli exerting a protective role within the adult hippocampal neurogenic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Crisci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Sara Bonzano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Zinter Nicolas
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Eleonora Dallorto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Paolo Peretto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Wojciech Krezel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Silvia De Marchis
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
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2
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Vanderheiden A, Hill JD, Jiang X, Deppen B, Bamunuarachchi G, Soudani N, Joshi A, Cain MD, Boon ACM, Klein RS. Vaccination reduces central nervous system IL-1β and memory deficits after COVID-19 in mice. Nat Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41590-024-01868-z. [PMID: 38902519 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Up to 25% of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibit postacute cognitive sequelae. Although millions of cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-mediated memory dysfunction are accumulating worldwide, the underlying mechanisms and how vaccination lowers risk are unknown. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a key component of innate immune defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection, is elevated in the hippocampi of individuals with COVID-19. Here we show that intranasal infection of C57BL/6J mice with SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant leads to central nervous system infiltration of Ly6Chi monocytes and microglial activation. Accordingly, SARS-CoV-2, but not H1N1 influenza virus, increases levels of brain IL-1β and induces persistent IL-1R1-mediated loss of hippocampal neurogenesis, which promotes postacute cognitive deficits. Vaccination with a low dose of adenoviral-vectored spike protein prevents hippocampal production of IL-1β during breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection, loss of neurogenesis and subsequent memory deficits. Our study identifies IL-1β as one potential mechanism driving SARS-CoV-2-induced cognitive impairment in a new mouse model that is prevented by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Vanderheiden
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeremy D Hill
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiaoping Jiang
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ben Deppen
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gayan Bamunuarachchi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nadia Soudani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Astha Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew D Cain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western Institute of Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Lee BH, Cevizci M, Lieblich SE, Ibrahim M, Wen Y, Eid RS, Lamers Y, Duarte-Guterman P, Galea LAM. Exploring the parity paradox: Differential effects on neuroplasticity and inflammation by APOEe4 genotype at middle age. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:54-70. [PMID: 38772427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Female sex and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype are top non-modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although female-unique experiences like parity (pregnancy and motherhood) have positive effects on neuroplasticity at middle age, previous pregnancy may also contribute to AD risk. To explore these seemingly paradoxical long-term effects of parity, we investigated the impact of parity with APOEε4 genotype by examining behavioural and neural biomarkers of brain health in middle-aged female rats. Our findings show that primiparous (parous one time) hAPOEε4 rats display increased use of a non-spatial cognitive strategy and exhibit decreased number and recruitment of new-born neurons in the ventral dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in response to spatial working memory retrieval. Furthermore, primiparity and hAPOEε4 genotype synergistically modulate inflammatory markers in the ventral hippocampus. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that previous parity in hAPOEε4 rats confers an added risk to present with reduced activity and engagement of the hippocampus as well as elevated pro-inflammatory signaling, and underscore the importance of considering female-specific factors and genotype in health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie H Lee
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melike Cevizci
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie E Lieblich
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Muna Ibrahim
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yanhua Wen
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rand S Eid
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yvonne Lamers
- Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paula Duarte-Guterman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
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4
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Chang J, Jiang T, Shan X, Zhang M, Li Y, Qi X, Bian Y, Zhao L. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in stress-induced depression: Novel insights into mechanisms and promising therapeutic strategies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 131:110931. [PMID: 38176531 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Stress-mediated depression is one of the common psychiatric disorders with a high prevalence and suicide rate, there is a lack of effective treatment. Accordingly, effective treatments with few adverse effects are urgently needed. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) may play a key role in stress-mediated depression. Thereupon, both preclinical and clinical studies have found higher levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in peripheral blood and brain tissue of patients with depression. Recent studies have found PICs cause depression by affecting neuroinflammation, monoamine neurotransmitters, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and neuroplasticity. Moreover, they play an important role in the symptom, development and progression of depression, maybe a potential diagnostic and therapeutic marker of depression. In addition, well-established antidepressant therapies have some relief on high levels of PICs. Importantly, anti-inflammatory drugs relieve depressive symptoms by reducing levels of PICs. Collectively, reducing PICs may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Tingcan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yujiao Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121, China
| | - Yuhong Bian
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Lan Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China.
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5
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Anton PE, Rutt LN, Kaufman ML, Busquet N, Kovacs EJ, McCullough RL. Binge ethanol exposure in advanced age elevates neuroinflammation and early indicators of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in female mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:303-316. [PMID: 38151165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Binge drinking is rising among aged adults (>65 years of age), however the contribution of alcohol misuse to neurodegenerative disease development is not well understood. Both advanced age and repeated binge ethanol exposure increase neuroinflammation, which is an important component of neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. Surprisingly, the distinct effects of binge ethanol exposure on neuroinflammation and associated degeneration in the aged brain have not been well characterized. Here, we establish a model of intermittent binge ethanol exposure in young and aged female mice to investigate the effects of advanced age and binge ethanol on these outcomes. Following intermittent binge ethanol exposure, expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (tnf-α, il-1β, ccl2) was distinctly increased in isolated hippocampal tissue by the combination of advanced age and ethanol. Binge ethanol exposure also increased measures of senescence, the nod like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and microglia reactivity in the brains of aged mice compared to young. Binge ethanol exposure also promoted neuropathology in the hippocampus of aged mice, including tau hyperphosphorylation and neuronal death. We further identified advanced age-related deficits in contextual memory that were further negatively impacted by ethanol exposure. These data suggest binge drinking superimposed with advanced age promotes early markers of neurodegenerative disease development and cognitive decline, which may be driven by heightened neuroinflammatory responses to ethanol. Taken together, we propose this novel exposure model of intermittent binge ethanol can be used to identify therapeutic targets to prevent advanced age- and ethanol-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Anton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Alcohol Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lauren N Rutt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Alcohol Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael L Kaufman
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nicolas Busquet
- Animal Behavior and In Vivo Neurophysiology Core, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Division of GI Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Alcohol Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rebecca L McCullough
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Alcohol Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
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6
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Miron VV, Assmann CE, Mostardeiro VB, Bottari NB, Baldissarelli J, Reichert KP, da Silva AD, Castro MFV, de Jesus LB, da Silveira MV, Palma TV, Morsch VM, Cardoso AM, Schetinger MRC. Resistance physical exercise alleviates lipopolysaccharide-triggered neuroinflammation in cortex and hippocampus of rats via purinergic signaling. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:217-225. [PMID: 37890558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Resistance physical exercise has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on many known diseases and, therefore, it has been increasingly explored. The way in which this type of exercise exerts these actions is still under investigation. In this study, we aimed to analyze the enzymes and components of the purinergic system involved in the inflammatory process triggered by the P2X7R. Rats were divided into four groups: control, exercise (EX), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and EX + LPS. The animals in the exercise groups were subjected to a 12-week ladder-climbing resistance physical exercise and received LPS after the last session for sepsis induction. Enzymes activities (NTPDase, 5'-nucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase), purinoceptors' density (P2X7R, A1, and A2A), and the levels of inflammatory indicators (pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), Caspase-1, interleukin (IL)- 6, IL-1B, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α) were measured in the cortex and hippocampus of the animals. The results show that exercise prevented (in the both structures) the increase of: 1) nucleoside-triphosphatase (NTPDase) and 5'-nucleotidase activities; 2) P2X7R density; 3) NLRP3 and Caspase-1; and 4) IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α It is suggested that the purinergic system and the inflammatory pathway of P2X7R are of fundamental importance and influence the effects of resistance physical exercise on LPS-induced inflammation. Thus, the modulation of the P2X7R by resistance physical exercise offers new avenues for the management of inflammatory-related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Valéria Miron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vitor Bastianello Mostardeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Nathieli Bianchin Bottari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Institute of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), Brazil
| | - Jucimara Baldissarelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karine Paula Reichert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aniélen Dutra da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Milagros Fanny Vera Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Loren Borba de Jesus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcylene Vieira da Silveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tais Vidal Palma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Morsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andréia Machado Cardoso
- Undergraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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7
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Réus GZ, Manosso LM, Quevedo J, Carvalho AF. Major depressive disorder as a neuro-immune disorder: Origin, mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105425. [PMID: 37852343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Notwithstanding advances in understanding the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), no single mechanism can explain all facets of this disorder. An expanding body of evidence indicates a putative role for the inflammatory response. Several meta-analyses showed an increase in systemic peripheral inflammatory markers in individuals with MDD. Numerous conditions and circumstances in the modern world may promote chronic systemic inflammation through mechanisms, including alterations in the gut microbiota. Peripheral cytokines may reach the brain and contribute to neuroinflammation through cellular, humoral, and neural pathways. On the other hand, antidepressant drugs may decrease peripheral levels of inflammatory markers. Anti-inflammatory drugs and nutritional strategies that reduce inflammation also could improve depressive symptoms. The present study provides a critical review of recent advances in the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of MDD. Furthermore, this review discusses the role of glial cells and the main drivers of changes associated with neuroinflammation. Finally, we highlight possible novel neurotherapeutic targets for MDD that could exert antidepressant effects by modulating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Z Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - Luana M Manosso
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Wu A, Zhang J. Neuroinflammation, memory, and depression: new approaches to hippocampal neurogenesis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:283. [PMID: 38012702 PMCID: PMC10683283 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of most common and severe mental disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD) significantly increases the risks of premature death and other medical conditions for patients. Neuroinflammation is the abnormal immune response in the brain, and its correlation with MDD is receiving increasing attention. Neuroinflammation has been reported to be involved in MDD through distinct neurobiological mechanisms, among which the dysregulation of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus (HPC) is receiving increasing attention. The DG of the hippocampus is one of two niches for neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain, and neurotrophic factors are fundamental regulators of this neurogenesis process. The reported cell types involved in mediating neuroinflammation include microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, meningeal leukocytes, and peripheral immune cells which selectively penetrate the blood-brain barrier and infiltrate into inflammatory regions. This review summarizes the functions of the hippocampus affected by neuroinflammation during MDD progression and the corresponding influences on the memory of MDD patients and model animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbiao Wu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
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9
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Vanderheiden A, Hill J, Jiang X, Deppen B, Bamunuarachchi G, Soudani N, Joshi A, Cain MD, Boon ACM, Klein RS. Vaccination prevents IL-1β-mediated cognitive deficits after COVID-19. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3353171. [PMID: 37790551 PMCID: PMC10543322 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3353171/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Up to 25% of SARS-CoV-2 patients exhibit post-acute cognitive sequelae. Although millions of cases of COVID-19-mediated memory dysfunction are accumulating worldwide, the underlying mechanisms and how vaccination lowers risk are unknown. Interleukin-1, a key component of innate immune defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection, is elevated in the hippocampi of COVID-19 patients. Here we show that intranasal infection of C57BL/6J mice with SARS-CoV-2 beta variant, leads to CNS infiltration of Ly6Chi monocytes and microglial activation. Accordingly, SARS-CoV-2, but not H1N1 influenza virus, increases levels of brain IL-1β and induces persistent IL-1R1-mediated loss of hippocampal neurogenesis, which promotes post-acute cognitive deficits. Breakthrough infection after vaccination with a low dose of adenoviral vectored Spike protein prevents hippocampal production of IL-1β during breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection, loss of neurogenesis, and subsequent memory deficits. Our study identifies IL-1β as one potential mechanism driving SARS-CoV-2-induced cognitive impairment in a new murine model that is prevented by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Vanderheiden
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeremy Hill
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiaoping Jiang
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ben Deppen
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gayan Bamunuarachchi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nadia Soudani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Astha Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew D Cain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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10
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Gan C, Li W, Xu J, Pang L, Tang L, Yu S, Li A, Ge H, Huang R, Cheng H. Advances in the study of the molecular biological mechanisms of radiation-induced brain injury. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:3275-3299. [PMID: 37693137 PMCID: PMC10492106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the most commonly used treatments for head and neck cancers, but it often leads to radiation-induced brain injury. Patients with radiation-induced brain injury have a poorer quality of life, and no effective treatments are available. The pathogenesis of this condition is unknown. This review summarizes the molecular biological mechanism of radiation-induced brain injury and provides research directions for future studies. The molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced brain injury are diverse and complex. Radiation-induced chronic neuroinflammation, destruction of the blood-brain barrier, oxidative stress, neuronal damage, and physiopathological responses caused by specific exosome secretion lead to radiation-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lulian Pang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lingxue Tang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sheng Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Anlong Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Han Ge
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Runze Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huaidong Cheng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityShenzhen, Guangdong, China
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11
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Yan F, Meng X, Cheng X, Pei W, Chen Y, Chen L, Zheng M, Shi L, Zhu C, Zhang X. Potential role between inflammatory cytokines and Tie-2 receptor levels and clinical symptoms in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:538. [PMID: 37491201 PMCID: PMC10367336 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SCZ) is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which may be involved in the underlying pathological mechanism of the disease and may influence patient prognosis. We evaluated the differences in serum cytokine and Tie-2 receptor levels between patients with first-episode SCZ and healthy controls and explored the correlation thereof with clinical symptoms. METHODS Seventy-six participants were recruited for the present study, including 40 patients with first-episode SCZ and 36 healthy controls. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores, demographic data, and blood samples were collected at baseline. A hypersensitive Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) electrochemiluminescence assay system was used to measure cytokine and Tie-2 receptor levels. Spearman's correlation and stepwise linear regression were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Serum interleukin-1β and -4 levels were significantly increased, and Tie-2 levels were significantly decreased, in first-episode SCZ patients as compared to healthy controls. IL-1β levels were positively correlated with total BPRS scores, resistance subscores, and PANSS positive subscores. Furthermore, IL-1β levels were negatively correlated with Tie-2 receptor expression levels. Stepwise linear regression analysis demonstrated that IL-1β levels correlated positively with PANSS positive subscores and BPRS total scores. PANSS negative subscores, general psychopathology subscores, and PANSS total scores had positive effects on the Tie-2 receptor. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that IL-1β and Tie-2 were highly sensitive and specific for predicting first-episode SCZ symptoms and achieving an area under the ROC curve of 0.8361 and 0.6462, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results showed that patients with first-episode SCZ have low-grade inflammation. IL-1β and Tie-2 receptors may be important mediators between inflammation and vascular dysfunction in patients with SCZ and may underlie the increased cardiovascular disease in this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION The clinical trial registration date was 06/11/2018, registration number was chiCTR1800019343.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Yan
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei, 230022, China
- Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xiaojing Meng
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei, 230022, China
- Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xialong Cheng
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei, 230022, China
- Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Wenzhi Pei
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei, 230022, China
- Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Long Chen
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei, 230022, China
- Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei, 230022, China
- Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Li Shi
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Cuizhen Zhu
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Xulai Zhang
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230022, China.
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The Dialogue Between Neuroinflammation and Adult Neurogenesis: Mechanisms Involved and Alterations in Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:923-959. [PMID: 36383328 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs mainly in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. Evidence supports the critical role of adult neurogenesis in various conditions, including cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Several factors can alter adult neurogenesis, including genetic, epigenetic, age, physical activity, diet, sleep status, sex hormones, and central nervous system (CNS) disorders, exerting either pro-neurogenic or anti-neurogenic effects. Compelling evidence suggests that any insult or injury to the CNS, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), infectious diseases, or neurodegenerative disorders, can provoke an inflammatory response in the CNS. This inflammation could either promote or inhibit neurogenesis, depending on various factors, such as chronicity and severity of the inflammation and underlying neurological disorders. Notably, neuroinflammation, driven by different immune components such as activated glia, cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species, can regulate every step of adult neurogenesis, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival of newborn neurons, maturation, synaptogenesis, and neuritogenesis. Therefore, this review aims to present recent findings regarding the effects of various components of the immune system on adult neurogenesis and to provide a better understanding of the role of neuroinflammation and neurogenesis in the context of neurological disorders, including AD, PD, ischemic stroke (IS), seizure/epilepsy, TBI, sleep deprivation, cognitive impairment, and anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. For each disorder, some of the most recent therapeutic candidates, such as curcumin, ginseng, astragaloside, boswellic acids, andrographolide, caffeine, royal jelly, estrogen, metformin, and minocycline, have been discussed based on the available preclinical and clinical evidence.
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13
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Effect of Heat Stress on Hippocampal Neurogenesis: Insights into the Cellular and Molecular Basis of Neuroinflammation-Induced Deficits. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1-13. [PMID: 34767143 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is known to result in neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and disabilities in learning and memory in animals and humans. It has previously been reported that cognitive impairment caused by neuroinflammation may at least in part be mediated by defective hippocampal neurogenesis, and defective neurogenesis has been linked to aberrantly activated microglial cells. Moreover, the release of cytokines within the brain has been shown to contribute to the disruption of cognitive functions in several conditions following neuroinflammation. In this review, we summarize evolving evidence for the current understanding of inflammation-induced deficits in hippocampal neurogenesis, and the resulting behavioral impairments after heat stress. Furthermore, we provide valuable insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation-induced deficits in hippocampal neurogenesis, particularly relating to cognitive dysfunction following heat stress. Lastly, we aim to identify potential mechanisms through which neuroinflammation induces cognitive dysfunction, and elucidate how neuroinflammation contributes to defective hippocampal neurogenesis. This review may therefore help to better understand the relationship between hippocampal neurogenesis and heat stress.
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Kopp KO, Glotfelty EJ, Li Y, Greig NH. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and neuroinflammation: Implications for neurodegenerative disease treatment. Pharmacol Res 2022; 186:106550. [PMID: 36372278 PMCID: PMC9712272 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic, excessive neuroinflammation is a key feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, neuroinflammatory pathways have yet to be effectively targeted in clinical treatments for such diseases. Interestingly, increased inflammation and neurodegenerative disease risk have been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance (IR), suggesting that treatments that mitigate T2DM pathology may be successful in treating neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative pathology as well. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that promotes healthy insulin signaling, regulates blood sugar levels, and suppresses appetite. Consequently, numerous GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) stimulating drugs have been developed and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and related global regulatory authorities for the treatment of T2DM. Furthermore, GLP-1R stimulating drugs have been associated with anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and neuroprotective properties in neurodegenerative disorder preclinical models, and hence hold promise for repurposing as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss incretin signaling, neuroinflammatory pathways, and the intersections between neuroinflammation, brain IR, and neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on AD and PD. We additionally overview current FDA-approved incretin receptor stimulating drugs and agents in development, including unimolecular single, dual, and triple receptor agonists, and highlight those in clinical trials for neurodegenerative disease treatment. We propose that repurposing already-approved GLP-1R agonists for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases may be a safe, efficacious, and cost-effective strategy for ameliorating AD and PD pathology by quelling neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine O Kopp
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| | - Elliot J Glotfelty
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yazhou Li
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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Saikarthik J, Saraswathi I, Alarifi A, Al-Atram AA, Mickeymaray S, Paramasivam A, Shaikh S, Jeraud M, Alothaim AS. Role of neuroinflammation mediated potential alterations in adult neurogenesis as a factor for neuropsychiatric symptoms in Post-Acute COVID-19 syndrome-A narrative review. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14227. [PMID: 36353605 PMCID: PMC9639419 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of symptoms beyond the initial 3 to 4 weeks after infection is defined as post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS). A wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms like anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disorders and cognitive disturbances have been observed in PACS. The review was conducted based on PRISMA-S guidelines for literature search strategy for systematic reviews. A cytokine storm in COVID-19 may cause a breach in the blood brain barrier leading to cytokine and SARS-CoV-2 entry into the brain. This triggers an immune response in the brain by activating microglia, astrocytes, and other immune cells leading to neuroinflammation. Various inflammatory biomarkers like inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins and adhesion molecules have been implicated in psychiatric disorders and play a major role in the precipitation of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Impaired adult neurogenesis has been linked with a variety of disorders like depression, anxiety, cognitive decline, and dementia. Persistence of neuroinflammation was observed in COVID-19 survivors 3 months after recovery. Chronic neuroinflammation alters adult neurogenesis with pro-inflammatory cytokines supressing anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines favouring adult neurogenesis. Based on the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms/disorders in PACS, there is more possibility for a potential impairment in adult neurogenesis in COVID-19 survivors. This narrative review aims to discuss the various neuroinflammatory processes during PACS and its effect on adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakumar Saikarthik
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Al Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,Department of Medical Education, College of Dentistry, Al Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ilango Saraswathi
- Department of Physiology, Madha Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abdulaziz Alarifi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A. Al-Atram
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suresh Mickeymaray
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anand Paramasivam
- Department of Physiology, RVS Dental College and Hospital, Kumaran Kottam Campus, Kannampalayan, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Saleem Shaikh
- Department of Medical Education, College of Dentistry, Al Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Al Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mathew Jeraud
- Department of Physiology, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz S. Alothaim
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Kavanagh E. Long Covid brain fog: a neuroinflammation phenomenon? OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:iqac007. [PMID: 36846556 PMCID: PMC9914477 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a process triggered by an attack on the immune system. Activation of microglia in response to an immune system challenge can lead to a significant impact on cognitive processes, such as learning, memory and emotional regulation. Long Covid is an ongoing problem, affecting an estimated 1.3 million people within the UK alone, and one of its more significant, and as yet unexplained, symptoms is brain fog. Here, we discuss the potential role of neuroinflammation in Long Covid cognitive difficulties. Inflammatory cytokines have been found to play a significant role in reductions in LTP and LTD, a reduction in neurogenesis, and in dendritic sprouting. The potential behavioural consequences of such impacts are discussed. It is hoped that this article will allow for greater examination of the effects of inflammatory factors on brain function, most particularly in terms of their role in chronic conditions.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As of January 8, 2022, a global pandemic caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, a new RNA virus, has resulted in 304,896,785 cases in over 222 countries and regions, with over 5,500,683 deaths (www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/). Reports of neurological and psychiatric symptoms in the context of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) range from headache, anosmia, and dysgeusia, to depression, fatigue, psychosis, seizures, delirium, suicide, meningitis, encephalitis, inflammatory demyelination, infarction, and acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy. Moreover, 30-50% of COVID-19 survivors develop long-lasting neurologic symptoms, including a dysexecutive syndrome, with inattention and disorientation, and/or poor movement coordination. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA within the central nervous system (CNS) of patients is rare, and mechanisms of neurological damage and ongoing neurologic diseases in COVID-19 patients are unknown. However, studies demonstrating viral glycoprotein effects on coagulation and cerebral vasculature, and hypoxia- and cytokine-mediated coagulopathy and CNS immunopathology suggest both virus-specific and neuroimmune responses may be involved. This review explores potential mechanistic insights that could contribute to COVID-19-related neurologic disease. RECENT FINDINGS While the development of neurologic diseases during acute COVID-19 is rarely associated with evidence of viral neuroinvasion, new evidence suggests SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein exhibits direct inflammatory and pro-coagulation effects. This, in conjunction with immune dysregulation resulting in cytokine release syndrome (CRS) may result in acute cerebrovascular or neuroinflammatory diseases. Additionally, CRS-mediated loss of blood-brain barrier integrity in specific brain regions may contribute to the expression of proinflammatory mediators by neural cells that may impact brain function long after resolution of acute infection. Importantly, host co-morbid diseases that affect vascular, pulmonary, or CNS function may contribute to the type of neurologic disease triggered by SARS-COV-2 infection. SUMMARY Distinct effects of SARS-CoV-2 S protein and CNS compartment- and region-specific responses to CRS may underlie acute and chronic neuroinflammatory diseases associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S Klein
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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IL-1 reprogramming of adult neural stem cells limits neurocognitive recovery after viral encephalitis by maintaining a proinflammatory state. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:383-396. [PMID: 34695572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses to emerging RNA viruses are increasingly recognized as having significant contributions to neurologic sequelae, especially memory disorders. Using a recovery model of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis, we show that, while macrophages deliver the antiviral and anti-neurogenic cytokine IL-1β during acute infection; viral recovery is associated with continued astrocyte inflammasome-mediated production of inflammatory levels of IL-1β, which is maintained by hippocampal astrogenesis via IL-1R1 signaling in neural stem cells (NSC). Accordingly, aberrant astrogenesis is prevented in the absence of IL-1 signaling in NSC, indicating that only newly generated astrocytes exert neurotoxic effects, preventing synapse repair and promoting spatial learning deficits. Ex vivo evaluation of IL-1β-treated adult hippocampal NSC revealed the upregulation of developmental differentiation pathways that derail adult neurogenesis in favor of astrogenesis, following viral infection. We conclude that NSC-specific IL-1 signaling within the hippocampus during viral encephalitis prevents synapse recovery and promotes spatial learning defects via altered fates of NSC progeny that maintain inflammation.
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Ansari Z, Pawar S, Seetharaman R. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in schizophrenia: are these opportunities for repurposing? Postgrad Med 2021; 134:187-199. [PMID: 34766870 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2021.2006514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To summarize the main findings on the subject of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in patients with Schizophrenia (SCZ).Methods: A narrative review of all the relevant papers known to the authors was conducted.Results: SCZ is a chronic, debilitating, neuropsychiatric disorder associated with an immense and adverse impact on both the patient and the caregiver, and impairs the overall quality of life. The current modality of treatment involves the use of antipsychotics to balance the disturbances in the neurotransmitters in the dopaminergic and serotonin pathways in the brain, which have a role to play in SCZ. Contemporary management of SCZ focuses mainly on symptomatic control due to the lack of effective curative treatments.Despite the optimum use of antipsychotics, there is a considerable proportion of the patient population who are poor responders. This has necessitated the exploration of new etiopathologies in order to evolve new modalities of treatment. This narrative review, conducted over a period of 3 months, throws light on the large-scale evidence pointing toward neuroinflammation and oxidative stress as key etiopathological markers that merit further consideration in SCZ, and may even be the basis for devising novel pharmacotherapies for SCZ.Conclusions: This review discusses the various plausible hypotheses, viz., cytokine hypothesis of peripheral inflammation, acute-phase reactants in SCZ, microglial hypothesis of central inflammation, neurogenesis in relation to neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in SCZ. It also highlights the many opportunities available for repurposing already marketed drugs with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with a view to devising more effective and comprehensive therapies to manage SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarrin Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sudhir Pawar
- Department of Pharmacology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Rajmohan Seetharaman
- Department of Pharmacology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Antonelli F, Casciati A, Belles M, Serra N, Linares-Vidal MV, Marino C, Mancuso M, Pazzaglia S. Long-Term Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Hippocampus: Linking Effects of the Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Activation with Radiation Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212605. [PMID: 34830484 PMCID: PMC8624704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy represents one of the primary treatment modalities for primary and metastatic brain tumors. Although recent advances in radiation techniques, that allow the delivery of higher radiation doses to the target volume, reduce the toxicity to normal tissues, long-term neurocognitive decline is still a detrimental factor significantly affecting quality of life, particularly in pediatric patients. This imposes the need for the development of prevention strategies. Based on recent evidence, showing that manipulation of the Shh pathway carries therapeutic potential for brain repair and functional recovery after injury, here we evaluate how radiation-induced hippocampal alterations are modulated by the constitutive activation of the Shh signaling pathway in Patched 1 heterozygous mice (Ptch1+/-). Our results show, for the first time, an overall protective effect of constitutive Shh pathway activation on hippocampal radiation injury. This activation, through modulation of the proneural gene network, leads to a long-term reduction of hippocampal deficits in the stem cell and new neuron compartments and to the mitigation of radio-induced astrogliosis, despite some behavioral alterations still being detected in Ptch1+/- mice. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the neural decline following irradiation is essential for identifying prevention measures to contain the harmful consequences of irradiation. Our data have important translational implications as they suggest a role for Shh pathway manipulation to provide the therapeutic possibility of improving brain repair and functional recovery after radio-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Antonelli
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Arianna Casciati
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Montserrat Belles
- Physiology Unit, School of Medicine, Rovira I Virgili University (URV), 43007 Reus, Spain; (M.B.); (N.S.); (M.V.L.-V.)
| | - Noemi Serra
- Physiology Unit, School of Medicine, Rovira I Virgili University (URV), 43007 Reus, Spain; (M.B.); (N.S.); (M.V.L.-V.)
| | - Maria Victoria Linares-Vidal
- Physiology Unit, School of Medicine, Rovira I Virgili University (URV), 43007 Reus, Spain; (M.B.); (N.S.); (M.V.L.-V.)
| | - Carmela Marino
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (S.P.)
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He GL, Wang ZZ, Yu XT, Shen TT, Luo Z, Li P, Luo X, Tan YL, Gao P, Yang XS. The involvement of microglial CX3CR1 in heat acclimation-induced amelioration of adult hippocampal neurogenesis impairment in EMF-exposed mice. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:181-193. [PMID: 34555433 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglial CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) has been implicated in numerous cellular mechanisms, including signalling pathways that regulate brain homoeostasis and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Specific environmental conditions can impair hippocampal neurogenesis-related cognition, learning and memory. However, the role of CX3CR1 in the neurogenic alterations resulting from the cross-tolerance protection conferred by heat acclimation (HA) against the effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure is less well understood. Here, we investigated the role of microglial CX3CR1 signalling in adult hippocampal neurogenesis induced by HA in EMF-exposed mice. We found that EMF exposure significantly decreased the number of proliferating and differentiating cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, resulting in a reduced neurogenesis rate. Moreover, alterations in the phenotypes of activated microglia and decreased expression levels of CX3CR1, but not sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), were observed in the brains of EMF-exposed mice. Remarkably, HA treatment improved microglial phenotypes, restored the expression of CX3CR1, and ameliorated the decrease in the adult hippocampal neurogenesis rate following EMF exposure. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of CX3CR1 and SIRT1 failed to restore CX3CR1 expression and ameliorate hippocampal neurogenesis impairment following HA plus EMF stimulation. These results indicate that microglial CX3CR1 is involved in the cross-tolerance protective effect of HA on adult hippocampal neurogenesis upon EMF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Lin He
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ze-Ze Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Ting Yu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Shen
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Luo
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Long Tan
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation Ministry of Education, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Sen Yang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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22
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Muscat SM, Barrientos RM. The Perfect Cytokine Storm: How Peripheral Immune Challenges Impact Brain Plasticity & Memory Function in Aging. Brain Plast 2021; 7:47-60. [PMID: 34631420 PMCID: PMC8461734 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-210127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Precipitous declines in cognitive function can occur in older individuals following a variety of peripheral immune insults, such as surgery, infection, injury, and unhealthy diet. Aging is associated with numerous changes to the immune system that shed some light on why this abrupt cognitive deterioration may occur. Normally, peripheral-to-brain immune signaling is tightly regulated and advantageous; communication between the two systems is bi-directional, via either humoral or neural routes. Following an immune challenge, production, secretion, and translocation of cytokines into the brain is critical to the development of adaptive sickness behaviors. However, aging is normally associated with neuroinflammatory priming, notably microglial sensitization. Microglia are the brain's innate immune cells and become sensitized with advanced age, such that upon immune stimulation they will mount more exaggerated neuroimmune responses. The resultant elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, namely IL-1β, has profound effects on synaptic plasticity and, consequentially, cognition. In this review, we (1) investigate the processes which lead to aberrantly elevated inflammatory cytokine expression in the aged brain and (2) examine the impact of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β on brain plasticity mechanisms, including its effects on BDNF, AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated long-term potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Muscat
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ruth M Barrientos
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, Discovery Themes Initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to modulate neuronal signaling in homeostasis and diseases. In homeostasis, IL-1 regulates sleep and memory formation, whereas in diseases, IL-1 impairs memory and alters affect. Interestingly, IL-1 can cause long-lasting changes in behavior, suggesting IL-1 can alter neuroplasticity. The neuroplastic effects of IL-1 are mediated via its cognate receptor, Interleukin-1 Type 1 Receptor (IL-1R1), and are dependent on the distribution and cell type(s) of IL-1R1 expression. Recent reports found that IL-1R1 expression is restricted to discrete subpopulations of neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells and suggest IL-1 can influence neural circuits directly through neuronal IL-1R1 or indirectly via non-neuronal IL-1R1. In this review, we analyzed multiple mechanisms by which IL-1/IL-1R1 signaling might impact neuroplasticity based upon the most up-to-date literature and provided potential explanations to clarify discrepant and confusing findings reported in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Nemeth
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ning Quan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
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Leschik J, Lutz B, Gentile A. Stress-Related Dysfunction of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis-An Attempt for Understanding Resilience? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7339. [PMID: 34298958 PMCID: PMC8305135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn neurons in the adult hippocampus are regulated by many intrinsic and extrinsic cues. It is well accepted that elevated glucocorticoid levels lead to downregulation of adult neurogenesis, which this review discusses as one reason why psychiatric diseases, such as major depression, develop after long-term stress exposure. In reverse, adult neurogenesis has been suggested to protect against stress-induced major depression, and hence, could serve as a resilience mechanism. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge about the functional relation of adult neurogenesis and stress in health and disease. A special focus will lie on the mechanisms underlying the cascades of events from prolonged high glucocorticoid concentrations to reduced numbers of newborn neurons. In addition to neurotransmitter and neurotrophic factor dysregulation, these mechanisms include immunomodulatory pathways, as well as microbiota changes influencing the gut-brain axis. Finally, we discuss recent findings delineating the role of adult neurogenesis in stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Leschik
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Antonietta Gentile
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy;
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25
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Sefiani A, Geoffroy CG. The Potential Role of Inflammation in Modulating Endogenous Hippocampal Neurogenesis After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:682259. [PMID: 34220440 PMCID: PMC8249862 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.682259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there are approximately 291,000 people suffering from a spinal cord injury (SCI) in the United States. SCI is associated with traumatic changes in mobility and neuralgia, as well as many other long-term chronic health complications, including metabolic disorders, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, osteoporosis, and elevated inflammatory markers. Due to medical advances, patients with SCI survive much longer than previously. This increase in life expectancy exposes them to novel neurological complications such as memory loss, cognitive decline, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. In fact, these usually age-associated disorders are more prevalent in people living with SCI. A common factor of these disorders is the reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis. Inflammation, which is elevated after SCI, plays a major role in modulating hippocampal neurogenesis. While there is no clear consensus on the mechanism of the decline in hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition after SCI, we will examine in this review how SCI-induced inflammation could modulate hippocampal neurogenesis and provoke age-associated neurological disorders. Thereafter, we will discuss possible therapeutic options which may mitigate the influence of SCI associated complications on hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Chronic unpredictable stress negatively regulates hippocampal neurogenesis and promote anxious depression-like behavior via upregulating apoptosis and inflammatory signals in adult rats. Brain Res Bull 2021; 172:164-179. [PMID: 33895271 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Psychological and physical stress play a pivotal role in etiology of anxiety and depression. Chronic psychological and physical stress modify various physiological phenomena, as a consequence of which oxidative stress, decreased neurotransmitter level, elevated corticosterone level and altered NSC homeostasis is observed. However, the precise mechanism by which chronic stress induce anxious depression and modify internal milieu is still unknown. Herein, we show that exposure to CUS increase oxidative stress, microgliosis, astrogliosis while it reduces hippocampal NSC proliferation, neuronal differentiation and maturation in adult rats. CUS exposure in rats reduce dopamine and serotonin level in cortex and hippocampus, which result in increased anxiety and depression-like phenotypes. We also found elevated level of NF-κB and TNF-α while decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level, that led to increased expression of Bax and cleaved Caspase-3 whereas down regulation of antiapoptotic protein Bcl2. Additionally, CUS altered adult hippocampal neurogenesis, increased gliosis and neuronal apoptosis in cerebral cortex and hippocampus which might be associated with reduced AKT and increased ERK signaling, as seen in the rat brain tissue. Taken together, these results indicate that CUS induce oxidative stress and neuroinflammation which directly affects NSC dynamics, monoamines levels and behavioral functions in adult rats.
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27
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Serrano C, Dos Santos M, Kereselidze D, Beugnies L, Lestaevel P, Poirier R, Durand C. Targeted Dorsal Dentate Gyrus or Whole Brain Irradiation in Juvenile Mice Differently Affects Spatial Memory and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10030192. [PMID: 33806303 PMCID: PMC8002088 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive consequences of postnatal brain exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) at low to moderate doses in the adult are not fully established. Because of the advent of pediatric computed tomography scans used for head exploration, improving our knowledge of these effects represents a major scientific challenge. To evaluate how IR may affect the developing brain, models of either whole brain (WB) or targeted dorsal dentate gyrus (DDG) irradiation in C57Bl/6J ten-day-old male mice were previously developed. Here, using these models, we assessed and compared the effect of IR (doses range: 0.25-2 Gy) on long-term spatial memory in adulthood using a spatial water maze task. We then evaluated the effects of IR exposure on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a form of plasticity involved in spatial memory. Three months after WB exposure, none of the doses resulted in spatial memory impairment. In contrast, a deficit in memory retrieval was identified after DDG exposure for the dose of 1 Gy only, highlighting a non-monotonic dose-effect relationship in this model. At this dose, a brain irradiated volume effect was also observed when studying adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the two models. In particular, only DDG exposure caused alteration in cell differentiation. The most deleterious effect observed in adult hippocampal neurogenesis after targeted DDG exposure at 1 Gy may contribute to the memory retrieval deficit in this model. Altogether these results highlight the complexity of IR mechanisms in the brain that can lead or not to cognitive disorders and provide new knowledge of interest for the radiation protection of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Serrano
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotoxicology and Radiobiology (LRTOX), Research Department on the Biological and Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation (SESANE), Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (C.S.); (D.K.); (L.B.); (P.L.)
| | - Morgane Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Radiobiology of Accidental Exposure (LRAcc), Research Department in Radiobiology and Regenerative Medicine (SERAMED), Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France;
| | - Dimitri Kereselidze
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotoxicology and Radiobiology (LRTOX), Research Department on the Biological and Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation (SESANE), Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (C.S.); (D.K.); (L.B.); (P.L.)
| | - Louison Beugnies
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotoxicology and Radiobiology (LRTOX), Research Department on the Biological and Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation (SESANE), Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (C.S.); (D.K.); (L.B.); (P.L.)
| | - Philippe Lestaevel
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotoxicology and Radiobiology (LRTOX), Research Department on the Biological and Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation (SESANE), Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (C.S.); (D.K.); (L.B.); (P.L.)
| | - Roseline Poirier
- Paris-Saclay Neuroscience Institute (Neuro-PSI), University Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197 CNRS, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Christelle Durand
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotoxicology and Radiobiology (LRTOX), Research Department on the Biological and Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation (SESANE), Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (C.S.); (D.K.); (L.B.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (C.D.)
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28
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Losurdo M, Grilli M. Extracellular Vesicles, Influential Players of Intercellular Communication within Adult Neurogenic Niches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8819. [PMID: 33233420 PMCID: PMC7700666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, involving the generation of functional neurons from adult neural stem cells (NSCs), occurs constitutively in discrete brain regions such as hippocampus, sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) and hypothalamus. The intrinsic structural plasticity of the neurogenic process allows the adult brain to face the continuously changing external and internal environment and requires coordinated interplay between all cell types within the specialized microenvironment of the neurogenic niche. NSC-, neuronal- and glia-derived factors, originating locally, regulate the balance between quiescence and self-renewal of NSC, their differentiation programs and the survival and integration of newborn cells. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are emerging as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication, representing an efficient way to transfer the biologically active cargos (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) by which they modulate the function of the recipient cells. Current knowledge of the physiological role of EVs within adult neurogenic niches is rather limited. In this review, we will summarize and discuss EV-based cross-talk within adult neurogenic niches and postulate how EVs might play a critical role in the regulation of the neurogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariagrazia Grilli
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
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Araki T, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. The effects of microglia‐ and astrocyte‐derived factors on neurogenesis in health and disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:5880-5901. [PMID: 32920880 PMCID: PMC8451940 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis continues throughout life and has been suggested to play an essential role in maintaining spatial cognitive function under physiological conditions. An increasing amount of evidence has indicated that adult neurogenesis is tightly controlled by environmental conditions in the neurogenic niche, which consists of multiple types of cells including microglia and astrocytes. Microglia maintain the environment of neurogenic niche through their phagocytic capacity and interaction with neurons via fractalkine‐CX3CR1 signaling. In addition, microglia release growth factors such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α to support the development of adult born neurons. Astrocytes also manipulate neurogenesis by releasing various soluble factors including adenosine triphosphate and lactate. Whereas, under pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy, microglia and astrocytes play a leading role in inflammation and are involved in attenuating the normal process of neurogenesis. The modulation of glial functions on neurogenesis in these brain diseases are attracting attention as a new therapeutic target. This review describes how these glial cells play a role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in both health and disease, especially focusing glia‐derived factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Araki
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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Neuropeptides Modulate Local Astrocytes to Regulate Adult Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells. Neuron 2020; 108:349-366.e6. [PMID: 32877641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the dentate gyrus (DG) reside in a specialized local niche that supports their neurogenic proliferation to produce adult-born neurons throughout life. How local niche cells interact at the circuit level to ensure continuous neurogenesis from NSCs remains unknown. Here we report the role of endogenous neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK), released from dentate CCK interneurons, in regulating neurogenic niche cells and NSCs. Specifically, stimulating CCK release supports neurogenic proliferation of NSCs through a dominant astrocyte-mediated glutamatergic signaling cascade. In contrast, reducing dentate CCK induces reactive astrocytes, which correlates with decreased neurogenic proliferation of NSCs and upregulation of genes involved in immune processes. Our findings provide novel circuit-based information on how CCK acts on local astrocytes to regulate the key behavior of adult NSCs.
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Early Exercise after Intracerebral Hemorrhage Inhibits Inflammation and Promotes Neuroprotection in the Sensorimotor Cortex in Rats. Neuroscience 2020; 438:86-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Zhong X, Xie L, Yang X, Liang F, Yang Y, Tong J, Zhong Y, Zhao K, Tang Y, Yuan C. Ethyl pyruvate protects against sepsis-associated encephalopathy through inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. Mol Med 2020; 26:55. [PMID: 32517686 PMCID: PMC7285451 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the advance of antibiotics and life support therapy, the mortality of sepsis has been decreasing in recent years. However, the incidence of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), a common complication of sepsis, is still high. There are few effective therapies to treat clinical SAE. We previously found that ethyl pyruvate (EP), a metabolite derivative, is able to effectively inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Administration of ethyl pyruvate protects mice against polymicrobial sepsis in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. The aim of present study is to investigate if ethyl pyruvate is able to attenuate SAE. METHODS After CLP, C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally or intrathecally injected with saline or ethyl pyruvate using the sham-operated mice as control. New Object Recognition (NOR) and Morris Water Maze (MWM) were conducted to determine the cognitive function. Brain pathology was assessed via immunohistochemistry. To investigate the mechanisms by which ethyl pyruvate prevent SAE, the activation of NLRP3 in the hippocampus and the microglia were determined using western blotting, and cognitive function, microglia activation, and neurogenesis were assessed using WT, Nlrp3-/- and Asc-/- mice in the sublethal CLP model. In addition, Nlrp3-/- and Asc-/- mice treated with saline or ethyl pyruvate were subjected to CLP. RESULTS Ethyl pyruvate treatment significantly attenuated CLP-induced cognitive decline, microglia activation, and impaired neurogenesis. In addition, EP significantly decreased the NLRP3 level in the hippocampus of the CLP mice, and inhibited the cleavage of IL-1β induced by NLRP3 inflammsome in microglia. NLRP3 and ASC deficiency demonstrated similar protective effects against SAE. Nlrp3-/- and Asc-/- mice significantly improved cognitive function and brain pathology when compared with WT mice in the CLP models. Moreover, ethyl pyruvate did not have additional effects against SAE in Nlrp3-/- and Asc-/- mice. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that ethyl pyruvate confers protection against SAE through inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhong
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 138 Tong-zi-po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
| | - Lingli Xie
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 138 Tong-zi-po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 138 Tong-zi-po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liang
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
| | - Yanliang Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 138 Tong-zi-po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanjun Zhong
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 138 Tong-zi-po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
- ICU Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Middle Road, Furong, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China
| | - Yiting Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 138 Tong-zi-po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China.
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China.
| | - Chuang Yuan
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 138 Tong-zi-po Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, P. R. China.
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Treatment with Minocycline Suppresses Microglia Activation and Reverses Neural Stem Cells Loss after Simulated Microgravity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7348745. [PMID: 32382569 PMCID: PMC7196960 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7348745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of microglia on simulated microgravity-induced hippocampal neurogenesis reduction and the possible mechanism underlying. Adult rats were treated with tail suspension for different times and the changes of neural stem cells (NSCs) were examined by immunohistochemistry. Then, minocycline was used to inhibit the activation of microglia, and the numbers of microglia and NSCs were detected after microgravity. Additionally, liquid protein chip analysis was applied to detect proinflammatory factors in hippocampus in order to find out the cytokines responsible for microglia activation after microgravity. The results revealed that microgravity increased the numbers of Iba1+ cells and decreased the numbers of BrdU+ and DCX+ cells in hippocampus but did not affect the ratio of NeuN+/BrdU+ cells to the total number of BrdU+ cells. After treated with minocycline, activated microglia were suppressed and the reduction of NSCs induced by microgravity recovered. Besides, compared with the control, higher concentrations of INF-γ and TNF-α were detected in the rats treated with microgravity. Our study provides the first evidence that microglia-mediated inflammation plays an important part in microgravity-induced neurogenesis reduction in hippocampus, and INF-γ and TNF-α secreted by microglia might be the key factors in this process.
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Troubat R, Barone P, Leman S, Desmidt T, Cressant A, Atanasova B, Brizard B, El Hage W, Surget A, Belzung C, Camus V. Neuroinflammation and depression: A review. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:151-171. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Barone
- UMR 1253 iBrain Université de Tours Inserm Tours France
| | - Samuel Leman
- UMR 1253 iBrain Université de Tours Inserm Tours France
| | - Thomas Desmidt
- UMR 1253 iBrain Université de Tours Inserm Tours France
- CHRU de Tours Tours France
| | | | | | - Bruno Brizard
- UMR 1253 iBrain Université de Tours Inserm Tours France
| | - Wissam El Hage
- UMR 1253 iBrain Université de Tours Inserm Tours France
- CHRU de Tours Tours France
| | | | | | - Vincent Camus
- UMR 1253 iBrain Université de Tours Inserm Tours France
- CHRU de Tours Tours France
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Caracci F, Harary J, Simkovic S, Pasinetti GM. Grape-Derived Polyphenols Ameliorate Stress-Induced Depression by Regulating Synaptic Plasticity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1808-1815. [PMID: 31532659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with stress-induced immune dysregulation and reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in sensitive brain regions associated with depression. Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and reduced BDNF levels lead to impaired synaptic plasticity mechanisms that contribute to the pathophysiology of MDD. There is accumulating evidence that the administration of polyphenols at doses ranging from 5 to 180 mg/kg of body weight can normalize elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and abnormal levels of BDNF and, thus, restore impaired synaptic plasticity mechanisms that mediate depressive behavior in animal models of stress. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which grape-derived polyphenols normalize impaired synaptic plasticity and reduce depressive behavior in animal models of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caracci
- Department of Neurology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1 Gustave L. Levy Place , Box 1137, New York , New York 10029 , United States
| | - Joyce Harary
- Department of Neurology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1 Gustave L. Levy Place , Box 1137, New York , New York 10029 , United States
| | - Sherry Simkovic
- Department of Neurology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1 Gustave L. Levy Place , Box 1137, New York , New York 10029 , United States
| | - Giulio Maria Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1 Gustave L. Levy Place , Box 1137, New York , New York 10029 , United States
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center , JJ Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx , New York 10468 , United States
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Neuron-Astroglia Cell Fate Decision in the Adult Mouse Hippocampal Neurogenic Niche Is Cell-Intrinsically Controlled by COUP-TFI In Vivo. Cell Rep 2019; 24:329-341. [PMID: 29996095 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the dentate gyrus (DG) of the mouse hippocampus, neurogenesis and astrogliogenesis persist throughout life. Adult-born neurons and astrocytes originate from multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) whose activity is tightly regulated within the neurogenic niche. However, the cell-intrinsic mechanisms controlling neuron-glia NSC fate choice are largely unknown. Here, we show COUP-TFI/NR2F1 expression in DG NSCs and its downregulation upon neuroinflammation. By using in vivo inducible knockout lines, a retroviral-based loss-of-function approach and genetic fate mapping, we demonstrate that COUP-TFI inactivation in adult NSCs and/or mitotic progenitors reduces neurogenesis and increases astrocyte production without depleting the NSC pool. Moreover, forced COUP-TFI expression in adult NSCs/progenitors decreases DG astrogliogenesis and rescues the neuro-astrogliogenic imbalance under neuroinflammation. Thus, COUP-TFI is necessary and sufficient to promote neurogenesis by suppressing astrogliogenesis. Our data propose COUP-TFI as a central regulator of the neuron-astroglia cell fate decision and a key modulator during neuroinflammation in the adult hippocampus.
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Elibol B, Terzioglu-Usak S, Beker M, Sahbaz C. Thymoquinone (TQ) demonstrates its neuroprotective effect via an anti-inflammatory action on the Aβ(1–42)-infused rat model of Alzheimer's disease. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2019.1673945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Elibol
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sule Terzioglu-Usak
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Beker
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Sahbaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sotomayor-Sobrino M, Ochoa-Aguilar A, Méndez-Cuesta L, Gómez-Acevedo C. Neuroimmunological interactions in stroke. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
Cognitive impairments reported across psychiatric conditions (ie, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and posttraumatic stress disorder) strongly impair the quality of life of patients and the recovery of those conditions. There is therefore a great need for consideration for cognitive dysfunction in the management of psychiatric disorders. The redundant pattern of cognitive impairments across such conditions suggests possible shared mechanisms potentially leading to their development. Here, we review for the first time the possible role of inflammation in cognitive dysfunctions across psychiatric disorders. Raised inflammatory processes (microglia activation and elevated cytokine levels) across diagnoses could therefore disrupt neurobiological mechanisms regulating cognition, including Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity, neurogenesis, neurotrophic factor, the HPA axis, and the kynurenine pathway. This redundant association between elevated inflammation and cognitive alterations across psychiatric disorders hence suggests that a cross-disorder approach using pharmacological and nonpharmacological (ie, physical activity and nutrition) anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory strategies should be considered in the management of cognition in psychiatry.
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40
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MiR-124 Enriched Exosomes Promoted the M2 Polarization of Microglia and Enhanced Hippocampus Neurogenesis After Traumatic Brain Injury by Inhibiting TLR4 Pathway. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:811-828. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-02714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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41
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Cassé F, Richetin K, Toni N. Astrocytes' Contribution to Adult Neurogenesis in Physiology and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:432. [PMID: 30538622 PMCID: PMC6277517 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is one of the most drastic forms of brain plasticity in adulthood and there is a growing body of evidence showing that, in the hippocampus, this process contributes to mechanisms of memory as well as depression. Interestingly, adult neurogenesis is tightly regulated by the neurogenic niche, which provides a structural and molecular scaffold for stem cell proliferation and the differentiation and functional integration of new neurons. In this review, we highlight the role of astrocytes in the regulation of adult neurogenesis in the context of cognitive function. We also discuss how the changes in astrocytes function may dysregulate adult neurogenesis and contribute to cognitive impairment in the context of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Cassé
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Richetin
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Toni
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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42
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Hueston CM, O'Leary JD, Hoban AE, Kozareva DA, Pawley LC, O'Leary OF, Cryan JF, Nolan YM. Chronic interleukin-1β in the dorsal hippocampus impairs behavioural pattern separation. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 74:252-264. [PMID: 30217534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the long-term consequences of chronic inflammation in the hippocampus may help to develop therapeutic targets for the treatment of cognitive disorders related to stress, ageing and neurodegeneration. The hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to increases in the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a mediator of neuroinflammation, with elevated levels implicated in the aetiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, and in stress-related disorders such as depression. Acute increases in hippocampal IL-1β have been shown to impair cognition and reduce adult hippocampal neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons. However, the impact of prolonged increases in IL-1β, as evident in clinical conditions, on cognition has not been fully explored. Therefore, the present study utilized a lentiviral approach to induce long-term overexpression of IL-1β in the dorsal hippocampus of adult male Sprague Dawley rats and examine its impact on cognition. Following three weeks of viral integration, pattern separation, a process involving hippocampal neurogenesis, was impaired in IL-1β-treated rats in both object-location and touchscreen operant paradigms. This was coupled with a decrease in the number and neurite complexity of immature neurons in the hippocampus. Conversely, tasks involving the hippocampus, but not sensitive to disruption of hippocampal neurogenesis, including spontaneous alternation, novel object and location recognition were unaffected. Touchscreen operant visual discrimination, a cognitive task involving the prefrontal cortex, was largely unaffected by IL-1β overexpression. In conclusion, these findings suggest that chronically elevated IL-1β in the hippocampus selectively impairs pattern separation. Inflammatory-mediated disruption of adult hippocampal neurogenesis may contribute to the cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative and stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara M Hueston
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - James D O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan E Hoban
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Danka A Kozareva
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Lauren C Pawley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland.
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Larson TA. Sex Steroids, Adult Neurogenesis, and Inflammation in CNS Homeostasis, Degeneration, and Repair. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:205. [PMID: 29760681 PMCID: PMC5936772 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex steroidal hormones coordinate the development and maintenance of tissue architecture in many organs, including the central nervous systems (CNS). Within the CNS, sex steroids regulate the morphology, physiology, and behavior of a wide variety of neural cells including, but not limited to, neurons, glia, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Sex steroids spatially and temporally control distinct molecular networks, that, in turn modulate neural activity, synaptic plasticity, growth factor expression and function, nutrient exchange, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. Over the last several decades, it has become increasingly evident that sex steroids, often in conjunction with neuroinflammation, have profound impact on the occurrence and severity of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, I review the foundational discoveries that established the regulatory role of sex steroids in the CNS and highlight recent advances toward elucidating the complex interaction between sex steroids, neuroinflammation, and CNS regeneration through adult neurogenesis. The majority of recent work has focused on neuroinflammatory responses following acute physical damage, chronic degeneration, or pharmacological insult. Few studies directly assess the role of immune cells in regulating adult neurogenesis under healthy, homeostatic conditions. As such, I also introduce tractable, non-traditional models for examining the role of neuroimmune cells in natural neuronal turnover, seasonal plasticity of neural circuits, and extreme CNS regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A. Larson
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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44
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Trenova AG, Slavov GS, Draganova-Filipova MN, Mateva NG, Manova MG, Miteva LD, Stanilova SA. Circulating levels of interleukin-17A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-18, interleukin-10, and cognitive performance of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurol Res 2018; 40:153-159. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1420522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgi S. Slavov
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Nonka G. Mateva
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biostatistics and Electronic Education, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Mariya G. Manova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Lyuba D. Miteva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Spaska A. Stanilova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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45
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Chen JJ, Wang T, An CD, Jiang CY, Zhao J, Li S. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a mediator of inflammation-associated neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:793-811. [PMID: 27508959 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In early- or late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), inflammation, which is triggered by pathologic conditions, influences the progression of neurodegeneration. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has emerged as a crucial mediator of neurogenesis, because it exhibits a remarkable activity-dependent regulation of expression, which suggests that it may link inflammation to neurogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that acute and chronic inflammation in AD differentially modulates neurotrophin functions, which are related to the roles of inflammation in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Recent studies also indicate novel mechanisms of BDNF-mediated neuroprotection, including the modulation of autophagy. Numerous research studies have demonstrated reverse parallel alterations between proinflammatory cytokines and BDNF during neurodegeneration; thus, we hypothesize that one mechanism that underlies the negative impact of chronic inflammation on neurogenesis is the reduction of BDNF production and function by proinflammatory cytokines.
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46
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Astrocytes decrease adult neurogenesis during virus-induced memory dysfunction via IL-1. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:151-161. [PMID: 29292385 PMCID: PMC5786497 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-017-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Memory impairment following West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease (WNND) is associated with loss of hippocampal synapses with lack of recovery. Adult neurogenesis and synaptogenesis are fundamental features of hippocampal repair, suggesting viruses impact these processes. Here, using an established model of WNND-induced cognitive dysfunction, transcriptional profiling revealed alterations in gene expression that limit adult neurogenesis, including interleukin (IL)-1. WNND-recovered animals exhibit decreased neuroblasts and increased astrogenesis, without recovery of hippocampal neurogenesis at thirty days. Analysis of cytokine production in ex vivo isolated microglia and astrocytes revealed the latter to be the predominant source of IL-1. IL-1R1-deficient, WNND-recovered mice exhibit normal neurogenesis, recovery of presynaptic termini, and resistance to spatial learning defects, the latter of which likewise occurred after treatment with IL-1R1 antagonist. Thus, preferential generation of proinflammatory astrocytes impairs neuronal progenitor cell homeostasis via expression of IL-1, which may underlie long-term cognitive consequences of WNND, but provides a therapeutic target.
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47
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Neuroinflammation and physical exercise as modulators of adult hippocampal neural precursor cell behavior. Rev Neurosci 2017; 29:1-20. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a plastic structure where adult neurogenesis constitutively occurs. Cell components of the neurogenic niche are source of paracrine as well as membrane-bound factors such as Notch, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, Wnts, Sonic Hedgehog, cytokines, and growth factors that regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cell fate decision. The integration and coordinated action of multiple extrinsic and intrinsic cues drive a continuous decision process: if adult neural stem cells remain quiescent or proliferate, if they take a neuronal or a glial lineage, and if new cells proliferate, undergo apoptotic death, or survive. The proper balance in the molecular milieu of this neurogenic niche leads to the production of neurons in a higher rate as that of astrocytes. But this rate changes in face of microenvironment modifications as those driven by physical exercise or with neuroinflammation. In this work, we first review the cellular and molecular components of the subgranular zone, focusing on the molecules, active signaling pathways and genetic programs that maintain quiescence, induce proliferation, or promote differentiation. We then summarize the evidence regarding the role of neuroinflammation and physical exercise in the modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis with emphasis on the activation of progression from adult neural stem cells to lineage-committed progenitors to their progeny mainly in murine models.
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48
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Peters S, Zitzelsperger E, Kuespert S, Iberl S, Heydn R, Johannesen S, Petri S, Aigner L, Thal DR, Hermann A, Weishaupt JH, Bruun TH, Bogdahn U. The TGF-β System As a Potential Pathogenic Player in Disease Modulation of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2017; 8:669. [PMID: 29326641 PMCID: PMC5736544 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) represents a fatal orphan disease with high unmet medical need, and a life time risk of approx. 1/400 persons per population. Based on increasing knowledge on pathophysiology including genetic and molecular changes, epigenetics, and immune dysfunction, inflammatory as well as fibrotic processes may contribute to the heterogeneity and dynamics of ALS. Animal and human studies indicate dysregulations of the TGF-β system as a common feature of neurodegenerative disorders in general and ALS in particular. The TGF-β system is involved in different essential developmental and physiological processes and regulates immunity and fibrosis, both affecting neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. Therefore, it has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for ALS: a persistent altered TGF-β system might promote disease progression by inducing an imbalance of neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. The current study assessed the activation state of the TGF-β system within the periphery/in life disease stage (serum samples) and a late stage of disease (central nervous system tissue samples), and a potential influence upon neuronal stem cell (NSC) activity, immune activation, and fibrosis. An upregulated TGF-β system was suggested with significantly increased TGF-β1 protein serum levels, enhanced TGF-β2 mRNA and protein levels, and a strong trend toward an increased TGF-β1 protein expression within the spinal cord (SC). Stem cell activity appeared diminished, reflected by reduced mRNA expression of NSC markers Musashi-1 and Nestin within SC—paralleled by enhanced protein contents of Musashi-1. Doublecortin mRNA and protein expression was reduced, suggesting an arrested neurogenesis at late stage ALS. Chemokine/cytokine analyses suggest a shift from a neuroprotective toward a more neurotoxic immune response: anti-inflammatory chemokines/cytokines were unchanged or reduced, expression of proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines were enhanced in ALS sera and SC postmortem tissue. Finally, we observed upregulated mRNA and protein expression for fibronectin in motor cortex of ALS patients which might suggest increased fibrotic changes. These data suggest that there is an upregulated TGF-β system in specific tissues in ALS that might lead to a “neurotoxic” immune response, promoting disease progression and neurodegeneration. The TGF-β system therefore may represent a promising target in treatment of ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Peters
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva Zitzelsperger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kuespert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Iberl
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rosmarie Heydn
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Siw Johannesen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- Department for Neuroscience, Laboratory for Neuropathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Research Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Tim-Henrik Bruun
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Bogdahn
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Richetin K, Petsophonsakul P, Roybon L, Guiard BP, Rampon C. Differential alteration of hippocampal function and plasticity in females and males of the APPxPS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 57:220-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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50
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Kozareva DA, Hueston CM, Ó'Léime CS, Crotty S, Dockery P, Cryan JF, Nolan YM. Absence of the neurogenesis-dependent nuclear receptor TLX induces inflammation in the hippocampus. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 331:87-96. [PMID: 28844503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor TLX (Nr2e1) is a key regulator of hippocampal neurogenesis. Impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been reported in neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions including dementia and stress-related depression. Neuroinflammation is also implicated in the neuropathology of these disorders, and has been shown to negatively affect hippocampal neurogenesis. To investigate a role for TLX in hippocampal neuroinflammation, we assessed microglial activation in the hippocampus of mice with a spontaneous deletion of TLX. Results from our study suggest that a lack of TLX is implicated in deregulation of microglial phenotype and that consequently, the survival and function of newborn cells in the hippocampus is impaired. TLX may be an important target in understanding inflammatory-associated impairments in neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka A Kozareva
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Cara M Hueston
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Ciarán S Ó'Léime
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Crotty
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter Dockery
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland.
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