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Haewphet T, Parhira S, Chaisupasakul P, Wangteeraprasert A, Phoungpetchara I, Pekthong D, Kaewkong W, Jiang ZH, Bai LP, Somran J, Srisawang P. The dichloromethane fraction from Calotropis gigantea (L.) dryand. Stem bark extract prevents liver cancer in SDT rats with insulin-independent diabetes mellitus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118516. [PMID: 38971341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. (C. gigantea) is a traditional medicinal plant, recognized for its effectiveness in managing diabetes, along with its notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic metabolic disorders associated with an elevated risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to hyperglycemia and impaired insulin response. The scientific validation of C. gigantea's ethnopharmacological efficacy offers advantages in alleviating cancer progression in T2DM complications, enriching existing knowledge and potentially aiding future clinical cancer treatments. AIM This study aimed to investigate the preventive potential of the dichloromethane fraction of C. gigantea stem bark extract (CGDCM) against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC in T2DM rats, aiming to reduce cancer incidence associated with diabetes while validating C. gigantea's ethnopharmacological efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats were administered DEN to induce HCC (SDT-DEN-VEH), followed by treatment with CGDCM. Metformin was used as a positive control (SDT-DEN-MET). All the treatments were administered for 10 weeks after the initial DEN injection. Diabetes-related parameters, including serum levels of glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), as well as liver function enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase), were quantified. Serum inflammation biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were evaluated. Liver tissue samples were analyzed for inflammation protein expression (IL-6, TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)). Histopathological evaluation was performed to assess hepatic necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Liver cell proliferation was determined using immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 expression. RESULTS Rats with SDT-DEN-induced HCC treated with CGDCM exhibited reduced serum glucose levels, elevated insulin levels, and decreased HbA1c levels. CGDCM treatment also reduced elevated hepatic IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β1, and α-SMA levels in SDT-DEN-VEH rats. Additionally, CGDCM treatment prevented hepatocyte damage, fibrosis, and cell proliferation. No adverse effects on normal organs were observed with CGDCM treatment, suggesting its safety for the treatment of HCC complications associated with diabetes. Additionally, the absence of adverse effects in SD rats treated with CGDCM at 2.5 mg/kg further supports the notion of its safe usage. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that C. gigantea stem bark extract exerts preventive effects against the development of HCC complications in patients with T2DM, expanding the potential benefits of its ethnopharmacological advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiyawat Haewphet
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Supawadee Parhira
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Environmental Health and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Pattaraporn Chaisupasakul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | | | - Ittipon Phoungpetchara
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Dumrongsak Pekthong
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Environmental Health and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Worasak Kaewkong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Li-Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Julintorn Somran
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Piyarat Srisawang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
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Sadikan MZ, Abdul Nasir NA, Lambuk L, Mohamud R, Reshidan NH, Low E, Singar SA, Mohmad Sabere AS, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R. Diabetic retinopathy: a comprehensive update on in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo experimental models. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:421. [PMID: 37858128 PMCID: PMC10588156 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness worldwide, is one of the major microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus (DM). Globally, DR prevalence among DM patients is 25%, and 6% have vision-threatening problems among them. With the higher incidence of DM globally, more DR cases are expected to be seen in the future. In order to comprehend the pathophysiological mechanism of DR in humans and discover potential novel substances for the treatment of DR, investigations are typically conducted using various experimental models. Among the experimental models, in vivo models have contributed significantly to understanding DR pathogenesis. There are several types of in vivo models for DR research, which include chemical-induced, surgical-induced, diet-induced, and genetic models. Similarly, for the in vitro models, there are several cell types that are utilised in DR research, such as retinal endothelial cells, Müller cells, and glial cells. With the advancement of DR research, it is essential to have a comprehensive update on the various experimental models utilised to mimic DR environment. This review provides the update on the in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models used in DR research, focusing on their features, advantages, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zulfiqah Sadikan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Manipal University College Malaysia (MUCM), Bukit Baru, 75150, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Alimah Abdul Nasir
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lidawani Lambuk
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hidayah Reshidan
- School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Evon Low
- Ageing Biology Centre, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Saiful Anuar Singar
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida State University, 32306, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Awis Sukarni Mohmad Sabere
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Pavshikh Bortsov sq. 1, 400131 , Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zhu L, Wang S, Sun Z, Liu J, Dai M, Han X, Xu Q, Li N, Dominik Nickel M, Xue H, Jin Z. Extracellular volume fraction of the pancreas predicts glucose intolerance in patients undergoing major pancreatic surgeries. Eur J Radiol 2023; 164:110859. [PMID: 37172440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2023.110859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic T1 value and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) are potential imaging biomarkers for pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function. This study aims to evaluate the ability of native T1 value and ECV of the pancreas in predicting postoperative new-onset diabetes (NODM) and worsened glucose tolerance in patients undergoing major pancreatic surgeries. METHODS This retrospective study involved 73 patients who underwent 3 T pancreatic MRI with pre- and postcontrast T1 mapping before major pancreatic surgeries. Patients were divided into non-diabetic, pre-diabetic and diabetic groups based on their glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value. Preoperative native T1 value and ECV of the pancreas were compared among the three groups. The correlation of pancreatic T1 value and ECV with HbA1c was assessed by linear regression analysis, and the ability of pancreatic T1 value and ECV for predicting postoperative NODM and worsened glucose tolerance was assessed using Cox Proportional hazards regression analysis. RESULTS Native pancreatic T1 value and ECV were both significantly higher in diabetic patients compared to pre-diabetic/non-diabetic patients, and ECV was also significantly higher in pre-diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients (all p < 0.05). Both native pancreatic T1 value and ECV showed positive correlation with preoperative HbA1c value (r = 0.50 and 0.55, respectively, both p < 0.001). ECV > 30.7% was the only independent predictor for NODM (HR = 5.687, 95% CI: 1.557, 13.468, p = 0.012) and worsened glucose tolerance (HR = 6.783, 95% CI:, 1.753, 15.842, p = 0.010) after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic ECV predicts the risk of postoperative NODM and worsened glucose tolerance in patients undergoing major pancreatic surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Shitian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyong Sun
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Menghua Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianlin Han
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Naishi Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Huadan Xue
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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Wai Linn T, Kobroob A, Ngernjan M, Amornlerdpison D, Lailerd N, Wongmekiat O. Crocodile Oil Disrupts Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Exacerbates Diabetic Kidney Injury in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Rats. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081068. [PMID: 36008962 PMCID: PMC9406139 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is currently the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in type 2 diabetes. Studies have suggested that supplementation with some fatty acids might reduce the risk and delay the progression to ESRD in patient with chronic kidney disease. Crocodile oil (CO) contains a variety of fatty acids, especially omega-3, -6 and -9, that have been reported to be beneficial to human health. This study examined the impact of long-term CO supplementation on the development of diabetic nephropathy in spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats. After diabetic verification, SDT rats were assigned to receive vehicle or CO at 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW, respectively, by oral gavage. Age-matched nondiabetic Sprague–Dawley rats were given vehicle or high-dose CO. After 28 weeks of intervention, CO failed to improve hyperglycemia and pancreatic histopathological changes in SDT rats. Unexpectedly, CO dose-dependently exacerbated the impairment of kidney and mitochondrial functions caused by diabetes. CO also disturbed the expressions of proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy. However, no significant alterations were observed in nondiabetic rats receiving high-dose CO. The findings reveal that CO has deleterious effects that aggravate diabetic kidney injury via disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis, possibly due to its improper omega-6: omega-3 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiri Wai Linn
- Nutrition and Exercise Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (T.W.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Anongporn Kobroob
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Science, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand;
| | - Metas Ngernjan
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand; (M.N.); (D.A.)
| | - Doungporn Amornlerdpison
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand; (M.N.); (D.A.)
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation for Graduate Entrepreneur, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
| | - Narissara Lailerd
- Nutrition and Exercise Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (T.W.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Orawan Wongmekiat
- Integrative Renal Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53-935362
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KOBAYASHI K, SASASE T, MAEKAWA T, SHINOZAKI Y, SANO R, YAMADA T, OHTA T. Immune Disorders and Sex Differences in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Rats, Type 2 Diabetic Model. Physiol Res 2022; 71:113-123. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is believed to be a non-autoimmune metabolic disorder. However, there are increasing reports that some T2D patients have immune abnormalities. In addition, it is known that there are sex differences in the onset of diabetes and immune responses in humans. Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats, a non-obese T2D model, also have sex differences in the onset of diabetes, but the involvement of immune abnormalities in diabetes is unknown. In this study, we investigated immune abnormalities in SDT rats. Immune cell subset analysis was performed in male and female SDT rats and control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 5, 11, and 17 weeks of age. Male and female SDT rats had swelling of the spleen and lymph nodes and a higher number of T cells and B cells in the blood, spleen, and lymph nodes than SD rats. Only male SDT rats developed diabetes at 17 weeks of age, and the number of classical and non-classical monocytes in the blood and spleen of male SDT rats was higher than that in male SD rats and female SDT rats that did not develop diabetes. Most of these findings were observed before the onset of diabetes (~11 weeks of age), suggesting that classical and non-classical monocytes may contribute to the development of diabetes in male SDT rats. In conclusion, SDT rats may be a useful T2D model involved in immune abnormalities, and further research will help elucidate the pathophysiology of T2D with immune abnormalities and develop new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K KOBAYASHI
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - T SASASE
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - T MAEKAWA
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Y SHINOZAKI
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - R SANO
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - T YAMADA
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - T OHTA
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Theaflavins prevent the onset of diabetes through ameliorating glucose tolerance mediated by promoted incretin secretion in spontaneous diabetic Torii rats. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Qatamish MA, Al-Nassan SM, Kondo H, Fujino H. Protective effects of low-intensity exercise on metabolic oxidative capacity and capillarization in skeletal muscle of non-obese diabetic rats. Biomed Res 2021; 41:227-236. [PMID: 33071258 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.41.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus induces skeletal muscle dysfunction, such as decreased metabolic activity and capillarization. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic low intensity exercise training on metabolic oxidative capacity and capillarization in skeletal muscle of non-obese diabetic rats. Eleven to twenty-five week-old male non-obese Spontaneous Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats (n = 11) and age-matched healthy male Sprague-Dawley SD rats (n = 11) were randomly assigned to either exercise or sedentary groups. The exercise training was performed on a low-speed motorized treadmill (15 m min-1) for 60 min per session, 5 sessions per week for 14 weeks in exercised groups. Sedentary SDT rats resulted in hyperglycemia, reduction of metabolic oxidative enzyme, and low percentage of oxidative fibers in the skeletal muscles. The low-intensity exercise training inhibited the growth-related increase in glucose level, and increased the muscle oxidative enzyme in exercised SDT rats compared with sedentary SDT rats. In addition, the exercise program prevented capillary regression in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. These results suggest that low-intensity exercise training may be an effective treatment to counter the detrimental effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the oxidative capacity and the capillary network of skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saad M Al-Nassan
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, The Hashemite University
| | - Hiroyo Kondo
- Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University
| | - Hidemi Fujino
- Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University
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Kobayashi K, Sasase T, Ishii Y, Katsuda Y, Miyajima K, Yamada T, Ohta T. The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, FTY720, prevents the incidence of diabetes in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:869-876. [PMID: 32920892 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator regulates lymphocyte trafficking, resulting in its depletion from circulation, which ultimately causes immunosuppression. In this study, we investigated the preventive effect of fingolimod (FTY720) in the non-obese type 2 diabetic model, Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats. The S1P receptor modulator, FTY720 (0.3 mg/kg p.o.), was administered for 12 weeks to SDT rats from 5 to 17 weeks of age. Based on our findings, FTY720 could suppress the incidence of diabetes in SDT rats. Further, glucose intolerance was improved in FTY720-treated SDT rats at 14 weeks of age. Based on the haematological and histological analyses performed at 17 to 18 weeks of age, a decrease in lymphocytes and monocytes in the peripheral blood and a decrease in lymphocyte and atrophy in spleen occurred in the FTY720-treated SDT rats. Furthermore, the pancreatic changes, such as inflammation, atrophy, and fibrosis in islets observed in SDT rats were improved by FTY720 treatment. These findings suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of FTY720 reduced the pancreatic lesion in SDT rats, thereby demonstrating its preventive effect against diabetes. The development of diabetes in SDT rats is related to disorders of the immune system. However, the S1P receptor modulator may be useful for treating type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Kobayashi
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihito Ishii
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Katsuda
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Yasui H, Yano K, Kuzuhara Y, Ikegawa M, Matsukawa M. Prolonged Hyperglycemia Reduces Elasticity of Type II Diabetic Rat Bone. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:381-388. [PMID: 32767061 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An increase in bone fracture risk has been reported in patients with diabetes. To evaluate an early effect of glucose intolerance on bone homeostasis, we have characterized bones from spontaneously diabetic torii (SDT) rats, an animal model of type 2 diabetes in comparison with Sprague Dawley (SD) rats as healthy control. Focusing on early effects of diabetes on bone elasticity, longitudinal wave velocities of animal bones were first determined by a micro-Brillouin scattering technique in a non-destructive way. Wave velocities in the cortical and cancellous bones in the tibias of the SDT and SD rats were compared. In a pre-diabetic stage at approximately 10 weeks of age, there seems no significant difference in wave velocities in bones from age-matched SDT and SD rats. By contrast, after the onset of diabetes at approximately 20 weeks of age, the mean velocities of bones from SDT rats were lower than those of SD rat. In addition, the X-ray CT showed that the bone amounts of SDT rats were smaller than those of SD rats in an early diabetic stage at 20 weeks of age. The current study demonstrated that the wave velocity decreased in bones of SDT rats in the early stages of diabetes. While a decrease of bone strength in an early stage of diabetes can be partially explained from decreases in bone amount as well as bone elasticity, further studies will be needed in understanding a detailed mechanism of bone deterioration due to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Yasui
- Laboratory of Ultrasonic Electronics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Applied Ultrasonic Research Center, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Keita Yano
- Laboratory of Ultrasonic Electronics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Applied Ultrasonic Research Center, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuzuhara
- Laboratory of Genomics, Proteomics and Biomedical Functions, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Applied Ultrasonic Research Center, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Masaya Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Genomics, Proteomics and Biomedical Functions, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Applied Ultrasonic Research Center, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Mami Matsukawa
- Laboratory of Ultrasonic Electronics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Applied Ultrasonic Research Center, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan.
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Kondo K, Yamada N, Suzuki Y, Hashimoto T, Toyoda K, Takahashi T, Kobayashi A, Sugai S, Yoshinari K. Enhancement of acetaminophen-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in spontaneously diabetic torii (SDT) rats. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:245-260. [PMID: 32404557 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Some patients encounter hepatotoxicity after repeated acetaminophen (APAP) dosing even at therapeutic doses. In the present study, we focused on the diabetic state as one of the suggested risk factors of drug-induced liver injury in humans and investigated the contribution of accelerated gluconeogenesis to the susceptibility to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity using an animal model of type 2 diabetes patients. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and spontaneously diabetic torii (SDT) rats were each given APAP at 0 mg/kg, 300 and 500 mg/kg for 35 days by oral gavage. Plasma and urinary glutathione-related metabolites, liver function parameters, and hepatic glutathione levels were compared between the non-APAP-treated SDT and SD rats and between the APAP-treated SDT and SD rats. Hepatic function parameters were not increased at either dose level in the APAP-treated SD rats, but were increased at both dose levels in the APAP-treated SDT rats. Increases in hepatic glutathione levels attributable to the treatment of APAP were noted only in the APAP-treated SD rats. There were differences in the profiles of plasma and urinary glutathione-related metabolites between the non-APAP-treated SD and SDT rats and the plasma/urinary endogenous metabolite profile after treatment with APAP in the SDT rats indicated that hepatic glutathione synthesis was decreased due to accelerated gluconeogenesis. In conclusion, SDT rats were more sensitive to APAP-induced chronic hepatotoxicity than SD rats and the high susceptibility of SDT rats was considered to be attributable to lowered hepatic glutathione levels induced by accelerated gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Kondo
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC.,Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Naohito Yamada
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Tatsuji Hashimoto
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Kaoru Toyoda
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Tadakazu Takahashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Shoichiro Sugai
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Skog O, Korsgren O. On the dynamics of the human endocrine pancreas and potential consequences for the development of type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57:503-511. [PMID: 31520124 PMCID: PMC7093340 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-019-01420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the human islet life span, and beta-cell neogenesis is generally considered rare in adults. However, based on available data on beta-cell proliferation, calculations can be made suggesting that the dynamics of the endocrine pancreas is considerable even during adulthood, with islet neogenesis and a sustained increase in size of already formed islets. Islet-associated hemorrhages, frequently observed in most mammals including humans, could account for a considerable loss of islet parenchyma balancing the constant beta-cell proliferation. Notably, in subjects with type 1 diabetes, periductal accumulation of leukocytes and fibrosis is frequently observed, findings that are likely to negatively affect islet neogenesis from endocrine progenitor cells present in the periductal area. Impaired neogenesis would disrupt the balance, result in loss of islet mass, and eventually lead to beta-cell deficiency and compromised glucose metabolism, with increased islet workload and blood perfusion of remaining islets. These changes would impose initiation of a vicious circle further increasing the frequency of vascular events and hemorrhages within remaining islets until the patient eventually loses all beta-cells and becomes c-peptide negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Skog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Takahashi T, Matsuura C, Toyoda K, Suzuki Y, Yamada N, Kobayashi A, Sugai S, Shimoi K. Estimation of potential risk of allyl alcohol induced liver injury in diabetic patients using type 2 diabetes spontaneously diabetic Torii-Lepr fa (SDT fatty) rats. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:759-776. [PMID: 31708533 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In order to estimate the potential risk of chemicals including drug in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we investigated allyl alcohol induced liver injury using SD rats and Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Leprfa (SDT fatty) rats as a model for human T2DM. The diabetic state is one of the risk factors for chemically induced liver injury because of lower levels of glutathione for detoxification by conjugation with chemicals and environmental pollutants and their reactive metabolites. Allyl alcohol is metabolized to a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde, acrolein, which is detoxified by conjugation with glutathione. Therefore, we used allyl alcohol as a model compound. Our investigations showed that SDT fatty rats appropriately mimic the diabetic state in humans. The profiles of glucose metabolism, hepatic function tests and glutathione synthesis in the SDT fatty rats were similar to those in patients with T2DM. Five-week oral dosing with allyl alcohol to the SDT fatty rats revealed that the allyl alcohol induced liver injury was markedly enhanced in the SDT fatty rats when compared with the SD rats and the difference was considered to be due to lower hepatic detoxification of acrolein, the reactive metabolite of allyl alcohol, by depleted hepatic glutathione synthesis. Taking all the results of the present study into consideration, the potential for allyl alcohol to induce liver injury is considered to be higher in diabetic patients than in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadakazu Takahashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC.,Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate Program in Environmental Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Chizuru Matsuura
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Kaoru Toyoda
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Naohito Yamada
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Shoichiro Sugai
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Kayoko Shimoi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate Program in Environmental Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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13
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Takakura S, Takasu T. Acute and Direct Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition on Glomerular Filtration Rate in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Fatty Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1707-1712. [PMID: 31582658 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical studies indicate that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors exhibit a renoprotective effect. While studies at the single nephron level suggest that direct effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on renal hemodynamics may be a possible mechanism underlying their renoprotective effect, few studies have focused on such direct effects at the whole-kidney level. In the present study, we investigated the acute and direct effect of SGLT2 inhibition on creatinine clearance, an index of whole-kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR), in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Twelve to fifteen-week-old male Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats and Sprague-Dawley rats were used as diabetic animals and non-diabetic controls, respectively. Under general anesthesia, baseline urine samples were collected from the left and right ureters for 1 h. The selective SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin or vehicle was subsequently administered intravenously and post-drug urine was collected for 1 h. Baseline and post-drug blood samples were collected immediately before baseline urine collection and immediately after post-drug urine collection, respectively. Plasma glucose, urine volume, urinary glucose and albumin excretion were measured, and creatinine clearance was calculated. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously throughout the experiment. A single intravenous injection of ipragliflozin increased both urine output and glucose excretion, but reduced creatinine clearance without affecting systemic blood pressure. These results suggest that SGLT2 inhibition directly reduced whole-kidney GFR, most likely due to a reduction in intraglomerular pressure, by altering local renal hemodynamics, which may contribute to the renoprotective effects demonstrated in clinical studies.
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14
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Kim CS, Kim J, Kim YS, Jo K, Lee YM, Jung DH, Lee IS, Kim JH, Kim JS. Improvement in Diabetic Retinopathy through Protection against Retinal Apoptosis in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Rats Mediated by Ethanol Extract of Osteomeles schwerinae C.K. Schneid. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030546. [PMID: 30836664 PMCID: PMC6470872 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal apoptosis plays a critical role in the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common diabetic complication. Currently, the tight control of blood glucose levels is the standard approach to prevent or delay the progression of DR. However, prevalence of DR among diabetic patients remains high. Focusing on natural nutrients or herbal medicines that can prevent or delay the onset of diabetic complications, we administered an ethanol extract of the aerial portion of Osteomeles schwerinae (OSSCE), a Chinese herbal medicine, over a period of 17 weeks to spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats. OSSCE was found to ameliorate retinal apoptosis through the regulation of advanced glycation end product (AGE) accumulation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function via the inhibition of NF-κB activity, in turn, through the downregulation of PKCδ, P47phox, and ERK1/2. We further demonstrated in 25 mM glucose-treated human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) that hyperoside (3-O-galactoside-quercetin), quercitrin (3-O-rhamnoside-quercetin), and 2″-O-acetylvitexin (8-C-(2″-O-acetyl-glucoside)-apigenin) were the active components of OSSCE that mediated its pharmacological action. Our results provide evidence that OSSCE is a powerful agent that may directly mediate a delay in the development or disease improvement in patients of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Sik Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
- Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Young Sook Kim
- Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea.
- Clinical Research Coordination Team, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Kyuhyung Jo
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Yun Mi Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Dong Ho Jung
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Ik Soo Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Joo-Hwan Kim
- Department of Life Science. Gachon University, 1342, Seongnamdaero, Seongnam, Gyeonggido 13120, Korea.
| | - Jin Sook Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
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15
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Takakura S, Takasu T. First-dose effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin on cardiovascular activity in spontaneously diabetic Torii fatty rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 46:266-273. [PMID: 30485488 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first dose of a sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor induces osmotic diuresis and can thereby affect cardiovascular activity in hyperglycemic patients. We aimed to determine whether the first dose of the selective SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin affects cardiovascular activity in non-diabetic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats in two studies, a urine collection study and a telemetry study. In the former study, urine was collected for 24 hours after a single oral dose of ipragliflozin. In the latter study, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously monitored for 24 hours under conscious and unrestrained conditions from immediately before the administration of ipragliflozin. The telemetry study was conducted in a crossover design at successive 1 week intervals. Cardiovascular autonomic nerve activity was calculated from the SBP and HR. SDT fatty rats exhibited polyuria, glucosuria and hyperglycemia. In addition, the mean and standard deviation of SBP were higher, while the coefficient of variance of HR was lower than the respective parameters in SD rats. Ipragliflozin increased both urine output and urinary glucose excretion, and the increases were more pronounced in SDT fatty rats than in SD rats. In contrast, ipragliflozin had no effect on SBP, the standard deviation of SBP, HR, and the coefficient of variance of HR, or on autonomic nerve activity in either rat strain. These results suggest that the first dose of the SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin has little impact on cardiovascular activity despite causing glucosuria with osmotic diuresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Takakura
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takasu
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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16
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Takao K, Morishita N, Terahara N, Fukui K, Matsui T. Anti-diabetic Effect of Acetic Acid-Free Red Vinegar in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Rats. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.65.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
| | - Naoki Morishita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
| | | | | | - Toshiro Matsui
- Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
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17
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Toyoda K, Suzuki Y, Muta K, Masuyama T, Kakimoto K, Kobayashi A, Shoda T, Sugai S. High fructose diet feeding accelerates diabetic nephropathy in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:45-58. [PMID: 29415951 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the complications of diabetes and is now the most common cause of end-stage renal disease. Fructose is a simple carbohydrate that is present in fruits and honey and is used as a sweetener because of its sweet taste. Fructose has been reported to have the potential to progress diabetes and DN in humans even though fructose itself does not increase postprandial plasma glucose levels. In this study, we investigated the effects of high fructose intake on the kidney of the Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats which have renal lesions similar to those in DN patients and compared these with the effects in normal SD rats. This study revealed that a 4-week feeding of the high fructose diet increased urinary excretion of kidney injury makers for tubular injury and accelerated mainly renal tubular and interstitial lesions in the SDT rats but not in normal rats. The progression of the nephropathy in the SDT rats was considered to be related to increased internal uric acid and blood glucose levels due to the high fructose intake. In conclusion, high fructose intake exaggerated the renal lesions in the SDT rats probably due to effects on the tubules and interstitium through metabolic implications for uric acid and glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Toyoda
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Kyotaka Muta
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Taku Masuyama
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Kochi Kakimoto
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Toshiyuki Shoda
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Shoichiro Sugai
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
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18
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Bhaskaran M, Cornwell PD, Sorden SD, Elwell MR, Russell NR, Pritt ML, Vahle JL. Pancreatic Effects of a Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Small-molecule Inhibitor in Rats Are Strain-dependent. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:460-472. [PMID: 29699458 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318770163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) are under development as potential therapies for various autoimmune diseases. In repeat-dose toxicity studies, small-molecule BTK inhibitors (BTKi) have been reported to cause a constellation of histologic effects at the pancreatic endocrine-exocrine interface in male rats; however, similar findings were not reported in other species. Since the BTKi-induced pancreatic effect is morphologically similar to well-documented spontaneous changes (predominantly characterized by insular/peri-insular hemorrhage, pigment deposition, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis) that are known to vary by rat strain, we investigated potential strain-dependent differences in the pancreatic effects of a small-molecule BTKi, LY3337641. Following 13 weeks of LY3337641 treatment, Crl:CD(SD) rats were most sensitive, Crl:WI(Han) rats were of intermediate sensitivity, and Hsd:SD rats were least sensitive. These strain differences appear to be related to differences in rate of weight gain across strains and sexes; however, a definitive mechanism was not determined. This study demonstrated that BTKi-induced pancreatic effects were highly dependent on rat strain and correlated with differences in the incidence and severity of the spontaneous background change. When considered with the lack of pancreas effects in nonrat species, these changes in rats are unlikely predictive of similar changes in humans administered a BTK inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John L Vahle
- 1 Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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19
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Subramaniam A, Landstrom M, Luu A, Hayes KC. The Nile Rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) as a Superior Carbohydrate-Sensitive Model for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020235. [PMID: 29463026 PMCID: PMC5852811 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial disease involving complex genetic and environmental interactions. No single animal model has so far mirrored all the characteristics or complications of diabetes in humans. Since this disease represents a chronic nutritional insult based on a diet bearing a high glycemic load, the ideal model should recapitulate the underlying dietary issues. Most rodent models have three shortcomings: (1) they are genetically or chemically modified to produce diabetes; (2) unlike humans, most require high-fat feeding; (3) and they take too long to develop diabetes. By contrast, Nile rats develop diabetes rapidly (8-10 weeks) with high-carbohydrate (hiCHO) diets, similar to humans, and are protected by high fat (with low glycemic load) intake. This review describes diabetes progression in the Nile rat, including various aspects of breeding, feeding, and handling for best experimental outcomes. The diabetes is characterized by a striking genetic permissiveness influencing hyperphagia and hyperinsulinemia; random blood glucose is the best index of disease progression; and kidney failure with chronic morbidity and death are outcomes, all of which mimic uncontrolled T2DM in humans. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), also described in diabetic humans, results from hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol accumulation associated with rising blood glucose. Protection is afforded by low glycemic load diets rich in certain fibers or polyphenols. Accordingly, the Nile rat provides a unique opportunity to identify the nutritional factors and underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms that characterize human T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alice Luu
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - K C Hayes
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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20
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Kim J, Jo K, Kim CS, Kim JS. Aster koraiensis extract prevents diabetes-induced retinal vascular dysfunction in spontaneously diabetic Torii rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:497. [PMID: 29169356 PMCID: PMC5701358 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aster koraiensis extract (AKE) is a standard dietary herbal supplement. The aim of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effects of AKE on diabetes-induced retinal vascular dysfunction in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats. METHODS AKE (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day) was administered for 16 weeks. The effects of orally administered AKE on blood glucose levels, retinal vascular leakage, apoptosis, and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the retina were evaluated. RESULTS SDT rats exhibited hyperglycemia and retinal vascular leakage, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was clearly detected apoptosis in the retinal microvasculature. Immunofluorescence staining revealed the accumulation of AGEs in the retinal vasculature of the SDT rats. However, oral administration of AKE for 16 weeks blocked diabetes-induced blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown and the loss of occludin, which is an important tight junction protein. Apoptosis of retinal vascular cells and AGE accumulation were significantly inhibited after AKE treatment. CONCLUSION These results indicate that, as a dietary herbal supplement, AKE may have beneficial effects on patients with diabetic retinopathy.
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Chen SJ, Aikawa C, Yoshida R, Kawaguchi T, Matsui T. Anti-prediabetic effect of rose hip (Rosa canina) extract in spontaneously diabetic Torii rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:3923-3928. [PMID: 28182280 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediabetes, a high-risk state for developing diabetes showing impaired glucose tolerance but a normal fasting blood glucose level, has an increasing prevalence worldwide. However, no study investigating the prevention of impaired glucose tolerance at the prediabetic stage by anti-diabetic functional foods has been reported. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the anti-prediabetic effect of rose hip in a prediabetic rat model. RESULTS Spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats were supplemented with hot-water extract of rose hip at a dose of 100 mg kg-1 body weight day-1 for 12 weeks. The results obtained showed that the supplementation of rose hip extract improved impaired glucose tolerance, promoted insulin secretion, preserved pancreatic beta-cell function and suppressed plasma advanced glycation end-products formation of methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone (MG-H1) residue and Nϵ -carboxymethyl-lysine residues (e.g. MG-H1, control: 465.5 ± 43.8 versus rose hip: 59.1 ± 13.0 pmol mg protein-1 , P < 0.05) in SDT rats at the prediabetic stage (12-20 weeks old). CONCLUSION The present study provides the first evidence showing that a hot-water extract of rose hip could exert an anti-prediabetic effect in a rat model. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Jing Chen
- Division of Bioscience and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chiwa Aikawa
- Division of Bioscience and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Risa Yoshida
- Division of Bioscience and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kawaguchi
- Biotechnology and Food Research Institute, Fukuoka Industrial Technology Center, Kurume, Japan
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Division of Bioscience and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Watanabe K, Fujii H, Goto S, Nakai K, Kono K, Watanabe S, Shinohara M, Nishi S. Newly Developed Rat Model of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disorder. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 25:170-177. [PMID: 28674323 PMCID: PMC5827086 DOI: 10.5551/jat.40170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Chronic kidney disease–mineral bone disorder (CKD–MBD) is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD. Thus, elucidating its pathophysiological mechanisms is essential for improving the prognosis. We evaluated characteristics of CKD–MBD in a newly developed CKD rat model. Methods: We used male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats and spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats, which are used as models for nonobese type 2 diabetes. CKD was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx). At 10 weeks, the rats were classified into six groups and administered with a vehicle or a low- or high-dose paricalcitol thrice a week. At 20 weeks, the rats were sacrificed; blood and urinary biochemical analyses and histological analysis of the aorta were performed. Results: At 20 weeks, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, blood pressure, and renal function were not significantly different among the six groups. Serum calcium and phosphate levels tended to be higher in SDT-Nx rats than in SD-Nx rats. The urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate was significantly greater in SDT-Nx rats than in SD-Nx rats. After administering paricalcitol, serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels were significantly higher in SDT-Nx rats than in SD-Nx rats. The degree of aortic calcification was significantly more severe and the aortic calcium content was significantly greater in SDT-Nx rats than in SD-Nx rats. Conclusions: We suggest that our new CKD rat model using SDT rats represents a useful CKD–MBD model, and this model was greatly influenced by paricalcitol administration. Further studies are needed to clarify the detailed mechanisms underlying this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Watanabe
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shunsuke Goto
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kentaro Nakai
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Keiji Kono
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shuhei Watanabe
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Shinichi Nishi
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
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23
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Hogan MF, Hull RL. The islet endothelial cell: a novel contributor to beta cell secretory dysfunction in diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:952-959. [PMID: 28396983 PMCID: PMC5505567 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islet is highly vascularised, with an extensive capillary network. In addition to providing nutrients and oxygen to islet endocrine cells and transporting hormones to the peripheral circulation, islet capillaries (comprised primarily of islet endothelial cells) are an important source of signals that enhance survival and function of the islet beta cell. In type 2 diabetes, and animal models thereof, evidence exists of morphological and functional abnormalities in these islet endothelial cells. In diabetes, islet capillaries are thickened, dilated and fragmented, and islet endothelial cells express markers of inflammation and activation. In vitro data suggest that this dysfunctional islet endothelial phenotype may contribute to impaired insulin release from the beta cell. This review examines potential candidate molecules that may mediate the positive effects of islet endothelial cells on beta cell survival and function under normal conditions. Further, it explores possible mechanisms underlying the development of islet endothelial dysfunction in diabetes and reviews therapeutic options for ameliorating this aspect of the islet lesion in type 2 diabetes. Finally, considerations regarding differences between human and rodent islet vasculature and the potentially unforeseen negative consequences of strategies to expand the islet vasculature, particularly under diabetic conditions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan F Hogan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System (151), 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Hull
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System (151), 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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24
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Hogan MF, Liu AW, Peters MJ, Willard JR, Rabbani Z, Bartholomew EC, Ottley A, Hull RL. Markers of Islet Endothelial Dysfunction Occur in Male B6.BKS(D)-Leprdb/J Mice and May Contribute to Reduced Insulin Release. Endocrinology 2017; 158:293-303. [PMID: 27870582 PMCID: PMC5413084 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Islet endothelial cells produce paracrine factors that support β-cell function and growth. Endothelial dysfunction underlies diabetic microvascular complications; thus, we hypothesized that in diabetes, islet endothelial cells become dysfunctional, which may contribute to β-cell secretory dysfunction. Islets/islet endothelial cells were isolated from diabetic B6.BKS(D)-Leprdb/J male (db/db) mice, treated with or without the glucose-lowering agent phlorizin, or from C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet for 18 weeks and appropriate controls. Messenger RNA (mRNA) and/or the protein levels of the cell adhesion molecule E-selectin (Sele), proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (Il6), vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (Edn1), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Nos3; Nos3) were evaluated, along with advanced glycation end product immunoreactivity. Furthermore, an islet endothelial cell line (MS-1) was exposed to diabetic factors (glucose, palmitate, insulin, and tumor necrosis factor-α) for six days. Conditioned media were collected from these cells, incubated with isolated islets, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin content were assessed. Islet endothelial cells from db/db mice exhibited increased Sele, Il6, and Edn1 mRNA levels, decreased Nos3 protein, and accumulation of advanced glycation end products. Phlorizin treatment significantly increased Nos3 protein levels but did not alter expression of the other markers. High-fat feeding in C57BL/6J mice resulted in increased islet Sele, Il6, and Edn1 but no change in Nos3. Exposure of islets to conditioned media from MS-1 cells cultured in diabetic conditions resulted in a 50% decrease in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and 30% decrease in insulin content. These findings demonstrate that, in diabetes, islet endothelial cells show evidence of a dysfunctional phenotype, which may contribute to loss of β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan F Hogan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amy W Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael J Peters
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joshua R Willard
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Zaheen Rabbani
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Adam Ottley
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rebecca L Hull
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Serizawa K, Yogo K, Tashiro Y, Kawasaki R, Endo K, Shimonaka Y, Hirata M. Epoetin beta pegol ameliorates flow-mediated dilation with improving endothelial nitric oxide synthase coupling state in nonobese diabetic rats. Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 35. [PMID: 28054454 PMCID: PMC5363236 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Patients with diabetic nephropathy have a high cardiovascular mortality. Epoetin beta pegol (continuous erythropoietin receptor activator, C.E.R.A.) is a drug for the treatment of renal anemia. In this study, we investigated the effect of C.E.R.A. on vascular endothelial function as evaluated by flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) and the relationship between hematopoiesis and FMD in diabetic nephropathy rats. Methods Male Spontaneously Diabetic Torii rats (SDT, 22 weeks old) were used. C.E.R.A. (0.6, 1.2 μg/kg) was administered subcutaneously once every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. At 1 week after last administration (31 weeks old), we assessed FMD in the femoral arteries of anesthetized rats using a high‐resolution ultrasound system. FMD was also measured 1 week after single C.E.R.A. treatment (5.0 μg/kg) to examine the influence of hematopoiesis. Results Flow‐mediated dilation was significantly decreased in SDT rats before the start of C.E.R.A. treatment (22 weeks old). Repeated administration of C.E.R.A. dose‐dependently improved FMD in SDT rats (31 weeks old) without changing blood glucose, nitroglycerin‐induced vasodilation, or kidney function. Long‐term administration of C.E.R.A. improved the state of endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling in the femoral arteries of SDT rats, which showed a positive correlation with FMD. On the other hand, there was no correlation between FMD and Hb or Hct in SDT rats. Furthermore, at 1 week after single administration of C.E.R.A., FMD was not significantly improved although hemoglobin levels were comparable with levels following long‐term C.E.R.A. treatment. Conclusion Long‐term treatment with C.E.R.A. improved FMD in SDT rats even after onset of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Serizawa
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Yogo
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Tashiro
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kawasaki
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Endo
- Medical Science Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shimonaka
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michinori Hirata
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
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Takakura S, Toyoshi T, Hayashizaki Y, Takasu T. Effect of ipragliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on progression of diabetic microvascular complications in spontaneously diabetic Torii fatty rats. Life Sci 2016; 147:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Li FF, Chen BJ, Li W, Li L, Zha M, Zhou S, Bachem MG, Sun ZL. Islet Stellate Cells Isolated from Fibrotic Islet of Goto-Kakizaki Rats Affect Biological Behavior of Beta-Cell. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:6924593. [PMID: 26697502 PMCID: PMC4678093 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6924593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously isolated islet stellate cells (ISCs) from healthy Wistar rat islets. In the present study, we isolated "already primed by diabetic environment" ISCs from islets of Goto-Kakizaki rats, determined the gene profile of these cells, and assessed the effects of these ISCs on beta-cell function and survival. We detected gene expression of ISCs by digital gene expression. INS-1 cell proliferation, apoptosis, and insulin production were measured after being treated with ISCs supernatant (SN). We observed the similar expression pattern of ISCs and PSCs, but 1067 differentially expressed genes. Insulin production in INS-1 cells cultured with ISC-SN was significantly reduced. The 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine-positive INS-1 cells treated with ISC-SN were decreased. Propidium iodide- (PI-) positive INS-1 cells were 2.6-fold higher than those in control groups. Caspase-3 activity was increased. In conclusion, ISCs presented in fibrotic islet of GK rats might be special PSCs, which impaired beta-cell function and proliferation and increased beta-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Fei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210012, China
| | - Bi-Jun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Min Zha
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - S. Zhou
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - M. G. Bachem
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Zi-Lin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- *Zi-Lin Sun:
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Elucidation of genetic factors in diabetes based on studies of animal models. Diabetol Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13340-015-0228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chen SJ, Aikawa C, Yoshida R, Matsui T. Methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone residue of plasma protein can behave as a predictor of prediabetes in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii rats. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/8/e12477. [PMID: 26265747 PMCID: PMC4562563 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediabetes, typically defined as impaired glucose tolerance and/or impaired fasting blood glucose, is a high-risk state of developing diabetes. The association of diabetes-related metabolites with prediabetes has not been investigated intensively. This study aimed to get insights into the metabolic behaviors of some typical diabetes-related metabolites in plasma of male Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats during pathogenic progress of diabetes and to assess in vivo if the variation in these metabolites related to the progression of prediabetic stage. To address this question, SDT rats and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats as control were maintained from the age of 7 to 25 weeks. Five typical advanced glycation end products (AGEs) residue of plasma protein and their free adducts were determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass detection over the duration of the investigation. The SDT rats exhibited impaired glucose tolerance since the age of 12 weeks and developed diabetes with significantly elevated fasting glucose levels after 22 weeks. At the prediabetic stage (12–21 weeks), no significant differences were observed on AGE-free adducts levels of SDT rats compared with SD rats. However, methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone (MG-H1) residue contents of plasma protein were significantly elevated in SDT rats at the age of 16 weeks, whereas other AGE residues of plasma protein did not show marked difference. The present study has revealed significant increase in MG-H1 residue content of plasma protein at the prediabetic stage of a spontaneously diabetic rat model, irrespective of unaltered fasting blood glucose and constant plasma levels of other AGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Jing Chen
- Division of Bioscience and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chiwa Aikawa
- Division of Bioscience and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Risa Yoshida
- Division of Bioscience and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Division of Bioscience and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Yokoi N, Beppu M, Yoshida E, Hoshikawa R, Hidaka S, Matsubara T, Shinohara M, Irino Y, Hatano N, Seino S. Identification of putative biomarkers for prediabetes by metabolome analysis of rat models of type 2 diabetes. Metabolomics 2015; 11:1277-1286. [PMID: 26366137 PMCID: PMC4559098 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-015-0784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) are useful for prediction and intervention of the disease at earlier stages. In this study, we performed a longitudinal study of changes in metabolites using an animal model of T2D, the spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rat. Fasting plasma samples of SDT and control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were collected from 6 to 24 weeks of age, and subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis. Fifty-nine hydrophilic metabolites were detected in plasma samples, including amino acids, carbohydrates, sugars and organic acids. At 12 weeks of age, just before the onset of diabetes in SDT rats, the amounts of nine of these metabolites (asparagine, glutamine, glycerol, kynurenine, mannose, n-alpha-acetyllysine, taurine, threonine, and tryptophan) in SDT rats were significantly different from those in SD rats. In particular, metabolites in the tryptophan metabolism pathway (tryptophan and kynurenine) were decreased in SDT rats at 12 weeks of age and later. The lower tryptophan and kynurenine levels in the prediabetic state and later were further confirmed by a replication study on SDT rats and by a longitudinal study on another animal model of T2D, the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rat. Our data indicate that tryptophan and its metabolites are potential biomarkers for prediabetes and that tryptophan metabolism may be a potential target of intervention for treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihide Yokoi
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
| | - Masayuki Beppu
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
| | - Eri Yoshida
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
| | - Ritsuko Hoshikawa
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
| | - Shihomi Hidaka
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsubara
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
- Life Science Research Center, Technology Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, 619-0237 Japan
| | - Masami Shinohara
- Tokyo Animal and Diet Department, CLEA Japan, Inc., Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8533 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Irino
- The Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
- Division of Evidenced-based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- The Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
| | - Susumu Seino
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
- The Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
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31
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Mukai E, Ohta T, Kawamura H, Lee EY, Morita A, Sasase T, Miyajima K, Inagaki N, Iwanaga T, Miki T. Enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in islets contributes to β cell injury and consequential diabetes in spontaneously diabetic Torii rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 106:303-11. [PMID: 25262109 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats exhibit vascular abnormalities in pancreatic islets as the initial changes at pre-diabetes stage (8 weeks old), which is followed by β cell deterioration. In the present study, we investigated pathophysiological interactions between β cells and intra-islet microvasculature of SDT rats at pre- and peri-onset of diabetes. METHODS SDT rats were treated with Habu snake venom (HSV) to assess its hemorrhagic effects in glomeruli and pancreatic islets. SDT rats were treated with streptozotocin (STZ) to assess acute β cell fragility toward cytotoxic insult and the late-stage consequence of β cell ablation in neighboring structures. The receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib was administered to SDT rats to examine its therapeutic effect. RESULTS HSV administration at 5 weeks old induced severe hemorrhage in and around islets in SDT rats. By contrast, precedent β cell depletion using STZ ameliorated hemorrhage, inflammation, and fibrosis around the islets at 13 weeks old, which is normally seen in SDT rats of this age. Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-like activity attenuated HSV-induced hemorrhage in SDT islets. VEGF release from SDT islets was increased at 13 weeks old but not at 5 weeks old, while interleukin-1β release was increased as early as 5 weeks old. Sunitinib treatment started at 5 weeks of age inhibited the onset of intra-islet hemorrhage, β cell loss, and hyperglycemia in SDT rats. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced VEGF signaling in islets contributes to β cell injury, microvascular failure, and consequential diabetes in SDT rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Mukai
- Department of Medical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Harukiyo Kawamura
- Department of Medical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Asuka Morita
- Department of Medical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Miki
- Department of Medical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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Katsuda Y, Ohta T, Miyajima K, Kemmochi Y, Sasase T, Tong B, Shinohara M, Yamada T. Diabetic complications in obese type 2 diabetic rat models. Exp Anim 2014; 63:121-32. [PMID: 24770637 PMCID: PMC4160981 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We overviewed the pathophysiological features of diabetes and its complications in obese
type 2 diabetic rat models: Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rat, Wistar fatty
rat, Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat and Spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat.
Pancreatic changes with progression of diabetes were classified into early changes, such
as islet hypertrophy and degranulation of β cells, and degenerative changes, such as islet
atrophy and fibrosis of islet with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Renal lesions in
tubuli and glomeruli were observed, and nodular lesions in glomeruli were notable changes
in OLETF and SDT fatty rats. Among retinal changes, folding and thickening were
interesting findings in SDT fatty rats. A decrease of motor nerve conduction velocity with
progression of diabetes was presented in obese diabetic rats. Other diabetic
complications, osteoporosis and sexual dysfunction, were also observed. Observation of
bone metabolic abnormalities, including decrease of osteogenesis and bone mineral density,
and sexual dysfunction, including hypotestosteronemia and erectile dysfunction, in obese
type 2 diabetic rats have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Katsuda
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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Jaeckle Santos LJ, Li C, Doulias PT, Ischiropoulos H, Worthen GS, Simmons RA. Neutralizing Th2 inflammation in neonatal islets prevents β-cell failure in adult IUGR rats. Diabetes 2014; 63:1672-84. [PMID: 24408314 PMCID: PMC3994952 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) leads to development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adulthood. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been fully elucidated. Inflammation is associated with T2D; however, it is unknown whether inflammation is causal or secondary to the altered metabolic state. Here we show that the mechanism by which IUGR leads to the development of T2D in adulthood is via transient recruitment of T-helper 2 (Th) lymphocytes and macrophages in fetal islets resulting in localized inflammation. Although this immune response is short-lived, it results in a permanent reduction in islet vascularity and impaired insulin secretion. Neutralizing interleukin-4 antibody therapy given only in the newborn period ameliorates inflammation and restores vascularity and β-cell function into adulthood, demonstrating a novel role for Th2 immune responses in the induction and progression of T2D. In the neonatal stage, inflammation and vascular changes are reversible and may define an important developmental window for therapeutic intervention to prevent adult-onset diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane J. Jaeckle Santos
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Changhong Li
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - G. Scott Worthen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Corresponding author: Rebecca A. Simmons, , or G. Scott Worthen,
| | - Rebecca A. Simmons
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Corresponding author: Rebecca A. Simmons, , or G. Scott Worthen,
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Alterations of pancreatic islet structure, metabolism and gene expression in diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86815. [PMID: 24505268 PMCID: PMC3914796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of functional β cell mass is a key feature of type 2 diabetes. Here, we studied metabolic functions and islet gene expression profiles of C57BL/6J mice with naturally occurring nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) deletion mutation, a widely used model of diet-induced obesity and diabetes. On high fat diet (HF), the mice developed obesity and hyperinsulinemia, while blood glucose levels were only mildly elevated indicating a substantial capacity to compensate for insulin resistance. The basal serum insulin levels were elevated in HF mice, but insulin secretion in response to glucose load was significantly blunted. Hyperinsulinemia in HF fed mice was associated with an increase in islet mass and size along with higher BrdU incorporation to β cells. The temporal profiles of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) of isolated islets were comparable in HF and normal chow fed mice. Islets isolated from HF fed mice had elevated basal oxygen consumption per islet but failed to increase oxygen consumption further in response to glucose or carbonyl cyanide-4-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP). To obtain an unbiased assessment of metabolic pathways in islets, we performed microarray analysis comparing gene expression in islets from HF to normal chow-fed mice. A few genes, for example, those genes involved in the protection against oxidative stress (hypoxia upregulated protein 1) and Pgc1α were up-regulated in HF islets. In contrast, several genes in extracellular matrix and other pathways were suppressed in HF islets. These results indicate that islets from C57BL/6J mice with NNT deletion mutation develop structural, metabolic and gene expression features consistent with compensation and decompensation in response to HF diet.
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Szabadfi K, Pinter E, Reglodi D, Gabriel R. Neuropeptides, trophic factors, and other substances providing morphofunctional and metabolic protection in experimental models of diabetic retinopathy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 311:1-121. [PMID: 24952915 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vision is the most important sensory modality for many species, including humans. Damage to the retina results in vision loss or even blindness. One of the most serious complications of diabetes, a disease that has seen a worldwide increase in prevalence, is diabetic retinopathy. This condition stems from consequences of pathological metabolism and develops in 75% of patients with type 1 and 50% with type 2 diabetes. The development of novel protective drugs is essential. In this review we provide a description of the disease and conclude that type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes lead to the same retinopathy. We evaluate existing experimental models and recent developments in finding effective compounds against this disorder. In our opinion, the best models are the long-term streptozotocin-induced diabetes and Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty and spontaneously diabetic Torii rats, while the most promising substances are topically administered somatostatin and pigment epithelium-derived factor analogs, antivasculogenic substances, and systemic antioxidants. Future drug development should focus on these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szabadfi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Erika Pinter
- Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, PTE MTA Lendulet-PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Fajardo RJ, Karim L, Calley VI, Bouxsein ML. A review of rodent models of type 2 diabetic skeletal fragility. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1025-40. [PMID: 24585709 PMCID: PMC5315418 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicating that adult type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased fracture risk continues to mount. Unlike osteoporosis, diabetic fractures are associated with obesity and normal to high bone mineral density, two factors that are typically associated with reduced fracture risk. Animal models will likely play a critical role in efforts to identify the underlying mechanisms of skeletal fragility in T2D and to develop preventative treatments. In this review we critically examine the ability of current rodent models of T2D to mimic the skeletal characteristics of human T2D. We report that although there are numerous rodent models of T2D, few have undergone thorough assessments of bone metabolism and strength. Further, we find that many of the available rodent models of T2D have limitations for studies of skeletal fragility in T2D because the onset of diabetes is often prior to skeletal maturation and bone mass is low, in contrast to what is seen in adult humans. There is an urgent need to characterize the skeletal phenotype of existing models of T2D, and to develop new models that more closely mimic the skeletal effects seen in adult-onset T2D in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J. Fajardo
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Lamya Karim
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
| | - Virginia I. Calley
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
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INS-1 cells inhibit the production of extracellular matrix from pancreatic stellate cells. J Mol Histol 2013; 45:321-7. [PMID: 24202436 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-013-9547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In type 2 diabetes mellitus, pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are present within and surrounding pancreatic islets and may cause progressive fibrosis and deterioration of pancreatic beta cell function. However, it is unknown whether pancreatic beta cells influence the biological behavior of PSCs. In the present study, we examined the impact of pancreatic beta cells on the proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) production of PSCs. PSCs were treated with conditioned media from INS-1 cells (supernatant, SN). Although the proliferation of PSCs incubated with INS-1-SN was increased compared to control, INS-1-SN treatment induced matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity and reduced the production of ECM and TGF-β1. In addition, PSCs treated with INS-1-SN reduced the secretion of cytokines that are known to mediate pancreatic beta cell death, such as FADD, Fas, IFN-γ, IL-1, TNF-α, and TRAIL. Our findings suggest that pancreatic beta cells may ameliorate islet fibrosis and the progression of islet dysfunction.
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Kono K, Fujii H, Nakai K, Goto S, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Shinohara M, Hirata M, Fukagawa M, Nishi S. Anti-oxidative effect of vitamin D analog on incipient vascular lesion in non-obese type 2 diabetic rats. Am J Nephrol 2013; 37:167-74. [PMID: 23406697 DOI: 10.1159/000346808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Vascular disease is one of the critical complications of diabetes. A growing body of evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a key role for vascular disease progression. Recent studies have demonstrated a strong link between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. METHODS We investigated the anti-oxidative effects of a vitamin D analog, 22-oxacalcitriol (maxacalcitol), on vascular lesions in type 2 diabetic rats. We used Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats, a model of non-obese type 2 diabetes. At 20 weeks of age, SDT rats were randomly divided into three groups: diabetes mellitus (DM, n = 10), DM + maxacalcitol (DM + D, n = 10), and DM + insulin (DM + I, n = 10). The rats were sacrificed at 30 weeks for the evaluation of blood and urine samples as well as histopathology and mRNA expression in the aorta. RESULTS Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) excretion and the number of 8-OHdG-positive cells were significantly lower in the DM + I and DM + D groups than in the DM group. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that NADPH p22 phox and NADPH p47 phox mRNA levels were markedly decreased in the DM + I and DM + D groups compared with the DM group. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of MCP-1, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was significantly reduced in the DM + I and DM + D groups compared with the DM group. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the vasoprotective effects of vitamin D are mediated by reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Kono
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Sasase T, Ohta T, Masuyama T, Yokoi N, Kakehashi A, Shinohara M. The spontaneously diabetic torii rat: an animal model of nonobese type 2 diabetes with severe diabetic complications. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:976209. [PMID: 23691526 PMCID: PMC3647578 DOI: 10.1155/2013/976209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rat is an inbred strain of Sprague-Dawley rat and recently is established as a nonobese model of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Male SDT rats show high plasma glucose levels (over 700 mg/dL) by 20 weeks. Male SDT rats show pancreatic islet histopathology, including hemorrhage in pancreatic islets and inflammatory cell infiltration with fibroblasts. Prior to the onset of diabetes, glucose intolerance with hypoinsulinemia is also observed. As a result of chronic severe hyperglycemia, the SDT rats develop profound complications. In eyes, retinopathy, cataract, and neovascular glaucoma are observed. Proliferative retinopathy, especially, resulting from retinal neovascular vessels is a unique characteristic of this model. In kidney, mesangial proliferation and nodular lesion are observed. Both peripheral neuropathy such as decreased nerve conduction velocity and thermal hypoalgesia and autonomic neuropathy such as diabetic diarrhea and voiding dysfunction have been reported. Osteoporosis is another complication characterized in SDT rat. Decreased bone density and low-turnover bone lesions are observed. Taking advantage of these features, SDT rat has been used for evaluating antidiabetic drugs and drugs/gene therapy for diabetic complications. In conclusion, the SDT rat is potentially a useful T2D model for studies on pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic complications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Sasase
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka 569-1125, Japan
- *Tomohiko Sasase:
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Taku Masuyama
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Norihide Yokoi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kakehashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Masami Shinohara
- Planning and Development Section, CLEA Japan Inc., Tokyo 153-8533, Japan
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Okamura T, Pei XY, Miyoshi I, Shimizu Y, Takanashi-Yanobu R, Mototani Y, Kanai T, Satoh J, Kimura N, Kasai N. Phenotypic Characterization of LEA Rat: A New Rat Model of Nonobese Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:986462. [PMID: 23691528 PMCID: PMC3647576 DOI: 10.1155/2013/986462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models have provided important information for the genetics and pathophysiology of diabetes. Here we have established a novel, nonobese rat strain with spontaneous diabetes, Long-Evans Agouti (LEA) rat derived from Long-Evans (LE) strain. The incidence of diabetes in the males was 10% at 6 months of age and 86% at 14 months, while none of the females developed diabetes. The blood glucose level in LEA male rats was between 200 and 300 mg/dl at 120 min according to OGTT. The glucose intolerance in correspondence with the impairment of insulin secretion was observed in male rats, which was the main cause of diabetes in LEA rats. Histological examination revealed that the reduction of β-cell mass was caused by progressive fibrosis in pancreatic islets in age-dependent manner. The intracytoplasmic hyaline droplet accumulation and the disappearance of tubular epithelial cell layer associated with thickening of basement membrane were evident in renal proximal tubules. The body mass index and glycaemic response to exogenous insulin were comparable to those of control rats. The unique characteristics of LEA rat are a great advantage not only to analyze the progression of diabetes, but also to disclose the genes involved in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Xiang Yuan Pei
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ichiro Miyoshi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
- Center for Experimental Animal Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Rieko Takanashi-Yanobu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Mototani
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takao Kanai
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Jo Satoh
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Noriko Kimura
- Pathology Section, Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Hakodate National Hospital, Hakodate 041-8512, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kasai
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- *Noriyuki Kasai:
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41
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Hirata M, Serizawa KI, Aizawa K, Yogo K, Tashiro Y, Takeda S, Moriguchi Y, Endo K, Fukagawa M. 22-Oxacalcitriol prevents progression of endothelial dysfunction through antioxidative effects in rats with type 2 diabetes and early-stage nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 28:1166-74. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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42
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Bensellam M, Laybutt DR, Jonas JC. The molecular mechanisms of pancreatic β-cell glucotoxicity: recent findings and future research directions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 364:1-27. [PMID: 22885162 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that regular physiological stimulation by glucose plays a crucial role in the maintenance of the β-cell differentiated phenotype. In contrast, prolonged or repeated exposure to elevated glucose concentrations both in vitro and in vivo exerts deleterious or toxic effects on the β-cell phenotype, a concept termed as glucotoxicity. Evidence indicates that the latter may greatly contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Through the activation of several mechanisms and signaling pathways, high glucose levels exert deleterious effects on β-cell function and survival and thereby, lead to the worsening of the disease over time. While the role of high glucose-induced β-cell overstimulation, oxidative stress, excessive Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) activation, and loss of differentiation in the alteration of the β-cell phenotype is well ascertained, at least in vitro and in animal models of type 2 diabetes, the role of other mechanisms such as inflammation, O-GlcNacylation, PKC activation, and amyloidogenesis requires further confirmation. On the other hand, protein glycation is an emerging mechanism that may play an important role in the glucotoxic deterioration of the β-cell phenotype. Finally, our recent evidence suggests that hypoxia may also be a new mechanism of β-cell glucotoxicity. Deciphering these molecular mechanisms of β-cell glucotoxicity is a mandatory first step toward the development of therapeutic strategies to protect β-cells and improve the functional β-cell mass in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Bensellam
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique, Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
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Agudo J, Ayuso E, Jimenez V, Casellas A, Mallol C, Salavert A, Tafuro S, Obach M, Ruzo A, Moya M, Pujol A, Bosch F. Vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated islet hypervascularization and inflammation contribute to progressive reduction of β-cell mass. Diabetes 2012; 61:2851-61. [PMID: 22961079 PMCID: PMC3478542 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) results from insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion. Insulin resistance initially causes compensatory islet hyperplasia that progresses to islet disorganization and altered vascularization, inflammation, and, finally, decreased functional β-cell mass and hyperglycemia. The precise mechanism(s) underlying β-cell failure remain to be elucidated. In this study, we show that in insulin-resistant high-fat diet-fed mice, the enhanced islet vascularization and inflammation was parallel to an increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF). To elucidate the role of VEGF in these processes, we have genetically engineered β-cells to overexpress VEGF (in transgenic mice or after adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene transfer). We found that sustained increases in β-cell VEGF levels led to disorganized, hypervascularized, and fibrotic islets, progressive macrophage infiltration, and proinflammatory cytokine production, including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. This resulted in impaired insulin secretion, decreased β-cell mass, and hyperglycemia with age. These results indicate that sustained VEGF upregulation may participate in the initiation of a process leading to β-cell failure and further suggest that compensatory islet hyperplasia and hypervascularization may contribute to progressive inflammation and β-cell mass loss during T2D.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Disease Progression
- Fibrosis
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Hyperplasia
- Insulin Resistance
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Islets of Langerhans/blood supply
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Prediabetic State/etiology
- Prediabetic State/immunology
- Prediabetic State/metabolism
- Prediabetic State/pathology
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Agudo
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Ayuso
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Veronica Jimenez
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Casellas
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Mallol
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariana Salavert
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sabrina Tafuro
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Obach
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ruzo
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Moya
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Pujol
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fatima Bosch
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
- Corresponding author: Fatima Bosch,
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Jones HB, Bigley AL, Pemberton J, Randall KJ. Quantitative histopathological assessment of retardation of islets of langerhans degeneration in rosiglitazone-dosed obese ZDF rats using combined insulin and collagens (I and III) immunohistochemistry with automated image analysis and statistical modeling. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:425-44. [PMID: 23047688 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312460923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Islets of Langerhans represent a heterogeneous population in insulin resistant and diabetic animals and humans as histological appearances and function vary substantially. Mathematical representation that reflects this morphological diversity will assist in assessment of degeneration and regeneration, enabling comparisons between species, strains, and experimental investigations. Our investigative approach used a model of islet degeneration in diabetic male obese Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats and evaluated its prevention using rosiglitazone treatment. Immunohistochemical staining (insulin and collagens I/III) with automated image analysis reliably measured numbers, area, clustering, and staining intensity of β-cells and degree of islet fibrosis. Finite mixture mathematical modeling for the joint probability distribution of seven islet parameters to represent islet numerical data variation provided an automatic procedure for islet category allocations as normal or abnormal. Allocations for obese ZDF controls and rosiglitazone-treated animals were significantly different, with no significant difference between the latter and lean ZDF controls, indicative of differences within islet populations of individual animals, between lean and obese rat strains and following drug treatment. Islet morphology showed clear association with mathematical characterization. Information on islet morphology obtained by histopathological assessment of single pancreatic tissue sections was confirmed by this method showing drug-induced retardation of islet of Langerhans degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw B Jones
- Pathology Group, Global Safety Assessment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom.
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45
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Renal podocyte injury in a rat model of type 2 diabetes is prevented by metformin. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:210821. [PMID: 23056035 PMCID: PMC3465985 DOI: 10.1155/2012/210821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia promotes oxidative stress and hence generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Metformin, an oral hypoglycemic drug, possesses antioxidant effects. The aim of this paper is to investigate the protective effects of metformin on the injury of renal podocytes in spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats, a new model for nonobese type 2 diabetes. Metformin (350 mg/kg/day) was given to SDT rats for 17 weeks. Blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and albuminuria were examined. Kidney histopathology, renal 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels and apoptosis were examined. In 43-week-old SDT rats, severe hyperglycemia was developed, and albuminuria was markedly increased. Diabetes induced significant alterations in renal glomerular structure. In addition, urinary and renal 8-OHdG levels were highly increased, and podocyte loss was shown through application of the TUNEL and synaptopodin staining. However, treatment of SDT rats with metformin restored all these renal changes. Our data suggested that diabetes-induced podocyte loss in diabetic nephropathy could be suppressed by the antidiabetes drug, metformin, through the repression of oxidative injury.
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46
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Imaoka M, Sayama A, Suzuki T, Jindo T, Sanbuissho A. Effect of Hypertension on the Occurrence of Micro-hemorrhage in the Pancreatic Islet of Dahl Salt-sensitive Rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2012; 25:155-61. [PMID: 22907982 PMCID: PMC3392905 DOI: 10.1293/tox.25.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of hypertension on the occurrence of micro-hemorrhage in the pancreatic islet, known to be observed in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats spontaneously, and endothelial markers were investigated in male Dahl-Iwai salt-sensitive (DIS, derived from SD rats), salt-resistant (DIR), and SD rats. DIS and DIR rats were fed 8% NaCl-containing diet to induce hypertension, with blood pressure measurement once a week, euthanized at 6, 8, or 12 weeks of age, and subjected to the measurement of plasma nitric oxide (NO) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) concentrations combined with histopathological examinations and immunohistochemical detections of vWF in the pancreas and kidney. As a result, hypertension was observed from 7 through 12 weeks of age in DIS rats. At 12 weeks of age, only DIS rats showed decreased plasma NO and increased vWF, indicating endothelial abnormality in the body. Histopathologically, micro-hemorrhage in the islet was observed with a similar incidence and severity in SD and DIS rats aged 12 weeks, and vWF was immunohistochemically localized in the islet endothelium with similar reactivity between age-matched SD rats. On the other hand, in the kidney, glomerular sclerosis was observed in DIS rats aged 12 weeks and accompanied broad stainability of vWF in the sclerotic glomerulus, including endothelium. In conclusion, there was no enhancement/exaggeration in the micro-hemorrhage in the pancreatic islet of hypertensive DIS rats in comparison with that in SD rats under the present experimental conditions. It is suggested that hypertension is not related to the occurrence of islet micro-hemorrhage, spontaneously observed in SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Imaoka
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
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47
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Yamaguchi T, Sasase T, Mera Y, Tomimoto D, Tadaki H, Kemmochi Y, Ohta T, Sato E, Matsushita M. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Lepr(fa) (SDT fatty) rats. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1669-73. [PMID: 22850562 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rat is a hereditary model of diabetes. Although the SDT rat shows severe diabetic complications, the onset of hyperglycemia is late. SDT fatty rat, established by introducing the fa allele of the Zucker fatty rat to SDT rat, develops diabetes much faster than SDT rat. In the present study, diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) was evaluated to show the further usefulness of this animal model. Motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) was delayed, and the number of sural nerve fibers was decreased in SDT fatty rat. Treatment of pioglitazone lowered blood glucose level and prevented delay of MNCV in SDT fatty rats. SDT fatty rat is a useful animal model for studies of DPN in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yamaguchi
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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48
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Masuda T, Muto S, Fujisawa G, Iwazu Y, Kimura M, Kobayashi T, Nonaka-Sarukawa M, Sasaki N, Watanabe Y, Shinohara M, Murakami T, Shimada K, Kobayashi E, Kusano E. Heart angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy suppresses coronary angiogenesis and progresses diabetic cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H1871-83. [PMID: 22389386 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00663.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To examine whether and how heart ANG II influences the coordination between cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and coronary angiogenesis and contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy, we used Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats treated without and with olmesartan medoxomil (an ANG II receptor blocker). In SDT rats, left ventricular (LV) ANG II, but not circulating ANG II, increased at 8 and 16 wk after diabetes onset. SDT rats developed LV hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction at 8 wk, followed by LV systolic dysfunction at 16 wk, without hypertension. The SDT rat LV exhibited cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression at 8 wk and to a greater degree at 16 wk and interstitial fibrosis at 16 wk only. In SDT rats, coronary angiogenesis increased with enhanced capillary proliferation and upregulation of the angiogenic factor VEGF at 8 wk but decreased VEGF with enhanced capillary apoptosis and suppressed capillary proliferation despite the upregulation of VEGF at 16 wk. In SDT rats, the phosphorylation of VEGF receptor-2 increased at 8 wk alone, whereas the expression of the antiangiogenic factor thrombospondin-1 increased at 16 wk alone. All these events, except for hyperglycemia or blood pressure, were reversed by olmesartan medoxomil. These results suggest that LV ANG II in SDT rats at 8 and 16 wk induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy without affecting hyperglycemia or blood pressure, which promotes and suppresses coronary angiogenesis, respectively, via VEGF and thrombospondin-1 produced from hypertrophied cardiomyocytes under chronic hypoxia. Thrombospondin-1 may play an important role in the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Masuda
- Divisions of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Saito R, Yamada S, Yamamoto Y, Kodera T, Hara A, Tanaka Y, Kimura F, Takei I, Umezawa K, Kojima I. Conophylline suppresses pancreatic stellate cells and improves islet fibrosis in Goto-Kakizaki rats. Endocrinology 2012; 153:621-30. [PMID: 22202163 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activin A is a differentiation factor for β-cells and is effective to promote β-cell neogenesis. Activin A is also an autocrine activator of pancreatic stellate cells, which play a critical role in fibrogenesis of the pancreas. Conophylline (CnP) is a natural compound, which reproduces the effect of activin on β-cell differentiation and promotes β-cell neogenesis when administered in vivo. However, its effect on stellate cells is not known. We therefore investigated the effect of CnP on stellate cells both in vitro and in vivo. Unlike activin A, CnP inhibited activation of cultured stellate cells and reduced the production of collagen. We then analyzed the involvement of stellate cells in islet fibrosis in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In pancreatic sections obtained from 6-wk-old GK rats, CD68-positive macrophages and glial fibrillary acidic protein- and α-smooth muscle actin-positive stellate cells infiltrated into islets. Later, the number of macrophages was increased, and the α-smooth muscle actin staining of stellate cells became stronger, indicating the involvement of stellate cells in islet fibrosis in GK rats. When CnP was administered orally for 4 wk, starting from 6 wk of age, invasion of stellate cells and macrophages was markedly reduced and islet fibrosis was significantly improved. The insulin content was twice as high in CnP-treated rats. These results indicate that CnP exerts antifibrotic actions both in vitro and in vivo and improves islet fibrosis in Goto-Kakizaki rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Saito
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
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Xu JM, Shi GP. Emerging role of mast cells and macrophages in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:71-108. [PMID: 22240242 PMCID: PMC3365842 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are essential in allergic immune responses. Recent discoveries have revealed their direct participation in cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Although more sophisticated mechanisms are still unknown, data from animal studies suggest that mast cells act similarly to macrophages and other inflammatory cells and contribute to human diseases through cell-cell interactions and the release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and proteases to induce inflammatory cell recruitment, cell apoptosis, angiogenesis, and matrix protein remodeling. Reduced cardiovascular complications and improved metabolic symptoms in animals receiving over-the-counter antiallergy medications that stabilize mast cells open another era of mast cell biology and bring new hope to human patients suffering from these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Xu
- Department of Medicine, Nanfang Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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