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Jung SM, Zhu HJ. Regulation of Human Hydrolases and Its Implications in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:1139-1151. [PMID: 38777597 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrolases represent an essential class of enzymes indispensable for the metabolism of various clinically essential medications. Individuals exhibit marked differences in the expression and activation of hydrolases, resulting in significant variability in the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of drugs metabolized by these enzymes. The regulation of hydrolase expression and activity involves both genetic polymorphisms and nongenetic factors. This review examines the current understanding of genetic and nongenetic regulators of six clinically significant hydrolases, including carboxylesterase (CES)-1 CES2, arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC), paraoxonase (PON)-1 PON3, and cathepsin A (CTSA). We explore genetic variants linked to the expression and activity of the hydrolases and their effects on the PK and PD of their substrate drugs. Regarding nongenetic regulators, we focus on the inhibitors and inducers of these enzymes. Additionally, we examine the developmental expression patterns and gender differences in the hydrolases when pertinent information was available. Many genetic and nongenetic regulators were found to be associated with the expression and activity of the hydrolases and PK and PD. However, hydrolases remain generally understudied compared with other drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P450s. The clinical significance of genetic and nongenetic regulators has not yet been firmly established for the majority of hydrolases. Comprehending the mechanisms that underpin the regulation of these enzymes holds the potential to refine therapeutic regimens, thereby enhancing the efficacy and safety of drugs metabolized by the hydrolases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Hydrolases play a crucial role in the metabolism of numerous clinically important medications. Genetic polymorphisms and nongenetic regulators can affect hydrolases' expression and activity, consequently influencing the exposure and clinical outcomes of hydrolase substrate drugs. A comprehensive understanding of hydrolase regulation can refine therapeutic regimens, ultimately enhancing the efficacy and safety of drugs metabolized by the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Min Jung
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.M.J.) and Clinical Pharmacy (H.-J.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.M.J.) and Clinical Pharmacy (H.-J.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Rafinezhad M, Kheirouri S, Abbasnezhad M, Alizadeh M. What Dietary Vitamins and Minerals Might Be Associated with Paraoxonase-1 Serum Levels in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease? Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04382-3. [PMID: 39313692 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is an antioxidant enzyme inversely associated with atherosclerosis incidence. Dietary antioxidants help to increase PON-1 serum levels. Since most vitamins and minerals have antioxidant properties, this research aimed to examine the association between PON-1 serum levels and dietary intake of vitamins and minerals in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In this cross-sectional study, 102 inpatients with CAD and 60 healthy individuals participated. The average dietary vitamins and minerals intake were computed using information from the food frequency questionnaire with the assistance of Nutritionist IV software. The serum PON-1 level was measured using the ELISA method. Regarding minerals, serum PON-1 level was positively correlated with dietary calcium (β = 0.57, p = 0.001), phosphorus (β = 0.52, p = 0.004), and potassium intake (β = 0.40, p = 0.03), but inversely associated with dietary consumption of iron (β = - 0.43, p = 0.04), and sodium (β = - 0.41, p = 0.02). Concerning vitamins, serum levels of PON-1 were positively associated with vitamin B6 (β = 0.53, p = 0.01) and riboflavin (β = 0.44, p = 0.03) but inversely correlated with niacin (β = - 0.49, p = 0.03). The serum level of PON-1 might be associated with the dietary intake of minerals and vitamins. Therefore, a diet rich in certain minerals and vitamins may be advantageous in increasing serum PON-1 levels and preventing CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Rafinezhad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sorayya Kheirouri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Abbasnezhad
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Proaño B, Benlloch M, Sancho-Castillo S, Privado J, Bargues-Navarro G, Sanchis-Sanchis CE, Martínez Bolós P, Carriquí-Suárez AB, Cubero-Plazas L, Platero Armero JL, Escriva D, Ceron JJ, Tvarijonaviciute A, de la Rubia Ortí JE. Paraoxonase I Activity and Its Relationship with Nutrition in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1021. [PMID: 39199265 PMCID: PMC11351986 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13081021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration, with oxidative stress playing a key role. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme that may influence ALS progression. This study aimed to establish a predictive model for the influence of PON1 activity on functionality in ALS patients and explore its relationship with nutrition. Methods: In this observational cross-sectional study, 70 ALS patients underwent assessments of PON1 activity, lipid profile, functional capacity, respiratory function, and heart rate variability. A structural equation model was developed to determine the relationships between variables. Nutritional intake was analyzed in 65 patients. Results: The predictive model showed that PON1 activity and LDL levels positively influenced functionality, both directly and indirectly through respiratory capacity. Heart rate variability moderately predicted functionality independently. HDL levels were not significantly associated with functionality. Weak to moderate correlations were found between PON1 activity and intake of certain nutrients, with positive associations for monounsaturated fats and vitamin D, and negative associations for carbohydrates, proteins, and some micronutrients. Conclusions: PON1 activity appears to play an important role in ALS patient functionality, both directly and through effects on respiratory capacity. However, its relationship with nutritional intake was not strongly evident in this sample population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Proaño
- Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (B.P.); (G.B.-N.); (C.E.S.-S.); (A.B.C.-S.)
| | - María Benlloch
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | | | - Jesús Privado
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Guillermo Bargues-Navarro
- Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (B.P.); (G.B.-N.); (C.E.S.-S.); (A.B.C.-S.)
- Health Research Institute (IIS) La Fe, La Fe Polytechnic and University Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Claudia Emmanuela Sanchis-Sanchis
- Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (B.P.); (G.B.-N.); (C.E.S.-S.); (A.B.C.-S.)
- Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (P.M.B.); (L.C.-P.); (J.L.P.A.)
| | - Palmira Martínez Bolós
- Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (P.M.B.); (L.C.-P.); (J.L.P.A.)
| | - Ana Belén Carriquí-Suárez
- Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (B.P.); (G.B.-N.); (C.E.S.-S.); (A.B.C.-S.)
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Laura Cubero-Plazas
- Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (P.M.B.); (L.C.-P.); (J.L.P.A.)
| | - Jose Luis Platero Armero
- Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (P.M.B.); (L.C.-P.); (J.L.P.A.)
| | - Dolores Escriva
- Institute for Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
- Intensive Care Unit, La Fe Polytechnic and University Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Joaquín Ceron
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.J.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.J.C.); (A.T.)
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Almukainzi M, El-Masry TA, Ibrahim HA, Saad HM, El Zahaby EI, Saleh A, El-Nagar MMF. New insights into the potential cardioprotective effects of telmisartan and nanoformulated extract of Spirulina platensis via regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in an experimental model. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1380057. [PMID: 38783939 PMCID: PMC11112102 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1380057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiotoxicity is one of the limiting side effects of the commonly used anticancer agent cyclophosphamide (Cyclo). Materials and methods The possible protective effects of telmisartan and nanoformulated Spirulina platensis (Sp) methanolic extract against Cyclo-induced cardiotoxicity were examined in this study. Experimental groups of rats were randomly divided into nine groups as control vehicle, control polymer, telmisartan (TEL, 10 mg/kg), free Sp extract (300 mg/kg), nano Sp extract (100 mg/kg), Cyclo (200 mg/kg), TEL + Cyclo, free Sp + Cyclo, and nano Sp + Cyclo. The groups with Cyclo combinations were treated in the same manner as their corresponding ones without Cyclo, with a single dose of Cyclo on day 18. Results The results indicate that Cyclo causes significant cardiotoxicity, manifesting in the form of notable increases of 155.49%, 105.74%, 451.76%, and 826.07% in the serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) enzyme activities, respectively, as compared to the control. In addition, the cardiac glutathione (GSH) content and activity of glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX-1) enzyme decreased by 65.94% and 73.85%, respectively. Treatment with nano Sp extract showed the most prominent restorations of the altered biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features as compared with those by TEL and free Sp; moreover, reductions of 30.64% and 43.02% in the p-AKT content as well as 60.43% and 75.30% of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) immunoreactivity were detected in the TEL and free Sp treatment groups, respectively. Interestingly, nano Sp boosted the autophagy signal via activation of beclin-1 (36.42% and 153.4%), activation of LC3II (69.13% and 195%), downregulation of p62 expressions (39.68% and 62.45%), and increased gene expressions of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) (90.3% and 225.9%) compared to the TEL and free Sp treatment groups, respectively. Conclusion The findings suggest the protective efficiency of telmisartan and nano Sp extract against cardiotoxicity via activations of the antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and autophagy signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Almukainzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thanaa A. El-Masry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hanaa A. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Enas I. El Zahaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maysa M. F. El-Nagar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Lymperopoulos D, Dedemadi AG, Voulgari ML, Georgiou E, Dafnis I, Mountaki C, Panagopoulou EA, Karvelas M, Chiou A, Karathanos VT, Chroni A. Corinthian Currants Promote the Expression of Paraoxonase-1 and Enhance the Antioxidant Status in Serum and Brain of 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2024; 14:426. [PMID: 38672443 PMCID: PMC11047902 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1), a serum antioxidant enzyme, has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis that involves early oxidative damage. Corinthian currants and their components have been shown to display antioxidant and other neuroprotective effects in AD. We evaluated the effect of a Corinthian currant paste-supplemented diet (CurD), provided to 1-month-old 5xFAD mice for 1, 3, and 6 months, on PON1 activity and levels of oxidation markers in serum and the brain of mice as compared to a control diet (ConD) or glucose/fructose-matched diet (GFD). Administration of CurD for 1 month increased PON1 activity and decreased oxidized lipid levels in serum compared to ConD and GFD. Longer-term administration of CurD did not, however, affect serum PON1 activity and oxidized lipid levels. Furthermore, CurD administered for 1 and 3 months, but not for 6 months, increased PON1 activity and decreased free radical levels in the cortex of mice compared to ConD and GFD. To probe the mechanism for the increased PON1 activity in mice, we studied the effect of Corinthian currant polar phenolic extract on PON1 activity secreted by Huh-7 hepatocytes or HEK293 cells transfected with a PON1-expressing plasmid. Incubation of cells with the extract led to a dose-dependent increase of secreted PON1 activity, which was attributed to increased cellular PON1 expression. Collectively, our findings suggest that phenolics in Corinthian currants can increase the hepatic expression and activity of antioxidant enzyme PON1 and that a Corinthian currant-supplemented diet during the early stages of AD in mice reduces brain oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Lymperopoulos
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia-Georgia Dedemadi
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Lydia Voulgari
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Georgiou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Dafnis
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Mountaki
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini A. Panagopoulou
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Harokopio University, 17676 Kallithea, Greece (A.C.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Michalis Karvelas
- Research and Development Department, Agricultural Cooperatives’ Union of Aeghion, 25100 Aeghion, Greece;
| | - Antonia Chiou
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Harokopio University, 17676 Kallithea, Greece (A.C.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Vaios T. Karathanos
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Harokopio University, 17676 Kallithea, Greece (A.C.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Angeliki Chroni
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
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Iyengar ARS, Khandave PY, Bzdrenga J, Nachon F, Brazzolotto X, Pande AH. Warfare Nerve Agents and Paraoxonase-1 as a Potential Prophylactic Therapy against Intoxication. Protein Pept Lett 2024; 31:345-355. [PMID: 38706353 DOI: 10.2174/0109298665284293240409045359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Nerve agents are a class of lethal neurotoxic chemicals used in chemical warfare. In this review, we have discussed a brief history of chemical warfare, followed by an exploration of the historical context surrounding nerve agents. The article explores the classification of these agents, their contemporary uses, their toxicity mechanisms, and the disadvantages of the current treatment options for nerve agent poisoning. It then discusses the possible application of enzymes as prophylactics against nerve agent poisoning, outlining the benefits and drawbacks of paraoxonase- 1. Finally, the current studies on paraoxonase-1 are reviewed, highlighting that several challenges need to be addressed in the use of paraoxonase-1 in the actual field and that its potential as a prophylactic antidote against nerve agent poisoning needs to be evaluated. The literature used in this manuscript was searched using various electronic databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Elsevier, Springer, ACS, Google Patent, and books using the keywords chemical warfare agent, butyrylcholinesterase, enzyme, nerve agent, prophylactic, and paraoxonase-1, with the time scale for the analysis of articles between 1960 to 2023. The study has suggested that concerted efforts by researchers and agencies must be made to develop effective countermeasures against NA poisoning and that paraoxonase-1 has suitable properties for the development of efficient prophylaxis against NA poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Satvik Iyengar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Prakash Y Khandave
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Janek Bzdrenga
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Place du Général Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Place du Général Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Xavier Brazzolotto
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Place du Général Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Abhay H Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
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Dada AO, Ikpegbu UA, Okunowo LO, Ajibare AO, Adekiitan ME, Shasore HO. Plasma paraoxonase-1 activity levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Southwest Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 45:40. [PMID: 37545608 PMCID: PMC10403769 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.45.40.36301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) associated enzyme that has anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, and antioxidant functions. PON1 is noted to be a determinant of resistance to the development of atherosclerosis through hydrolysis of phospholipid and cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides. This study was designed to assess PON1 activity levels among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Southwest Nigeria. Methods this was a cross-sectional study done over a period of six months. A total of 138 participants; 69 with T2DM and 69 apparently healthy controls were recruited for this study. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HDL cholesterol (HDL-c), and PON1 activity were analyzed in the participants. The comparison of the mean between the groups of participants was assessed using the independent student t-test while the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare two medians. The p-value was set at 0.05. Results mean age for participants with T2DM was 54.90 ± 8.1 years and the healthy control group was 54.12 ± 8.4 years, with a p-value of 0.549. The male-to-female ratio was 0.47 for both participants with T2DM and healthy controls. Participants with T2DM had significantly higher median glucose concentration of 109.18 mg/dl compared with 82.58 mg/dl among controls, p-value <0.001. Median serum HDL-c was lower in diabetics compared to controls (52.66 mg/dl vs 57.92 mg/dl; p-value < 0.001). PON1 activity was lower in T2DM compared with that of the controls (690.11 pmol/min/ml vs 3379.7 pmol/min/ml; p-value <0.001). Paroxonase 1 showed a non-significant positive correlation with HDL-c and a negative correlation with FPG, and body mass index (BMI). Conclusion these findings suggest that PON1 activity is lower in T2DM compared to healthy controls and a lower PON1 activity level was seen among female diabetics compared with the male diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi Oluwaseun Dada
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Uduak Akpan Ikpegbu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, General Hospital, Lagos Island, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Adeola Olubunmi Ajibare
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Unit, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
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Sulaiman D, Choi LS, Lee HM, Shin J, Kim DH, Lee KW, Eftekhari P, Quartier A, Park HS, Reddy ST. Vutiglabridin Modulates Paraoxonase 1 and Ameliorates Diet-Induced Obesity in Hyperlipidemic Mice. Biomolecules 2023; 13:687. [PMID: 37189434 PMCID: PMC10135725 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vutiglabridin is a clinical-stage synthetic small molecule that is being developed for the treatment of obesity and its target proteins have not been fully identified. Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an HDL-associated plasma enzyme that hydrolyzes diverse substrates including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Furthermore, PON1 harbors anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities and has been implicated as a potential therapeutic target for treating various metabolic diseases. In this study, we performed a non-biased target deconvolution of vutiglabridin using Nematic Protein Organisation Technique (NPOT) and identified PON1 as an interacting protein. We examined this interaction in detail and demonstrate that vutiglabridin binds to PON1 with high affinity and protects PON1 against oxidative damage. Vutiglabridin treatment significantly increased plasma PON1 levels and enzyme activity but not PON1 mRNA in wild-type C57BL/6J mice, suggesting that vutiglabridin modulates PON1 post-transcriptionally. We further investigated the effects of vutiglabridin in obese and hyperlipidemic LDLR-/- mice and found that it significantly increases plasma PON1 levels, while decreasing body weight, total fat mass, and plasma cholesterol levels. Overall, our results demonstrate that PON1 is a direct, interacting target of vutiglabridin, and that the modulation of PON1 by vutiglabridin may provide benefits for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawoud Sulaiman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of CA Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Hyeong Min Lee
- Glaceum Incorporation, Suwon 16675, Republic of Korea (J.S.)
| | - Jaejin Shin
- Glaceum Incorporation, Suwon 16675, Republic of Korea (J.S.)
| | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data, Division of Life Science, Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data, Division of Life Science, Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Hyung Soon Park
- Glaceum Incorporation, Suwon 16675, Republic of Korea (J.S.)
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of CA Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Dufault RJ, Crider RA, Deth RC, Schnoll R, Gilbert SG, Lukiw WJ, Hitt AL. Higher rates of autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in American children: Are food quality issues impacting epigenetic inheritance? World J Clin Pediatr 2023; 12:25-37. [PMID: 37034430 PMCID: PMC10075020 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v12.i2.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, schools offer special education services to children who are diagnosed with a learning or neurodevelopmental disorder and have difficulty meeting their learning goals. Pediatricians may play a key role in helping children access special education services. The number of children ages 6-21 in the United States receiving special education services increased 10.4% from 2006 to 2021. Children receiving special education services under the autism category increased 242% during the same period. The demand for special education services for children under the developmental delay and other health impaired categories increased by 184% and 83% respectively. Although student enrollment in American schools has remained stable since 2006, the percentage distribution of children receiving special education services nearly tripled for the autism category and quadrupled for the developmental delay category by 2021. Allowable heavy metal residues remain persistent in the American food supply due to food ingredient manufacturing processes. Numerous clinical trial data indicate heavy metal exposures and poor diet are the primary epigenetic factors responsible for the autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder epidemics. Dietary heavy metal exposures, especially inorganic mercury and lead may impact gene behavior across generations. In 2021, the United States Congress found heavy metal residues problematic in the American food supply but took no legislative action. Mandatory health warning labels on select foods may be the only way to reduce dietary heavy metal exposures and improve child learning across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee J Dufault
- Department of Research, Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute, Naalehu, HI 96772, United States
- College of Graduate Health Studies, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, United States
| | - Raquel A Crider
- Department of Research, Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute, Naalehu, HI 96772, United States
| | - Richard C Deth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States
| | - Roseanne Schnoll
- Department of Research, Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute, Naalehu, HI 96772, United States
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of CUNY, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States
| | - Steven G Gilbert
- Department of Research, Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute, Naalehu, HI 96772, United States
- Department of Research, Institute of Neurotoxicology and Neurological Disorders, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Amanda L Hitt
- Food Integrity Campaign, Government Accountability Project, Columbia, WA 20006, United States
- Department of Legal, Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute, Naalehu, HI 96772, United States
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10
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Filippova YE, Malishevskaya TN, Petrov SA, Gubin DG, Vlasova AS. [Enzymatic activity of paraoxonase depending on polymorphism Q192R of the PON1 gene in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma]. Vestn Oftalmol 2022; 138:58-64. [PMID: 35488563 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma202213802158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is believed that one of the main blood enzymes that hydrolyzes oxidized lipids incorporated in lipoproteins is the calcium-dependent hydrolase of paraoxonase 1, which has a significant antioxidant effect depending on the polymorphism of the PON1 gene. PURPOSE To genotype patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) by the Q192R polymorphism of the PON1 gene in order to identify their genetic predisposition to dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, as well as to determe the possibility of correcting the reduced activity of the PON1 enzyme in the examined individuals by the complex drug Cytoflavin. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 25 men with advanced POAG, IOP compensated by hypotonic agents, and 20 volunteers without POAG (mean age 63.0±5.4 years). All subjects underwent genotyping by the Q192R polymorphism of the PON1 gene using an analyzer. PON1 activity was assessed by the rate of nitrophenol formation when paraoxone diluted in acetone was added to the blood plasma. At the second stage, patients (of different phenotypes) were prescribed the complex drug Cytoflavin. RESULTS Homozygous carriers of the 192R allele were found to have significantly lower levels of PON1 activity than homozygous carriers of the Q192 allele. Carriage of the 192R allele may determine an increased risk of atherosclerotic injury in patients with POAG, especially in cases with high levels of atherogenic blood lipoproteins, low levels of high-density lipoproteins, or high levels of peroxidized lipids in the blood. The drug Cytoflavin showed a positive therapeutic effect on oxidative stress and hypercholesterinemia in POAG patients. CONCLUSION These findings can be used to determine the atherogenicity of lipoproteins and the progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy and to optimize the therapy of PAHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu E Filippova
- Federal Research Center Tyumen Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen, Russia
| | - T N Malishevskaya
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Petrov
- Federal Research Center Tyumen Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen, Russia
| | - D G Gubin
- Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen, Russia.,Tyumen Cardiological Research Center - branch of the Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen, Russia
| | - A S Vlasova
- Federal Research Center Tyumen Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen, Russia.,Regional Ophthalmology Clinic, Tyumen, Russia
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11
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Medina-Díaz IM, Ponce-Ruíz N, Rojas-García AE, Zambrano-Zargoza JF, Bernal-Hernández YY, González-Arias CA, Barrón-Vivanco BS, Herrera-Moreno JF. The Relationship between Cancer and Paraoxonase 1. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040697. [PMID: 35453382 PMCID: PMC9028432 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been carried out to understand and elucidate the mechanisms of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) in the development of diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and inflammatory diseases. This review focuses on the relationship between PON1 and cancer. The data suggest that PON1, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and cancer are closely linked. Certainly, the gene expression of PON1 will remain challenging to study. Therefore, targeting PON1, redox-sensitive pathways, and transcription factors promise prevention and therapy in the development of several diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Martha Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepict 63000, Mexico; (N.P.-R.); (A.E.R.-G.); (Y.Y.B.-H.); (C.A.G.-A.); (B.S.B.-V.); (J.F.H.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Néstor Ponce-Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepict 63000, Mexico; (N.P.-R.); (A.E.R.-G.); (Y.Y.B.-H.); (C.A.G.-A.); (B.S.B.-V.); (J.F.H.-M.)
| | - Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepict 63000, Mexico; (N.P.-R.); (A.E.R.-G.); (Y.Y.B.-H.); (C.A.G.-A.); (B.S.B.-V.); (J.F.H.-M.)
| | | | - Yael Y. Bernal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepict 63000, Mexico; (N.P.-R.); (A.E.R.-G.); (Y.Y.B.-H.); (C.A.G.-A.); (B.S.B.-V.); (J.F.H.-M.)
| | - Cyndia Azucena González-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepict 63000, Mexico; (N.P.-R.); (A.E.R.-G.); (Y.Y.B.-H.); (C.A.G.-A.); (B.S.B.-V.); (J.F.H.-M.)
| | - Briscia S. Barrón-Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepict 63000, Mexico; (N.P.-R.); (A.E.R.-G.); (Y.Y.B.-H.); (C.A.G.-A.); (B.S.B.-V.); (J.F.H.-M.)
| | - José Francisco Herrera-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepict 63000, Mexico; (N.P.-R.); (A.E.R.-G.); (Y.Y.B.-H.); (C.A.G.-A.); (B.S.B.-V.); (J.F.H.-M.)
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12
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Dhamija R, Gupta A, Saluja A, Saraswathy K, Imnameren L, Yadav S. PON1 (Paraoxonase 1) Q192R gene polymorphism in ischemic stroke among North Indian population. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2022; 25:100-105. [PMID: 35342250 PMCID: PMC8954313 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_571_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: PON1 is an High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)-associated esterase. Two common polymorphisms in the PON1 gene, Q192R and L55M substitutions, determine the inter-individual variation in PON1 activity. The association of these polymorphisms with the risk of ischemic stroke remains controversial. In the present study, the role of PON1 Q192R gene polymorphism in ischemic stroke was studied in the Indian population. Design and Methods: In the present case-control study, the PON1 Q192R gene polymorphism was screened in ischemic stroke patients (n: 63) and age, sex-matched controls (n: 63) using thePolymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Segment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Results: The mean age of stroke presentation was 58.11 ± 15.4 years. A total of 17.4% cases presented with young stroke (<45 years age) and 9.52% cases were seen to have a recurrent stroke. The distribution of -192Q/R PON1 gene polymorphism was not seen to differ between cases and controls. The traditional stroke risk factors did not have any effect on the PON1 genotype expression. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was done in order to assess an independent association of age, gender, traditional stroke risk factors, and PON1 polymorphism with acute ischemic stroke. However, neither the RR genotype nor the presence of the R allele was associated with an increase in the risk of acute ischemic stroke (OR [RR genotype]-4.76, P value: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.3497–64.8531; OR [R allele]-0.94, P value: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.3516–2.4989). Conclusion: PON1 Q192R gene polymorphism is not associated with an increased risk of acute ischemic stroke in the North Indian population. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed before PON1 Q192R gene polymorphism can be considered as a genetic risk factor for ischemic stroke.
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13
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The Role of Nutritional Habits and Moderate Red Wine Consumption in PON1 Status in Healthy Population. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11209503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) plays a role as antioxidant on HDL. Including in diet additionally ingest of polyphenolic compounds can stimulate PON1 transcription and increase its activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary intake, red wine consumption, and PON1 genotypes (Q192R, L55M and C-108T) on the specific activity of PON1 in a healthy population. A descriptive and analytical pilot study was conducted in Mexican volunteers clinically healthy (n = 45) aged from 21–59 years. Over 6 weeks, the study participants ingested 120 mL of red wine per day. PON1 concentration, PON1 activities, genetic polymorphisms and dietary intake were evaluated. The preliminary fingerprinting of the wine was determined to corroborate the presence of phenolic compounds such as tannins and gallotannins. Neither dietary intake nor PON1 genotypes showed an effect on the specific activity of PON1. However, a significant increase in specific AREase activity after red wine consumption period was observed in the study participants. Our data suggest that the moderate consumption of red wine has a beneficial effect on PON1 specific AREase activity in this healthy Mexican population.
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14
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Dufault RJ, Wolle MM, Kingston HMS, Gilbert SG, Murray JA. Connecting inorganic mercury and lead measurements in blood to dietary sources of exposure that may impact child development. World J Methodol 2021; 11:144-159. [PMID: 34322366 PMCID: PMC8299913 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v11.i4.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-natal and post-natal chemical exposures and co-exposures from a variety of sources including contaminated air, water, soil, and food are common and associated with poorer birth and child health outcomes. Poor diet is a contributing factor in the development of child behavioral disorders. Child behavior and learning can be adversely impacted when gene expression is altered by dietary transcription factors such as zinc insufficiency or deficiency or by exposure to toxic substances permitted in our food supply such as mercury, lead, or organophosphate pesticide residue. Children with autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders exhibit decreased or impaired PON1 gene activity which is needed by the body to metabolize and excrete neurotoxic organophosphate pesticides. In this current review we present an updated macroepigenetic model that explains how dietary inorganic mercury and lead exposures from unhealthy diet may lead to elevated blood mercury and/or lead levels and the development of symptoms associated with the autism and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders. PON1 gene activity may be suppressed by inadequate dietary calcium, selenium, and fatty acid intake or exposures to lead or mercury. The model may assist clinicians in diagnosing and treating the symptoms associated with these childhood neurodevelopmental disorders. Recommendations for future research are provided based on the updated model and review of recently published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee J Dufault
- Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute, Naalehu, HI 96772, United States
- College of Graduate Health Studies, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, United States
| | - Mesay M Wolle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - H M Skip Kingston
- Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute, Naalehu, HI 96772, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Steven G Gilbert
- Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute, Naalehu, HI 96772, United States
- Institute of Neurotoxicology and Neurological Disorders, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Joseph A Murray
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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15
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Marsillach J, Richter RJ, Costa LG, Furlong CE. Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) Status Analysis Using Non-Organophosphate Substrates. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e25. [PMID: 33484495 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein-associated enzyme with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic roles. The ability of PON1 to hydrolyze specific organophosphate (OP) compounds and prevent accumulation of oxidized lipids in lipoproteins has prompted a large number of studies investigating PON1's role in modulating toxicity and disease. Most of these studies, however, have only focused on PON1 single nucleotide polymorphism analyses and have ignored PON1 activity levels, arguably the most important parameter in determining protection against exposure and disease. We developed a two-substrate activity assay termed "PON1 status" that reveals both the functional PON1192 genotype and plasma PON1 activity levels. While our previous studies with PON1 status demonstrated that both PON1192 functional genotype and enzymatic activity levels obtained exclusively by determining PON1 status are required for a proper evaluation of PON1's role in modulating OP exposures and risk of disease, the original PON1 status assay requires the use of highly toxic OP metabolites. As many laboratories are not prepared to handle such toxic compounds and the associated waste generated, determination of PON1 status has been limited to rather few studies. Here, we describe a PON1 status protocol that uses non-OP substrates with a resolution equivalent to that of the original PON1 status approach. We have also included useful suggestions to ensure the assays can easily be carried out in any laboratory. The protocols described here will enable a proper examination of the risk of exposure or susceptibility to disease in PON1 epidemiological studies without the need to handle highly toxic substrates. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Determining PON1 status using non-organophosphate substrates Support Protocol 1: Experimental pathlength determination Support Protocol 2: PON1 DNA genotyping for the Q192R (rs662) polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Marsillach
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rebecca J Richter
- Department of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine & Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Clement E Furlong
- Department of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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16
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Effects of chestnut tannins supplementation of prepartum moderate yielding dairy cows on metabolic health, antioxidant and colostrum indices. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with chestnut tannins (CNT) on metabolic and antioxidant status of prepartum cows along with their colostrum quality. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows were paired according to parity and body condition score, and assigned either to a diet supplemented with 20 g/d of commercially available product containing chestnut tannins (CNT, n=20) or to an unsupplemented control diet (CON, n=20) for the last 25±2 d of pregnancy. Serum metabolite, insulin and antioxidant capacity indices were measured in blood samples taken at d 25 and d 5 before expected parturition. Chemical composition and IgG concentration were determined in colostrum samples collected from the first milking postpartum. The addition of CNT led to lower BUN (P=0.02) and consequently higher serum glucose (P=0.02) and insulin (P<0.01) concentrations which were associated with lower circulating NEFA (P<0.01) and BHBA (P<0.01) in CNT group than those of CON. The serum paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were higher at -5 d in CNT than in CON (P<0.01, P=0.03; respectively). Close-up CNT improved lactose percentage and IgG concentration (P=0.03, P=0.04; respectively) and tended to improve percentage of protein and SNF (Solid Not Fat) in primary colostrum (P=0.06, respectively), without affecting colostrum fat and total solid (P=0.98, P=0.43; respectively). Supplementation of CNT in the diet during close-up period did not have adverse effects on metabolic profiles prepartum. Instead, this feeding regimen was more beneficial to antioxidant capacity and colostrum quality than feeding the control diet.
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17
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Roig J, Domingo C, Burdon J, Michaelis S. Irritant-induced Asthma Caused by Aerotoxic Syndrome. Lung 2021; 199:165-170. [PMID: 33719009 PMCID: PMC7956869 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-021-00431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Case series on respiratory features of Aerotoxic Syndrome (AS). The term AS has been coined to describe the spectrum of clinical manifestations after aircraft fume events. Among these manifestations, neurological and respiratory symptoms are the most frequently reported complaints. METHODS Three cases of AS with relevant respiratory features are presented. RESULTS Cough and shortness of breath for 6 to12 months were the predominant symptoms in the first two cases. The first case also developed neurological symptoms affecting his central nervous system. In the third case, the patient complained for nine years about an unbearable cough triggered by odors, smells, and a variety of indoor and outdoor irritants, among other symptoms of multiple chemical sensitivity. In all three cases, the respiratory symptoms resolved after appropriate treatment. CONCLUSION Our report aims at raising awareness on AS and calls for actions to improve the management of patients suffering from this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Roig
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Clínica Creu Blanca, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Christian Domingo
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonathan Burdon
- Consultant Respiratory Physician, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan Michaelis
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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18
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Zimetti F, Adorni MP, Marsillach J, Marchi C, Trentini A, Valacchi G, Cervellati C. Connection between the Altered HDL Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties and the Risk to Develop Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6695796. [PMID: 33505588 PMCID: PMC7811424 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6695796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protein composition of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is extremely fluid. The quantity and quality of protein constituents drive the multiple biological functions of these lipoproteins, which include the ability to contrast atherogenesis, sustained inflammation, and toxic effects of reactive species. Several diseases where inflammation and oxidative stress participate in the pathogenetic process are characterized by perturbation in the HDL proteome. This change inevitably affects the functionality of the lipoprotein. An enlightening example in this frame comes from the literature on Alzheimer's disease (AD). Growing lines of epidemiological evidence suggest that loss of HDL-associated proteins, such as lipoprotein phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), glutathione peroxidase-3 (GPx-3), and paraoxonase-1 and paraoxonase-3 (PON1, PON3), may be a feature of AD, even at the early stage. Moreover, the decrease in these enzymes with antioxidant/defensive action appears to be accompanied by a parallel increase of prooxidant and proinflammatory mediators, in particular myeloperoxidase (MPO) and serum amyloid A (SAA). This type of derangement of balance between two opposite forces makes HDL dysfunctional, i.e., unable to exert its "natural" vasculoprotective property. In this review, we summarized and critically analyzed the most significant findings linking HDL accessory proteins and AD. We also discuss the most convincing hypothesis explaining the mechanism by which an observed systemic occurrence may have repercussions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zimetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Adorni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma 43121, Italy
| | - Judit Marsillach
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cinzia Marchi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Sciences Department, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC State University, 28081 NC, USA
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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19
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Taler-Verčič A, Goličnik M, Bavec A. The Structure and Function of Paraoxonase-1 and Its Comparison to Paraoxonase-2 and -3. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245980. [PMID: 33348669 PMCID: PMC7766523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is the most studied member of the group of paraoxonases (PONs). This enzyme possesses three enzymatic activities: lactonase, arylesterase, and paraoxonase activity. PON1 and its isoforms play an important role in drug metabolism as well as in the prevention of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Although all three members of the PON family have the same origin and very similar amino acid sequences, they have different functions and are found in different locations. PONs exhibit substrate promiscuity, and their true physiological substrates are still not known. However, possible substrates include homocysteine thiolactone, an analogue of natural quorum-sensing molecules, and the recently discovered derivatives of arachidonic acid—bioactive δ-lactones. Directed evolution, site-directed mutagenesis, and kinetic studies provide comprehensive insights into the active site and catalytic mechanism of PON1. However, there is still a whole world of mystery waiting to be discovered, which would elucidate the substrate promiscuity of a group of enzymes that are so similar in their evolution and sequence yet so distinct in their function.
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20
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Teucrium leucocladum: An Effective Tool for the Treatment of Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia, and Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3272103. [PMID: 33293988 PMCID: PMC7718044 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3272103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Teucrium leucocladum is among the most used traditional medicinal plants in Palestine, which is used for the treatment of hyperglycemia and colon spasms from ancient times. Therefore, the current investigation aimed for the first time to determine the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and oxidative stress inhibitory effects of the aerial parts (stem and leaves) of T. leucocladum hydrophilic (water) extract in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats (65 mg/kg), given intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 21 days. The rats were divided into four groups as control (C), control + T. leucocladum extract (C + TL), diabetes (D), and diabetes + T. leucocladum extract (D + TL). The antioxidant activity was analyzed using in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and in vivo methods by measuring the plasma and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels using a colorimetric assay. On the other hand, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme levels, serum paraoxonase (PON), and arylesterase (ARE) enzyme activities were assessed by utilizing standard biochemical kits. Besides, the blood glucose and serum insulin levels were assessed by a glucometer and Rat ELISA Kit, respectively. However, the autoanalyzer was used to evaluate the lipid profile. The diabetic rat group that administered T. leucocladum extract showed the best reduction in the tissue and plasma MDA levels and an increase of insulin-releasing potentials. Besides, the serum PON and ARE activities and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and whole blood glutathione peroxidase enzyme levels were significantly increased in all animals treated with T. leucocladum extract. The current investigation demonstrated that T. leucocladum manifests antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects and also increased the antioxidative defense system and reduced the lipid peroxidation process in experimental diabetic rats.
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21
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Leonel Javeres MN, Habib R, Judith N, Iqbal M, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Batool S, Nurulain SM. Analysis of PON1 gene polymorphisms (rs662 and rs854560) and inflammatory markers in organophosphate pesticides exposed cohorts from two distinct populations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110210. [PMID: 32949615 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Organophosphate (OPs) anticholinesterases are one of the main groups of pesticides used in agriculture. Harmful effects of OPs on health have been attributed primarily for irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at nerve synapse. However, studies have shown that inhibition of AChE alone cannot explain all the maladies encountered in prolonged exposure to OPs. Predisposition to population heterogeneity and irregularities in various biochemicals like paraoxonases and inflammatory biochemicals are the possible affects of OPs long term exposure that may lead to sequels of diseases and are less addressed in literature. The study was aimed to assess the cholinergic enzymes (AChE and BChE), PON1, and inflammatory markers (IL1β, IL6, TNFα, CRP, Apo AI, Apo B) and determine the toxicogenetics association of PON1 gene (rs 662 and rs 85456) to chronically OPs exposed groups from Pakistan and Cameroon. MATERIALS AND METHODS AChE, BChE and PON1 were measured by colorimetric method using spectrophotometry. Inflammatory markers were determined by Elisa assay. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using salting out method was employed for SNP genotyping. RESULTS The results revealed the significant (p ≤ 0.05) inhibition of cholinergic enzymes PON 1 was found to be 6.91 ng/mL±1.03 and 2.84 ng/mL±1.40 (mean ± SD) in Pakistan and Cameroon groups respectively. IL6, TNFα, CRP were increased and Apo AI was less while Apo B was increased in OP exposed groups in both population groups. SNPs analysis of PON1 showed significant differences in allelic and genotype frequencies of OPs exposed and non-exposed groups. CONCLUSIONS PON1 was noticeably less in Cameroonian than Pakistani, albeit both groups have significant decrease in PON1 actity. In addition, the study concludes that OPs induce low grade inflammation, an aetiology of many diseases. Selected PON1 SNPs analysis showed a significant toxicogenetics association with OPs exposure marker enzymes. The results of this study may help in regulation of usage of OPs anticholinesterases in different populations. The study will further open new avenues in toxicogenetic and exploration of SNPs based strategies on organophosphate intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rabia Habib
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Ngondi Judith
- Department of Biochemistry, Yaoundé I University, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Moaz Iqbal
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Sajida Batool
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
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Milanović Z, Beletić A, Vekić J, Zeljković A, Andrić N, Božović AI, Spariosu K, Radaković M, Ajtić J, Filipović MK. Evidence of acute phase reaction in asymptomatic dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis. Vet Parasitol 2020; 282:109140. [PMID: 32473353 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Asymptomatic outdoor dogs can be carriers of Babesia canis, but data describing the development of an acute phase response (APR) are not available. We hypothesised that these dogs have a moderate APR that could be detected by hematological and biochemical changes. Two groups of Babesia-exposed dogs were represented by nine B. canis PCR-positive and twenty B. canis PCR-negative, seroreactive dogs. The control group consisted of ten Babesia-naïve dogs. Serum amyloid A (SAA), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), complete blood count, and biochemistry parameters were analysed by standard methodologies. Protein and lipoprotein fractions were separated using agarose gel electrophoresis (GE), and the dominant diameters of lipoproteins were assessed on gradient GE. Results were evaluated using non-parametric tests and the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve. SAA (median 39.0 μg/mL, range 2.2-48.8 μg/mL), total protein (median 74.7 g/L, range 57.1-98.3 g/L) and the dominant diameter of α-lipoproteins (median 13.31 nm, range 12.09-14.17 nm) in B. canis PCR-positive dogs were higher relative to dogs in the control group or dogs that were PCR-negative but seroreactive (p < 0.001 for both groups). Mild to moderate anemia (4/29), thrombocytopenia (7/29), and leukocyte counts that were close to the upper limit of the reference range were encountered in both Babesia-exposed groups. When compared to controls, Babesia-exposed dogs displayed decreased a PON-1 activity and protein GE pattern consistent with low-grade chronic inflammation (p < 0.001 for both groups). Dogs with detectable amounts of B. canis DNA in blood contain increased levels of SAA and total protein along with α-lipoproteins that display an increased diameter relative to those dogs with positive Babesia serology but undetectable levels of B. canis DNA in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorana Milanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory for Radioisotopes, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anđelo Beletić
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Clinical Center of Serbia, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Vekić
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Zeljković
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nenad Andrić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anja Ilić Božović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kristina Spariosu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Radaković
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Ajtić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Darney K, Kasteel EEJ, Buratti FM, Turco L, Vichi S, Béchaux C, Roudot AC, Kramer NI, Testai E, Dorne JLCM, Di Consiglio E, Lautz LS. Bayesian meta-analysis of inter-phenotypic differences in human serum paraoxonase-1 activity for chemical risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 138:105609. [PMID: 32114288 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human variability in paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activities is driven by genetic polymorphisms that affect the internal dose of active oxons of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides. Here, an extensive literature search has been performed to collect human genotypic frequencies (i.e. L55M, Q192R, and C-108T) in subgroups from a range of geographical ancestry and PON1 activities in three probe substrates (paraoxon, diazoxon and phenyl acetate). Bayesian meta-analyses were performed to estimate variability distributions for PON1 activities and PON1-related uncertainty factors (UFs), while integrating quantifiable sources of inter-study, inter-phenotypic and inter-individual differences. Inter-phenotypic differences were quantified using the population with high PON1 activity as the reference group. Results from the meta-analyses provided PON1 variability distributions and these can be implemented in generic physiologically based kinetic models to develop quantitative in vitro in vivo extrapolation models. PON1-related UFs in the Caucasian population were above the default toxicokinetic UF of 3.16 for two specific genotypes namely -108CC using diazoxon as probe substrate and, -108CT, -108TT, 55MM and 192QQ using paraoxon as probe substrate. However, integration of PON1 genotypic frequencies and activity distributions showed that all UFs were within the default toxicokinetic UF. Quantitative inter-individual differences in PON1 activity are important for chemical risk assessment particularly with regards to the potential sensitivity to organophosphates' toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Darney
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - E E J Kasteel
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F M Buratti
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - L Turco
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - S Vichi
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - C Béchaux
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - A C Roudot
- Laboratoire des Interactions Epithéliums Neurones, Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 Av. Victor Le Gorgeu, CS93837, Cedex 3, Brest 29238, France
| | - N I Kramer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - E Testai
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - J L C M Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, 1a, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - E Di Consiglio
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - L S Lautz
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France.
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24
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The Relation between Eating Habits and Abdominal Fat, Anthropometry, PON1 and IL-6 Levels in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030744. [PMID: 32168955 PMCID: PMC7146613 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of an inflammatory, demyelinating and autoimmune nature. Diets with a high caloric density could be especially relevant in terms of the pathogenesis related to an increase in adipose tissue that is metabolically active and releases mediators, which can induce systemic inflammation and an increased oxidation state. The aim of this study was to analyse the eating habits related to calorie intake and their impact on abdominal obesity associated with anthropometric variables, the activity of the oxidation marker paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levelsin MS patients. METHODS An analytical and quantitative observational study was conducted with a population of 57 MS patients. The dietary-nutritional anamnesis was gained through the Food Frequency Questionnaire and a food diary. Diet and eating habits have been analysed through the Easy Diet-Programa de gestión de la consulta® software. Anthropometric measurements were taken in order to determine the presence of abdominal obesity. In addition, PON1 was quantified in serum by means of automated spectrophotometric assays and IL-6 was quantified using the ELISA technique. RESULTS A normal calorie intake was determined for women, yet a slightly lower intake was observed in men. Carbohydrate consumption was below what was established, and protein and lipids were over, in both cases. Furthermore, most patients had abdominal obesity, with significantly higher body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), fat percentage and IL-6 levels. IL-6 is greatly correlated with waist circumference and WHtR. CONCLUSION MS patients' nutrient intake shows an imbalance between macronutrients. This seems to favour the abdominal obesity associated with high values of proinflammatory IL-6 that is not correlated with a lower activity of PON1.
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25
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Lemes RMR, Silva CADME, Marques MÂDM, Atella GC, Nery JADC, Nogueira MRS, Rosa PS, Soares CT, De P, Chatterjee D, Pessolani MCV, de Macedo CS. Altered composition and functional profile of high-density lipoprotein in leprosy patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008138. [PMID: 32226013 PMCID: PMC7145193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The changes in host lipid metabolism during leprosy have been correlated to fatty acid alterations in serum and with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) dysfunctionality. This is most evident in multibacillary leprosy patients (Mb), who present an accumulation of host lipids in Schwann cells and macrophages. This accumulation in host peripheral tissues should be withdrawn by HDL, but it is unclear why this lipoprotein from Mb patients loses this function. To investigate HDL metabolism changes during the course of leprosy, HDL composition and functionality of Mb, Pb patients (paucibacillary) pre- or post-multidrug therapy (MDT) and HC (healthy controls) were analyzed. Mb pre-MDT patients presented lower levels of HDL-cholesterol compared to HC. Moreover, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry lipidomics of HDL showed an altered lipid profile of Mb pre-MDT compared to HC and Pb patients. In functional tests, HDL from Mb pre-MDT patients showed impaired anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress activities and a lower cholesterol acceptor capacity compared to other groups. Mb pre-MDT showed lower concentrations of ApoA-I (apolipoprotein A-I), the major HDL protein, when compared to HC, with a post-MDT recovery. Changes in ApoA-I expression could also be observed in M. leprae-infected hepatic cells. The presence of bacilli in the liver of a Mb patient, along with cell damage, indicated hepatic involvement during leprosy, which may reflect on ApoA-I expression. Together, altered compositional and functional profiles observed on HDL of Mb patients can explain metabolic and physiological changes observed in Mb leprosy, contributing to a better understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertha Mariana R. Lemes
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adriano de M. e Silva
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Maria Ângela de M. Marques
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Georgia C. Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Augusto da C. Nery
- Ambulatório Souza Araújo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Prithwiraj De
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Maria Cristina V. Pessolani
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiana S. de Macedo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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26
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Shokri Y, Variji A, Nosrati M, Khonakdar-Tarsi A, Kianmehr A, Kashi Z, Bahar A, Bagheri A, Mahrooz A. Importance of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as an antioxidant and antiatherogenic enzyme in the cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes: Genotypic and phenotypic evaluation. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 161:108067. [PMID: 32044348 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidant-antioxidant imbalance is involved in the etiology of different diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), liver disorders, kidney diseases, cancers and diabetes mellitus. Antioxidant enzymes play a key role in striking an oxidant-antioxidant balance. Moreover, paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme that binds with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the circulation, and antioxidant and antiaterogenic properties of this lipoprotein are significantly associated with PON1. Research suggests PON1 contributes to the pathogenesis of certain human diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). The association between PON1 and T2D appear to be reciprocal so that the disease significantly decreases PON1 levels and in turn, the genetics of PON1 may have a role the risk of susceptibility to T2D. Several factors that reduce the activity and concentration of PON1 in patients with T2D include increased glycation and loss-of-function polymorphisms. The genotypic and phenotypic evaluations of PON1 are therefore crucial for assessing the risk of cardiovascular complications in these patients, and strategies for increasing or restoring PON1 levels are useful for reducing or preventing their cardiovascular complications as their main cause of mortality. The present review aimed at discussing and emphasizing the key role of PON1 in T2D as a silent and dangerous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Shokri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Atena Variji
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mani Nosrati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abbas Khonakdar-Tarsi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Anvarsadat Kianmehr
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Madical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Zahra Kashi
- Diabetes Research Center, Imam Teaching Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Adele Bahar
- Diabetes Research Center, Imam Teaching Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abouzar Bagheri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Abdolkarim Mahrooz
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Diabetes Research Center, Imam Teaching Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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27
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Kotur-Stevuljević J, Vekić J, Stefanović A, Zeljković A, Ninić A, Ivanišević J, Miljković M, Sopić M, Munjas J, Mihajlović M, Spasić S, Jelić-Ivanović Z, Spasojević-Kalimanovska V. Paraoxonase 1 and atherosclerosis-related diseases. Biofactors 2020; 46:193-205. [PMID: 31400246 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A direct and an indirect relationship between paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and atherosclerosis exists. Given PON1's physical location within high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and its recognized enzyme activity, it is certainly reasonable to suggest that PON1 facilitates the antiatherogenic nature of HDL particles. PON1 also plays a role in regulating reverse cholesterol transport, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, vasodilative, and antithrombotic activities and several endothelial cell functions. HDL dysfunctionality is a more recent issue and seems to be centered on pathological conditions affecting HDL structure and size profiles. This review is focused on the role of PON1 status in different atherosclerosis-related diseases that we have studied over the last twenty years (coronary heart disease, acute ischemic stroke, diabetes mellitus type 2, end-stage renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and sarcoidosis) with the aim to determine the true value of PON1 as a biomarker. The role of PON1 in cancer is also covered, as risk factors and mechanisms underlying both atherosclerosis and cancer share common features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kotur-Stevuljević
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Vekić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stefanović
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Zeljković
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Ninić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Ivanišević
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Miljković
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miron Sopić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Munjas
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mihajlović
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavica Spasić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorana Jelić-Ivanović
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
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Ponce-Ruiz N, Murillo-González FE, Rojas-García AE, Bernal Hernández YY, Mackness M, Ponce-Gallegos J, Barrón-Vivanco BS, Hernández-Ochoa I, González-Arias CA, Ortega Cervantes L, Cardoso-Saldaña G, Medina-Díaz IM. Phenotypes and concentration of PON1 in cardiovascular disease: The role of nutrient intake. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:40-48. [PMID: 31757567 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is considered to play a crucial role as an anti-atherosclerotic factor. The PON1 activity is affected by genetic polymorphisms, environmental factors, age, sex, lifestyle, pharmaceutical drugs, and dietary factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between macro- and micronutrients as well as PON1 concentration and activities in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cardiovascular risk factors but no CVD (CRF), and in healthy controls (control group). METHODS AND RESULTS A case-control study was carried out with 356 volunteers from the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico. Clinical parameters, lipid profile, PON1 activities (AREase, LACase, CMPAase and PONase), and PON1 concentration were evaluated. There was a differential intake of macro- and micronutrients among the study groups. The intake of proteins and carbohydrates was higher in the CVD group than in the CFR and control groups (p < 0.05). AREase, LACase, and CMPAase activities and PON1 concentration were lowest in the CVD group. CONCLUSION LACase and CMPAase activities, as well as PON1 concentration, could be included in the battery of CVD predictive biomarkers in the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Ponce-Ruiz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
| | - Fátima E Murillo-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
| | - Aurora E Rojas-García
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico.
| | - Yael Y Bernal Hernández
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Briscia S Barrón-Vivanco
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico.
| | - Isabel Hernández-Ochoa
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Toxicología, Mexico.
| | - Cyndia A González-Arias
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico.
| | - Laura Ortega Cervantes
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico.
| | | | - Irma M Medina-Díaz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico.
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29
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Paraoxonase 3: Structure and Its Role in Pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Disease. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120817. [PMID: 31816846 PMCID: PMC6995636 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spanning three decades in research, Paraoxonases (PON1) carried potential of dealing with neurotoxicity of organophosphates entering the circulation and preventing cholinergic crisis. In the past few years, the Paraoxonase multigene family (PON1, PON2, PON3) has been shown to play an important role in pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders including coronary artery disease (CAD). The PON genes are clustered in tandem on the long arm of human chromosome 7 (q21, 22). All of them have been shown to act as antioxidants. Of them, PON3 is the least studied member as its exact physiological substrate is still not clear. This has further led to limitation in our understanding of its role in pathogenesis of CAD and development of the potential therapeutic agents which might modulate its activity, expression in circulation and tissues. In the present review, we discuss the structure and activity of human PON3 enzyme and its Single nucleotide variants that could potentially lead to new clinical strategies in prevention and treatment of CAD.
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Murillo-González FE, Ponce-Ruiz N, Rojas-García AE, Rothenberg SJ, Bernal-Hernández YY, Cerda-Flores RM, Mackness M, Barrón-Vivanco BS, González-Arias CA, Ponce-Gallegos J, Medina-Díaz IM. PON1 lactonase activity and its association with cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 500:47-53. [PMID: 31626760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is important in the development of atherosclerosis, and it has become the subject of intensive research. Our aim was to evaluate the association of serum PON1 activity and polymorphisms with cardiovascular disease (CVD) using four different substrates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Activity of PON1-related to arylesterase (AREase and 4-CMPAse), paraoxonase (PONase), and lactonase (LACase), and polymorphisms (A-162G, T-108C, L55M, and Q192R) were evaluated in subjects with CVD, cardiovascular risk factor (CFR), and controls. An ordered logistic-regression analysis of PON1 phenotypes was performed in the CVD group with respect to the control group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Logistic-regression analysis showed that CC-108 genotype was associated with CRF and CVD. The CVD group had the lowest activities of PON1. The LACase might be a better biomarker for CVD (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.44-0.61) followed by CMPAse (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.77-0.86), AREase (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-0.99) and PONase (OR, 0.99, 95% CI, 0.99-0.99). Logistic regression of PON1 phenotypes by haplotypes showed that LACase activity was not influenced by the polymorphisms and that it could be a new potential biomarker in the development of CVD. Larger scale longitudinal studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Murillo-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - N Ponce-Ruiz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - A E Rojas-García
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico
| | | | - Y Y Bernal-Hernández
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - R M Cerda-Flores
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Facultad de Enfermería. Nuevo León, Mexico
| | | | - B S Barrón-Vivanco
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - C A González-Arias
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico
| | | | - I M Medina-Díaz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Nayarit, Mexico.
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Del Carmen Xotlanihua-Gervacio M, Herrera-Moreno JF, Medina-Díaz IM, Bernal-Hernández YY, Rothenberg SJ, Barrón-Vivanco BS, Rojas-García AE. Relationship between internal and external factors and the activity of PON1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:24946-24957. [PMID: 31243662 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an A-esterase calcium-dependent enzyme that is associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and capable of hydrolyzing a wide variety of substrates, including organophosphate (OP) pesticides. The PON1 phenotype can be modulated by multiple internal and external factors, thereby affecting the catalytic capacity of the enzyme. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors that could modulate PON1 activity in a sample occupationally exposed to pesticides. A cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was carried out with 240 workers. The participants were stratified according to their level of pesticide exposure as reference, moderate-exposure, and high-exposure groups. PON1 activities (arylesterase/AREase, CMPAase, and ssPONase (salt-stimulated)) were determined by spectrophotometry, and the Q192R and L55MPON1 genotypes by real-time PCR. The most frequent genotypes were heterozygous (QR) and homozygous (LL) for PON1Q192R and PON1L55M polymorphisms, respectively. The internal factors associated with the activity of PON1 were the PON1 genotypes (55 and 192) and biochemical parameters related to the lipid profile, in contrast, various external factors related to diet and harmful habits as well as with exposure to pesticides were associated with the activity of PON1. However, using a multivariate mixed ordinal regression model, we found a significant reduction of ssPONase activity in the high-exposure group compared with the reference group only in haplotypes QQLL and RRLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Xotlanihua-Gervacio
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P, 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic - Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Herrera-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P, 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic - Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Irma Martha Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P, 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Yael Yvette Bernal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P, 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Stephen J Rothenberg
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Briscia S Barrón-Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P, 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n, Col. Centro, C.P, 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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Uti DE, Atangwho IJ, Eyong EU, Umoru GU, Egbung GE, Rotimi SO, Nna VU. African Walnuts (Tetracarpidium conophorum) Modulate Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Obesity via Reciprocal Actions on HMG-CoA Reductase and Paraoxonase. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 20:365-379. [PMID: 31339080 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190724114729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is characterized by increased body fat and involves an imbalance between the synthesis and degradation of lipids. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate the effect of African walnuts (Tetracarpidium conophorum) on lipids storage and the regulatory enzymes of hepatic lipid metabolism in obese rats. METHODS Nuts were extracted in ethanol (WE) and further separated to obtain the ethyl-acetate fraction (ET) and the residue (RES). These were administered orally to 3 groups of monosodium glutamate- obese rats (n = 6), respectively, for 6 weeks. Other groups in the study were: normal (NC), obese control (OC) and standard control (SC) which received orlistat. Hepatic total lipids, total phospholipids, triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TCHOL), 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and paraoxonase were studied. RESULTS Total lipids, TG and TCHOL which increased in OC compared to NC group, decreased. HMG-CoA reductase activity decreased in the 3 study groups relative to OC. Paraoxonase activity which decreased in OC was up-regulated, while the magnitude of hepatic cholesterol decreased from 94.32 % in OC to 52.19, 65.43 and 47.04 % with WE, ET and RES, respectively. Flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and saponins were detected in the nut. GC-MS analysis revealed 16, 18 and 10 volatile components in WE, ET and RES, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids (linolenic acids: 33.33, 47.95 and 50.93 %, and α-linolenic acids: 25, 19.66 and 26.63 %) in WE, ET and RES, respectively, are the most abundant, and likely to be responsible for the observed activity. CONCLUSION African walnuts can prevent hepatic lipid accumulation through reciprocal actions on HMG-CoA reductase and paraoxonase in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Uti
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B 1115, Calabar, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Evangel University Akaeze, P.M.B. 129 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Item J Atangwho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B 1115, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Eyong U Eyong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B 1115, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Grace U Umoru
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B 1115, Calabar, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Evangel University Akaeze, P.M.B. 129 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E Egbung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B 1115, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Solomon O Rotimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Canaan Land, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Victor U Nna
- Department of Physiology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B 1115, Calabar, Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Amjadi A, Mirmiranpour H, Sobhani SO, Moazami Goudarzi N. Intravenous laser wavelength radiation effect on LCAT, PON1, catalase, and FRAP in diabetic rats. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:131-138. [PMID: 31183584 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of intravenous irradiation of different low-level laser wavelengths on the activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), paraoxonase (PON1), catalase, and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) in diabetic rats. First, diabetes was induced in rats using streptozotocin (STZ). Enzymes' activity was measured in the blood samples and compared before and after intravenous laser blood irradiation. We used four continuous-wave lasers-IR (λ = 808 nm), Red (λ = 638 nm), Green (λ = 532 nm), and Blue (λ = 450 nm)-to compare the wavelength's effect on different enzymes' activity. Laser power was fixed at 0.01 mW and laser energy was changed by 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-min time of radiations.The enzymes' activity of blood samples was measured 2, 6, and 24 h after radiation. The results show an increase in the activity of different enzymes when compare with diabetic non-radiated samples. More importantly, with a constant laser energy, the enzymes' activity increased with decreasing laser wavelength. It is important to note that with a constant laser energy, as the wavelength decreases, the photon energy increases and the number of photons decrease, while the enzyme's activity elevation increases. As a result, we can conclude that in intravenous low-level laser therapy, photon energy is more important than the number of photons even if their product, energy, is kept constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Amjadi
- Laser and Medical Physics Lab, Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Mirmiranpour
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Valiasr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Omid Sobhani
- Laser and Medical Physics Lab, Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Moazami Goudarzi
- Laser and Medical Physics Lab, Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Iyengar ARS, Pande AH. Is Human Paraoxonase 1 the Saviour Against the Persistent Threat of Organophosphorus Nerve Agents? Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:471-478. [PMID: 30942142 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190403120259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nerve agents have been used extensively in chemical warfare in the past. However, recent use of Novichok agents have reignited the debate on the threat posed by Organophosphorus Nerve Agents (OPNAs). The currently available therapy for OPNA toxicity is only symptomatic and is potentially ineffective in neutralizing OPNAs. Hence, there is a dire need to develop a prophylactic therapy for counteracting OPNA toxicity. In this regard, human paraoxonase 1 has emerged as the enzyme of choice. In this review, we have focussed upon the recent and past events of OPNA use, their mechanism of action and toxicity. Further, we have emphasized upon the potential of enzyme based therapy and the various advances in the development of paraoxonase 1 as a countermeasure for OPNA poisoning. Finally, we have elaborated the shortcomings of paraoxonase 1 and the work that needs to be undertaken in order to develop human paraoxonase 1 as a prophylactic against OPNA poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Satvik Iyengar
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW, Australia
| | - Abhay H Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
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Balsan G, Pellanda LC, Sausen G, Galarraga T, Zaffari D, Pontin B, Portal VL. Effect of yerba mate and green tea on paraoxonase and leptin levels in patients affected by overweight or obesity and dyslipidemia: a randomized clinical trial. Nutr J 2019; 18:5. [PMID: 30660196 PMCID: PMC6339368 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-018-0426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the intake of yerba mate (YM) and green tea (GT) on serum levels of leptin and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), compared to control. Methods Controlled, randomized clinical trial (RCT) that evaluated 142 men and women affected by overweight or obesity aged 35–60 years, untreated dyslipidemia and no history of coronary artery disease. Participants were randomized to ingest 1000 mL GT, YM or apple tea (AT, control group) daily, during eight weeks. Serum PON-1 and leptin levels were analyzed by ELISA immunoassay at the beginning (baseline) and after eight weeks of intervention. Results The intake of 1 l of YM/day resulted in significant increase in serum levels of PON-1 (9.7%; p = 0.005). The consumption of GT induced no significant difference in the levels of PON-1 (p = 0.154) and leptin (p = 0.783). Intergroup analysis showed a significant difference (p = 0.036) in the variation of PON-1 levels in the YM group when compared to GT and AT groups. In addition, the increase in PON-1 levels in the YM group was significantly associated with increased HDL-c (p = 0.004). Conclusions The intake of yerba mate increased the antioxidant capacity by increasing serum levels of PON-1 and was positively associated with increased HDL-c, stressing the protective role of this beverage against atherosclerotic diseases. GT intake had no significant effect on serum levels of PON-1 and leptin. Trial registration This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov under protocol number NCT00933647.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Balsan
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation - IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370/ 3 andar., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Campos Pellanda
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation - IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370/ 3 andar., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Grasiele Sausen
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation - IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370/ 3 andar., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Thaís Galarraga
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation - IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370/ 3 andar., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Denise Zaffari
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation - IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370/ 3 andar., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Pontin
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation - IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370/ 3 andar., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Portal
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation - IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370/ 3 andar., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-000, Brazil.
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Kırdağ MK, Tuğlu D, Yuvanç E, Kısa Ü, Balcı M, Batislam E, Yılmaz E. The effect of coenzyme Q and selenium on kidney in rats with partial unilateral ureteral obstruction. Turk J Urol 2018; 45:S70-S77. [PMID: 30461382 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2018.22556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the antioxidant effects of selenium and coenzyme Q on renal damage in a partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO) in a rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups as Group 1 Control Group, Group 2, PUUO Group, Group 3 PUUO + coenzyme Q group, Group 4 PUUO + selenium group. Paraoxonase (PON), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant levels (TOS) were analyzed biochemically from tissue and blood samples. Tissue samples were examined histopathologically. RESULTS The TAC in the tissues was found to be statistically significantly increased in Groups 3 and 4, compared to Group 2. Tissue TOS was found to be significantly reduced in Groups 3 and 4, compared to Group 2. Serum PON levels were significantly increased in Group 3 and 4, compared to Group 1 and 2. Histopathological examination showed that interstitial inflammation and congestion were lesser in the coenzyme Q and selenium groups than in the PUUO group. A more significant decrease was found in the selenium group than in the coenzyme Q group. CONCLUSION Our study results showed that coenzyme Q and selenium reduced the oxidation and the damage in tissue in PUUO in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Koray Kırdağ
- Department of Urology, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Devrim Tuğlu
- Department of Urology, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Ercan Yuvanç
- Department of Urology, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Üçler Kısa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Mahi Balcı
- Department of Pathology, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Ertan Batislam
- Department of Urology, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Erdal Yılmaz
- Department of Urology, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
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Eren SH, Korkmaz I, Guven FMK, Tekin YK, Ozdemir L. Serum Paraoxonase, Arylesterase, and Glutathione-S-Transferase Activities and Oxidative Stress Levels in Patients with Mushroom Poisoning. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e16550. [PMID: 29995097 PMCID: PMC6027757 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e16-550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Consumption of toxic species of mushrooms may have detrimental effects and increase oxidative stress. Paraoxonase, arylesterase and glutathione-S-transferase are antioxidants that resist oxidative stress. In this study, we analyzed the changes in these enzymes during intoxication due to mushrooms. METHODS The study enrolled 49 adult patients with a diagnosis of mushroom poisoning according to clinical findings and 49 healthy volunteers as the control group. The patients with mild clinical findings were hospitalized due to the possibility that the patient had also eaten the mushrooms and due to clinical findings in the late period, which could be fatal. Paraoxonase, arylesterase, and glutathione-S-transferase concentrations, as well as total antioxidant and oxidant status, were determined in the 49 patients and 49 healthy volunteers by taking blood samples in the emergency department. RESULTS While paraoxonase, arylesterase, and total antioxidant status were significantly decreased in the patient group (p<0.05), glutathione-S-transferase, total oxidant status and the oxidative stress index were significantly higher (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the hospitalization time and the oxidative stress index (r=0.752, p<0.001), whereas a negative correlation was found with glutathione-S-transferase (r=-0.420, p=0.003). CONCLUSION We observed a significant decrease in paraoxonase and arylesterase and an increase in glutathione-S-transferase and oxidative stress indexes in patients with mushroom poisoning, indicating that these patients had an oxidative status. In particular, a low total antioxidant status and high oxidative stress index may gain importance in terms of the assessment of hospitalization duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevki Hakan Eren
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medicine Faculty, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Ilhan Korkmaz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medicine Faculty, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | | | - Yusuf Kenan Tekin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medicine Faculty, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Levent Ozdemir
- Department of Public Health, Medicine Faculty, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Crow JA, Meek EC, Wills RW, Chambers JE. A case-control study: The association of serum paraoxonase 1 activity and concentration with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34. [PMID: 29156090 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A longitudinal study assessed serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and concentration as affected by age and as associated with the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). PON1's recently established physiological function is the hydrolysis of lipolactones in oxidized LDL particles. METHODS Serum samples and clinical data collected and stored at different time points over a 20-year interval in the Air Force Health Study were analysed. PON1 activity and concentration and C-reactive protein concentration in samples from the same individuals 20 years apart were compared using a paired t test (n = 159). A case-control study design and multivariable logistic regression analysis assessed the association of PON1's activity and concentration with the subsequent development of T2D (n = 222 and α = 0.10). RESULTS No difference with age was found in PON1 activity assessed using 3 substrates, paraoxon (P = 0.897), phenyl acetate (P = 0.994), and dihydrocoumarin (P = 0.505), or PON1 serum concentration (P = 0.357). C-reactive protein concentration increased 0.7 mg/L (P = 0.004) over the 20-year interval. Lower PON1 activity assayed with phenyl acetate (P = 0.015, OR = 1.25 per 1000 U/L decrease) was associated with an increased risk of developing T2D as was a lower PON1 serum concentration (P = 0.004, OR = 1.72 per 2 μmol/L decrease). PON1 activity assayed with paraoxon (P = 0.681) or dihydrocoumarin (P = 0.136) was not associated with the development of T2D. CONCLUSIONS Lower PON1 activity and concentration were associated with an increased risk of developing T2D when adjusted for many of the common risk markers for T2D previously identified. Thus, PON1 may have merit as a biomarker for the development of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Allen Crow
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Edward C Meek
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Robert W Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Janice E Chambers
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Bizoń A, Milnerowicz H. The effect of divalent metal chelators and cadmium on serum phosphotriesterase, lactonase and arylesterase activities of paraoxonase 1. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:77-83. [PMID: 29306821 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is calcium dependent enzyme involved in many functions in human body. PON1 is synthesized in the liver and secreted to the bloodstream where bounds high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Association of PON1 with HDL increases the enzyme stability and biological activities. PON1 have three different activities: phosphotriesterase, lactonase and arylesterase. Until now there is now commercial available kits to determine these three PON1 activities. Also there is no date about stability of PON1 in serum after storage condition. We have elaborated the optimal conditions for determination of PON1 activities in serum using manual procedure as well as the best storage temperature of human serum for determination of PON1 activities. We have also confirmed that PON1 in serum is associated with HDL. Additionally we have investigated the effect of D-penicillamine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and cadmium chloride on PON1 activities in human serum. D-penicillamine and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in therapeutic doses as well as cadmium chloride in toxic doses decrease PON1 activities in human serum when compared to non-treated serum. D-penicillamine as metal chelator inhibits much stronger PON1 activities than ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bizoń
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Halina Milnerowicz
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
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Moya C, Máñez S. Paraoxonases: metabolic role and pharmacological projection. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:349-359. [PMID: 29404699 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of death in Western countries, with high-density lipoproteins (HDL) playing an important protective role due to their ability to inhibit oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), thus relieving vascular subendothelial damage. One of the proteins constituting HDL particles is paraoxonase-1 (PON1), an enzyme able to hydrolyze aryl esters, lactones, and organophosphates. Other closely related paraoxonases are designated as PON2, which is a protein localized inside many different kinds of cells, and PON3, not only present in HDL but also in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, as well. Given that the amount and the activity of PON1 in human serum are significantly lower in people suffering from cardiovascular diseases, enhancing both parameters might contribute to their treatment and prevention. One of the physiologically interesting substrates for the abovementioned hydrolytic cleavage is homocysteine thiolactone (HTL), an atherothrombotic active form of homocysteine. Although it was therefore postulated that PON1 would participate in preventing the HTL-mediated lipid peroxidation, some attention is recently paid to other enzymes, like biphenyl hydrolase-like protein, that seem to more selectively involved in lowering this risk factor. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the role of paraoxonases, especially PON1, by reviewing the latest studies in order to understand both its physiological role and modulation by drugs, nutrients, and plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Moya
- Departament de Farmacologia, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Salvador Máñez
- Departament de Farmacologia, Universitat de València, València, Spain. .,Departament de Farmacologia. Universitat de València, Facultat de Farmàcia, Avinguda Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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Yuvanc E, Tuglu D, Ozan T, Kisa U, Balci M, Batislam E, Yilmaz E. Investigation of the antioxidant effects of pheniramine maleate and nebivolol on testicular damage in rats with experimentally induced testis torsion. Acta Cir Bras 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020180020000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Tajbakhsh A, Rezaee M, Rivandi M, Forouzanfar F, Afzaljavan F, Pasdar A. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and stroke; the dilemma of genetic variation. Clin Biochem 2017; 50:1298-1305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bacchetti T, Ferretti G, Sahebkar A. The role of paraoxonase in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 56:72-86. [PMID: 29170064 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) gene family includes three proteins, PON1, PON2 and PON3. PON1 and PON3 are both associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and exert anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. PON2 and PON3 are intracellular enzymes which modulate mitochondrial superoxide anion production and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. The pleiotropic roles exerted by PONs have been mainly investigated in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, overexpression of PON2 and PON3 has been observed in cancer cells and it has been proposed that both enzymes could be involved in tumor survival and stress resistance. Moreover, a lower activity of serum PON1 has been reported in cancer patients. This review summarizes literature data on the role of PONs in human cancers and their potential role as a target for antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Abstract
Originally, organophosphorus (OP) toxicology consisted of acetylcholinesterase inhibition by insecticides and chemical threat agents acting as phosphorylating agents for serine in the catalytic triad, but this is no longer the case. Other serine hydrolases can be secondary OP targets, depending on the OP structure, and include neuropathy target esterase, lipases, and endocannabinoid hydrolases. The major OP herbicides are glyphosate and glufosinate, which act in plants but not animals to block aromatic amino acid and glutamine biosynthesis, respectively, with safety for crops conferred by their expression of herbicide-tolerant targets and detoxifying enzymes from bacteria. OP fungicides, pharmaceuticals including calcium retention agents, industrial chemicals, and cytochrome P450 inhibitors act by multiple noncholinergic mechanisms, often with high potency and specificity. One type of OP-containing fire retardant forms a highly toxic bicyclophosphate γ-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist upon combustion. Some OPs are teratogenic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic by known mechanisms that can be avoided as researchers expand knowledge of OP chemistry and toxicology for future developments in bioregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Casida
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3112;
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Sera from Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients Display Oxidative Activity and Affect the TNF- α Production by Macrophages In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5861453. [PMID: 29230410 PMCID: PMC5694613 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5861453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian protection against leishmanial infection depends on the development of an effective immune response. Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) patients are usually unable to mount an effective immune response against the parasite and indeed appear to be severely immunosuppressed. This suppression has strong nonspecific and specific components mediated by serum factors and leishmanicidal activity of infected macrophages, respectively. The lipid profile has been shown to be altered in ZVL patients' sera. This work aimed at (i) determining the HDL, Apo A1, LDL, and VLDL concentrations in ZVL patients' sera; (ii) investigating the oxidative effect of ZVL patients' sera on the β-carotene matrix; (iii) measuring IL-10, IL-6, IL-12p40, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations in the macrophage cultures, to which 10% of ZVL patients' serum had been added. Levels of HDL, LDL fraction, and apolipoprotein A1 in ZVL patients' sera were lower than those of healthy individuals' sera, except for the mean level of VLDL. The matrix of β-carotene and linoleic acid system was oxidized in the presence of ZLV patients' sera. The presence of ZVL patients' sera did not modify the cytokine production of IL-6, IL-12p40, and IL-10 by human macrophages in vitro but TNF-α production was altered, probably due to lack of macrophage stimulation by lipoprotein.
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Martini D, Del Bo’ C, Porrini M, Ciappellano S, Riso P. Role of polyphenols and polyphenol-rich foods in the modulation of PON1 activity and expression. J Nutr Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Amani M, Darbin A, Pezeshkian M, Afrasiabi A, Safaie N, Jodati A, Darabi M, Shaaker M, Latifi Z, Fattahi A, Farjah GH, Nouri M, Khadem-Ansari MH. The role of cholesterol-enriched diet and paraoxonase 1 inhibition in atherosclerosis progression. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2017; 9:133-139. [PMID: 29118945 PMCID: PMC5670334 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Atherosclerosis could be deemed as a chronic, progressive, and inflammatory disease. It has been well-documented that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) can reduce the risk of the atherosclerosis occurrence through exerting some anti-atherogenic mechanisms. In recent years, the strong evidence has suggested that paraoxonase 1 (PON1) may contribute to antioxidant properties of HDL. In the present study, the impact of a diet enriched with cholesterol and also the PON1 inhibition on atheroma formation and lipid profile has been investigated.
Methods: In this study, 24 New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned to three groups receiving standard diet, atherogenic diet, and atherogenic diet plus once daily intramuscular injection of nandrolone decanoate as the PON1 inhibitor. Triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined and both cholesterol accumulation in aorta and fatty streak formation were evaluated.
Results: The comparison of the results in three groups reveals that cholesterol level in the group received cholesterol-enriched diet plus once daily injection of PON1 inhibitor was higher than the groups received standard diet or atherogenic diet without PON1 inhibitor (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the percentage of atheroma with type-I lesions was equal to 75% compared with the group received atherogenic diet plus nandrolone at 30%. Additionally, the differences in fatty streak formation in aorta, as well as the right and left coronary arteries in three groups given show that the difference between groups receiving atherogenic diet and standard diet was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the difference between groups receiving atherogenic diet plus PON1 inhibitor and standard diet.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that lack of paraoxanase1 or even reduced the activity of this enzyme could accelerate the progression of fatty streak lesions toward advanced atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Amani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Akbar Darbin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Pezeshkian
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Afrasiabi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Safaie
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jodati
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maghsod Shaaker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Latifi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Fattahi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholam-Hossein Farjah
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Cekici H, Sanlier N. Current nutritional approaches in managing autism spectrum disorder: A review. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:145-155. [PMID: 28762296 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1358481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The link between nutrition and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is a complex developmental disorder manifesting itself in significant delays or deviation in interaction and communication, has provided a fresh point of view and signals that nutrition may have a role in the aetiology of ASD, as well as play an active role in treatment by alleviating symptoms. OBJECTIVE In this review study aimed at evaluating, with scientific and concrete proof, the current medical nutrition implementations on ASD, existing medical nutrition therapies have been addressed and their effects on ASD symptoms have been discussed in light of current research. METHODS We reviewed articles regarding the medical nutritional therapy of autism on current nutritional approaches selected from PubMed, Science Direct, EBSCO, and databases about autism and nutrition. RESULTS The research put forward that in individuals with ASD, while gluten-free/casein-free and ketogenic diets, camel milk, curcumin, probiotics, and fermentable foods can play a role in alleviating ASD symptoms, consumption of sugar, additives, pesticides, genetically modified organisms, inorganic processed foods, and hard-to-digest starches may aggravate symptoms. DISCUSSION Further prospective controlled trials with large sample sizes are needed before recommendations can be made regarding the ideal ASD diet. This review emphasizes the value of identifying current nutritional approaches specific to individuals with ASD and integrating their effects on symptoms to the conversation and presents suggestions for future research designed to identify medical nutrition therapies targeting this population to better understand the link between ASD and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Cekici
- a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , College of Health, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University , Merkez , Rize , Turkey
| | - Nevin Sanlier
- b Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Biruni University , Zeytinburnu , İstanbul , Turkey
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Oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2017; 253:43-48. [PMID: 28346888 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the acute phase of schizophrenia (SCZ) is accompanied by specific changes in oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) biomarkers. There are, however, no firm data regarding these biomarkers in chronic SCZ. Therefore, this study aimed to delineate O&NS biomarkers in patients with chronic SCZ. 125 outpatients with SCZ and 118 controls were enrolled. The markers included lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) and paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) activity. Immune-inflammatory markers known to be altered in SCZ were also measured: leptin, IL-6, soluble TNF receptors (sTNF-Rs) and the chemokines CCL-11 and CCL-3. There were no significant associations between chronic SCZ and the O&NS markers (AOPP, NOx, LOOH) and the anti-oxidants PON-1 and TRAP. Leptin, sTNF-R, CCL-3 and CCL-11 were significantly higher in SCZ. There were significant associations between pro-inflammatory and O&NS biomarkers (leptin/CCL-8 and AOPP; IL-6 and NOx; CCL-3 and LOOH; CCL-3/IL-6/NOx and TRAP). In conclusion, there were significant intercorrelations between inflammatory and O&NS pathways, which play a role in the pathophysiology of chronic SCZ. O&NS markers and the enzyme PON-1 are not useful as biomarkers in chronic stable polymedicated SCZ patients.
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Saeidi M, Shakeri R, Marjani A, Khajeniazi S. Alzheimer's Disease and Paraoxonase 1 ( PON1) Gene Polymorphisms. Open Biochem J 2017; 11:47-55. [PMID: 28694880 PMCID: PMC5481621 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01711010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have indicated that human paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity shows a polymorphic distribution. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of PON1 polymorphism in patients with Alzheimer's disease in Gorgan and compare it with a healthy control group. METHOD The study included 100 healthy individuals and 50 patients. Enzyme activity and genetic polymorphism of PON1 were determined. RESULT There were significant differences in distribution of genotypes and alleles among patients and control group. The most common genotype was CT in patients and control group, while the most frequent alleles were T and C in patients and controls, respectively. There was a statistically significant variation between serum PON1 activity and -108C> T polymorphism. The highest PON1 enzyme activities in the patients and controls were found in CC, while lower enzyme activities were seen in CT and TT genotypes in both genders and age groups. CONCLUSION Onset of Alzheimer's disease may depend on different polymorphisms of the PON1 enzyme. Late or early-onset of Alzheimer's disease may also depend on age and gender distribution, especially for arylesterase enzyme. Further studies on polymorphism of the enzyme are necessary for interpretation of possible polymorphic effects of enzyme on PON1 activity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Saeidi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Gorgan Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan province, Iran
| | - Raheleh Shakeri
- Student Research Committee, Gorgan Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan province, Iran
| | - Abdoljalal Marjani
- Student Research Committee, Gorgan Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan province, Iran
| | - Safoura Khajeniazi
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan province, Iran
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