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Plötz T, Lenzen S. Mechanisms of lipotoxicity-induced dysfunction and death of human pancreatic beta cells under obesity and type 2 diabetes conditions. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13703. [PMID: 38327101 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The term "pancreatic beta-cell lipotoxicity" refers to the detrimental effects of free fatty acids (FFAs) on a wide variety of cellular functions. Basic research in the field has primarily analyzed the effects of palmitic acid and oleic acid. The focus on these two physiological FFAs, however, ignores differences in chain length and degree of saturation. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the lipotoxic mechanisms, a wide range of structurally related FFAs should be investigated. Structure-activity relationship analyses of FFAs in the human EndoC-βH1 beta-cell line have provided a deep insight into the mechanisms of beta-cell lipotoxicity. This review focuses on the effects of a wide range of FFAs with crucial structural determinants for the development of lipotoxicity in human beta cells and documents an association between increased triglyceride stores in obesity and in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Plötz
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sigurd Lenzen
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Porter JM, Yitayew M, Tabrizian M. Renewable Human Cell Model for Type 1 Diabetes Research: EndoC- βH5/HUVEC Coculture Spheroids. J Diabetes Res 2023; 2023:6610007. [PMID: 38162632 PMCID: PMC10757655 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6610007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro drug screening for type 1 diabetes therapies has largely been conducted on human organ donor islets for proof of efficacy. While native islets are the ultimate target of these drugs (either in situ or for transplantation), significant benefit can be difficult to ascertain due to the highly heterogeneous nature of individual donors and the overall scarcity of human islets for research. We present an in vitro coculture model based on immortalized insulin-producing beta-cell lines with human endothelial cells in 3D spheroids that aims to recapitulate the islet morphology in an effort towards developing a standardized cell model for in vitro diabetes research. Human insulin-producing immortalized EndoC-βH5 cells are cocultured with human endothelial cells in varying ratios to evaluate 3D cell culture models for type 1 diabetes research. Insulin secretion, metabolic activity, live cell fluorescence staining, and gene expression assays were used to compare the viability and functionality of spheroids composed of 100% beta-cells, 1 : 1 beta-cell/endothelial, and 1 : 3 beta-cell/endothelial. Monoculture and βH5/HUVEC cocultures formed compact spheroids within 7 days, with average diameter ~140 μm. This pilot study indicated that stimulated insulin release from 0 to 20 mM glucose increased from ~8-fold for monoculture and 1 : 1 coculture spheroids to over 20-fold for 1 : 3 EndoC-βH5/HUVEC spheroids. Metabolic activity was also ~12% higher in the 1 : 3 EndoC-βH5/HUVEC group compared to other groups. Stimulating monoculture beta-cell spheroids with 20 mM glucose +1 μg/mL glycine-modified INGAP-P increased the insulin stimulation index ~2-fold compared to glucose alone. Considering their availability and consistent phenotype, EndoC-βH5-based spheroids present a useful 3D cell model for in vitro testing and drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Porter
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Michael Yitayew
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0G4
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1G1
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3
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von Hanstein AS, Tsikas D, Lenzen S, Jörns A, Plötz T. Potentiation of Lipotoxicity in Human EndoC-βH1 β-Cells by Glucose is Dependent on the Structure of Free Fatty Acids. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200582. [PMID: 36629272 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Lipotoxicity is a significant element in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Since pro-diabetic nutritional patterns are associated with hyperglycemia as well as hyperlipidemia, the study analyzes the effects of combining these lipid and carbohydrate components with a special focus on the structural fatty acid properties such as increasing chain length (C16-C20) and degree of saturation with regard to the role of glucolipotoxicity in human EndoC-βH1 β-cells. METHODS AND RESULTS β-cell death induced by saturated FFAs is potentiated by high concentrations of glucose in a chain length-dependent manner starting with stearic acid (C18:0), whereas toxicity remains unchanged in the case of monounsaturated FFAs. Interference with FFA desaturation by overexpression and inhibition of stearoyl-CoA-desaturase, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the conversion of long-chain saturated into corresponding monounsaturated FFAs, does not affect the potentiating effect of glucose, but FFA desaturation reduces lipotoxicity and plays an important role in the formation of lipid droplets. Crucial elements underlying glucolipotoxicity are ER stress induction and cardiolipin peroxidation in the mitochondria. CONCLUSION In the context of nutrition, the data emphasize the importance of the lipid component in glucolipotoxicity related to the development of β-cell dysfunction and death in the manifestation of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Sophie von Hanstein
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Tsikas
- Core Unit Proteomics, Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sigurd Lenzen
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Jörns
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Plötz
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Fonseca LM, Lebreton F, Wassmer CH, Berishvili E. Generation of Insulin-Producing Multicellular Organoids. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2592:37-60. [PMID: 36507984 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2807-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical islet transplantation (CIT) is an established noninvasive treatment for type I diabetes (T1D) and has demonstrated improved glycemic control, preventing the occurrence of severe hypoglycemia. However, CIT has several limitations, such as the need for multiple donors, lifelong immunosuppression, and suboptimal long-term graft function. Most of the transplanted islets are lost due to inflammation, ischemic damage, and delayed revascularization.Generation of organoids have gained increasing interest in regenerative medicine in recent years. In the context of beta-cell replacement, it offers a possibility to address limitations of CIT by allowing to produce uniform organoids from single or multiple cell types facilitating revascularization and anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory protection. We have previously generated multicellular insulin-secreting organoids composed of islet cells and the human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs). These 3D insulin-secreting structures demonstrated improved viability and function both in vitro and in vivo. Here we detail a stepwise methodology to generate insulin-secreting organoids using two different methods. In addition, quality assessment in vitro tests are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mar Fonseca
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Organ Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Lebreton
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Organ Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Ekaterine Berishvili
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Organ Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Institute of Medical and Public Health Research, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
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Ježek P, Holendová B, Jabůrek M, Dlasková A, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. Contribution of Mitochondria to Insulin Secretion by Various Secretagogues. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:920-952. [PMID: 34180254 PMCID: PMC9125579 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria determine glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic β-cells by elevating ATP synthesis. As the metabolic and redox hub, mitochondria provide numerous links to the plasma membrane channels, insulin granule vesicles (IGVs), cell redox, NADH, NADPH, and Ca2+ homeostasis, all affecting insulin secretion. Recent Advances: Mitochondrial redox signaling was implicated in several modes of insulin secretion (branched-chain ketoacid [BCKA]-, fatty acid [FA]-stimulated). Mitochondrial Ca2+ influx was found to enhance GSIS, reflecting cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations induced by action potential spikes (intermittent opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ and K+ channels) or the superimposed Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) was reported to tune the glucose sensitivity range for GSIS. Mitochondrial protein kinase A was implicated in preventing the IF1-mediated inhibition of the ATP synthase. Critical Issues: It is unknown how the redox signal spreads up to the plasma membrane and what its targets are, what the differences in metabolic, redox, NADH/NADPH, and Ca2+ signaling, and homeostasis are between the first and second GSIS phase, and whether mitochondria can replace ER in the amplification of IGV exocytosis. Future Directions: Metabolomics studies performed to distinguish between the mitochondrial matrix and cytosolic metabolites will elucidate further details. Identifying the targets of cell signaling into mitochondria and of mitochondrial retrograde metabolic and redox signals to the cell will uncover further molecular mechanisms for insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, BCKAs, and FAs, and the amplification of secretion by glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and metabotropic receptors. They will identify the distinction between the hub β-cells and their followers in intact and diabetic states. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 920-952.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ježek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Jabůrek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Dlasková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Dos Santos RS, Medina-Gali RM, Babiloni-Chust I, Marroqui L, Nadal A. In Vitro Assays to Identify Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals with Diabetogenic Activity in a Human Pancreatic β-Cell Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095040. [PMID: 35563431 PMCID: PMC9102687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to develop identification tests for Metabolism Disrupting Chemicals (MDCs) with diabetogenic activity. Here we used the human EndoC-βH1 β-cell line, the rat β-cell line INS-1E and dispersed mouse islet cells to assess the effects of endocrine disruptors on cell viability and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). We tested six chemicals at concentrations within human exposure (from 0.1 pM to 1 µM). Bisphenol-A (BPA) and tributyltin (TBT) were used as controls while four other chemicals, namely perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), triphenylphosphate (TPP), triclosan (TCS) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), were used as “unknowns”. Regarding cell viability, BPA and TBT increased cell death as previously observed. Their mode of action involved the activation of estrogen receptors and PPARγ, respectively. ROS production was a consistent key event in BPA-and TBT-treated cells. None of the other MDCs tested modified viability or ROS production. Concerning GSIS, TBT increased insulin secretion while BPA produced no effects. PFOA decreased GSIS, suggesting that this chemical could be a “new” diabetogenic agent. Our results indicate that the EndoC-βH1 cell line is a suitable human β-cell model for testing diabetogenic MDCs. Optimization of the test methods proposed here could be incorporated into a set of protocols for the identification of MDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo Sousa Dos Santos
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Regla María Medina-Gali
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Babiloni-Chust
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Marroqui
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Nadal
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Dettmer R, Niwolik I, Cirksena K, Yoshimoto T, Tang Y, Mehmeti I, Gurgul-Convey E, Naujok O. Proinflammatory cytokines induce rapid, NO-independent apoptosis, expression of chemotactic mediators and interleukin-32 secretion in human pluripotent stem cell-derived beta cells. Diabetologia 2022; 65:829-843. [PMID: 35122482 PMCID: PMC8960637 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to examine the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on cells of different developmental stages during the generation of stem cell-derived beta cells (SC-beta cells) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). We wanted to find out to what extent human SC-beta cells are suitable as an experimental cellular model and, with regard to a possible therapeutic use, whether SC-beta cells have a comparable vulnerability to cytokines as bona fide beta cells. METHODS hPSCs were differentiated towards pancreatic organoids (SC-organoids) using a 3D production protocol. SC-beta cells and non-insulin-producing cells were separated by FACS and differential gene expression profiles of purified human SC-beta cells, progenitor stages and the human beta cell line EndoC-βH1, as a reference, were determined after 24 h incubation with the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ via a transcriptome microarray. Furthermore, we investigated apoptosis based on caspase cleavage, the generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of mitogen-activated protein-kinase (MAPK) stress-signalling pathways. RESULTS A 24 h exposure of SC-beta cells to proinflammatory cytokines resulted in significant activation of caspase 3/7 and apoptosis via the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis signalling pathways. At this time point, SC-beta cells showed a markedly higher sensitivity towards proinflammatory cytokines than non-insulin-producing cells and EndoC-βH1 cells. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate the generation of reactive oxygen species and rule out the involvement of NO-mediated stress. A transient activation of stress-signalling pathways p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was already observed after 10 min of cytokine exposure. The transcriptome analysis revealed that the cellular response to proinflammatory cytokines increased with the degree of differentiation of the cells. Cytokines induced the expression of multiple inflammatory mediators including IL-32, CXCL9 and CXCL10 in SC-beta cells and in non-insulin-producing cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results indicate that human SC-beta cells respond to proinflammatory cytokines very similarly to human islets. Due to the fast and fulminant cellular response of SC-beta cells, we conclude that SC-beta cells represent a suitable model for diabetes research. In light of the immaturity of SC-beta cells, they may be an attractive model for developmentally young beta cells as they are, for example, present in patients with early-onset type 1 diabetes. The secretion of chemotactic signals may promote communication between SC-beta cells and immune cells, and non-insulin-producing cells possibly participate in the overall immune response and are thus capable of amplifying the immune response and further stimulating inflammation. We demonstrated that cytokine-treated SC-organoids secrete IL-32, which is considered a promising candidate for type 1 diabetes onset. This underlines the need to ensure the survival of SC-beta cells in an autoimmune environment such as that found in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Dettmer
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabell Niwolik
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Cirksena
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Toshiaki Yoshimoto
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yadi Tang
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilir Mehmeti
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ewa Gurgul-Convey
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ortwin Naujok
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Sphingosine-1 Phosphate Lyase Regulates Sensitivity of Pancreatic Beta-Cells to Lipotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910893. [PMID: 34639233 PMCID: PMC8509761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) have been related to pancreatic beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), though the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. FFAs have been shown to dysregulate formation of bioactive sphingolipids, such as ceramides and sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) in beta-cells. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of sphingosine-1 phosphate lyase (SPL), a key enzyme of the sphingolipid pathway that catalyzes an irreversible degradation of S1P, in the sensitivity of beta-cells to lipotoxicity. To validate the role of SPL in lipotoxicity, we modulated SPL expression in rat INS1E cells and in human EndoC-βH1 beta-cells. SPL overexpression in INS1E cells (INS1E-SPL), which are characterized by a moderate basal expression level of SPL, resulted in an acceleration of palmitate-mediated cell viability loss, proliferation inhibition and induction of oxidative stress. SPL overexpression affected the mRNA expression of ER stress markers and mitochondrial chaperones. In contrast to control cells, in INS1E-SPL cells no protective effect of oleate was detected. Moreover, Plin2 expression and lipid droplet formation were strongly reduced in OA-treated INS1E-SPL cells. Silencing of SPL in human EndoC-βH1 beta-cells, which are characterized by a significantly higher SPL expression as compared to rodent beta-cells, resulted in prevention of FFA-mediated caspase-3/7 activation. Our findings indicate that an adequate control of S1P degradation by SPL might be crucially involved in the susceptibility of pancreatic beta-cells to lipotoxicity.
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Dettmer R, Niwolik I, Mehmeti I, Jörns A, Naujok O. New hPSC SOX9 and INS Reporter Cell Lines Facilitate the Observation and Optimization of Differentiation into Insulin-Producing Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:2193-2209. [PMID: 34415483 PMCID: PMC8599335 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into insulin-producing stem cell-derived beta cells harbors great potential for research and therapy of diabetes. SOX9 plays a crucial role during development of the pancreas and particularly in the development of insulin-producing cells as SOX9+ cells form the source for NEUROG3+ endocrine progenitor cells. For the purpose of easy monitoring of differentiation efficiencies into pancreatic progenitors and insulin-producing cells, we generated new reporter lines by knocking in a P2A-H-2Kk-F2A-GFP2 reporter gene into the SOX9-locus and a P2A-mCherry reporter gene into the INS-locus mediated by CRISPR/CAS9-technology. The knock-ins enabled co-expression of the endogenous and reporter genes and report on the endogenous gene expression. Furthermore, FACS and MACS enabled the purification of pancreatic progenitors and insulin-producing cells. Using these cell lines, we established a new differentiation protocol geared towards SOX9+ cells to efficiently drive human pluripotent stem cells into glucose-responsive beta cells. Our new protocol offers an alternative route towards stem cell-derived beta cells, pointing out the importance of Wnt/beta-catenin inhibition and the efficacy of EGF for the development of pancreatic progenitors, as well as the significance of 3D culture for the functionality of the generated beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Dettmer
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabell Niwolik
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilir Mehmeti
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Jörns
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ortwin Naujok
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Ježek P, Holendová B, Jabůrek M, Tauber J, Dlasková A, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. The Pancreatic β-Cell: The Perfect Redox System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020197. [PMID: 33572903 PMCID: PMC7912581 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, which responds to various secretagogues and hormonal regulations, is reviewed here, emphasizing the fundamental redox signaling by NADPH oxidase 4- (NOX4-) mediated H2O2 production for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). There is a logical summation that integrates both metabolic plus redox homeostasis because the ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) can only be closed when both ATP and H2O2 are elevated. Otherwise ATP would block KATP, while H2O2 would activate any of the redox-sensitive nonspecific calcium channels (NSCCs), such as TRPM2. Notably, a 100%-closed KATP ensemble is insufficient to reach the -50 mV threshold plasma membrane depolarization required for the activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Open synergic NSCCs or Cl- channels have to act simultaneously to reach this threshold. The resulting intermittent cytosolic Ca2+-increases lead to the pulsatile exocytosis of insulin granule vesicles (IGVs). The incretin (e.g., GLP-1) amplification of GSIS stems from receptor signaling leading to activating the phosphorylation of TRPM channels and effects on other channels to intensify integral Ca2+-influx (fortified by endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+). ATP plus H2O2 are also required for branched-chain ketoacids (BCKAs); and partly for fatty acids (FAs) to secrete insulin, while BCKA or FA β-oxidation provide redox signaling from mitochondria, which proceeds by H2O2 diffusion or hypothetical SH relay via peroxiredoxin "redox kiss" to target proteins.
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Sphingolipids in Type 1 Diabetes: Focus on Beta-Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081835. [PMID: 32759843 PMCID: PMC7465050 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease, with a strong genetic background, leading to a gradual loss of pancreatic beta-cells, which secrete insulin and control glucose homeostasis. Patients with T1DM require life-long substitution with insulin and are at high risk for development of severe secondary complications. The incidence of T1DM has been continuously growing in the last decades, indicating an important contribution of environmental factors. Accumulating data indicates that sphingolipids may be crucially involved in T1DM development. The serum lipidome of T1DM patients is characterized by significantly altered sphingolipid composition compared to nondiabetic, healthy probands. Recently, several polymorphisms in the genes encoding the enzymatic machinery for sphingolipid production have been identified in T1DM individuals. Evidence gained from studies in rodent islets and beta-cells exposed to cytokines indicates dysregulation of the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway and impaired function of several sphingolipids. Moreover, a number of glycosphingolipids have been suggested to act as beta-cell autoantigens. Studies in animal models of autoimmune diabetes, such as the Non Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse and the LEW.1AR1-iddm (IDDM) rat, indicate a crucial role of sphingolipids in immune cell trafficking, islet infiltration and diabetes development. In this review, the up-to-date status on the findings about sphingolipids in T1DM will be provided, the under-investigated research areas will be identified and perspectives for future studies will be given.
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Grotz AK, Abaitua F, Navarro-Guerrero E, Hastoy B, Ebner D, Gloyn AL. A CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing pipeline in the EndoC-βH1 cell line to study genes implicated in beta cell function. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 4:150. [PMID: 31976379 PMCID: PMC6961417 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15447.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global pandemic with a strong genetic component, but most causal genes influencing the disease risk remain unknown. It is clear, however, that the pancreatic beta cell is central to T2D pathogenesis. In vitro gene-knockout (KO) models to study T2D risk genes have so far focused on rodent beta cells. However, there are important structural and functional differences between rodent and human beta cell lines. With that in mind, we have developed a robust pipeline to create a stable CRISPR/Cas9 KO in an authentic human beta cell line (EndoC-βH1). The KO pipeline consists of a dual lentiviral sgRNA strategy and we targeted three genes ( INS, IDE, PAM) as a proof of concept. We achieved a significant reduction in mRNA levels and complete protein depletion of all target genes. Using this dual sgRNA strategy, up to 94 kb DNA were cut out of the target genes and the editing efficiency of each sgRNA exceeded >87.5%. Sequencing of off-targets showed no unspecific editing. Most importantly, the pipeline did not affect the glucose-responsive insulin secretion of the cells. Interestingly, comparison of KO cell lines for NEUROD1 and SLC30A8 with siRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) approaches demonstrate phenotypic differences. NEUROD1-KO cells were not viable and displayed elevated markers for ER stress and apoptosis. NEUROD1-KD, however, only had a modest elevation, by 34%, in the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP and a gene expression profile indicative of chronic ER stress without evidence of elevated cell death. On the other hand, SLC30A8-KO cells demonstrated no reduction in K ATP channel gene expression in contrast to siRNA silencing. Overall, this strategy to efficiently create stable KO in the human beta cell line EndoC-βH1 will allow for a better understanding of genes involved in beta cell dysfunction, their underlying functional mechanisms and T2D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje K. Grotz
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Fernando Abaitua
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Benoit Hastoy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Anna L. Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
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13
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Nakayasu ES, Syed F, Tersey SA, Gritsenko MA, Mitchell HD, Chan CY, Dirice E, Turatsinze JV, Cui Y, Kulkarni RN, Eizirik DL, Qian WJ, Webb-Robertson BJM, Evans-Molina C, Mirmira RG, Metz TO. Comprehensive Proteomics Analysis of Stressed Human Islets Identifies GDF15 as a Target for Type 1 Diabetes Intervention. Cell Metab 2020; 31:363-374.e6. [PMID: 31928885 PMCID: PMC7319177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the progressive loss of β cells, a process propagated by pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling that disrupts the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. To identify proteins involved in this process, we performed comprehensive proteomics of human pancreatic islets treated with interleukin-1β and interferon-γ, leading to the identification of 11,324 proteins, of which 387 were significantly regulated by treatment. We then tested the function of growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which was repressed by the treatment. We found that GDF15 translation was blocked during inflammation, and it was depleted in islets from individuals with T1D. The addition of exogenous GDF15 inhibited interleukin-1β+interferon-γ-induced apoptosis of human islets. Administration of GDF15 reduced by 53% the incidence of diabetes in NOD mice. Our approach provides a unique resource for the identification of the human islet proteins regulated by cytokines and was effective in discovering a potential target for T1D therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto S Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Farooq Syed
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Marina A Gritsenko
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Hugh D Mitchell
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Chi Yuet Chan
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ercument Dirice
- Department of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean-Valery Turatsinze
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yi Cui
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Department of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Bobbie-Jo M Webb-Robertson
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA; Computing and Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
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14
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In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Diabetes: A Focus on Pregnancy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1307:553-576. [PMID: 32504388 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of poor outcomes, both for the mother and her offspring. Although clinical and epidemiological studies are invaluable to assess these outcomes and the effectiveness of potential treatments, there are certain ethical and practical limitations to what can be assessed in human studies.Thus, both in vivo and in vitro models can aid us in the understanding of the mechanisms behind these complications and, in the long run, towards their prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the existing animal and cell models used to mimic diabetes, with a specific focus on the intrauterine environment. Summary of this review.
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15
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Grotz AK, Abaitua F, Navarro-Guerrero E, Hastoy B, Ebner D, Gloyn AL. A CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing pipeline in the EndoC-βH1 cell line to study genes implicated in beta cell function. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:150. [PMID: 31976379 PMCID: PMC6961417 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15447.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global pandemic with a strong genetic component, but most causal genes influencing the disease risk remain unknown. It is clear, however, that the pancreatic beta cell is central to T2D pathogenesis. In vitro gene-knockout (KO) models to study T2D risk genes have so far focused on rodent beta cells. However, there are important structural and functional differences between rodent and human beta cell lines. With that in mind, we have developed a robust pipeline to create a stable CRISPR/Cas9 KO in an authentic human beta cell line (EndoC-βH1). The KO pipeline consists of a dual lentiviral sgRNA strategy and we targeted three genes ( INS, IDE, PAM) as a proof of concept. We achieved a significant reduction in mRNA levels and complete protein depletion of all target genes. Using this dual sgRNA strategy, up to 94 kb DNA were cut out of the target genes and the editing efficiency of each sgRNA exceeded >87.5%. Sequencing of off-targets showed no unspecific editing. Most importantly, the pipeline did not affect the glucose-responsive insulin secretion of the cells. Interestingly, comparison of KO cell lines for NEUROD1 and SLC30A8 with siRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) approaches demonstrate phenotypic differences. NEUROD1-KO cells were not viable and displayed elevated markers for ER stress and apoptosis. NEUROD1-KD, however, only had a modest elevation, by 34%, in the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP and a gene expression profile indicative of chronic ER stress without evidence of elevated cell death. On the other hand, SLC30A8-KO cells demonstrated no reduction in K ATP channel gene expression in contrast to siRNA silencing. Overall, this strategy to efficiently create stable KO in the human beta cell line EndoC-βH1 will allow for a better understanding of genes involved in beta cell dysfunction, their underlying functional mechanisms and T2D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje K. Grotz
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Fernando Abaitua
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Benoit Hastoy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Anna L. Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
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16
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Plötz T, von Hanstein AS, Krümmel B, Laporte A, Mehmeti I, Lenzen S. Structure-toxicity relationships of saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids for elucidating the lipotoxic effects in human EndoC-βH1 beta-cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165525. [PMID: 31398470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity has been considered a major cause for beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. To achieve a better understanding of the toxicity a wide range of structurally different free fatty acids (FFAs) has been analyzed in human EndoC-βH1 beta-cells. Exposure of human EndoC-βH1 beta-cells to physiological saturated and monounsaturated long-chain FFAs induced apoptosis. Particularly noteworthy was that the toxicity increased more rapidly with increasing chain length of saturated than of unsaturated FFAs. The highest toxicity was observed in the presence of very long-chain FFAs (C20-C22), whereas polyunsaturated FFAs were not toxic. Long-chain FFAs increased peroxisomal hydrogen peroxide generation slightly, while very long-chain FFAs increased hydrogen peroxide generation more potently in both peroxisomes and mitochondria. The greater toxicity of very long-chain FFAs was accompanied by hydroxyl radical formation, along with cardiolipin peroxidation and ATP depletion. Intriguingly, only saturated very long-chain FFAs activated ER stress. On the other hand saturated very long-chain FFAs did not induce lipid droplet formation in contrast to long-chain FFAs and unsaturated very long-chain FFAs. The present data highlight the importance of structure-activity relationship analyses for the understanding of the mechanisms of lipotoxicity. Chain length and degree of saturation of FFAs are crucial factors for the toxicity of FFAs, with peroxisomal, mitochondrial, and ER stress representing the major pathogenic factors for induction of lipotoxicity. The results might provide a guide for the composition of a healthy beta-cell protective diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Plötz
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - A S von Hanstein
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - B Krümmel
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Laporte
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - I Mehmeti
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Lenzen
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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17
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Tyka K, Jörns A, Turatsinze JV, Eizirik DL, Lenzen S, Gurgul-Convey E. MCPIP1 regulates the sensitivity of pancreatic beta-cells to cytokine toxicity. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:29. [PMID: 30631045 PMCID: PMC6328635 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The autoimmune-mediated beta-cell death in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is associated with local inflammation (insulitis). We examined the role of MCPIP1 (monocyte chemotactic protein–induced protein 1), a novel cytokine-induced antiinflammatory protein, in this process. Basal MCPIP1 expression was lower in rat vs. human islets and beta-cells. Proinflammatory cytokines stimulated MCPIP1 expression in rat and human islets and in insulin-secreting cells. Moderate overexpression of MCPIP1 protected insulin-secreting INS1E cells against cytokine toxicity by a mechanism dependent on the presence of the PIN/DUB domain in MCPIP1. It also reduced cytokine-induced Chop and C/ebpβ expression and maintained MCL-1 expression. The shRNA-mediated suppression of MCPIP1 led to the potentiation of cytokine-mediated NFκB activation and cytokine toxicity in human EndoC-βH1 beta-cells. MCPIP1 expression was very high in infiltrated beta-cells before and after diabetes manifestation in the LEW.1AR1-iddm rat model of human T1DM. The extremely high expression of MCPIP1 in clonal beta-cells was associated with a failure of the regulatory feedback-loop mechanism, ER stress induction and high cytokine toxicity. In conclusion, our data indicate that the expression level of MCPIP1 affects the susceptibility of insulin-secreting cells to cytokines and regulates the mechanism of beta-cell death in T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Tyka
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Jörns
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jean-Valery Turatsinze
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sigurd Lenzen
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ewa Gurgul-Convey
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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18
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Izzi‐Engbeaya C, Comninos AN, Clarke SA, Jomard A, Yang L, Jones S, Abbara A, Narayanaswamy S, Eng PC, Papadopoulou D, Prague JK, Bech P, Godsland IF, Bassett P, Sands C, Camuzeaux S, Gomez‐Romero M, Pearce JTM, Lewis MR, Holmes E, Nicholson JK, Tan T, Ratnasabapathy R, Hu M, Carrat G, Piemonti L, Bugliani M, Marchetti P, Johnson PR, Hughes SJ, James Shapiro AM, Rutter GA, Dhillo WS. The effects of kisspeptin on β-cell function, serum metabolites and appetite in humans. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2800-2810. [PMID: 29974637 PMCID: PMC6282711 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of kisspeptin on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and appetite in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 15 healthy men (age: 25.2 ± 1.1 years; BMI: 22.3 ± 0.5 kg m-2 ), we compared the effects of 1 nmol kg-1 h-1 kisspeptin versus vehicle administration on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, metabolites, gut hormones, appetite and food intake. In addition, we assessed the effect of kisspeptin on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro in human pancreatic islets and a human β-cell line (EndoC-βH1 cells). RESULTS Kisspeptin administration to healthy men enhanced insulin secretion following an intravenous glucose load, and modulated serum metabolites. In keeping with this, kisspeptin increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from human islets and a human pancreatic cell line in vitro. In addition, kisspeptin administration did not alter gut hormones, appetite or food intake in healthy men. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate for the first time a beneficial role for kisspeptin in insulin secretion in humans in vivo. This has important implications for our understanding of the links between reproduction and metabolism in humans, as well as for the ongoing translational development of kisspeptin-based therapies for reproductive and potentially metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma Izzi‐Engbeaya
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alexander N. Comninos
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of EndocrinologyImperial College Healthcare NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Sophie A. Clarke
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Anne Jomard
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Lisa Yang
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sophie Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Shakunthala Narayanaswamy
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Pei Chia Eng
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Deborah Papadopoulou
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Julia K. Prague
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Paul Bech
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ian F. Godsland
- Section of Metabolic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College LondonSt Mary's HospitalLondonUK
| | | | - Caroline Sands
- The MRC‐NIHR National Phenome Centre and Imperial BRC Clinical Phenotyping Centre, Division of Computational, Systems and Digestive Medicine, Department of Surgery and CancerLondonUK
| | - Stephane Camuzeaux
- The MRC‐NIHR National Phenome Centre and Imperial BRC Clinical Phenotyping Centre, Division of Computational, Systems and Digestive Medicine, Department of Surgery and CancerLondonUK
| | - Maria Gomez‐Romero
- The MRC‐NIHR National Phenome Centre and Imperial BRC Clinical Phenotyping Centre, Division of Computational, Systems and Digestive Medicine, Department of Surgery and CancerLondonUK
| | - Jake T. M. Pearce
- The MRC‐NIHR National Phenome Centre and Imperial BRC Clinical Phenotyping Centre, Division of Computational, Systems and Digestive Medicine, Department of Surgery and CancerLondonUK
| | - Matthew R. Lewis
- The MRC‐NIHR National Phenome Centre and Imperial BRC Clinical Phenotyping Centre, Division of Computational, Systems and Digestive Medicine, Department of Surgery and CancerLondonUK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- The MRC‐NIHR National Phenome Centre and Imperial BRC Clinical Phenotyping Centre, Division of Computational, Systems and Digestive Medicine, Department of Surgery and CancerLondonUK
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- The MRC‐NIHR National Phenome Centre and Imperial BRC Clinical Phenotyping Centre, Division of Computational, Systems and Digestive Medicine, Department of Surgery and CancerLondonUK
| | - Tricia Tan
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Risheka Ratnasabapathy
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ming Hu
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Imperial Pancreatic Islet Biology and Diabetes ConsortiumHammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Gaelle Carrat
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Imperial Pancreatic Islet Biology and Diabetes ConsortiumHammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute (SR‐DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Faculty of MedicineVita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell LaboratoryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell LaboratoryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Paul R. Johnson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Stephen J. Hughes
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill HospitalOxfordUK
| | - A. M. James Shapiro
- Clinical Islet Laboratory and Clinical Islet Transplant ProgramUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Imperial Pancreatic Islet Biology and Diabetes ConsortiumHammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Waljit S. Dhillo
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
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19
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Hastoy B, Godazgar M, Clark A, Nylander V, Spiliotis I, van de Bunt M, Chibalina MV, Barrett A, Burrows C, Tarasov AI, Scharfmann R, Gloyn AL, Rorsman P. Electrophysiological properties of human beta-cell lines EndoC-βH1 and -βH2 conform with human beta-cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16994. [PMID: 30451893 PMCID: PMC6242937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34743-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited access to human islets has prompted the development of human beta cell models. The human beta cell lines EndoC-βH1 and EndoC-βH2 are increasingly used by the research community. However, little is known of their electrophysiological and secretory properties. Here, we monitored parameters that constitute the glucose-triggering pathway of insulin release. Both cell lines respond to glucose (6 and 20 mM) with 2- to 3-fold stimulation of insulin secretion which correlated with an elevation of [Ca2+]i, membrane depolarisation and increased action potential firing. Similar to human primary beta cells, KATP channel activity is low at 1 mM glucose and is further reduced upon increasing glucose concentration; an effect that was mimicked by the KATP channel blocker tolbutamide. The upstroke of the action potentials reflects the activation of Ca2+ channels with some small contribution of TTX-sensitive Na+ channels. The repolarisation involves activation of voltage-gated Kv2.2 channels and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Exocytosis presented a similar kinetics to human primary beta cells. The ultrastructure of these cells shows insulin vesicles composed of an electron-dense core surrounded by a thin clear halo. We conclude that the EndoC-βH1 and -βH2 cells share many features of primary human β-cells and thus represent a useful experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Hastoy
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mahdieh Godazgar
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Clark
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vibe Nylander
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Spiliotis
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martijn van de Bunt
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom ,0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Margarita V. Chibalina
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Barrett
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Burrows
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei I. Tarasov
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- 0000 0001 2188 0914grid.10992.33INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anna L. Gloyn
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom ,0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom ,0000 0004 0488 9484grid.415719.fNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom ,0000 0004 0488 9484grid.415719.fNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom ,0000 0000 9919 9582grid.8761.8Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden
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20
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Bugliani M, Syed F, Paula FMM, Omar BA, Suleiman M, Mossuto S, Grano F, Cardarelli F, Boggi U, Vistoli F, Filipponi F, De Simone P, Marselli L, De Tata V, Ahren B, Eizirik DL, Marchetti P. DPP-4 is expressed in human pancreatic beta cells and its direct inhibition improves beta cell function and survival in type 2 diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 473:186-193. [PMID: 29409957 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that the incretin system, including regulated GLP-1 secretion and locally expressed DPP-4, is present in pancreatic islets. In this study we comprehensively evaluated the expression and role of DPP-4 in islet alpha and beta cells from non-diabetic (ND) and type 2 diabetic (T2D) individuals, including the effects of its inhibition on beta cell function and survival. Isolated islets were prepared from 25 ND and 18 T2D organ donors; studies were also performed with the human insulin-producing EndoC-βH1 cells. Morphological (including confocal microscopy), ultrastructural (electron microscopy, EM), functional (glucose-stimulated insulin secretion), survival (EM and nuclear dyes) and molecular (RNAseq, qPCR and western blot) studies were performed under several different experimental conditions. DPP-4 co-localized with glucagon and was also expressed in human islet insulin-containing cells. Furthermore, DPP-4 was expressed in EndoC-βH1 cells. The proportions of DPP-4 positive alpha and beta cells and DPP-4 gene expression were significantly lower in T2D islets. A DPP-4 inhibitor protected ND human beta cells and EndoC-βH1 cells against cytokine-induced toxicity, which was at least in part independent from GLP1 and associated with reduced NFKB1 expression. Finally, DPP-4 inhibition augmented glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, reduced apoptosis and improved ultrastructure in T2D beta cells. These results demonstrate the presence of DPP-4 in human islet alpha and beta cells, with reduced expression in T2D islets, and show that DPP-4 inhibition has beneficial effects on human ND and T2D beta cells. This suggests that DPP-4, besides playing a role in incretin effects, directly affects beta cell function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bugliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Farooq Syed
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Flavia M M Paula
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bilal A Omar
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund Sweden
| | - Mara Suleiman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandra Mossuto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Grano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- National Enterprise for NanoScience and NanoTechnology (NEST), CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Boggi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Vistoli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Franco Filipponi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medicine, Molecular and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo De Simone
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medicine, Molecular and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Tata
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bo Ahren
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund Sweden
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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21
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Thomsen SK, Raimondo A, Hastoy B, Sengupta S, Dai XQ, Bautista A, Censin J, Payne AJ, Umapathysivam MM, Spigelman AF, Barrett A, Groves CJ, Beer NL, Manning Fox JE, McCarthy MI, Clark A, Mahajan A, Rorsman P, MacDonald PE, Gloyn AL. Type 2 diabetes risk alleles in PAM impact insulin release from human pancreatic β-cells. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1122-1131. [PMID: 30054598 PMCID: PMC6237273 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underpinning susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes (T2D) remain poorly understood. Coding variants in peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) are associated with both T2D risk and insulinogenic index. Here, we demonstrate that the T2D risk alleles impact negatively on overall PAM activity via defects in expression and catalytic function. PAM deficiency results in reduced insulin content and altered dynamics of insulin secretion in a human β-cell model and primary islets from cadaveric donors. Thus, our results demonstrate a role for PAM in β-cell function, and establish molecular mechanisms for T2D risk alleles at this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren K Thomsen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Europe Ltd, Milton Park, Abingdon, UK
| | - Anne Raimondo
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia
| | - Benoit Hastoy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shahana Sengupta
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Xiao-Qing Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Austin Bautista
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jenny Censin
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony J Payne
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mahesh M Umapathysivam
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy Barrett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher J Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola L Beer
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jocelyn E Manning Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne Clark
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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22
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Green AD, Vasu S, Flatt PR. Cellular models for beta-cell function and diabetes gene therapy. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 29226587 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is characterized by the destruction and/or relative dysfunction of insulin-secreting beta-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Consequently, considerable effort has been made to understand the physiological processes governing insulin production and secretion in these cells and to elucidate the mechanisms involved in their deterioration in the pathogenesis of diabetes. To date, considerable research has exploited clonal beta-cell lines derived from rodent insulinomas. Such cell lines have proven to be a great asset in diabetes research, in vitro drug testing, and studies of beta-cell physiology and provide a sustainable, and in many cases, more practical alternative to the use of animals or primary tissue. However, selection of the most appropriate rodent beta cell line is often challenging and no single cell line entirely recapitulates the properties of human beta-cells. The generation of stable human beta-cell lines would provide a much more suitable model for studies of human beta-cell physiology and pathology and could potentially be used as a readily available source of implantable insulin-releasing tissue for cell-based therapies of diabetes. In this review, we discuss the history, development, functional characteristics and use of available clonal rodent beta-cell lines, as well as reflecting on recent advances in the generation of human-derived beta-cell lines, their use in research studies and their potential for cell therapy of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Green
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes; School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Ulster; Coleraine UK
| | - S. Vasu
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes; School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Ulster; Coleraine UK
- Cell Growth and Metabolism Section; Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch; NIDDK; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - P. R. Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes; School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Ulster; Coleraine UK
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23
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Buenaventura T, Kanda N, Douzenis PC, Jones B, Bloom SR, Chabosseau P, Corrêa IR, Bosco D, Piemonti L, Marchetti P, Johnson PR, Shapiro AMJ, Rutter GA, Tomas A. A Targeted RNAi Screen Identifies Endocytic Trafficking Factors That Control GLP-1 Receptor Signaling in Pancreatic β-Cells. Diabetes 2018; 67:385-399. [PMID: 29284659 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) is a key target for type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment. Because endocytic trafficking of agonist-bound receptors is one of the most important routes for regulation of receptor signaling, a better understanding of this process may facilitate the development of new T2D therapeutic strategies. Here, we screened 29 proteins with known functions in G protein-coupled receptor trafficking for their role in GLP-1R potentiation of insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. We identify five (clathrin, dynamin1, AP2, sorting nexins [SNX] SNX27, and SNX1) that increase and four (huntingtin-interacting protein 1 [HIP1], HIP14, GASP-1, and Nedd4) that decrease insulin secretion from murine insulinoma MIN6B1 cells in response to the GLP-1 analog exendin-4. The roles of HIP1 and the endosomal SNX1 and SNX27 were further characterized in mouse and human β-cell lines and human islets. While HIP1 was required for the coupling of cell surface GLP-1R activation with clathrin-dependent endocytosis, the SNXs were found to control the balance between GLP-1R plasma membrane recycling and lysosomal degradation and, in doing so, determine the overall β-cell incretin responses. We thus identify key modulators of GLP-1R trafficking and signaling that might provide novel targets to enhance insulin secretion in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Buenaventura
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics and Pancreatic Islet Biology and Diabetes Consortium, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Nisha Kanda
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics and Pancreatic Islet Biology and Diabetes Consortium, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Phoebe C Douzenis
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics and Pancreatic Islet Biology and Diabetes Consortium, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Pauline Chabosseau
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics and Pancreatic Islet Biology and Diabetes Consortium, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | | | - Domenico Bosco
- Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paul R Johnson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Clinical Islet Laboratory and Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics and Pancreatic Islet Biology and Diabetes Consortium, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics and Pancreatic Islet Biology and Diabetes Consortium, Imperial College London, London, U.K.
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24
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Tsonkova VG, Sand FW, Wolf XA, Grunnet LG, Kirstine Ringgaard A, Ingvorsen C, Winkel L, Kalisz M, Dalgaard K, Bruun C, Fels JJ, Helgstrand C, Hastrup S, Öberg FK, Vernet E, Sandrini MPB, Shaw AC, Jessen C, Grønborg M, Hald J, Willenbrock H, Madsen D, Wernersson R, Hansson L, Jensen JN, Plesner A, Alanentalo T, Petersen MBK, Grapin-Botton A, Honoré C, Ahnfelt-Rønne J, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Ravassard P, Madsen OD, Rescan C, Frogne T. The EndoC-βH1 cell line is a valid model of human beta cells and applicable for screenings to identify novel drug target candidates. Mol Metab 2018; 8:144-157. [PMID: 29307512 PMCID: PMC5985049 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the EndoC-βH1 cell line as a model for human beta cells and evaluate its beta cell functionality, focusing on insulin secretion, proliferation, apoptosis and ER stress, with the objective to assess its potential as a screening platform for identification of novel anti-diabetic drug candidates. METHODS EndoC-βH1 was transplanted into mice for validation of in vivo functionality. Insulin secretion was evaluated in cells cultured as monolayer and as pseudoislets, as well as in diabetic mice. Cytokine induced apoptosis, glucolipotoxicity, and ER stress responses were assessed. Beta cell relevant mRNA and protein expression were investigated by qPCR and antibody staining. Hundreds of proteins or peptides were tested for their effect on insulin secretion and proliferation. RESULTS Transplantation of EndoC-βH1 cells restored normoglycemia in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. Both in vitro and in vivo, we observed a clear insulin response to glucose, and, in vitro, we found a significant increase in insulin secretion from EndoC-βH1 pseudoislets compared to monolayer cultures for both glucose and incretins. Apoptosis and ER stress were inducible in the cells and caspase 3/7 activity was elevated in response to cytokines, but not affected by the saturated fatty acid palmitate. By screening of various proteins and peptides, we found Bombesin (BB) receptor agonists and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptides (PACAP) to significantly induce insulin secretion and the proteins SerpinA6, STC1, and APOH to significantly stimulate proliferation. ER stress was readily induced by Tunicamycin and resulted in a reduction of insulin mRNA. Somatostatin (SST) was found to be expressed by 1% of the cells and manipulation of the SST receptors was found to significantly affect insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the EndoC-βH1 cells strongly resemble human islet beta cells in terms of glucose and incretin stimulated insulin secretion capabilities. The cell line has an active cytokine induced caspase 3/7 apoptotic pathway and is responsive to ER stress initiation factors. The cells' ability to proliferate can be further increased by already known compounds as well as by novel peptides and proteins. Based on its robust performance during the functionality assessment assays, the EndoC-βH1 cell line was successfully used as a screening platform for identification of novel anti-diabetic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Georgieva Tsonkova
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Wolfhagen Sand
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, GLP-1 & T2D Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Xenia Asbæk Wolf
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, GLP-1 & T2D Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Lars Groth Grunnet
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Anna Kirstine Ringgaard
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Ingvorsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Histology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Louise Winkel
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Mark Kalisz
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Kevin Dalgaard
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, GLP-1 & T2D Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Christine Bruun
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Johannes Josef Fels
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Discovery Biology & Technology, Research Bioanalysis, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Helgstrand
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Protein Engineering, Expression Technologies 1, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Sven Hastrup
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Protein Engineering, Expression Technologies 1, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Kryh Öberg
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Protein Engineering, Expression Technologies 1, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Erik Vernet
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle Inc., Protein Engineering, NNRC Seattle, Inc., 530 Fairview Avenue North, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Allan Christian Shaw
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Protein Engineering, Characterisation & Modelling Technology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Carsten Jessen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Protein Engineering, Protein & Peptide Chemistry 2, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Mads Grønborg
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Discovery Biology & Technology, Discovery ADME, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jacob Hald
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Hanni Willenbrock
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Discovery Biology & Technology, Bioinformatics, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Dennis Madsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Discovery Biology & Technology, Bioinformatics, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Lena Hansson
- Intomics A/S, Lottenborgvej 26, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Research Centre Oxford, Bioinformatics, Novo Nordisk Ltd., 3 City Place Beehive Ring Road, Gatwick, RH6 0PA, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Nygaard Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Research Centre Oxford, Bioinformatics, Novo Nordisk Ltd., 3 City Place Beehive Ring Road, Gatwick, RH6 0PA, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Plesner
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Tomas Alanentalo
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Histology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Maja Borup Kjær Petersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, DanStem, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- University of Copenhagen, DanStem, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Honoré
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jonas Ahnfelt-Rønne
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Histology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jacob Hecksher-Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Histology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM) - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Sorbonne Universités, Inserm, CNRS, UPMC Univ, Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Ole D Madsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Claude Rescan
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Thomas Frogne
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark.
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25
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Krizhanovskii C, Fred RG, Oskarsson ME, Westermark GT, Welsh N. Addition of exogenous sodium palmitate increases the IAPP/insulin mRNA ratio via GPR40 in human EndoC-βH1 cells. Ups J Med Sci 2017; 122:149-159. [PMID: 28980863 PMCID: PMC5649320 DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2017.1368745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced IAPP production may contribute to islet amyloid formation in type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the saturated fatty acid palmitate on IAPP levels in human β-cells. METHODS EndoC-βH1 cells and human islets were cultured in the presence of sodium palmitate. Effects on IAPP/insulin mRNA expression and secretion were determined using real-time qPCR/ELISA. Pharmacological activators and/or inhibitors and RNAi were used to determine the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS We observed that EndoC-βH1 cells exposed to palmitate for 72 h displayed decreased expression of Pdx-1 and MafA and increased expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), reduced insulin mRNA expression and glucose-induced insulin secretion, as well as increased IAPP mRNA expression and secretion. Further, these effects were independent of fatty acid oxidation, but abolished in response to GPR40 inhibition/downregulation. In human islets both a high glucose concentration and palmitate promoted increased IAPP mRNA levels, resulting in an augmented IAPP/insulin mRNA ratio. This was paralleled by elevated IAPP/insulin protein secretion and content ratios. CONCLUSIONS Addition of exogenous palmitate to human β-cells increased the IAPP/insulin expression ratio, an effect contributed to by activation of GPR40. These findings may be pertinent to our understanding of the islet amyloid formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Krizhanovskii
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
- Södertälje Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Södertälje, Sweden
- CONTACT Camilla Krizhanovskii Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rikard G. Fred
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Marie E. Oskarsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Gunilla T. Westermark
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Nils Welsh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
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26
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Chemistry and biology of reactive species with special reference to the antioxidative defence status in pancreatic β-cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1929-1942. [PMID: 28527893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a serious metabolic disease. Dysfunction and subsequent loss of the β-cells in the islets of Langerhans through apoptosis ultimately cause a life-threatening insulin deficiency. The underlying reason for the particular vulnerability of the β-cells is an extraordinary sensitivity to the toxicity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) due to its low antioxidative defense status. SCOPE REVIEW This review considers the different aspects of the chemistry and biology of the biologically most important reactive species and their chemico-biological interactions in the β-cell toxicity of proinflammatory cytokines in type 1 diabetes and of lipotoxicity in type 2 diabetes development. MAJOR CONCLUSION The weak antioxidative defense equipment in the different subcellular organelles makes the β-cells particularly vulnerable and prone to mitochondrial, peroxisomal and ER stress. Looking upon the enzyme deficiencies which are responsible for the low antioxidative defense status of the pancreatic β-cells it is the lack of enzymatic capacity for H2O2 inactivation at all major subcellular sites. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Diabetes is the most prevalent metabolic disorder with a steadily increasing incidence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes worldwide. The weak protection of the pancreatic β-cells against oxidative stress is a major reason for their particular vulnerability. Thus, careful protection of the β-cells is required for prevention of the disease.
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Krizhanovskii C, Kristinsson H, Elksnis A, Wang X, Gavali H, Bergsten P, Scharfmann R, Welsh N. EndoC-βH1 cells display increased sensitivity to sodium palmitate when cultured in DMEM/F12 medium. Islets 2017; 9:e1296995. [PMID: 28277987 PMCID: PMC5465947 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2017.1296995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims - Human pancreatic islets are known to die in response to the free fatty acid of sodium palmitate when cultured in vitro. This is in contrast to EndoC-βH1 cells, which in our hands are not sensitive to the cell death-inducing effects sodium palmitate, making these cells seemingly unsuitable for lipotoxicity studies. However, the EndoC-βH1 cells are routinely cultured in a nutrient mixture based on Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), which may not be the optimal choice for studies dealing with lipotoxicity. The aim of the present investigation was to define culture conditions that render EndoC-βH1 cells sensitive to toxic effects of sodium palmitate. Methods - EndoC-βH1 cells were cultured at standard conditions in either DMEM or DMEM/F12 culture medium. Cell death was analyzed using propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Insulin release and content was quantified using a human insulin ELISA. Results - We presently observe that substitution of DMEM for a DMEM/Ham's F12 mixture (50%/50% vol/vol) renders the cells sensitive to the apoptotic effects of sodium palmitate and sodium palmitate + high glucose leading to an increased cell death. Supplementation of the DMEM culture medium with linoleic acid partially mimicked the effect of DMEM/F12. Culture of EndoC-βH1 cells in DMEM/F12 resulted also in increased proliferation, ROS production and insulin contents, but markers for metabolic stress, autophagy or amyloid deposits were unaffected. Conclusions - The culture conditions for EndoC-βH1 cells can be modified so these cells display signs of lipotoxicity in response to sodium palmitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Krizhanovskii
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hjalti Kristinsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andris Elksnis
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xuan Wang
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hamid Gavali
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergsten
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nils Welsh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- CONTACT Nils Welsh , Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Box 571, BMC, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Abstract
The pancreatic β-cell secretes insulin in response to elevated plasma glucose. This review applies an external bioenergetic critique to the central processes of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, including glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism, the cytosolic adenine nucleotide pool, and its interaction with plasma membrane ion channels. The control mechanisms responsible for the unique responsiveness of the cell to glucose availability are discussed from bioenergetic and metabolic control standpoints. The concept of coupling factor facilitation of secretion is critiqued, and an attempt is made to unravel the bioenergetic basis of the oscillatory mechanisms controlling secretion. The need to consider the physiological constraints operating in the intact cell is emphasized throughout. The aim is to provide a coherent pathway through an extensive, complex, and sometimes bewildering literature, particularly for those unfamiliar with the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Nicholls
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California; and Department of Clinical Sciences, Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmo, Sweden
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29
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Teraoku H, Lenzen S. Dynamics of Insulin Secretion from EndoC- βH1 β-Cell Pseudoislets in Response to Glucose and Other Nutrient and Nonnutrient Secretagogues. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:2309630. [PMID: 29201919 PMCID: PMC5671729 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2309630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of insulin secretion were characterized in response to a variety of physiological and pharmacological stimulators and other compounds in perifused pseudoislets generated from cells of the EndoC-βH1 β-cell line. Perifusion of EndoC-βH1 pseudoislets with the physiological stimulus glucose (16.7 mM) induced sustained insulin secretion, which was inhibited by mannoheptulose. The adenylate cyclase activators IBMX and forskolin strongly potentiated this secretion. Glibenclamide, a Kir 6.2 potassium channel blocker, and Bay K 8644, an opener of the voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel, also potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion. The dynamics of insulin secretion from EndoC-βH1 pseudoislets were characterized by an insulin secretory response to glucose starting within 1-2 min and passing over without interruption into a sustained phase of insulin release for the whole stimulation period. This lack of a transient decline between the first and the second phases of insulin release is an indication for a quick supply of insulin secretory granules from the reserve pool to the docking sites below the plasma membrane. Thereby, new secretory granules are directly made available for sustained exocytosis of insulin in EndoC-βH1 β-cells. The study shows that EndoC-βH1 β-cell pseudoislets are well suited for kinetic analyses of insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Teraoku
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sigurd Lenzen
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany
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30
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Jeffery N, Harries LW. β-cell differentiation status in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:1167-1175. [PMID: 27550203 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects 415 million people worldwide and is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, progressing to insufficient insulin production, as a result of β-cell failure. Over time, chronic hyperglycaemia can ultimately lead to loss of β-cell function, leaving patients insulin-dependent. Until recently the loss of β-cell mass seen in T2D was considered to be the result of increased rates of apoptosis; however, it has been proposed that apoptosis alone cannot account for the extent of β-cell mass loss seen in the disease, and that a loss of function may also occur as a result of changes in β-cell differentiation status. In the present review, we consider current knowledge of determinants of β-cell fate in the context of understanding its relevance to disease process in T2D, and also the impact of a diabetogenic environment (hyperglycaemia, hypoxia, inflammation and dyslipidaemia) on the expression of genes involved in maintenance of β-cell identity. We describe current knowledge of the impact of the diabetic microenvironment on gene regulatory processes such alternative splicing, the expression of disallowed genes and epigenetic modifications. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underpin changes to β-cell differentiation status and the concomitant β-cell failure offers potential treatment targets for the future management of patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Jeffery
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Lorna W Harries
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
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31
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Thomsen SK, Ceroni A, van de Bunt M, Burrows C, Barrett A, Scharfmann R, Ebner D, McCarthy MI, Gloyn AL. Systematic Functional Characterization of Candidate Causal Genes for Type 2 Diabetes Risk Variants. Diabetes 2016; 65:3805-3811. [PMID: 27554474 PMCID: PMC5402869 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most genetic association signals for type 2 diabetes risk are located in noncoding regions of the genome, hindering translation into molecular mechanisms. Physiological studies have shown a majority of disease-associated variants to exert their effects through pancreatic islet dysfunction. Systematically characterizing the role of regional transcripts in β-cell function could identify the underlying disease-causing genes, but large-scale studies in human cellular models have previously been impractical. We developed a robust and scalable strategy based on arrayed gene silencing in the human β-cell line EndoC-βH1. In a screen of 300 positional candidates selected from 75 type 2 diabetes regions, each gene was assayed for effects on multiple disease-relevant phenotypes, including insulin secretion and cellular proliferation. We identified a total of 45 genes involved in β-cell function, pointing to possible causal mechanisms at 37 disease-associated loci. The results showed a strong enrichment for genes implicated in monogenic diabetes. Selected effects were validated in a follow-up study, including several genes (ARL15, ZMIZ1, and THADA) with previously unknown or poorly described roles in β-cell biology. We have demonstrated the feasibility of systematic functional screening in a human β-cell model and successfully prioritized plausible disease-causing genes at more than half of the regions investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren K Thomsen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Alessandro Ceroni
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Martijn van de Bunt
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, U.K
| | - Carla Burrows
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Amy Barrett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, U.K
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, U.K
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
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32
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Gurgul-Convey E, Mehmeti I, Plötz T, Jörns A, Lenzen S. Sensitivity profile of the human EndoC-βH1 beta cell line to proinflammatory cytokines. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2125-33. [PMID: 27460666 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to perform a detailed analysis of cytokine toxicity in the new human EndoC-βH1 beta cell line. METHODS The expression profile of the antioxidative enzymes in the new human EndoC-βH1 beta cells was characterised and compared with that of primary beta cells in the human pancreas. The effects of proinflammatory cytokines on reactive oxygen species formation, insulin secretory responsiveness and apoptosis of EndoC-βH1 beta cells were determined. RESULTS EndoC-βH1 beta cells were sensitive to the toxic action of proinflammatory cytokines. Glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion and an increase in the ATP/ADP ratio was abolished by proinflammatory cytokines without induction of IL-1β expression. Cytokine-mediated caspase-3 activation was accompanied by reactive oxygen species formation and developed more slowly than in rodent beta cells. Cytokines transiently increased the expression of unfolded protein response genes, without inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress-marker genes. Cytokine-mediated NFκB activation was too weak to induce inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. The resultant lack of nitric oxide generation in EndoC-βH1 cells, in contrast to rodent beta cells, makes these cells dependent on exogenously generated nitric oxide, which is released from infiltrating immune cells in human type 1 diabetes, for full expression of proinflammatory cytokine toxicity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION EndoC-βH1 beta cells are characterised by an imbalance between H2O2-generating and -inactivating enzymes, and react to cytokine exposure in a similar manner to primary human beta cells. They are a suitable beta cell surrogate for cytokine-toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Gurgul-Convey
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilir Mehmeti
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Plötz
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Jörns
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sigurd Lenzen
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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33
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Scharfmann R, Didiesheim M, Richards P, Chandra V, Oshima M, Albagli O. Mass production of functional human pancreatic β-cells: why and how? Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18 Suppl 1:128-36. [PMID: 27615142 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes (either type 1 or type 2) is due to insufficient functional β-cell mass. Research has, therefore, aimed to discover new ways to maintain or increase either β-cell mass or function. For this purpose, rodents have mainly been used as model systems and a large number of discoveries have been made. Meanwhile, although we have learned that rodent models represent powerful systems to model β-cell development, function and destruction, we realize that there are limitations when attempting to transfer the data to what is occurring in humans. Indeed, while human β-cells share many similarities with rodent β-cells, they also differ on a number of important parameters. In this context, developing ways to study human β-cell development, function and death represents an important challenge. This review will describe recent data on the development and use of convenient sources of human β-cells that should be useful tools to discover new ways to modulate functional β-cell mass in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.
| | - M Didiesheim
- INSERM U1016, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - P Richards
- INSERM U1016, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - V Chandra
- INSERM U1016, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - M Oshima
- INSERM U1016, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - O Albagli
- INSERM U1016, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
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