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Mendoza MF, Suan NM, Lavie CJ. Exploring the Molecular Adaptations, Benefits, and Future Direction of Exercise Training: Updated Insights into Cardiovascular Health. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:131. [PMID: 39189216 PMCID: PMC11348267 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review emphasizes the globally accepted physical activity guidelines and explores the various molecular adaptations that occur with continuous exercise. It is essential to highlight the critical roles of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and muscle mass in reducing mortality and enhancing quality of life. It has been shown in various studies that there are certainly substantial reductions in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality among individuals with high cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Resistance training is also examined, which, likewise, reveals significant mortality benefits, even with minimal weekly engagement. When delving into the molecular mechanisms, it is apparent that exercise training favorably influences certain cardiovascular conditions, mostly owing to its effect on enhanced lipid metabolism, improvement in glucose regulation, ability to modulate inflammation and oxidative processes, and induction of other cardioprotective effects like improved sympathetic tone and left ventricular remodeling. Cardiovascular diseases and malignancy also share the same risk factors, which explains why exercise can also mitigate the risk of developing many types of cancers. But despite these advancements in research, cardiovascular diseases continue to be prevalent, which may suggest the need to devise other means of promoting physical activity involvement. These approaches may include a greater emphasis on the societal benefits of increased exercise adherence, facilitated by community involvement and technological advancements in fitness tracking devices. We conclude that the future directions for exercise research should emphasize the need for personalized or tailored exercise programs to make it more engaging, accessible, and inclusive for a diverse set of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Mendoza
- The Gayle and Tom Benson Cancer Center, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA;
| | - Nina M. Suan
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Metro Manila 1008, Philippines;
| | - Carl J. Lavie
- Department of Cardiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA
- Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland Medical School, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA
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You Y, Ablitip A, Chen Y, Ding H, Chen K, Cui Y, Ma X. Saturation effects of the relationship between physical exercise and systemic immune inflammation index in the short-sleep population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1920. [PMID: 39020383 PMCID: PMC11256404 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short sleep can lead to an increase in inflammation and regular exercise has been shown to have a mitigation effect. However, the association between physical exercise (PE) and inflammation in the short sleep population is an unknown and intriguing issue. METHODS NHANES dataset spanning the years 2007 to 2018 were analyzed. To investigate the relationship mentioned above, we carried out multivariate linear regression models controlling for sociodemographic and lifestyles factors. The systemic immune inflammation index (SII) served as a reflection of inflammatory potential, calculated as the product of platelet count, neutrophil count, and divided by the lymphocyte count. Self-reported questionnaires were used to collect sleep and exercise information. RESULTS A total of 14,664 participants were included for final analysis. Across the three models, PE showed significant negative associations with SII as a continuous variable [Crude Model, β (95% CI): -1.261(-1.600, -0.922), p < 0.001; Model 1, β (95% CI): -1.005(-1.344, -0.666), p < 0.001; Model 2, β (95% CI): -0.470(-0.827, -0.112), p = 0.011]. The consistent nature of the findings persisted when investigating physical exercise (PE) as a categorized variable. By two-piecewise linear regression model, we calculated a saturation effect of PE with the inflection point as 2400 MET-minutes/week. CONCLUSION This study suggested that performing no more than 2400 MET-minutes/week of PE was associated with lower SII levels in the short sleep population, while more PE might not bring additional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei You
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Alimjan Ablitip
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuquan Chen
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hao Ding
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Keshuo Chen
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yicong Cui
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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K V BM, Alagesan J. A Case Series Tries to Answer Whether Exercise Positively Influences Immunosenescence. Cureus 2023; 15:e51072. [PMID: 38269239 PMCID: PMC10806379 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system, the defense mechanism of the body, mainly consists of lymphocytes. The three primary subtypes of lymphocytes are natural killer cells (NK cells), bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B-lymphocytes), and thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes). T-lymphocytes are mostly composed of CD (cluster of differentiation) cells, such as CD4+ and CD8+ subsets of CD cells. Immunosenescence is the term for the steady decline of the immune system with aging. There are alterations in the composition of various types of lymphocytes, especially in CD4 and CD8 T cells. The elderly are more vulnerable to infections due to immunosenescence, which raises morbidity and mortality rates. Physical exercises are believed to have the potential to alter immunosenescence and produce positive changes in immune cell composition. The extent of exercise-induced immune function changes was different in research studies owing to the differences in protocols, methodologies, testing procedures, ages, and gender compositions. The impact of an eight-week balance-based exercise intervention on immune biomarkers is investigated in this case series. In this case series, two elderly women residing in an institutional setting were exposed to an eight-week-long balanced-based supervised exercise intervention. The immunological biomarkers CD45, CD3, CD4, and CD8 were the outcome variables that were assessed. Data on the outcome variables was gathered both before and after the intervention. Using flow cytometry and single-platform technology, immune biomarkers were analyzed. Following the intervention, there was a rise in the CD45, CD3, CD4, and CD8 cell counts relative to the baseline data. The biomarkers showed only slight and statistically non-significant improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy M K V
- Physiotherapy, Saveetha College of Physiotherapy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Jagatheesan Alagesan
- Physiotherapy, Saveetha College of Physiotherapy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
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Olean-Oliveira T, Padilha CS, Figueiredo C, Dorneles GP, Marmett B, Peres A, Romão P, Abílio de Souza Teixeira A, Jabur Ribeiro JP, Dos Santos VR, Olean-Oliveira A, Teixeira MFS, Seraphim PM, Krüger K, Rosa-Neto JC, Lira FS. Central obesity is detrimental to anti-inflammatory, phenotype, and exhaustion markers in mononuclear cells - A cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 58:397-408. [PMID: 38057032 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of central obesity on immunometabolic response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from normal weight and overweight/obese young men. METHODS Eighteen individuals were classified as normal weight (NW; n = 9 - age: 25 ± 5 and BMI: 21.4 ± 1.7) and overweight/obese (OW; n = 9 - age: 29 ± 7 and BMI: 29.2 ± 2.7). The body composition was evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), waist circumference, and visceral and subcutaneous fat depots by ultrasound. Physical activity levels, metabolic parameters, immune phenotypic characterization, cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -stimulated whole blood cells and LPS or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated PBMC, and mitochondrial respiration in PBMCs were evaluated. Expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), and adrenergic receptor beta 1 and 2 (AR-β1 and β2) genes were evaluated in cultured PBMC using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Individuals with overweight/obese (OW) presented higher glucose (P = 0.009) and leptin (P = 0.010) than individuals with normal weight (NW). PBMCs of OW under stimulation with LPS presented a lower production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) (P = 0.011) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1α) (P = 0.048) than NW. Mitochondrial respiration rates were not different between NW and OW subjects. Cultured PBMCs in LPS-stimulated condition indicated higher gene expression of AR-β2 in OW, while PMA-stimulated PBMCs presented lower expression of AMPK (P = 0.002) and higher expression of NF-κB (P=<0.0001) than NW. OW presented higher numbers of CD3+CD4+ T cells (P = 0.009) and higher expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in CD8+ T cells (P = 0.001) than NW. CONCLUSION Central obesity promoted reductions in interleukin 10 production response and increase in AR-β2 expressions in mitogen-stimulated PBMCs. Furthermore, central obesity altered the phenotype of PBMCs, also increasing the expression of PD-1 exhaustion markers in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Olean-Oliveira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila S Padilha
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil; Biology of Ageing Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, NSW 2050, Sydney, Australia
| | - Caique Figueiredo
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilson Pires Dorneles
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab., Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Marmett
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab., Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab., Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Romão
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab., Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Abílio de Souza Teixeira
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Procópio Jabur Ribeiro
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - André Olean-Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Marcos F S Teixeira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Patrícia M Seraphim
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - José Cesar Rosa-Neto
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil; Centro de Investigação em Desporto e Atividade Física, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Slusher AL, Acevedo EO. Stress induced proinflammatory adaptations: Plausible mechanisms for the link between stress and cardiovascular disease. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1124121. [PMID: 37007994 PMCID: PMC10065149 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1124121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Initiating from Hans Selye’s conceptualization of stress physiology, to our present understanding of allostatic load as the cumulative burden of chronic psychological stress and life events, investigators have sought to identify the physiological mechanisms that link stress to health and disease. Of particular interest has been the link between psychological stress and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the number one cause of death in the United States. In this regard, attention has been directed toward alterations in the immune system in response to stress that lead to increased levels of systemic inflammation as a potential pathway by which stress contributes to the development of CVD. More specifically, psychological stress is an independent risk factor for CVD, and as such, mechanisms that explain the connection of stress hormones to systemic inflammation have been examined to gain a greater understanding of the etiology of CVD. Research on proinflammatory cellular mechanisms that are activated in response to psychological stress demonstrates that the ensuing low-grade inflammation mediates pathways that contribute to the development of CVD. Interestingly, physical activity, along with its direct benefits to cardiovascular health, has been shown to buffer against the harmful consequences of psychological stress by “toughening” the SAM system, HPA axis, and immune system as “cross-stressor adaptations” that maintain allostasis and prevent allostatic load. Thus, physical activity training reduces psychological stress induced proinflammation and attenuates the activation of mechanisms associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. Finally, COVID-19 associated psychological stress and its associated health risks has provided another model for examining the stress-health relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L. Slusher
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Athletics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Aaron L. Slusher,
| | - Edmund O. Acevedo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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6
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Brain functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging of obesity and weight loss interventions. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1466-1479. [PMID: 36918706 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has tripled over the past 40 years to become a major public health issue, as it is linked with increased mortality and elevated risk for various physical and neuropsychiatric illnesses. Accumulating evidence from neuroimaging studies suggests that obesity negatively affects brain function and structure, especially within fronto-mesolimbic circuitry. Obese individuals show abnormal neural responses to food cues, taste and smell, resting-state activity and functional connectivity, and cognitive tasks including decision-making, inhibitory-control, learning/memory, and attention. In addition, obesity is associated with altered cortical morphometry, a lowered gray/white matter volume, and impaired white matter integrity. Various interventions and treatments including bariatric surgery, the most effective treatment for obesity in clinical practice, as well as dietary, exercise, pharmacological, and neuromodulation interventions such as transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation and neurofeedback have been employed and achieved promising outcomes. These interventions and treatments appear to normalize hyper- and hypoactivations of brain regions involved with reward processing, food-intake control, and cognitive function, and also promote recovery of brain structural abnormalities. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of the recent neuroimaging advances on the underlying neural mechanisms of both obesity and interventions, in the hope of guiding development of novel and effective treatments.
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7
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Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Bone Turnover Markers in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome: The Mediator Role of Inflammation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2023; 33:23-29. [PMID: 36270626 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between inflammatory markers and bone turnover in adults is well known, and a negative association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and inflammatory markers has also been described. Hence, we tested whether the association between CRF and bone turnover markers is mediated by inflammatory markers in adults with metabolic syndrome. A total of 81 adults (58.5 ± 5.0 years, 62.7% women) were included in the analysis. CRF was measured by the 6-min walking test. Serum interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP) and vascular endothelial growth factor, collagen type I cross-linked C-telopeptide, procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), and total osteocalcin were assessed using a sensitive ELISA kit. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Partial correlation was used to test the relationship between CRF, inflammatory markers, and bone turnover markers, controlling for sex, lean mass, and fat mass. Boot-strapped mediation procedures were performed, and indirect effects with confidence intervals not including zero were interpreted as statistically significant. CRF was positively correlated with P1NP levels (r = .228, p = .044) and osteocalcin levels (r = .296, p = .009). Furthermore, CRF was positively correlated with IL-1β levels (r = .340, p = .002) and negatively correlated with hsCRP levels (r = -.335, p = .003), whereas IL-1β levels were positively correlated with P1NP levels (r = .245, p = .030), and hsCRP levels were negatively correlated with P1NP levels (r = -.319, p = .004). Finally, the association between CRF and P1NP levels was totally mediated by hsCRP (percentage of mediation = 39.9). Therefore, CRF benefits on bone formation could be dependent on hsCRP concentrations in this population.
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Aldahr MHS, Abd El-Kader SM. Impact of exercise on renal function, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation among patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Afr Health Sci 2022; 22:286-295. [PMID: 36910380 PMCID: PMC9993259 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v22i3.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a prevalent microvascular diabetic complication all over the world. Objective This study was designed to measure oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and kidney function response to exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetic (T2DM) nephropathy. Material and Methods Eighty obese T2DM patients (50 males and 30 females), their body mass index (BMI) mean was 33.85±3.43 Kg/m2 and the mean of diabetes chronicity was 12.53±2.64 year participated in the present study and enrolled two groups; group I: received aerobic exercise training and group II: received no training intervention. Results The mean values of creatinine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly decreased, while the mean values of interleukin-10 (IL-10), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) were significantly increased in group (A) after the aerobic exercise training, however the results of the control group were not significant. In addition, there were significant differences between both groups at the end of the study (P<0.05). Conclusion There is evidence that aerobic exercise training modulated oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines and improved renal function among patients with diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Saiem Aldahr
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shehab M Abd El-Kader
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Kim S. Association between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Older Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3671. [PMID: 35329357 PMCID: PMC8950222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relationship between non-exercise-based estimation of cardiorespiratory fitness (eCRF) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korea. The current study examined the prognostic role of eCRF in the risk stratification of MetS in a representative sample of Korean older adults (1822 men and 3069 women). METHODS The data used in the current study were extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys IV and V. eCRF was obtained using a previously validated algorithm. MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program definition with the acceptance of a Korean-specific waist circumference cutoff point. RESULTS Lower eCRF was significantly correlated with abnormalities in several components of MetS, including abdominal obesity, elevated glucose, elevated triglycerides, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, there was an inverse linear relationship between MetS prevalence and eCRF levels; higher eCRF was significantly and independently associated with lower prevalence of MetS. CONCLUSION The current findings suggest that eCRF can be adopted as a prognostic measure in determining the risk for MetS for elderly persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinuk Kim
- Department of Smart Information Communication Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 330-720, Korea
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10
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Tan K, Naylor MJ. The Influence of Modifiable Factors on Breast and Prostate Cancer Risk and Disease Progression. Front Physiol 2022; 13:840826. [PMID: 35330933 PMCID: PMC8940211 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.840826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and prostate cancers are among the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, and together represented almost 20% of all new cancer diagnoses in 2020. For both cancers, the primary treatment options are surgical resection and sex hormone deprivation therapy, highlighting the initial dependence of these malignancies on the activity of both endogenous and exogenous hormones. Cancer cell phenotype and patient prognosis is not only determined by the collection of specific gene mutations, but through the interaction and influence of a wide range of different local and systemic components. While genetic risk factors that contribute to the development of these cancers are well understood, increasing epidemiological evidence link modifiable lifestyle factors such as physical exercise, diet and weight management, to drivers of disease progression such as inflammation, transcriptional activity, and altered biochemical signaling pathways. As a result of this significant impact, it is estimated that up to 50% of cancer cases in developed countries could be prevented with changes to lifestyle and environmental factors. While epidemiological studies of modifiable risk factors and research of the biological mechanisms exist mostly independently, this review will discuss how advances in our understanding of the metabolic, protein and transcriptional pathways altered by modifiable lifestyle factors impact cancer cell physiology to influence breast and prostate cancer risk and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew J. Naylor
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Simpson RJ, Boßlau TK, Weyh C, Niemiro GM, Batatinha H, Smith KA, Krüger K. Exercise and adrenergic regulation of immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:303-318. [PMID: 34302965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training has a profound impact on immunity, exerting a multitude of positive effects in indications such as immunosenescence, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory diseases. The immune, endocrine and central nervous systems work in a highly synergistic manner and it has become apparent that catecholamine signaling through leukocyte β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) is a key mechanism by which exercise mediates improvements in immune function to help mitigate numerous disease conditions. Central to this is the preferential mobilization and redistribution of effector lymphocytes with potent anti-viral and anti-tumor activity, their interaction with muscle-derived cytokines, and the effects of catecholamine signaling on mitochondrial biogenesis, immunometabolism and the resulting inflammatory response. Here, we review the impact of acute and chronic exercise on adrenergic regulation of immunity in the context of aging, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory disease. We also put forth our contention that exercise interventions designed to improve immunity, prevent disease and reduce inflammation should consider the catecholamine-AR signaling axis as a therapeutic target and ask whether or not the adrenergic signaling machinery can be 'trained' to improve immune responses to stress, disease or during the normal physiological process of aging. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to augment leukocyte catecholamine signaling to boost the effects of exercise on immunity in individuals with desensitized β-ARs or limited exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Simpson
- University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Tim K Boßlau
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christopher Weyh
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany
| | - Grace M Niemiro
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Helena Batatinha
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kyle A Smith
- University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karsten Krüger
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany.
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M Al-Sharif F, M Abd El-Kader S. Inflammatory cytokines and sleep parameters response to life style intervention in subjects with obese chronic insomnia syndrome. Afr Health Sci 2021; 21:1223-1229. [PMID: 35222585 PMCID: PMC8843290 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i3.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic primary insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder that is associated with adverse effects on health outcomes. Sleep disturbance is usually associated with abnormal level of systemic inflammation biomarkers. Objective The aim of this study was to detect changes in sleep quality and inflammatory markers following weight loss among subjects with chronic primary insomnia. Material and methods Eighty previously sedentary subjects with chronic primary insomnia subjects enrolled in this study, their age ranged from 32–51 year were randomly assigned to life style intervention group (group A, n=40) or control group (group B, n=40). Polysomnographic recordings for sleep quality assessment, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were measured before and at the end of the study after six months. Results There was a significant increase in the total sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency and IL-10 in addition to significant reduction in awake time after sleep onset, REM latency, IL-6 and TNF-α after 6 months of in group(A) as a result of weight loss program; while the results of the control group (group B) were not significant. Also, there were significant differences between both groups at the end of the study. Conclusion Life style intervention modulates systemic inflammatory parameters and sleep quality among subjects with chronic primary insomnia.
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Al-Jiffri OH, Abd El-Kader SM. Aerobic versus resistance exercises on systemic inflammation and sleep parameters in obese subjects with chronic insomnia syndrome. Afr Health Sci 2021; 21:1214-1222. [PMID: 35222584 PMCID: PMC8843261 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i3.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic primary insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder that is associated with adverse effects on health outcomes. Exercise is often considered a non-pharmacological approach that could have beneficial effects on sleep. Objective The aim of the study was to compare the impact of aerobic and resistance exercise training on quality of sleep and inflammatory markers among subjects with chronic primary insomnia. Material and methods Sixty previously sedentary subjects with chronic primary insomnia subjects enrolled in this study, their age ranged from 31–52 years. All participants were randomly assigned to aerobic exercise intervention group (group A, n=35) or resistance exercise intervention group (group B, n=35). Polysomnographic recordings for sleep quality assessment, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were measured before and at the end of the study after six months. Results There was a significant increase in the total sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency and IL-10 in group(A) and group (B) in addition to significant reduction in awake time after sleep onset, REM latency, IL-6 and TNF-α after 6 months of aerbic and resistance exercise training. However, there were significant differences between both groups at the end of the study. Conclusion Aerobic exercise training is more appropriately than resistance exercise training in modulation of inflammatory and sleep quality among subjects with chronic primary insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama H Al-Jiffri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shehab M Abd El-Kader
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Straburzyńska-Lupa A, Cisoń T, Gomarasca M, Babińska A, Banfi G, Lombardi G, Śliwicka E. Sclerostin and bone remodeling biomarkers responses to whole-body cryotherapy (- 110 °C) in healthy young men with different physical fitness levels. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16156. [PMID: 34373519 PMCID: PMC8352874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of single and repeated exposures to whole-body cryotherapy on biomarkers of bone remodeling and osteo-immune crosstalk: sclerostin, osteocalcin (OC), C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx-I), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and free soluble receptor activator for nuclear factor κ B ligand (sRANKL). The study included 22 healthy males, grouped in high physical fitness level (HPhL) and low physical fitness level (LPhL), all undergone 10 consecutive sessions in a cryogenic chamber (- 110 °C). We observed a significant time-effect on sclerostin (p < 0.05), OC (p < 0.01), CTx-I (p < 0.001), OC/CTx-I (p < 0.05), and significant differences in sRANKL between the groups (p < 0.05) after the 1st cryostimulation; a significant time-effect on OC (p < 0.001) and OC/CTx-I (p < 0.001) after the 10th cryostimulation, and a significant time-effect on CTx-I (p < 0.001) and OC/CTx-I (p < 0.01) after 10 sessions of WBC. In conclusion, in young men, the first exposure to extreme cold induced significant changes in serum sclerostin. The changes in sRANKL, between groups, suggest that fitness level may modify the body's response to cold. The effects of the first stimulus and the whole session are not identical, probably due to the physiological development of habituation to cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Straburzyńska-Lupa
- Department of Physical Therapy and Sports Recovery, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cisoń
- Department of Physiotherapy, State University of Applied Science in Nowy Sącz, Nowy Sącz, Poland
| | - Marta Gomarasca
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Babińska
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Śliwicka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi Str. 27/39, 61-871, Poznań, Poland.
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15
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Obesity and aging: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101268. [PMID: 33556548 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of obesity is a major challenge for health policymakers due to its far-reaching effects on population health and potentially overwhelming financial burden on healthcare systems. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing acute and chronic diseases, including hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Interestingly, the metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity is similar to that observed in normal aging, and substantial evidence suggests the potential of obesity to accelerate aging. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of fat tissue dysfunction in obesity could provide insights into the processes that contribute to the metabolic dysfunction associated with the aging process. Here, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying both obesity and aging, and how obesity and aging can predispose individuals to chronic health complications. The potential of lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to counter obesity and obesity-related pathologies, as well as aging, is also addressed.
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Chi L, Hung CL, Lin CY, Song TF, Chu CH, Chang YK, Zhou C. The Combined Effects of Obesity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Are Associated with Response Inhibition: An ERP Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073429. [PMID: 33806257 PMCID: PMC8037415 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness exhibit negative and positive impacts, respectively, on executive function. Nevertheless, the combined effects of these two factors on executive function remain unclear. This study investigated the combined effects of obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness on response inhibition of executive function from both behavioral and neuroelectric perspectives. Ninety-six young adults aged between 18 and 25 years were recruited and assigned into four groups: the high cardiorespiratory fitness with normal weight (NH), high cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity (OH), low cardiorespiratory fitness with normal weight (NL), and low cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity (OL) groups. The stop-signal task and its induced P3 component of event-related potentials was utilized to index response inhibition. The participants with higher cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., the NH and OH groups) demonstrated better behavioral performance (i.e., shorter response times and higher accuracy levels), as well as shorter stop-signal response times and larger P3 amplitudes than their counterparts with low cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., the NL and OL groups). The study provides first-hand evidence of the substantial effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on the response inhibition, including evidence that the detrimental effects of obesity might be overcome by high cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chi
- School of Physical Education, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian, China;
| | - Chiao-Ling Hung
- Department of Athletics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Yen Lin
- Physical Education Office, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-Fen Song
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Heng Chu
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (Y.-K.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (Y.-K.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (Y.-K.C.); (C.Z.)
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17
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Barrón-Cabrera E, González-Becerra K, Rosales-Chávez G, Mora-Jiménez A, Hernández-Cañaveral I, Martínez-López E. Low-grade chronic inflammation is attenuated by exercise training in obese adults through down-regulation of ASC gene in peripheral blood: a pilot study. GENES AND NUTRITION 2020; 15:15. [PMID: 32854610 PMCID: PMC7457251 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-020-00674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Obesity is characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation and an excess of adipose tissue. The ASC gene encodes a protein that is part of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a cytosolic multiprotein complex that is associated with inflammation and metabolic alterations. To our knowledge, there is no evidence regarding ASC gene activity in obese adults in response to lifestyle modifications. Purpose To evaluate the effect of hypocaloric diet and moderate-intensity structured exercise intervention on ASC gene expression and inflammatory markers in obese adults. Methods Thirty-seven obese individuals aged 25 to 50 years were randomized to the hypocaloric diet exercise group or hypocaloric diet group. The participants underwent a 4-month follow-up. Electrical bioimpedance was used for body composition analysis. Biochemical data were analyzed by dry chemistry and insulin levels by ELISA. ASC gene expression from peripheral blood was performed using real-time PCR. Dietary data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using the Nutritionist Pro™ software. Quantification of cytokines was conducted using Bio-Plex Pro™ Human cytokine. The Astrand-Ryhming test was used to estimate the maximum oxygen volume and design the moderate-intensity structured exercise program ~ 75% heart rate (HR) Results After the intervention, both study groups significantly improved body composition (decreased weight, fat mass, waist circumference and abdominal obesity, p < 0.05). Besides, the diet-exercise group significantly decreased ASC mRNA expression, MCP-1, and MIP-1β inflammatory cytokines compared to the diet group (p < 0.05). While in the diet group, MCP-1 and IL-8 exhibited significantly decreased levels (p < 0.05). In the diet-exercise group, a positive correlation between the atherogenic index and waist circumference was found (r = 0.822, p = 0.011), and a negative correlation was observed between the delta of ASC mRNA expression and IL-10 levels at the end of the intervention (r = − 0.627, p = 0.019). Conclusion Low-grade chronic inflammation was attenuated through individualized exercise prescription and our findings highlight the role of the ASC gene in the inflammation of obese adults. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT04315376. Registered 20 March 2020—retrospectively registered
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Barrón-Cabrera
- Institute of Translational Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, zip code, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Karina González-Becerra
- Institute of Translational Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, zip code, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Gustavo Rosales-Chávez
- Respiratory Therapy Unit, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, zip code, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Alondra Mora-Jiménez
- Institute of Translational Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, zip code, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Iván Hernández-Cañaveral
- Microbiology and Pathology Department, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, zip code, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Erika Martínez-López
- Institute of Translational Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, zip code, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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Hong S. Inflammation at the interface of physical and neuropsychiatric outcomes: Investigation of neuroendocrine regulatory pathways to inform therapeutics. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:270-274. [PMID: 32353522 PMCID: PMC10637350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suzi Hong
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0804, La Jolla, California 92093-0804, USA.
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19
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Kelley KW, Réaux-Le Goazigo A. Dialing in the dialogue between inflammation and the brain. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:252-255. [PMID: 32014576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems communicate with one another and jointly influence functional responses. To highlight the many advances on this hot topic, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity conceptualized a Special Issue entitled "Dialing in the Dialogue Between Inflammation and the Brain." Recent advances and exciting developments in understanding communication pathways between the brain and the immune system during both physiological and pathological insults are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Kelley
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Department of Animal Sciences, College of ACES, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 212 Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, 1201 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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20
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Kruk J, Kotarska K, Aboul-Enein BH. Physical exercise and catecholamines response: benefits and health risk: possible mechanisms. Free Radic Res 2020; 54:105-125. [PMID: 32020819 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1726343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial effect of regular moderate physical exercise (PE) and negative effect of severe exercise and/or overtraining as an activator of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) have been shown in numerous aspects of human health, including reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, depression, and some types of cancer. Moderate-to-vigorous PE stimulates the SNS activation, releasing catecholamines (CATs) adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine that play an important regulatory and modulatory actions by affecting metabolic processes and the immune system. Summary of the dispersed literature in this area and explanation of the biological mechanisms operating between PE-CATs and the immune system would lead to a better understanding of the beneficial and negative effects of PE on health. This overview aimed to: demonstrate representative literature findings on the exercise released CATs levels, major functions performed by these hormones, their interactions with the immune system and their effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Also, mechanisms of cytotoxic free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation during CATs oxidation, and molecular mechanisms of CATs response to exercise are discussed to demonstrate positive and negative on human health effects. Owing to the large body of the subject literature, we present a representative cross-section of the published studies in this area. The results show a significant role of CATs in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, immunity and as generators of ROS, depending on PE intensity and duration. Further investigation of the PE-CATs relationship should validate CATs levels to optimize safe intensity and duration of exercise and individualize their prescription, considering CATs to be applied as markers for a dose of exercise. Also, a better understanding of the biological mechanisms is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kruk
- Faculty of Physical Culture and Health, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotarska
- Faculty of Physical Culture and Health, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Basil H Aboul-Enein
- Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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21
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Abd El-Kader SM, Al-Shreef FM, Al-Jiffri OH. Impact of aerobic exercise versus resisted exercise on endothelial activation markers and inflammatory cytokines among elderly. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:2874-2880. [PMID: 32127863 PMCID: PMC7040351 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is the major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases as aging increases plasma levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and endothelial dysfunction. Physical exercise is a potential strategy for improving the endothelial dysfunction and chronic inflammation that accompanies aging. However, there is a need to differentiate between aerobic and resistance exercise training regarding endothelial activation markers and systemic inflammation among elderly population. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the impact of six months of aerobic versus resisted exercise training on inflammatory cytokines and endothelial activation markers among elderly. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty previously sedentary elderly subjects participated in this study, their age ranged from 61-66 years. All subjects were randomly assigned to supervised aerobic exercise intervention group (group A, n=40) or resistance exercise group (group B, n=40). RESULTS The mean value of interleukin-10 (IL-10) was significantly increased, where the mean value of inter-cellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), E-selectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly decreased in group (A) and group (B). In addition, there were significant differences in the mean levels of the investigated parameters between group (A) and group (B) at the end of the study. CONCLUSION The current study provides evidence that aerobic exercise is more appropriate in modulate entering altered endothelial activation and inflammatory markers than resisted exercise among elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehab M Abd El-Kader
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadwa M Al-Shreef
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama H Al-Jiffri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Gálvez I, Martín-Cordero L, Hinchado MD, Álvarez-Barrientos A, Ortega E. Obesity Affects β2 Adrenergic Regulation of the Inflammatory Profile and Phenotype of Circulating Monocytes from Exercised Animals. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112630. [PMID: 31684076 PMCID: PMC6893831 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anomalous immune/inflammatory responses in obesity take place along with alterations in the neuroendocrine responses and dysregulation in the immune/stress feedback mechanisms. Exercise is a potential anti-inflammatory strategy in this context, but the influence of exercise on the β2 adrenergic regulation of the monocyte-mediated inflammatory response in obesity remains completely unknown. The first objective of this study was to analyze the effect of exercise on the inflammatory profile and phenotype of monocytes from obese and lean animals, and the second aim was to determine whether obesity could affect monocytes' inflammatory response to β2 adrenergic activation in exercised animals. C57BL/6J mice were allocated to different lean or obese groups: sedentary, with acute exercise, or with regular exercise. The inflammatory profile and phenotype of their circulating monocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry in the presence or absence of the selective β2 adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline. Exercise caused an anti-inflammatory effect in obese individuals and a pro-inflammatory effect in lean individuals. β2 adrenergic receptor stimulation exerted a global pro-inflammatory effect in monocytes from exercised obese animals and an anti-inflammatory effect in monocytes from exercised lean animals. Thus, β2 adrenergic regulation of inflammation in monocytes from exercised animals seems to depend on the inflammatory basal set-point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gálvez
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Leticia Martín-Cordero
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Enfermería, Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Hinchado
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Alberto Álvarez-Barrientos
- Servicio de Técnicas Aplicadas a la Biociencia (STAB), Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
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Han SJ, Bae KH, Lee HJ, Kim SJ, Cho HJ. Association between regular walking and periodontitis according to socioeconomic status: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12969. [PMID: 31506568 PMCID: PMC6736985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity reduces the risk and mortality risk of inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to examine the relationship between regular walking and periodontitis in a Korean representative sample of adults according to socioeconomic status. Data acquired by the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2014 and 2015 were used. The survey was completed by 11,921 (5,175 males; 6,746 females) participants (≥19 years). Individuals without values on periodontitis were excluded, and 9,728 participants remained. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done using socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, income, education), oral health-related variables (flossing, interdental brushing, community periodontal index), oral and general health status and behaviour (smoking, diabetes mellitus), and regular walking. In all models, subjects who walked regularly had significantly lower risks of periodontitis. After adjusting for age, gender, income, education, smoking, diabetes mellitus, flossing, and interdental brushing, the odds ratio for periodontitis in subjects who walked regularly was 0.793 (95% Confidence interval: 0.700-0.898). Non-regular walking groups showed similar social gradients. Risk of low socioeconomic status was not significant in the regular walking group after adjusting for age, gender, income, and education. This study found that regular walking is associated to lower prevalence of periodontitis and can attenuate the relationship between periodontitis and low socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Han
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hak Bae
- Oral Health Science Research Centre, Apple tree Dental Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyounggi-do, Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Lee
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangeung, Korea
| | - Seon-Jip Kim
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jae Cho
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. .,Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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24
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Dorneles GP, Silva I, Boeira MC, Valentini D, Fonseca SG, Dal Lago P, Peres A, Romão PRT. Cardiorespiratory fitness modulates the proportions of monocytes and T helper subsets in lean and obese men. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1755-1765. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilson P. Dorneles
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Igor Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Boeira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
- Research Center Methodist University Center IPA Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Diandra Valentini
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Dal Lago
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
- Research Center Methodist University Center IPA Porto Alegre Brazil
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Pedro R. T. Romão
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biosciences Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
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Abd El-Kader SM, Al-Jiffri OH. Aerobic exercise modulates cytokine profile and sleep quality in elderly. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:2198-2207. [PMID: 31656505 PMCID: PMC6794533 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbance is a major problem for older adults which can be exacerbated by increased inflammation as aging is associated with increased circulating pro-inflammatory and lower anti-inflammatory cytokines. There is a need to develop alternative medicine techniques to help improve sleep quality in the elderly. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training on the sleep quality and inflammatory cytokines in elderly subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty previously sedentary elderly subjects participated in this study, their age ranged from 61- 67 years. All subjects were randomly assigned to supervised aerobic exercise intervention group (group A, n=25) or control group (group B, n=25). Polysomnographic recordings for sleep quality assessment, interleukin- 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured before and after 6 months at the end of the study. RESULTS There was a significant increase in total sleep duration, sleep efficiency and sleep onset latency in group(A) after 6 months of aerobic exercise training, while, wake time after sleep onset and rapid eye movement (REM) latency significantly reduced after 6 months of aerobic training compared with values obtained prior to aerobic exercise training. Also, the mean values of TNF- α and IL-6 decreased significantly and the mean value of IL-10 significantly increased in group (A) after the aerobic exercise training, however the results of the control group were not significant. Moreover, there were significant differences between both groups at the end of the study. CONCLUSION Exercise training can be considered as a non-pharmacological modality for modifying sleep quality and inflammation among elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehab M Abd El-Kader
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama H Al-Jiffri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Cytokine responses to repeated, prolonged walking in lean versus overweight/obese individuals. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:196-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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β 2-Adrenergic receptor signaling mediates the preferential mobilization of differentiated subsets of CD8+ T-cells, NK-cells and non-classical monocytes in response to acute exercise in humans. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 74:143-153. [PMID: 30172948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise preferentially mobilizes cytotoxic T-cells, NK-cells and non-classical monocytes to the bloodstream under the influence of hemodynamic forces and/or β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) signaling. However, the relative contribution of these mechanisms to the redeployment of the most exercise-responsive cell types is largely unknown. We determined the lymphocyte and monocyte subtypes mobilized to blood during exercise via β2-AR signaling whilst controlling for β1-AR mediated reductions in hemodynamic forces. In a randomized, double blind, complete cross-over design, 14 healthy cyclists exercised for 30-minutes at +10% of blood lactate threshold after ingesting: (1) a placebo, (2) a β1-preferential antagonist (10 mg bisoprolol), or (2) a non-preferential β1 + β2-antagonist (80 mg nadolol) across three trials separated by >7-days. Bisoprolol was administered to reduce hemodynamic forces (heart rate and blood pressure) during exercise to levels comparable with nadolol but without blocking β2-ARs. The mobilization of total NK-cells, terminally differentiated (CD57+) NK-cells, central memory, effector memory and CD45RA+ effector memory CD8+ T-cells; non-classical monocytes; and γδ T-cells were significantly blunted or abrogated under nadolol compared to both bisoprolol and placebo, indicating that the exercise-induced mobilization of these cell types to the blood is largely influenced by β2-AR signaling. Nadolol failed to inhibit the mobilization of classical monocytes, CD4+ T-cells (and their subsets) or naïve CD8+ T-cells, indicating that these cell types are mobilized with exercise independently of the β2-AR. We conclude that the preferential mobilization of NK-cells, non-classical monocytes and differentiated subsets of CD8+ T-cells with exercise is largely dependent on catecholamine signaling through the β2-AR. These findings provide mechanistic insights by which distinct lymphocyte and monocyte subtypes are preferentially mobilized to protect the host from anticipated injury or infection in response to an acute stress response.
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Abd El-Kader SM, Al-Shreef FM. Inflammatory cytokines and immune system modulation by aerobic versus resisted exercise training for elderly. Afr Health Sci 2018; 18:120-131. [PMID: 29977265 PMCID: PMC6016983 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v18i1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aging is characterized with immunosenescence associated with a hyper-inflammatory state, characterized by elevated circulating levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. Physical exercise is a potential strategy for improving the immune system dysfunction and chronic inflammation that accompanies aging. However, there is a need to differentiate between aerobic and resistance exercise training regarding human immune system and systemic inflammation among the elderly Saudi population. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the impact of 6 months of aerobic versus resisted exercise training on inflammatory cytokines and immune system response among elderly. Material and methods Sixty previously sedentary elderly subjects participated in this study, their age ranged from 61–66 years. All Subjects were randomly assigned to supervised aerobic exercise intervention group (group A, n=40) or resistance exercise group (group B, n=40). Number of CD3+,CD4+,CD8+ T cells count and CD4/CD8 ratio were quantified, IL-6, TNF-α and IL10 were measured before and after 6 months, at the end of the study. Results The mean values of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells count and IL-10 were significantly increased, whereas the mean values of CD4/CD8 ratio, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased in group (A) and group (B). Also; there were significant differences between mean levels of the investigated parameters in group (A) and group (B) after treatment. Conclusion The current study provides evidence that aerobic exercise is more appropriate in modulating the immune system and inflammatory markers among the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehab M Abd El-Kader
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadwa M Al-Shreef
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Euteneuer F, Dannehl K, del Rey A, Engler H, Schedlowski M, Rief W. Immunological effects of behavioral activation with exercise in major depression: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1132. [PMID: 28509904 PMCID: PMC5534946 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression (MD) is associated with peripheral inflammation and increased cardiovascular risk. Regular physical exercise can have anti-inflammatory effects. The present study examined whether behavioral activation with exercise affects inflammatory processes in MD. Ninety-eight patients with MD were randomly assigned to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) emphasizing exercise during behavioral activation (CBT-E), CBT with pleasurable low-energy activities as an active control condition (CBT-C) or a passive waiting list control group (WL). Plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated IL-6 production, and blood immune cell counts were analyzed at baseline and weeks 8 (post-behavioral activation) and 16 (post-treatment). Thirty non-depressed age- and sex-matched controls were included to examine potential immunological alterations in MD at baseline. Patients with MD exhibited higher levels of CRP, higher neutrophil and monocyte counts, lower IL-10 levels and reduced LPS-stimulated IL-6 production compared to controls (P<0.001-0.045). Multilevel modeling indicated that CBT-E was associated with increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 at weeks 8 and 16 compared to CBT-C and WL (P=0.004-0.018). CBT-E did not significantly affect other immunological makers in the total sample. A subgroup analysis including patients with potentially higher cardiovascular risk (CRP ⩾1 μg ml-1) indicated that CRP was reduced in CBT-E compared to CBT-C (P<0.007) and marginally reduced compared to WL (P<0.085) after week 16. The present findings provide new insights into immunological effects of behavioral treatments against depression. Behavioral activation in conjunction with exercise may have the potential to reverse, in part, immunological alterations in MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Euteneuer
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Gutenbergstraße 18, Marburg 35032, Germany. E-mail:
| | - K Dannehl
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - A del Rey
- Research Group Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - H Engler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Clinic Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Clinic Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - W Rief
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Dimitrov S, Hulteng E, Hong S. Inflammation and exercise: Inhibition of monocytic intracellular TNF production by acute exercise via β 2-adrenergic activation. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:60-68. [PMID: 28011264 PMCID: PMC6555138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise is shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects, yet the effects of acute exercise on cellular inflammatory responses and its mechanisms remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that sympathoadrenergic activation during a single bout of exercise has a suppressive effect on monocytic cytokine production mediated by β2 adrenergic receptors (AR). We investigated the effects of 20-min moderate (65-70% VO2 peak) exercise-induced catecholamine production on LPS-stimulated TNF production by monocytes in 47 healthy volunteers and determined AR subtypes involved. We also examined the effects of β-agonist isoproterenol and endogenous β- and α-agonists epinephrine and norepinephrine, and receptor-subtype-specific β- and α-antagonists on TNF production in a series of in vitro investigations. LPS-stimulated TNF production by peripheral blood monocytes was determined intracellularly by flow cytometry, using an intracellular protein transport inhibitor. Percent TNF-producing monocytes and per-cell TNF production with and without LPS was suppressed by exercise with moderate to large effects, which was reversed by a β2-AR antagonist in spite that plasma TNF levels did not change. This inhibitory response in TNF production by exercise was mirrored by β-AR agonists in an agonist-specific and dose-dependent manner in vitro: similar isoproterenol (EC50=2.1-4.7×10-10M) and epinephrine (EC50=4.4-10×10-10M) potency and higher norepinephrine concentrations (EC50=2.6-4.3×10-8M) needed for the effects. Importantly, epinephrine levels observed during acute exercise in vivo significantly inhibited TNF production in vitro. The inhibitory effect of the AR agonists was abolished by β2-, but not by β1- or α-AR blockers. We conclude that the downregulation of monocytic TNF production during acute exercise is mediated by elevated epinephrine levels through β2-ARs. Decreased inflammatory responses during acute exercise may protect against chronic conditions with low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Dimitrov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Elaine Hulteng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Suzi Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA.
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Singh RK, Kumar P, Mahalingam K. Molecular genetics of human obesity: A comprehensive review. C R Biol 2017; 340:87-108. [PMID: 28089486 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its related health complications is a major problem worldwide. Hypothalamus and their signalling molecules play a critical role in the intervening and coordination with energy balance and homeostasis. Genetic factors play a crucial role in determining an individual's predisposition to the weight gain and being obese. In the past few years, several genetic variants were identified as monogenic forms of human obesity having success over common polygenic forms. In the context of molecular genetics, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) approach and their findings signified a number of genetic variants predisposing to obesity. However, the last couple of years, it has also been noticed that alterations in the environmental and epigenetic factors are one of the key causes of obesity. Hence, this review might be helpful in the current scenario of molecular genetics of human obesity, obesity-related health complications (ORHC), and energy homeostasis. Future work based on the clinical discoveries may play a role in the molecular dissection of genetic approaches to find more obesity-susceptible gene loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Kumar Singh
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632014 Vellore, India
| | - Permendra Kumar
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632014 Vellore, India
| | - Kulandaivelu Mahalingam
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632014 Vellore, India.
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Cheng T, Dimitrov S, Pruitt C, Hong S. Glucocorticoid mediated regulation of inflammation in human monocytes is associated with depressive mood and obesity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 66:195-204. [PMID: 26829709 PMCID: PMC4792525 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is observed in various conditions, including depression and obesity, which are also often related. Glucocorticoid (GC) resistance and desensitization of peripheral GC receptors (GRs) are often the case in HPA dysregulation seen in depression, and GC plays a critical role in regulation of inflammation. Given the growing evidence that inflammation is a central feature of some depression cases and obesity, we aimed to investigate the immune-regulatory role of GC-GR in relation to depressive mood and obesity in 35 healthy men and women. Depressive mood and level of obesity were assessed, using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-Ia) and body mass index (BMI), respectively. We measured plasma cortisol levels via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated intracellular tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by monocytes, using flow cytometry. Cortisol sensitivity was determined by the difference in monocytic TNF production between the conditions of 1 and 0 μM cortisol incubation ("cortisol-mediated inflammation regulation, CoMIR"). GR vs. mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonism for CoMIR was examined by using mifepristone and spironolactone. A series of multiple regression analyses were performed to investigate independent contribution of depressive mood vs. obesity after controlling for age, gender, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and plasma cortisol in predicting CoMIR. CoMIR was explained by somatic subcomponents of depressive mood (BDI-S: β=-0.499, p=0.001), or BMI (β=-0.466, p<0.01) in separate models. The effects of BMI disappeared when BDI-S was controlled for in the model, while BDI-S remained a significant independent predictor for CoMIR (β=-0.369, p<0.05). However, BMI remained the only independent predictor when BDI-T or BDI-C were controlled for in the model. Mediation analyses also revealed that the relationship between BMI and CoMIR was mediated by BDI-S. The exploratory findings of the relative GR vs. MR roles in CoMIR, using GR and MR blockers, indicated that CoMIR in our cellular model was predominantly mediated by GRs at the higher cortisol dose (1 μM). There was initial indication that greater obesity and somatic depressive symptoms were associated with smaller efficacy of the blockers, which warrants further investigation. Our findings, although in a preclinical sample, signify the shared pathophysiology of immune dysregulation in depression and obesity and warrant further mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiefu Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Stoyan Dimitrov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Christopher Pruitt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Suzi Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States.
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Hong S, Dimitrov S, Cheng T, Redwine L, Pruitt C, Mills PJ, Ziegler MG, Green JM, Shaikh F, Wilson K. Beta-adrenergic receptor mediated inflammation control by monocytes is associated with blood pressure and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:31-38. [PMID: 26300225 PMCID: PMC4631657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming data indicate that individuals with even mildly elevated blood pressure (BP) are at great risk for developing clinical hypertension and future cardiovascular disease (CVD). There remains a lack of consensus regarding treatment strategies for mildly elevated BP, termed prehypertension, and the knowledge of pathophysiology and mechanisms of its clinical outcomes remains limited. Our primary aim was to investigate βAR-mediated inflammation control (BARIC) responses of blood monocytes to isoproterenol (Iso) in relation to BP and CVD risk factors, including obesity, depressive mood, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels in the 64 prehypertensive compared to 84 individuals with normal BP. BARIC was determined by measuring the degree of inhibition in lipopolysaccharides-stimulated monocytic intracellular TNF production by ex vivo Iso treatment (10(-8)M). Depressive mood was assessed by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Fasting metabolic and lipid panels were assessed, and plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 were measured in a subset to confirm proinflammatory state of prehypertensive participants. Prehypertensive participants were older, heavier, included more men, and presented higher levels of fasting glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and plasma TNF compared to normotensive participants (p's<.05). BARIC was significantly attenuated in the prehypertensive compared to normotensive group (p<.05). BARIC was negatively associated with systolic BP, diastolic BP, age, BMI, fasting glucose, triglycerides, total and low density cholesterol levels, and somatic depressive symptoms in all participants (p's<.0001 to .05). However, among the prehypertensive individuals BARIC was positively associated with SBP even after controlling for the covariates (age, gender, race, BMI, glucose and lipid panel, somatic BDI scores) (p<.05). This differing nature of the BARIC-SBP relationship between the two BP groups may be attributed to moderating factors such as cardiorespiratory fitness or depressive symptoms that could not be clearly deciphered in this current study. Nonetheless, our findings indicate the associations between inflammation dysregulation mediated by sympathoadrenal activation and BP that is observable even among individuals with normal to mildly elevated BP. BARIC may be a useful and sensitive indicator of elevated risk for vascular inflammatory disease that can be detected even at lower BP levels, especially given its associations with traditional CVD risk factors and the critical role of monocytes in atherogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzi Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, USA.
| | - Stoyan Dimitrov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Tiefu Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Laura Redwine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA
| | | | - Paul J Mills
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, USA
| | | | - J Michael Green
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Farah Shaikh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Kathleen Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA
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Buonocore D, Negro M, Arcelli E, Marzatico F. Anti-inflammatory Dietary Interventions and Supplements to Improve Performance during Athletic Training. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 34 Suppl 1:62-7. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1080548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Apostolopoulos V, Borkoles E, Polman R, Stojanovska L. Physical and immunological aspects of exercise in chronic diseases. Immunotherapy 2014; 6:1145-57. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles are believed to be independent risk factors for the occurrence of numerous diseases, including, obesity, Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, cancer and mental health, all leading to substantial morbidity and/or premature death. It has been found that regular exercise, is associated with better quality of life and health outcomes, and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Here, we review the effects regular exercise has on mental health and well-being, on the immune system and in cancer, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and metabolic syndrome. Is exercise the new immunotherapy to treat diseases?
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
- VA Consulting Services, PO Box 6437, Melbourne, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Erika Borkoles
- College of Sport & Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Remco Polman
- College of Sport & Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Lily Stojanovska
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
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Simpson RJ, Bosch JA. Special issue on exercise immunology: current perspectives on aging, health and extreme performance. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 39:1-7. [PMID: 24681210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this special issue is to highlight outstanding exemplars of empirical research and review papers that reflect the breadth of current developments in exercise immunology. The contributions to this issue are categorized according to four major themes: (1) exercise and immune-aging; (2) the effects of acute exercise on cellular shifts and gene expression; (3) the effects of exercise on immune regulation during stress and disease; and (4) extreme performance and the impact of dietary counter measures on immunity. We discuss the papers appearing in this issue, in accordance with these major themes, and summarize their important contributions to this exciting and expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jos A Bosch
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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