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Branković M, Gmizić T, Dukić M, Zdravković M, Daskalović B, Mrda D, Nikolić N, Brajković M, Gojgić M, Lalatović J, Kralj Đ, Pantić I, Vojnović M, Milovanović T, Đurašević S, Todorović Z. Therapeutic Potential of Palmitoylethanolamide in Gastrointestinal Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:600. [PMID: 38790705 PMCID: PMC11117950 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endocannabinoid-like bioactive lipid mediator belonging to the family of N-acylethanolamines, most abundantly found in peanuts and egg yolk. When the gastrointestinal (GI) effects of PEA are discussed, it must be pointed out that it affects intestinal motility but also modulates gut microbiota. This is due to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory features. Additionally, PEA has shown beneficial effects in several GI diseases, particularly irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases, as various studies have shown, and it is important to emphasize its relative lack of toxicity, even at high dosages. Unfortunately, there is not enough endogenous PEA to treat disturbed gut homeostasis, even though it is produced in the GI tract in response to inflammatory stimuli, so exogenous intake is mandatory to achieve homeostasis. Intake of PEA could be through animal and/or vegetable food, but bearing in mind that a high dosage is needed to achieve a therapeutic effect, it must be compensated through dietary supplements. There are still open questions pending to be answered, so further studies investigating PEA's effects and mechanisms of action, especially in humans, are crucial to implementing PEA in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Branković
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.G.); (M.D.); (M.Z.); (D.M.); (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.L.); (Z.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Tijana Gmizić
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.G.); (M.D.); (M.Z.); (D.M.); (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.L.); (Z.T.)
| | - Marija Dukić
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.G.); (M.D.); (M.Z.); (D.M.); (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.L.); (Z.T.)
| | - Marija Zdravković
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.G.); (M.D.); (M.Z.); (D.M.); (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.L.); (Z.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | | | - Davor Mrda
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.G.); (M.D.); (M.Z.); (D.M.); (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.L.); (Z.T.)
| | - Novica Nikolić
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.G.); (M.D.); (M.Z.); (D.M.); (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.L.); (Z.T.)
| | - Milica Brajković
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.G.); (M.D.); (M.Z.); (D.M.); (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.L.); (Z.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milan Gojgić
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.G.); (M.D.); (M.Z.); (D.M.); (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.L.); (Z.T.)
| | - Jovana Lalatović
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.G.); (M.D.); (M.Z.); (D.M.); (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.L.); (Z.T.)
| | - Đorđe Kralj
- University Hospital Medical Center Zvezdara, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Pantić
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Marko Vojnović
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Tamara Milovanović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Siniša Đurašević
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry Ivan Đaja, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Zoran Todorović
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.G.); (M.D.); (M.Z.); (D.M.); (N.N.); (M.B.); (J.L.); (Z.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Pirozzi C, Coretti L, Opallo N, Bove M, Annunziata C, Comella F, Turco L, Lama A, Trabace L, Meli R, Lembo F, Mattace Raso G. Palmitoylethanolamide counteracts high-fat diet-induced gut dysfunction by reprogramming microbiota composition and affecting tryptophan metabolism. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1143004. [PMID: 37599675 PMCID: PMC10434518 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1143004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with gastrointestinal (GI) tract and central nervous system (CNS) disorders. High-fat diet (HFD) feeding-induced obesity in mice induces dysbiosis, causing a shift toward bacteria-derived metabolites with detrimental effects on metabolism and inflammation: events often contributing to the onset and progression of both GI and CNS disorders. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous lipid mediator with beneficial effects in mouse models of GI and CNS disorders. However, the mechanisms underlining its enteroprotective and neuroprotective effects still need to be fully understood. Here, we aimed to study the effects of PEA on intestinal inflammation and microbiota alterations resulting from lipid overnutrition. Ultramicronized PEA (30 mg/kg/die per os) was administered to HFD-fed mice for 7 weeks starting at the 12th week of HFD regimen. At the termination of the study, the effects of PEA on inflammatory factors and cells, gut microbial features and tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine metabolism were evaluated. PEA regulates the crosstalk between the host immune system and gut microbiota via rebalancing colonic TRP metabolites. PEA treatment reduced intestinal immune cell recruitment, inflammatory response triggered by HFD feeding, and corticotropin-releasing hormone levels. In particular, PEA modulated HFD-altered TRP metabolism in the colon, rebalancing serotonin (5-HT) turnover and reducing kynurenine levels. These effects were associated with a reshaping of gut microbiota composition through increased butyrate-promoting/producing bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium, Oscillospiraceae and Turicibacter sanguinis, with the latter also described as 5-HT sensor. These data indicate that the rebuilding of gut microbiota following PEA supplementation promotes host 5-HT biosynthesis, which is crucial in regulating intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorena Coretti
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Opallo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Bove
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Chiara Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Comella
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigia Turco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Lembo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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3
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Maliszewska K, Miniewska K, Godlewski A, Gosk W, Mojsak M, Kretowski A, Ciborowski M. Changes in plasma endocannabinoids concentrations correlate with 18F-FDG PET/MR uptake in brown adipocytes in humans. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1073683. [PMID: 37564131 PMCID: PMC10411954 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1073683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recent data suggest a possible role of endocannabinoids in the regulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. Those findings indicate potential treatment options for obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma endocannabinoids concentrations and the presence of BAT in humans. Methods: The study group consisted of 25 subjects divided into two groups: BAT positive BAT(+), (n = 17, median age = 25 years) and BAT negative BAT(-), (n = 8, median age = 28 years). BAT was estimated using 18F-FDG PET/MR after 2 h of cold exposure. The level of plasma endocannabinoids was assessed at baseline, 60 min and 120 min of cold exposure. Results: In both groups, BAT(+) and BAT(-), during the cooling, we observed a decrease of the same endocannabinoids: arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA) and oleoyl ethanolamide (OEA) with a much more profound decline in BAT(+) subjects. Statistically significant fall of PEA (palmitoylethanolamide) and SEA (stearoylethanolamide) concentrations after 60 min (FC = 0.7, p = 0.007 and FC = 0.8, p = 0.03, respectively) and 120 min (FC = 0.81, p = 0.004, and FC = 0.9, p = 0.01, respectively) of cooling was observed only in individuals with BAT. Conclusion: We noticed the profound decline of endocannabinoids concentrations in subjects with increased 18F-FDG PET/MR uptake in BAT. Identification of a new molecules related to BAT activity may create a new target for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Maliszewska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Miniewska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Godlewski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wioleta Gosk
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Mojsak
- Independent Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Mukorako P, St-Pierre DH, Flamand N, Biertho L, Lebel S, Lemoine N, Plamondon J, Roy MC, Tchernof A, Varin TV, Marette A, Silvestri C, Di Marzo V, Richard D. Hypoabsorptive surgeries cause limb-dependent changes in the gut endocannabinoidome and microbiome in association with beneficial metabolic effects. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023:10.1038/s41366-023-01307-3. [PMID: 37142736 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the metabolic benefits of hypoabsorptive surgeries are associated with changes in the gut endocannabinoidome (eCBome) and microbiome. METHODS Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) and single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S) were performed in diet-induced obese (DIO) male Wistar rats. Control groups fed a high-fat diet (HF) included sham-operated (SHAM HF) and SHAM HF-pair-weighed to BPD-DS (SHAM HF-PW). Body weight, fat mass gain, fecal energy loss, HOMA-IR, and gut-secreted hormone levels were measured. The levels of eCBome lipid mediators and prostaglandins were quantified in different intestinal segments by LC-MS/MS, while expression levels of genes encoding eCBome metabolic enzymes and receptors were determined by RT-qPCR. Metataxonomic (16S rRNA) analysis was performed on residual distal jejunum, proximal jejunum, and ileum contents. RESULTS BPD-DS and SADI-S reduced fat gain and HOMA-IR, while increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) levels in HF-fed rats. Both surgeries induced potent limb-dependent alterations in eCBome mediators and in gut microbial ecology. In response to BPD-DS and SADI-S, changes in gut microbiota were significantly correlated with those of eCBome mediators. Principal component analyses revealed connections between PYY, N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA), N-linoleoylethanolamine (LEA), Clostridium, and Enterobacteriaceae_g_2 in the proximal and distal jejunum and in the ileum. CONCLUSIONS BPD-DS and SADI-S caused limb-dependent changes in the gut eCBome and microbiome. The present results indicate that these variables could significantly influence the beneficial metabolic outcome of hypoabsorptive bariatric surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette Mukorako
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - David H St-Pierre
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Québec, QC, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Stéfane Lebel
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Natacha Lemoine
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Plamondon
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Roy
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Thibault V Varin
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Québec, QC, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Denis Richard
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada.
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5
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de Ceglia M, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Romano A, Friuli M, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Gavito AL, Botticelli L, Gaetani S, de Fonseca FR, Cifani C. Anxiety associated with palatable food withdrawal is reversed by the selective FAAH inhibitor PF-3845: A regional analysis of the contribution of endocannabinoid signaling machinery. Int J Eat Disord 2023. [PMID: 36840536 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Consumption of energy-dense palatable "comfort" food can alleviate stress and negative emotions, while abrupt withdrawal from a palatable diet can worsen these symptoms, causing difficulties with adherence to weight-loss diets. Currently, no pharmacological treatment is effective for obesity-related anxiety, so we investigated the endocannabinoid system (ECS), and specifically the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), as an interesting emerging target in this context because of its key role in the regulation of both energy homeostasis and emotional behavior. METHODS Rats were subjected to exposure and subsequent abstinence from a palatable cafeteria diet. During abstinence period, rats were treated with the selective FAAH inhibitor PF-3845 (10 mg/kg; intraperitoneal administration every other day). RESULTS Abstinent rats displayed an anxiogenic-like behavior and changes in the proteins of ECS signaling machinery in brain areas involved both in anxiety and food intake regulation. In particular, withdrawal caused a reduction of the expression of cannabinoid receptors in the nucleus accumbens and of enzymes diacylglycerol lipase alpha and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) in the amygdala. Pharmacological inhibition of FAAH exerted an anxiolytic-like effect in abstinent animals and increased both MAGL expression in amygdala and CB2 expression in prefrontal cortex. DISCUSSION Overall, our results suggest that emotional disturbances associated with dieting are coupled with region-specific alterations in the cerebral expression of the ECS and that the enhancement of the endocannabinoid signaling by FAAH inhibition might represent a novel pharmacological strategy for the treatment of anxiety related to abstinence from palatable food. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE The present study focused on evaluating the role of the endocannabinoid system in modulating withdrawal from naturally rewarding activities that have an impact on mood, such as feeding. The variations observed in the emotional behavior of abstinent rats was linked to neuroadaptations of the ECS in specific brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa de Ceglia
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Friuli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ana L Gavito
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Ruiz-Contreras HA, Santamaría A, Arellano-Mendoza MG, Sánchez-Chapul L, Robles-Bañuelos B, Rangel-López E. Modulatory Activity of the Endocannabinoid System in the Development and Proliferation of Cells in the CNS. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1690-1706. [PMID: 36522511 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Endocannabinoid System (ECS, also known as Endocannabinoidome) plays a key role in the function of the Central Nervous System, though the participation of this system on the early development - specifically in neuroprotection and proliferation of nerve cells - has been poorly studied. Here, we collect and describe evidence regarding how cannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R regulate several cell markers related to proliferation. While CB1R participates in the modulation of neuronal and glial proliferation, CB2R is involved in the proliferation of glial cells. The endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) exert significant effects on nerve cell proliferation. AEA generated during embryogenesis induces major effects on the differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells, whereas 2-AG participates in modulating cell migration events rather than affecting the neural proliferation rate. However, although the ECS has been demonstrated to participate in neuroprotection, more characterization on its role in neuronal and glial proliferation and differentiation is needed, especially in brain areas with recognized high neurogenesis rates. This has encouraged scientists to elucidate and propose specific mechanisms related with these cell proliferation mechanisms to better understand some neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson, Huntington and Alzheimer diseases, in which neuronal loss and poor neurogenesis are crucial factors for their onset and progression. In this review, we collect and present recent evidence published pointing to an active role of the ECS in the development and proliferation of nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hipolito A Ruiz-Contreras
- Maestría en Ciencias en Farmacología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores/Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular Y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Mónica G Arellano-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado E Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Sánchez-Chapul
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Neuromusculares, División de Neurociencias Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Robles-Bañuelos
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores/Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular Y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Rangel-López
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores/Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular Y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico.
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7
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Liu YH, Liu Y, Zhang X, Fang L, Zhao BL, Wang NP. Activation of the endocannabinoid system mediates cardiac hypertrophy induced by rosiglitazone. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2302-2312. [PMID: 35190698 PMCID: PMC9433383 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosiglitazone (RSG) is a synthetic agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), which plays a central role in the regulation of metabolism. Meta-analyses have suggested that RSG is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. However, the mechanisms underlying such adverse cardiac effects are still poorly understood. Here, we found that activation of PPARγ by RSG stimulated the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a membrane lipid signaling system, which induced cardiac hypertrophy. In neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, RSG increased the level of anandamide (AEA); upregulated the expression of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NapePLD), a key enzyme for AEA synthesis; and downregulated the expression of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme responsible for the degradation of AEA. Importantly, PPARγ activation increased the expression of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) through an identified binding site for PPARγ in the CB1 promoter region. Moreover, both the in vitro and in vivo results showed that inhibition of the ECS by rimonabant, an antagonist of CB1, attenuated RSG-induced cardiac hypertrophy, as indicated by decreased expression of cardiac hypertrophy markers (ANP and BNP), deactivation of the mTOR pathway, and decreased cardiomyocyte size. Thus, these results demonstrated that the ECS functions as a novel target of PPARγ and that the AEA/CB1/mTOR axis mediates RSG-induced cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Han Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Li Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bei-Lei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Nan-Ping Wang
- East China Normal University Health Science Center, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Del Re A, Palenca I, Seguella L, Pesce M, Corpetti C, Steardo L, Rurgo S, Sarnelli G, Esposito G. Oral Adelmidrol Administration Up-Regulates Palmitoylethanolamide Production in Mice Colon and Duodenum through a PPAR-γ Independent Action. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050457. [PMID: 35629962 PMCID: PMC9144287 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adelmidrol is a promising palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) analog which displayed up-and-coming anti-inflammatory properties in several inflammatory conditions. Recent studies demonstrated that Adelmidrol is an in vitro enhancer of PEA endogenous production, through the so called “entourage” effect. The present study investigated the ability of Adelmidrol (1 and 10 mg/Kg per os) to increase the endogenous level of PEA in the duodenum and colon of mice after 21-day oral administration in the presence and absence of PPAR-γ inhibitor (1 mg/kg). The level of PEA was analyzed by HPLC-MS. The expression of PEA-related enzymatic machinery was evaluated by western blot and RT-PCR analysis. Our findings demonstrated that Adelmidrol significantly increased PEA levels in the duodenum and colon in a dose/time-dependent manner. We also revealed that Adelmidrol up regulated the enzymatic machinery responsible for PEA metabolism and catabolism. Interestingly, the use of the selective irreversible PPAR-γ antagonist did not affect either PEA intestinal levels or expression/transcription of PEA metabolic enzymes following Adelmidrol administration. The “entourage effect” with Adelmidrol as an enhancer of PEA was thus PPAR-γ-independent. The findings suggest that Adelmidrol can maximize a PEA therapeutic-based approach in several intestinal morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Del Re
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale AldoMoro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.R.); (I.P.); (L.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Irene Palenca
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale AldoMoro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.R.); (I.P.); (L.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale AldoMoro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.R.); (I.P.); (L.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Marcella Pesce
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.P.); (S.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Chiara Corpetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale AldoMoro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.R.); (I.P.); (L.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Psychiatry, Giustino Fortunato University, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
| | - Sara Rurgo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.P.); (S.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.P.); (S.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale AldoMoro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.R.); (I.P.); (L.S.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4991-2948
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Xu C, Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Xu C, Nath B, Mistry T, Jiang W, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Mukhopadhyay S, Lichtman AH, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Fitting S. Inhibitory Neurotransmission Is Sex-Dependently Affected by Tat Expression in Transgenic Mice and Suppressed by the Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Enzyme Inhibitor PF3845 via Cannabinoid Type-1 Receptor Mechanisms. Cells 2022; 11:857. [PMID: 35269478 PMCID: PMC8909692 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system, which regulates physiological and cognitive processes, presents a promising therapeutic target for treating HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Here we examine whether upregulating eCB tone has potential protective effects against HIV-1 Tat (a key HIV transactivator of transcription) protein-induced alterations in synaptic activity. (2) Methods. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed to assess inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission in prefrontal cortex slices of Tat transgenic male and female mice, in the presence and absence of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme inhibitor PF3845. Western blot and mass spectrometry analyses assessed alterations of cannabinoid receptor and enzyme protein expression as well as endogenous ligands, respectively, to determine the impact of Tat exposure on the eCB system. (3) Results. GABAergic activity was significantly altered upon Tat exposure based on sex, whereas the effectiveness of PF3845 to suppress GABAergic activity in Tat transgenic mice was not altered by Tat or sex and involved CB1R-related mechanisms that depended on calcium signaling. Additionally, our data indicated sex-dependent changes for AEA and related non-eCB lipids based on Tat induction. (4) Conclusion. Results highlight sex- and/or Tat-dependent alterations of GABAergic activity and eCB signaling in the prefrontal cortex of Tat transgenic mice and further increase our understanding about the role of FAAH inhibition in neuroHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Barkha J. Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Callie Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Bhupendra Nath
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Twisha Mistry
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Micah J. Niphakis
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.J.N.); (B.F.C.)
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.J.N.); (B.F.C.)
| | - Somnath Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | | | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
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Schiano Moriello A, Di Marzo V, Petrosino S. Mutual Links between the Endocannabinoidome and the Gut Microbiome, with Special Reference to Companion Animals: A Nutritional Viewpoint. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030348. [PMID: 35158670 PMCID: PMC8833664 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that perturbation of the gut microbiome, known as “dysbiosis”, is associated with the pathogenesis of human and veterinary diseases that are not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. In this regard, recent studies have demonstrated that dysbiosis is linked to the pathogenesis of central neuroinflammatory disorders, supporting the existence of the so-called microbiome-gut-brain axis. The endocannabinoid system is a recently recognized lipid signaling system and termed endocannabinoidome monitoring a variety of body responses. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that a profound link exists between the gut microbiome and the endocannabinoidome, with mutual interactions controlling intestinal homeostasis, energy metabolism and neuroinflammatory responses during physiological conditions. In the present review, we summarize the latest data on the microbiome-endocannabinoidome mutual link in health and disease, focalizing the attention on gut dysbiosis and/or altered endocannabinoidome tone that may distort the bidirectional crosstalk between these two complex systems, thus leading to gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases (e.g., idiopathic inflammation, chronic enteropathies and obesity) as well as neuroinflammatory disorders (e.g., neuropathic pain and depression). We also briefly discuss the novel possible dietary interventions based not only on probiotics and/or prebiotics, but also, and most importantly, on endocannabinoid-like modulators (e.g., palmitoylethanolamide) for intestinal health and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030 Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, CRIUCPQ and INAF, Centre NUTRISS, Faculties of Medicine and Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebéc City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Khan RN, Maner-Smith K, A. Owens J, Barbian ME, Jones RM, R. Naudin C. At the heart of microbial conversations: endocannabinoids and the microbiome in cardiometabolic risk. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-21. [PMID: 33896380 PMCID: PMC8078674 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1911572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic syndrome encompasses intertwined risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, elevated triglycerides, abdominal obesity, and other maladaptive metabolic and inflammatory aberrations. As the molecular mechanisms linking cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders are investigated, endocannabinoids have emerged as molecules of interest. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) of biologically active lipids has been implicated in several conditions, including chronic liver disease, osteoporosis, and more recently in cardiovascular diseases. The gut microbiome is a major regulator of inflammatory and metabolic signaling in the host, and if disrupted, has the potential to drive metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Extensive studies have unraveled the impact of the gut microbiome on host physiology, with recent reports showing that gut microbes exquisitely control the ECS, with significant influences on host metabolic and cardiac health. In this review, we outline how modulation of the gut microbiome affects host metabolism and cardiovascular health via the ECS, and how these findings could be exploited as novel therapeutic targets for various metabolic and cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Nabihah Khan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kristal Maner-Smith
- Emory Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joshua A. Owens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria Estefania Barbian
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rheinallt M. Jones
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Crystal R. Naudin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,CONTACT Crystal R. Naudin Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA30322, United States of America
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12
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Yang ZY, Wu YY, Zhou Y, Yang YQ, Zhang JH, He T, Liu S. N-linoleyltyrosine ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice via cannabinoid receptor regulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:938527. [PMID: 36111301 PMCID: PMC9468927 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.938527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES N-linoleyltyrosine (NITyr) showed mild effects in preclinical studies. The research discussed the effect of NITyr on a high-fat diet (HFD) induced obese (DIO) mice, and preliminarily explored its mechanism. METHODS The DIO mice were established by feeding an HFD for 12 weeks and subsequently administrated orally with NITyr (30, 60 and 100 mg/kg) for four weeks. The indexes of serum and liver samples were determined by ELISA kit. The pathological status of adipose and liver were detected by HE staining. The factors related to energy and lipid metabolism were measured via western blot. RESULTS NITyr at 60 and 100 mg/kg/day suppressed the weight gain without affecting water and food intake. Accordingly, NITyr reduced adipose weight and the area of individual adipocytes and increased the number of adipocytes. Moreover, NITyr didn't affect the appetite-related indexes such as ghrelin, peptide YY and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Besides, NITyr didn't affect other organ coefficients except for the liver. Correspondingly, NITyr reduced alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, yet didn't influence IL-1β and TNF-α levels, and the liver injury. The levels of triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glucose, insulin, adiponectin and leptin in serum were assessed to evaluate the effect of NITyr on glucose and lipid metabolism. NITyr decreased the levels of TG, TC and glucose, and didn't affect insulin, adiponectin and leptin levels. Meanwhile, NITyr up-regulated p-AMPK and the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) expressions, and down-regulated PPAR, FAS and cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) expressions.Overall, NITyr suppressed lipid accumulation via improving lipid and glucose metabolism involving CB1 and CB2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-ying Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Research and Development Center, Sichuan Yuanda Shuyang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-qi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Liu, ; Tao He,
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Liu, ; Tao He,
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13
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Lian J, Casari I, Falasca M. Modulatory role of the endocannabinoidome in the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106025. [PMID: 34883211 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Originating from Eastern Asia, the plant Cannabis sativa has been used for centuries as a medicinal treatment. The unwanted psychotropic effects of one of its major components, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, discouraged its therapeutic employment until, recently, the discovery of cannabinoids receptors and their endogenous ligands endocannabinoids reignited the interest. The endocannabinoid system has lately been found to play an important role in the maintenance of human health, both centrally and peripherally. However, the initial idea of the endocannabinoid system structure has been quickly understood to be too simplistic and, as new receptors, mediators, and enzymes have been discovered to participate in a complex relationship, the new, more comprehensive term "expanded endocannabinoid system" or "endocannabinoidome", has taken over. The discovery of other endocannabinoid-like receptors, such as the G protein-coupled receptor 119 and G protein-coupled receptor 55, has opened the way to the development of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of various metabolic disorders. In addition, recent findings have also provided evidence suggesting the potential therapeutic link between the endocannabinoidome and various inflammatory-based gut diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. This review will provide an introduction to the endocannabinoidome, focusing on its modulatory role in the gastrointestinal tract and on the interest generated by the link between gut microbiota, the endocannabinoid system and metabolic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, type-2 diabetes and obesity. In addition, we will look at the potential novel aspects and benefits of drugs targeting the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Lian
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Ilaria Casari
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
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14
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Gish A, Wiart JF, Turpin E, Allorge D, Gaulier JM. État de l’art et intérêt des dosages plasmatiques des substances endocannabinoïdes et endocannabinoïdes-like. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) in Energy Homeostasis of Dairy Animals: Exploiting Their Modulation through Nutrigenomic Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212463. [PMID: 34830341 PMCID: PMC8619600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are the nuclear receptors that could mediate the nutrient-dependent transcriptional activation and regulate metabolic networks through energy homeostasis. However, these receptors cannot work properly under metabolic stress. PPARs and their subtypes can be modulated by nutrigenomic interventions, particularly under stress conditions to restore cellular homeostasis. Many nutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, dietary amino acids and phytochemicals have shown their ability for potential activation or inhibition of PPARs. Thus, through different mechanisms, all these nutrients can modulate PPARs and are ultimately helpful to prevent various metabolic disorders, particularly in transition dairy cows. This review aims to provide insights into the crucial role of PPARs in energy metabolism and their potential modulation through nutrigenomic interventions to improve energy homeostasis in dairy animals.
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Cherkasova V, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I. Cannabinoids and Endocannabinoid System Changes in Intestinal Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4353. [PMID: 34503163 PMCID: PMC8430689 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the multiple preventive measures and treatment options, colorectal cancer holds a significant place in the world's disease and mortality rates. The development of novel therapy is in critical need, and based on recent experimental data, cannabinoids could become excellent candidates. This review covered known experimental studies regarding the effects of cannabinoids on intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. In our opinion, because colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease with different genomic landscapes, the choice of cannabinoids for tumor prevention and treatment depends on the type of the disease, its etiology, driver mutations, and the expression levels of cannabinoid receptors. In this review, we describe the molecular changes of the endocannabinoid system in the pathologies of the large intestine, focusing on inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 7X8, Canada;
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 7X8, Canada;
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17
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Silva MH. Chlorpyrifos and Δ 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol exposure and effects on parameters associated with the endocannabinoid system and risk factors for obesity. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:296-308. [PMID: 34467221 PMCID: PMC8384771 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marilyn Silva. Retired from a career in toxicology and risk assessment. Increased childhood and adult obesity are associated with chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate pesticide. Cannabis (Δ9Tetrahydrocannabinol: Δ9THC) use has increased globally with legalization. CPF applications on cannabis crops lacks federally regulated tolerances and may pose health risks through exposure during development and in adulthood. Both CPF and Δ9THC affect the endocannabinoid system (eCBS), a regulator of appetite, energy balance, and gut microbiota, which, if disrupted, increases risk for obesity and related diseases. CPF inhibits eCB metabolism and Δ9THC is a partial agonist/antagonist at the cannabinoid receptor (CB1R). Effects of each on obesogenic parameters were examined via literature search. Male rodents with CPF exposure showed increased body weights, dysbiosis, inflammation and oxidative stress, potentially associated with increased eCBs acting through the gut-microbiota-adipose-brain regulatory loop. Δ9THC generally decreased body weights via partial agonism at the CB1R, lowering levels of eCBs. Dysbiosis and/or oxidative stress associated inflammation occurred with CPF, but these parameters were not tested with Δ9THC. Database deficiencies included limited endpoints to compare between chemicals/age-groups, inter-study variables (dose ranges, dosing vehicle, rodent strain, treatment duration, etc.). CPF and Δ9THC were not tested together, but human co-chemical effects would depend on exposure ratio, subject age, exposure duration, and health status, among others. An overriding concern is that both chemicals are well-documented developmental neurotoxins in addition to their low dose effects on energy balance. A co-exposure risk assessment is warranted with increased use and lack of federal CPF regulation on cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn H. Silva
- Retired from a career in toxicology and risk assessment 2437, Evenstar Lane, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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18
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Hayes AW, Weber K, Moser P, Soares-da-Silva P. Non-clinical toxicology evaluation of BIA 10-2474. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:65-75. [PMID: 33528291 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1867821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2016, one subject died and four were hospitalized with neurological symptoms during a clinical trial with the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor BIA 10-2474. The present paper reviews the regulatory toxicology studies that were carried out to support the clinical trial application for BIA 10-2474. Animal studies complied with national and international standards including European regulatory guidelines (e.g. EEC Council Directive 75/318/EEC and subsequent amendments). The CNS effects seen in the rat and mouse appear to be common in rodents in such studies and do not in principle seem to be of the type to generate a signal. In the same way in non-human primates, insignificant alterations in the mesencephalon, and especially of the autonomic nervous system (Meissner's plexus in the bowel) in rodents and monkeys were observed in some animals treated with a high dose. Overall, these data, as well as the extensive additional data generated since the accident, support the conclusion that the tragic fatality that occurred during the clinical trial with BIA 10-2474 was unpredictable and that the mechanism responsible remains unknown, from a non-clinical toxicological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wallace Hayes
- Center for Environmental/Occupational Risk Analysis & Management, University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, FL, USA.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Paul Moser
- Department of Research, BIAL - Portela & Ca, S.A, Coronado, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department of Research, BIAL - Portela & Ca, S.A, Coronado, Portugal.,Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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19
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Im DS. GPR119 and GPR55 as Receptors for Fatty Acid Ethanolamides, Oleoylethanolamide and Palmitoylethanolamide. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031034. [PMID: 33494185 PMCID: PMC7864322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide are members of the fatty acid ethanolamide family, also known as acylethanolamides. Their physiological effects, including glucose homeostasis, anti-inflammation, anti-anaphylactic, analgesia, and hypophagia, have been reported. They have affinity for different receptor proteins, including nuclear receptors such as PPARα, channels such as TRPV1, and membrane receptors such as GPR119 and GPR55. In the present review, the pathophysiological functions of fatty acid ethanolamides have been discussed from the perspective of receptor pharmacology and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Soon Im
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; ; Tel.: +82-2-961-9377; Fax: +82-2-961-9580
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Hermes DJ, Jacobs IR, Key MC, League AF, Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Xu C, McLane VD, Nass SR, Jiang W, Meeker RB, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Lichtman AH, Li Z, Wu Z, Yuan H, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Fitting S. Escalating morphine dosing in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice with sustained Tat exposure reveals an allostatic shift in neuroinflammatory regulation accompanied by increased neuroprotective non-endocannabinoid lipid signaling molecules and amino acids. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:345. [PMID: 33208151 PMCID: PMC7672881 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and opiates cause long-term inflammatory insult to the central nervous system (CNS) and worsen disease progression and HIV-1-related neuropathology. The combination of these proinflammatory factors reflects a devastating problem as opioids have high abuse liability and continue to be prescribed for certain patients experiencing HIV-1-related pain. METHODS Here, we examined the impact of chronic (3-month) HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) exposure to short-term (8-day), escalating morphine in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice that express the HIV-1 Tat protein in a GFAP promoter-regulated, doxycycline (DOX)-inducible manner. In addition to assessing morphine-induced tolerance in nociceptive responses organized at spinal (i.e., tail-flick) and supraspinal (i.e., hot-plate) levels, we evaluated neuroinflammation via positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using the [18F]-PBR111 ligand, immunohistochemistry, and cytokine analyses. Further, we examined endocannabinoid (eCB) levels, related non-eCB lipids, and amino acids via mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Tat-expressing [Tat(+)] transgenic mice displayed antinociceptive tolerance in the tail withdrawal and hot-plate assays compared to control mice lacking Tat [Tat(-)]. This tolerance was accompanied by morphine-dependent increases in Iba-1 ± 3-nitrotryosine immunoreactive microglia, and alterations in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in the spinal cord and striatum, while increases in neuroinflammation were absent by PET imaging of [18F]-PBR111 uptake. Tat and morphine exposure differentially affected eCB levels, non-eCB lipids, and specific amino acids in a region-dependent manner. In the striatum, non-eCB lipids were significantly increased by short-term, escalating morphine exposure, including peroxisome proliferator activator receptor alpha (PPAR-α) ligands N-oleoyl ethanolamide (OEA) and N-palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA), as well as the amino acids phenylalanine and proline. In the spinal cord, Tat exposure increased amino acids leucine and valine, while morphine decreased levels of tyrosine and valine but did not affect eCBs or non-eCB lipids. CONCLUSION Overall results demonstrate that 3 months of Tat exposure increased morphine tolerance and potentially innate immune tolerance evidenced by reductions in specific cytokines (e.g., IL-1α, IL-12p40) and microglial reactivity. In contrast, short-term, escalating morphine exposure acted as a secondary stressor revealing an allostatic shift in CNS baseline inflammatory responsiveness from sustained Tat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Hermes
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ian R Jacobs
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Megan C Key
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexis F League
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Virginia D McLane
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rick B Meeker
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Palmitoylethanolamide and Related ALIAmides: Prohomeostatic Lipid Compounds for Animal Health and Wellbeing. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020078. [PMID: 32560159 PMCID: PMC7355440 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtually every cellular process is affected by diet and this represents the foundation of dietary management to a variety of small animal disorders. Special attention is currently being paid to a family of naturally occurring lipid amides acting through the so-called autacoid local injury antagonism, i.e., the ALIA mechanism. The parent molecule of ALIAmides, palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA), has being known since the 1950s as a nutritional factor with protective properties. Since then, PEA has been isolated from a variety of plant and animal food sources and its proresolving function in the mammalian body has been increasingly investigated. The discovery of the close interconnection between ALIAmides and the endocannabinoid system has greatly stimulated research efforts in this field. The multitarget and highly redundant mechanisms through which PEA exerts prohomeostatic functions fully breaks with the classical pharmacology view of “one drug, one target, one disease”, opening a new era in the management of animals’ health, i.e., an according-to-nature biomodulation of body responses to different stimuli and injury. The present review focuses on the direct and indirect endocannabinoid receptor agonism by PEA and its analogues and also targets the main findings from experimental and clinical studies on ALIAmides in animal health and wellbeing.
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De Luca L, Ferracane R, Calderón Ramírez N, Vitaglione P. N-Acylphosphatidylethanolamines and N-acylethanolamines increase in saliva upon food mastication: the influence of the individual nutritional status and fat type in food. Food Funct 2020; 11:3382-3392. [PMID: 32232261 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02205h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the individual nutritional status on the salivary concentration of N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), including linoleoylethanolamide (LEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and their precursors N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) upon mastication of biscuits containing different fats. Three types of biscuits were formulated with 10% extra-virgin olive oil (EVOB), 10% palm oil (PALMB) or 10% paraffin oil (0% lipids, CONB). Twenty-five healthy subjects, 12 normal weight (NW, 9 F, 30.4 ± 8.7 years) and 13 obese (OB, 8 F, 35.5 ± 10.7 years) participated in a randomized crossover study. Fasting subjects collected unstimulated saliva (US) and stimulated saliva by masticating a parafilm piece (PP), and CONB, EVOB and PALMB. NAPEs, LEA, OEA and PEA were quantified in saliva samples by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The results showed that salivary NAPE and NAE concentrations in OB were higher than in NW in both US (NAPEs: 280.0 ± 45.4 ng mL-1vs. 121.8 ± 24.4 ng mL-1, p = 0.015; NAEs: 10.8 ± 1.4 ng mL-1vs. 4.8 ± 0.8 ng mL-1, p = 0.002, respectively) and PP (NAPEs: 259.8 ± 47.1 ng mL-1vs. 121.7 ± 16.9 ng mL-1, p = 0.049; NAEs: 6.1 ± 0.8 ng mL-1vs. 3.8 ± 0.4 ng mL-1, p = 0.03, respectively). NAPE and LEA levels were similar in US and PP, while the levels of OEA and PEA were lower in PP vs. US. Compared to PP, biscuit mastication increased the salivary NAPEs, LEA, OEA and overall NAEs in NW and OB. NAPEs increased in the order of EVOB = CONB > PALMB in NW and EVOB > CONB = PALMB in OB. LEA, OEA and overall NAEs increased similarly with all the biscuits in NW and in the order of EVOB > PALMB > CONB in OB. In contrast, the PEA concentration did not vary in saliva upon biscuit mastication in NW and neither with EVOB in OB, while it lowered with CONB and PALMB in OB. In conclusion, OB showed higher salivary levels of NAPEs and NAEs than NW. Mastication itself did not vary salivary NAPEs and LEA but reduced OEA, PEA and overall NAEs. Biscuit mastication increased salivary NAPEs and all NAEs, but PEA. Altogether, the data suggested that NAPEs and NAEs were released in saliva from biscuits at levels influenced by the individual nutritional status and biscuit type. These findings may have implications in molecular mechanisms underpinning gustatory processes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia De Luca
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Rosalia Ferracane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Nancy Calderón Ramírez
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80055 Portici, Italy.
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23
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Guida F, Boccella S, Belardo C, Iannotta M, Piscitelli F, De Filippis F, Paino S, Ricciardi F, Siniscalco D, Marabese I, Luongo L, Ercolini D, Di Marzo V, Maione S. Altered gut microbiota and endocannabinoid system tone in vitamin D deficiency-mediated chronic pain. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 85:128-141. [PMID: 30953765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence points to the gut microbiota as a regulator of brain and behavior, although it remains to be determined if gut bacteria play a role in chronic pain. The endocannabinoid system is implicated in inflammation and chronic pain processing at both the gut and central nervous system (CNS) levels. In the present study, we used low Vitamin D dietary intake in mice and evaluated possible changes in gut microbiota, pain processing and endocannabinoid system signaling. Vitamin D deficiency induced a lower microbial diversity characterized by an increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Verrucomicrobia and Bacteroidetes. Concurrently, vitamin D deficient mice showed tactile allodynia associated with neuronal hyperexcitability and alterations of endocannabinoid system members (endogenous mediators and their receptors) at the spinal cord level. Changes in endocannabinoid (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) levels were also observed in the duodenum and colon. Remarkably, the anti-inflammatory anandamide congener, palmitoylethanolamide, counteracted both the pain behaviour and spinal biochemical changes in vitamin D deficient mice, whilst increasing the levels of Akkermansia, Eubacterium and Enterobacteriaceae, as compared with vehicle-treated mice. Finally, induction of spared nerve injury in normal or vitamin D deficient mice was not accompanied by changes in gut microbiota composition. Our data suggest the existence of a link between Vitamin D deficiency - with related changes in gut bacterial composition - and altered nociception, possibly via molecular mechanisms involving the endocannabinoid and related mediator signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Belardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Iannotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Francesca De Filippis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Paino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Ricciardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Siniscalco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Marabese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Danilo Ercolini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Quèbec Heart and Lung Institute and Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
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24
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Ramírez-Orozco RE, García-Ruiz R, Morales P, Villalón CM, Villafán-Bernal JR, Marichal-Cancino BA. Potential metabolic and behavioural roles of the putative endocannabinoid receptors GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119 in feeding. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 17:947-960. [PMID: 31146657 PMCID: PMC7052828 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190118143014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are ancient biomolecules involved in several cellular (e.g., metabolism) and physiological (e.g., eating behaviour) functions. Indeed, eating behaviour alterations in marijuana users have led to investigate the orexigen-ic/anorexigenic effects of cannabinoids in animal/human models. This increasing body of research suggests that the endo-cannabinoid system plays an important role in feeding control. Accordingly, within the endocannabinoid system, canna-binoid receptors, enzymes and genes represent potential therapeutic targets for dealing with multiple metabolic and behav-ioural dysfunctions (e.g., obesity, anorexia, etc.). Paradoxically, our understanding on the endocannabinoid system as a cel-lular mediator is yet limited. For example: (i) only two cannabinoid receptors have been classified, but they are not enough to explain the pharmacological profile of several experimental effects induced by cannabinoids; and (ii) several orphan G pro-tein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with cannabinoids and we do not know how to classify them (e.g., GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119; amongst others). On this basis, the present review attempts to summarize the lines of evidence supporting the potential role of GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119 in metabolism and feeding control that may explain some of the divergent effects and puzzling data re-lated to cannabinoid research. Moreover, their therapeutic potential in feeding behaviour alterations will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo E Ramírez-Orozco
- Departamento de Nutricion y Cultura Fisica, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico
| | - Ricardo García-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Paula Morales
- Instituto de Quimica Fisica Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiologia, Cinvestav- Coapa, Czda. Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas-Coapa, Deleg. Tlalpan, 14330 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - J Rafael Villafán-Bernal
- Departamento de Cirugia, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, CP 20131 Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico
| | - Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Fisiologia y Farmacologia, Centro de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico
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25
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Gómez-Boronat M, Isorna E, Armirotti A, Delgado MJ, Piomelli D, de Pedro N. Diurnal Profiles of N-Acylethanolamines in Goldfish Brain and Gastrointestinal Tract: Possible Role of Feeding. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:450. [PMID: 31133788 PMCID: PMC6514144 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are a family of endogenous lipid signaling molecules that are involved in regulation of energy homeostasis in vertebrates with a putative role on circadian system. The aim of this work was to study the existence of daily fluctuations in components of NAEs system and their possible dependence on food intake. Specifically, we analyzed the content of oleoylethanolamide (OEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), stearoylethanolamide (SEA), their precursors (NAPEs), as well as the expression of nape-pld (NAEs synthesis enzyme), faah (NAEs degradation enzyme), and pparα (NAEs receptor) in gastrointestinal and brain tissues of goldfish (Carassius auratus) throughout a 24-h cycle. Daily profiles of bmal1a and rev-erbα expression in gastrointestinal tissues were also quantified because these clock genes are also involved in lipid metabolism, are PPAR-targets in mammals, and could be a link between NAEs and circadian system in fish. Gastrointestinal levels of NAEs exhibited daily fluctuations, with a pronounced and rapid postprandial increase, the increment being likely caused by food intake as it is not present in fasted animals. Such periprandial differences were not found in brain, supporting that NAEs mobilization occurs in a tissue-specific manner and suggesting that these three NAEs could be acting as peripheral satiety signals. The abundance of pparα mRNA displayed a daily rhythm in the intestine and the liver, suggesting a possible rhythmicity in the NAEs functionality. The increment of pparα expression during the rest phase can be related with its role stimulating lipid catabolism to obtain energy during the fasting state of the animals. In addition, the clock genes bmal1a and rev-erbα also showed daily rhythms, with a bmal1a increment after feeding, supporting its role as a lipogenic factor. In summary, our data show the existence of all components of NAEs system in fish (OEA, PEA, SEA, precursors, synthesis and degradation enzymes, and the receptor PPARα), supporting the involvement of NAEs as peripheral satiety signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gómez-Boronat
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad Docente de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Isorna
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad Docente de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - María J Delgado
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad Docente de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nuria de Pedro
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad Docente de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Davis MP, Behm B, Mehta Z, Fernandez C. The Potential Benefits of Palmitoylethanolamide in Palliation: A Qualitative Systematic Review. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2019; 36:1134-1154. [PMID: 31113223 DOI: 10.1177/1049909119850807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a nutraceutical endocannabinoid that was retrospectively discovered in egg yolks. Feeding poor children with known streptococcal infections prevented rheumatic fever. Subsequently, it was found to alter the course of influenza. Unfortunately, there is little known about its pharmacokinetics. Palmitoylethanolamide targets nonclassical cannabinoid receptors rather than CB1 and CB2 receptors. Palmitoylethanolamide will only indirectly activate classical cannabinoid receptors by an entourage effect. There are a significant number of prospective and randomized trials demonstrating the pain-relieving effects of PEA. There is lesser evidence of benefit in patients with nonpain symptoms related to depression, Parkinson disease, strokes, and autism. There are no reported drug-drug interactions and very few reported adverse effects from PEA. Further research is needed to define the palliative benefits to PEA.
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Members of the endocannabinoid system are distinctly regulated in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2358. [PMID: 30787385 PMCID: PMC6382821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in the protection against intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC); however, human data are scarce. We determined members of the ECS and related components of the ‘endocannabinoidome’ in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and CRC, and compared them to control subjects. Anandamide (AEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) were increased in plasma of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) patients while 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) was elevated in patients with CD, but not UC. 2-AG, but not AEA, PEA and OEA, was elevated in CRC patients. Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) 18:0 showed higher levels in patients with IBD than in control subjects whereas LPI 20:4 was elevated in both CRC and IBD. Gene expression in intestinal mucosal biopsies revealed different profiles in CD and UC. CD, but not UC patients, showed increased gene expression for the 2-AG synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol lipase alpha. Transcripts of CNR1 and GPR119 were predominantly decreased in CD. Our data show altered plasma levels of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids in IBD and CRC and distinct transcript profiles in UC and CD. We also report alterations for less known components in intestinal inflammation, such as GPR119, OEA and LPI.
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28
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Bukiya AN. Physiology of the Endocannabinoid System During Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1162:13-37. [PMID: 31332732 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21737-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system comprises endogenously produced cannabinoids (CBs), enzymes of their production and degradation, and CB-sensing receptors and transporters. The eCB system plays a critical role in virtually all stages of animal development. Studies on eCB system components and their physiological role have gained increasing attention with the rising legalization and medical use of marijuana products. The latter represent exogenous interventions that target the eCB system. This chapter summarizes knowledge in the field of CB contribution to gametogenesis, fertilization, embryo implantation, fetal development, birth, and adolescence-equivalent periods of ontogenesis. The material is complemented by the overview of data from our laboratory documenting the functional presence of the eCB system within cerebral arteries of baboons at different stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Bukiya
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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29
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Lin L, Metherel AH, Kitson AP, Alashmali SM, Hopperton KE, Trépanier MO, Jones PJ, Bazinet RP. Dietary fatty acids augment tissue levels of n-acylethanolamines in n-acylphosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) knockout mice. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 62:134-142. [PMID: 30290332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are lipid signaling mediators, which can be synthesized from dietary fatty acids via n-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) and in turn influence physiological outcomes; however, the roles of NAPE-PLD upon dietary fatty acid modulation are not fully understood. Presently, we examine if NAPE-PLD is necessary to increase NAEs in response to dietary fatty acid manipulation. Post-weaning male wild-type (C57Bl/6), NAPE-PLD (-/+) and NAPE-PLD (-/-) mice received isocaloric fat diets containing either beef tallow, corn oil, canola oil or fish oil (10% wt/wt from fat) for 9 weeks. Brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were higher (P<.01) in NAPE-PLD (-/+) (10.01±0.31 μmol/g) and NAPE-PLD (-/-) (10.89±0.61 μmol/g) than wild-type (7.72±0.61 μmol/g) consuming fish oil. In NAPE-PLD (-/-) mice, brain docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA) levels were higher (P<.01) after fish oil feeding suggesting that NAPE-PLD was not necessary for DHEA synthesis. Liver and jejunum arachidonoylethanolamide, 1,2-arachidonoylglycerol and DHEA levels reflected their corresponding fatty acid precursors suggesting that alternate pathways are involved in NAE synthesis. NAPE-PLD (-/-) mice had lower oleoylethanolamide levels in the jejunum and a leaner phenotype compared to wild-type mice. Overall, these results demonstrate that dietary fatty acid can augment tissue NAEs in the absence of NAPE-PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alex P Kitson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shoug M Alashmali
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Peter J Jones
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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30
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Uranga JA, Vera G, Abalo R. Cannabinoid pharmacology and therapy in gut disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:134-147. [PMID: 30076849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sp. and their products (marijuana, hashish…), in addition to their recreational, industrial and other uses, have a long history for their use as a remedy for symptoms related with gastrointestinal diseases. After many reports suggesting these beneficial effects, it was not surprising to discover that the gastrointestinal tract expresses endogenous cannabinoids, their receptors, and enzymes for their synthesis and degradation, comprising the so-called endocannabinoid system. This system participates in the control of tissue homeostasis and important intestinal functions like motor and sensory activity, nausea, emesis, the maintenance of the epithelial barrier integrity, and the correct cellular microenvironment. Thus, different cannabinoid-related pharmacological agents may be useful to treat the main digestive pathologies. To name a few examples, in irritable bowel syndrome they may normalize dysmotility and reduce pain, in inflammatory bowel disease they may decrease inflammation, and in colorectal cancer, apart from alleviating some symptoms, they may play a role in the regulation of the cell niche. This review summarizes the main recent findings on the role of cannabinoid receptors, their synthetic or natural ligands and their metabolizing enzymes in normal gastrointestinal function and in disorders including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer and gastrointestinal chemotherapy-induced adverse effects (nausea/vomiting, constipation, diarrhea).
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Uranga
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Spain
| | - G Vera
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Spain
| | - R Abalo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Spain.
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Endocannabinoids in Body Weight Control. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11020055. [PMID: 29849009 PMCID: PMC6027162 DOI: 10.3390/ph11020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of body weight is fundamental to maintain one's health and to promote longevity. Nevertheless, it appears that the global obesity epidemic is still constantly increasing. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid messengers that are involved in overall body weight control by interfering with manifold central and peripheral regulatory circuits that orchestrate energy homeostasis. Initially, blocking of eCB signaling by first generation cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) inverse agonists such as rimonabant revealed body weight-reducing effects in laboratory animals and men. Unfortunately, rimonabant also induced severe psychiatric side effects. At this point, it became clear that future cannabinoid research has to decipher more precisely the underlying central and peripheral mechanisms behind eCB-driven control of feeding behavior and whole body energy metabolism. Here, we will summarize the most recent advances in understanding how central eCBs interfere with circuits in the brain that control food intake and energy expenditure. Next, we will focus on how peripheral eCBs affect food digestion, nutrient transformation and energy expenditure by interfering with signaling cascades in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, fat depots and endocrine glands. To finally outline the safe future potential of cannabinoids as medicines, our overall goal is to address the molecular, cellular and pharmacological logic behind central and peripheral eCB-mediated body weight control, and to figure out how these precise mechanistic insights are currently transferred into the development of next generation cannabinoid medicines displaying clearly improved safety profiles, such as significantly reduced side effects.
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Maher T, Clegg ME. Dietary lipids with potential to affect satiety: Mechanisms and evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1619-1644. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1423277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Maher
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK
| | - Miriam E. Clegg
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK
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Sihag J, Jones PJH. Dietary fatty acid composition impacts plasma fatty acid ethanolamide levels and body composition in golden Syrian hamsters. Food Funct 2018; 9:3351-3362. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00621k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs) are a class of lipid amides that regulate numerous pathophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sihag
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN)
| | - Peter J. H. Jones
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN)
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Abstract
Humans swallow a great variety and often large amounts of chemicals as nutrients, incidental food additives and contaminants, drugs, and inhaled particles and chemicals, thus exposing the gastrointestinal tract to many potentially toxic substances. It serves as a barrier in many cases to protect other components of the body from such substances and infections. Fortunately, the gastrointestinal tract is remarkably robust and generally is able to withstand multiple daily assaults by the chemicals to which it is exposed. Some chemicals, however, can affect one or more aspects of the gastrointestinal tract to produce abnormal events that reflect toxicity. It is the purpose of this chapter to evaluate the mechanisms by which toxic chemicals produce their deleterious effects and to determine the consequences of the toxicity on integrity of gastrointestinal structure and function. Probably because of the intrinsic ability of the gastrointestinal tract to resist toxic chemicals, there is a paucity of data regarding gastrointestinal toxicology. It is therefore necessary in many cases to extrapolate toxic mechanisms from infectious processes, inflammatory conditions, ischemia, and other insults in addition to more conventional chemical sources of toxicity.
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Guida F, Turco F, Iannotta M, De Gregorio D, Palumbo I, Sarnelli G, Furiano A, Napolitano F, Boccella S, Luongo L, Mazzitelli M, Usiello A, De Filippis F, Iannotti FA, Piscitelli F, Ercolini D, de Novellis V, Di Marzo V, Cuomo R, Maione S. Antibiotic-induced microbiota perturbation causes gut endocannabinoidome changes, hippocampal neuroglial reorganization and depression in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:230-245. [PMID: 28890155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) regulates the reciprocal interaction between chronic inflammatory bowel and psychiatric disorders. This interaction involves multiple pathways that are highly debated. We examined the behavioural, biochemical and electrophysiological alterations, as well as gut microbiota composition in a model of antibiotic-induced experimental dysbiosis. Inflammation of the small intestine was also assessed. Mice were exposed to a mixture of antimicrobials for 2weeks. Afterwards, they received Lactobacillus casei DG (LCDG) or a vehicle for up to 7days via oral gavage. Perturbation of microbiota was accompanied by a general inflammatory state and alteration of some endocannabinoidome members in the gut. Behavioural changes, including increased immobility in the tail suspension test and reduced social recognition were observed, and were associated with altered BDNF/TrkB signalling, TRPV1 phosphorylation and neuronal firing in the hippocampus. Moreover, morphological rearrangements of non-neuronal cells in brain areas controlling emotional behaviour were detected. Subsequent probiotic administration, compared with vehicle, counteracted most of these gut inflammatory, behavioural, biochemical and functional alterations. Interestingly, levels of Lachnospiraceae were found to significantly correlate with the behavioural changes observed in dysbiotic mice. Our findings clarify some of the biomolecular and functional modifications leading to the development of affective disorders associated with gut microbiota alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy.
| | - F Turco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - M Iannotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - D De Gregorio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - I Palumbo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A Furiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - F Napolitano
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - S Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - L Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy
| | - M Mazzitelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - A Usiello
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - F De Filippis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - F A Iannotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy
| | - F Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy
| | - D Ercolini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - V de Novellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy
| | - V Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy.
| | - R Cuomo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - S Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy.
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Cannabidiol and palmitoylethanolamide are anti-inflammatory in the acutely inflamed human colon. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2611-2626. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20171288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We sought to quantify the anti-inflammatory effects of two cannabinoid drugs, cannabidiol (CBD) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), in cultured cell lines and compared this effect with experimentally inflamed explant human colonic tissue. These effects were explored in acutely and chronically inflamed colon, using inflammatory bowel disease and appendicitis explants.
Design: Caco-2 cells and human colonic explants collected from elective bowel cancer, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or acute appendicitis resections, and were treated with the following drug treatments: vehicle, an inflammatory protocol of interferon γ (IFNγ) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα; 10 ng/ml), inflammation and PEA (10 µM), inflammation and CBD (10 µM), and PEA or CBD alone, CBD or vehicle were added simultaneously with IFNγ. Nine intracellular signalling phosphoproteins were determined by multiplex. Inflammatory cytokine secretion was determined using ELISA. Receptor mechanisms were investigated using antagonists for CB1, CB2, PPARα, PPARγ, TRPV1 and GPR55.
Results: IFNγ and TNFα treatment increased phosphoprotein and cytokine levels in Caco-2 cultures and colonic explants. Phosphoprotein levels were significantly reduced by PEA or CBD in Caco-2 cultures and colonic explants. CBD and PEA prevented increases in cytokine production in explant colon, but not in Caco-2 cells. CBD effects were blocked by the CB2 antagonist AM630 and TRPV1 antagonist SB366791. PEA effects were blocked by the PPARα antagonist GW6471. PEA and CBD were anti-inflammatory in IBD and appendicitis explants.
Conclusion: PEA and CBD are anti-inflammatory in the human colon. This effect is not seen in cultured epithelial cells. Appropriately sized clinical trials should assess their efficacy.
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Pesce M, D'Alessandro A, Borrelli O, Gigli S, Seguella L, Cuomo R, Esposito G, Sarnelli G. Endocannabinoid-related compounds in gastrointestinal diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:706-715. [PMID: 28990365 PMCID: PMC5783846 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an endogenous signalling pathway involved in the control of several gastrointestinal (GI) functions at both peripheral and central levels. In recent years, it has become apparent that the ECS is pivotal in the regulation of GI motility, secretion and sensitivity, but endocannabinoids (ECs) are also involved in the regulation of intestinal inflammation and mucosal barrier permeability, suggesting their role in the pathophysiology of both functional and organic GI disorders. Genetic studies in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or inflammatory bowel disease have indeed shown significant associations with polymorphisms or mutation in genes encoding for cannabinoid receptor or enzyme responsible for their catabolism, respectively. Furthermore, ongoing clinical trials are testing EC agonists/antagonists in the achievement of symptomatic relief from a number of GI symptoms. Despite this evidence, there is a lack of supportive RCTs and relevant data in human beings, and hence, the possible therapeutic application of these compounds is raising ethical, political and economic concerns. More recently, the identification of several EC-like compounds able to modulate ECS function without the typical central side effects of cannabino-mimetics has paved the way for emerging peripherally acting drugs. This review summarizes the possible mechanisms linking the ECS to GI disorders and describes the most recent advances in the manipulation of the ECS in the treatment of GI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Pesce
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Division of Neurogastroenterology & Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital and University of College (UCL), London, UK
| | - Alessandra D'Alessandro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Borrelli
- Division of Neurogastroenterology & Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital and University of College (UCL), London, UK
| | - Stefano Gigli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspamer', La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspamer', La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Cuomo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspamer', La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Alhouayek M, Bottemanne P, Makriyannis A, Muccioli GG. N -acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase and fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition differentially affect N -acylethanolamine levels and macrophage activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:474-484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hasenoehrl C, Taschler U, Storr M, Schicho R. The gastrointestinal tract - a central organ of cannabinoid signaling in health and disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1765-1780. [PMID: 27561826 PMCID: PMC5130148 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ancient medicine, extracts of the marijuana plant Cannabis sativa were used against diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Today, our knowledge of the ingredients of the Cannabis plant has remarkably advanced enabling us to use a variety of herbal and synthetic cannabinoid (CB) compounds to study the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a physiologic entity that controls tissue homeostasis with the help of endogenously produced CBs and their receptors. After many anecdotal reports suggested beneficial effects of Cannabis in GI disorders, it was not surprising to discover that the GI tract accommodates and expresses all the components of the ECS. Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids, participate in the regulation of GI motility, secretion, and the maintenance of the epithelial barrier integrity. In addition, other receptors, such as the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and the G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), are important participants in the actions of CBs in the gut and critically determine the course of bowel inflammation and colon cancer. PURPOSE The following review summarizes important and recent findings on the role of CB receptors and their ligands in the GI tract with emphasis on GI disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Hasenoehrl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany and Zentrum für Endoskopie, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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40
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Nutrigenomic Functions of PPARs in Obesogenic Environments. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:4794576. [PMID: 28042289 PMCID: PMC5155092 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4794576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that mediate the effects of several nutrients or drugs through transcriptional regulation of their target genes in obesogenic environments. This review consists of three parts. First, we summarize current knowledge regarding the role of PPARs in governing the development of white and brown/beige adipocytes from uncommitted progenitor cells. Next, we discuss the interactions of dietary bioactive molecules, such as fatty acids and phytochemicals, with PPARs for the modulation of PPAR-dependent transcriptional activities and metabolic consequences. Lastly, the effects of PPAR polymorphism on obesity and metabolic outcomes are discussed. In this review, we aim to highlight the critical role of PPARs in the modulation of adiposity and subsequent metabolic adaptation in response to dietary challenges and genetic modifications. Understanding the changes in obesogenic environments as a consequence of PPARs/nutrient interactions may help expand the field of individualized nutrition to prevent obesity and obesity-associated metabolic comorbidities.
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41
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Karwad MA, Macpherson T, Wang B, Theophilidou E, Sarmad S, Barrett DA, Larvin M, Wright KL, Lund JN, O'Sullivan SE. Oleoylethanolamine and palmitoylethanolamine modulate intestinal permeability in vitro via TRPV1 and PPARα. FASEB J 2016; 31:469-481. [PMID: 27623929 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids modulate intestinal permeability through cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). The endocannabinoid-like compounds oleoylethanolamine (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) play an important role in digestive regulation, and we hypothesized they would also modulate intestinal permeability. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured in human Caco-2 cells to assess permeability after application of OEA and PEA and relevant antagonists. Cells treated with OEA and PEA were stained for cytoskeletal F-actin changes and lysed for immunoassay. OEA and PEA were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. OEA (applied apically, logEC50 -5.4) and PEA (basolaterally, logEC50 -4.9; apically logEC50 -5.3) increased Caco-2 resistance by 20-30% via transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α. Preventing their degradation (by inhibiting fatty acid amide hydrolase) enhanced the effects of OEA and PEA. OEA and PEA induced cytoskeletal changes and activated focal adhesion kinase and ERKs 1/2, and decreased Src kinases and aquaporins 3 and 4. In Caco-2 cells treated with IFNγ and TNFα, OEA (via TRPV1) and PEA (via PPARα) prevented or reversed the cytokine-induced increased permeability compared to vehicle (0.1% ethanol). PEA (basolateral) also reversed increased permeability when added 48 or 72 h after cytokines (P < 0.001, via PPARα). Cellular and secreted levels of OEA and PEA (P < 0.001-0.001) were increased in response to inflammatory mediators. OEA and PEA have endogenous roles and potential therapeutic applications in conditions of intestinal hyperpermeability and inflammation.-Karwad, M. A., Macpherson, T., Wang, B., Theophilidou, E., Sarmad, S., Barrett, D. A., Larvin, M., Wright, K. L., Lund, J. N., O'Sullivan, S. E. Oleoylethanolamine and palmitoylethanolamine modulate intestinal permeability in vitro via TRPV1 and PPARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A Karwad
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tara Macpherson
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Wang
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Theophilidou
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarir Sarmad
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - David A Barrett
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michael Larvin
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Karen L Wright
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan N Lund
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom;
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Pastor A, Fernández-Aranda F, Fitó M, Jiménez-Murcia S, Botella C, Fernández-Real JM, Frühbeck G, Tinahones FJ, Fagundo AB, Rodriguez J, Agüera Z, Langohr K, Casanueva FF, de la Torre R. A Lower Olfactory Capacity Is Related to Higher Circulating Concentrations of Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol and Higher Body Mass Index in Women. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148734. [PMID: 26849214 PMCID: PMC4746072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system can promote food intake by increasing odor detection in mice. The eCB system is over-active in human obesity. Our aim is to measure circulating eCB concentrations and olfactory capacity in a human sample that includes people with obesity and explore the possible interaction between olfaction, obesity and the eCB system. The study sample was made up of 161 females with five groups of body mass index sub-categories ranging from under-weight to morbidly obese. We assessed olfactory capacity with the "Sniffin´Sticks" test, which measures olfactory threshold-discrimination-identification (TDI) capacity. We measured plasma concentrations of the eCBs 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine or anandamide (AEA), and several eCB-related compounds, 2-acylglycerols and N-acylethanolamines. 2-AG and other 2-acylglycerols fasting plasma circulating plasma concentrations were higher in obese and morbidly obese subjects. AEA and other N-acylethanolamine circulating concentrations were lower in under-weight subjects. Olfactory TDI scores were lower in obese and morbidly obese subjects. Lower TDI scores were independently associated with higher 2-AG fasting plasma circulating concentrations, higher %body fat, and higher body mass index, after controlling for age, smoking, menstruation, and use of contraceptives. Our results show that obese subjects have a lower olfactory capacity than non-obese ones and that elevated fasting plasma circulating 2-AG concentrations in obesity are linked to a lower olfactory capacity. In agreement with previous studies we show that eCBs AEA and 2-AG, and their respective congeners have a distinct profile in relation to body mass index. The present report is the first study in humans in which olfactory capacity and circulating eCB concentrations have been measured in the same subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Pastor
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi), Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B. Fagundo
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Rodriguez
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus Langohr
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe F. Casanueva
- Endocrine Division, Complejo Hospitalario U. de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Cannabinoid Receptors in Regulating the GI Tract: Experimental Evidence and Therapeutic Relevance. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 239:343-362. [PMID: 28161834 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors are fundamentally involved in all aspects of intestinal physiology, such as motility, secretion, and epithelial barrier function. They are part of a broader entity, the so-called endocannabinoid system which also includes their endocannabinoid ligands and the ligands' synthesizing/degrading enzymes. The system has a strong impact on the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract and is believed to maintain homeostasis in the gut by controlling hypercontractility and by promoting regeneration after injury. For instance, genetic knockout of cannabinoid receptor 1 leads to inflammation and cancer of the intestines. Derivatives of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, such as nabilone and dronabinol, activate cannabinoid receptors and have been introduced into the clinic to treat chemotherapy-induced emesis and loss of appetite; however, they may cause many psychotropic side effects. New drugs that interfere with endocannabinoid degradation to raise endocannabinoid levels circumvent this obstacle and could be used in the future to treat emesis, intestinal inflammation, and functional disorders associated with visceral hyperalgesia.
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Takao K, Noguchi K, Hashimoto Y, Shirahata A, Sugita Y. Synthesis and evaluation of fatty acid amides on the N-oleoylethanolamide-like activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 63:278-85. [PMID: 25832022 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c14-00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of fatty acid amides were synthesized and their peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) agonistic activities were evaluated in a normal rat liver cell line, clone 9. The mRNAs of the PPAR-α downstream genes, carnitine-palmitoyltransferase-1 and mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, were determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as PPAR-α agonistic activities. We prepared nine oleic acid amides. Their PPAR-α agonistic activities were, in decreasing order, N-oleoylhistamine (OLHA), N-oleoylglycine, Oleamide, N-oleoyltyramine, N-oleoylsertonin, and Olvanil. The highest activity was found with OLHA. We prepared and evaluated nine N-acylhistamines (N-acyl-HAs). Of these, OLHA, C16:0-HA, and C18:1Δ(9)-trans-HA showed similar activity. Activity due to the different chain length of the saturated fatty acid peaked at C16:0-HA. The PPAR-α antagonist, GW6471, inhibited the induction of the PPAR-α downstream genes by OLHA and N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA). These data suggest that N-acyl-HAs could be considered new PPAR-α agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Takao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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Capasso R, Orlando P, Pagano E, Aveta T, Buono L, Borrelli F, Di Marzo V, Izzo AA. Palmitoylethanolamide normalizes intestinal motility in a model of post-inflammatory accelerated transit: involvement of CB₁ receptors and TRPV1 channels. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:4026-37. [PMID: 24818658 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a naturally occurring acylethanolamide chemically related to the endocannabinoid anandamide, interacts with targets that have been identified in peripheral nerves controlling gastrointestinal motility, such as cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, TRPV1 channels and PPARα. Here, we investigated the effect of PEA in a mouse model of functional accelerated transit which persists after the resolution of colonic inflammation (post-inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Intestinal inflammation was induced by intracolonic administration of oil of mustard (OM). Mice were tested for motility and biochemical and molecular biology changes 4 weeks later. PEA, oleoylethanolamide and endocannabinoid levels were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and receptor and enzyme mRNA expression by qRT-PCR. KEY RESULTS OM induced transient colitis and a functional post-inflammatory increase in upper gastrointestinal transit, associated with increased intestinal anandamide (but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol, PEA or oleoylethanolamide) levels and down-regulation of mRNA for TRPV1 channels. Exogenous PEA inhibited the OM-induced increase in transit and tended to increase anandamide levels. Palmitic acid had a weaker effect on transit. Inhibition of transit by PEA was blocked by rimonabant (CB1 receptor antagonist), further increased by 5'-iodoresiniferatoxin (TRPV1 antagonist) and not significantly modified by the PPARα antagonist GW6471. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Intestinal endocannabinoids and TRPV1 channel were dysregulated in a functional model of accelerated transit exhibiting aspects of post-inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome. PEA counteracted the accelerated transit, the effect being mediated by CB1 receptors (possibly via increased anandamide levels) and modulated by TRPV1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Karlsson C, Hjorth S, Karpefors M, Hansson GI, Carlsson B. Baseline anandamide levels and body weight impact the weight loss effect of CB1 receptor antagonism in male rats. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1237-41. [PMID: 25549047 PMCID: PMC4399312 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The individual weight loss response to obesity treatment is diverse. Here we test the hypothesis that the weight loss response to the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant is influenced by endogenous levels of receptor agonists. We show that baseline anandamide levels and body weight independently contribute to predict the treatment response to rimonabant in rodents, demonstrating that addition of biomarkers related to mode of action is relevant for a personalized health care approach to obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Karlsson
- CVMD Translational Medicine Unit, Early Clinical Development (C.K., B.C.), CVMD Bioscience (S.H.), and CVMD Translational Sciences (G.I.H.), Innovative Medicines, and Biomedical Informatics (M.K.), Advanced Analytics Centre, AstraZeneca R&D, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
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47
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Borrelli F, Romano B, Petrosino S, Pagano E, Capasso R, Coppola D, Battista G, Orlando P, Di Marzo V, Izzo AA. Palmitoylethanolamide, a naturally occurring lipid, is an orally effective intestinal anti-inflammatory agent. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:142-58. [PMID: 25205418 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) acts via several targets, including cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) ion channels, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR α) and orphan G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GRR55), all involved in the control of intestinal inflammation. Here, we investigated the effect of PEA in a murine model of colitis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Colitis was induced in mice by intracolonic administration of dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS). Inflammation was assessed by evaluating inflammatory markers/parameters and by histology; intestinal permeability by a fluorescent method; colonic cell proliferation by immunohistochemistry; PEA and endocannabinoid levels by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; receptor and enzyme mRNA expression by quantitative RT-PCR. KEY RESULTS DNBS administration caused inflammatory damage, increased colonic levels of PEA and endocannabinoids, down-regulation of mRNA for TRPV1 and GPR55 but no changes in mRNA for CB1 , CB2 and PPARα. Exogenous PEA (i.p. and/or p.o., 1 mg·kg(-1) ) attenuated inflammation and intestinal permeability, stimulated colonic cell proliferation, and increased colonic TRPV1 and CB1 receptor expression. The anti-inflammatory effect of PEA was attenuated or abolished by CB2 receptor, GPR55 or PPARα antagonists and further increased by the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS PEA improves murine experimental colitis, the effect being mediated by CB2 receptors, GPR55 and PPARα, and modulated by TRPV1 channels.
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48
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Alhouayek M, Bottemanne P, Subramanian KV, Lambert DM, Makriyannis A, Cani PD, Muccioli GG. N-Acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase inhibition increases colon N-palmitoylethanolamine levels and counteracts murine colitis. FASEB J 2014; 29:650-61. [PMID: 25384424 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-255208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N-Palmitoylethanolamine or palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an anti-inflammatory compound that was recently shown to exert peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α-dependent beneficial effects on colon inflammation. The actions of PEA are terminated following hydrolysis by 2 enzymes: fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and the less-studied N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA). This study aims to investigate the effects of inhibiting the enzymes responsible for PEA hydrolysis in colon inflammation in order to propose a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Two murine models of IBD were used to assess the effects of NAAA inhibition, FAAH inhibition, and PEA on macroscopic signs of colon inflammation, macrophage/neutrophil infiltration, and the expression of proinflammatory mediators in the colon, as well as on the colitis-related systemic inflammation. NAAA inhibition increases PEA levels in the colon and reduces colon inflammation and systemic inflammation, similarly to PEA. FAAH inhibition, however, does not increase PEA levels in the colon and does not affect the macroscopic signs of colon inflammation or immune cell infiltration. This is the first report of an anti-inflammatory effect of a systemically administered NAAA inhibitor. Because NAAA is the enzyme responsible for the control of PEA levels in the colon, we put forth this enzyme as a potential therapeutic target in chronic inflammation in general and IBD in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Alhouayek
- *Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, and Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pauline Bottemanne
- *Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, and Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kumar V Subramanian
- *Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, and Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Didier M Lambert
- *Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, and Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- *Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, and Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrice D Cani
- *Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, and Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- *Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, and Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Mennella I, Savarese M, Ferracane R, Sacchi R, Vitaglione P. Oleic acid content of a meal promotes oleoylethanolamide response and reduces subsequent energy intake in humans. Food Funct 2014; 6:204-10. [PMID: 25347552 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00697f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Animal data suggest that dietary fat composition may influence endocannabinoid (EC) response and dietary behavior. This study tested the hypothesis that fatty acid composition of a meal can influence the short-term response of ECs and subsequent energy intake in humans. Fifteen volunteers on three occasions were randomly offered a meal containing 30 g of bread and 30 mL of one of three selected oils: sunflower oil (SO), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) and virgin olive oil (VOO). Plasma EC concentrations and appetite ratings over 2 h and energy intake over 24 h following the experimental meal were measured. Results showed that after HOSO and VOO consumption the circulating oleoylethanolamide (OEA) was significantly higher than after SO consumption; a concomitantly significant reduction of energy intake was found. For the first time the oleic acid content of a meal was demonstrated to increase the post-prandial response of circulating OEA and to reduce energy intake at subsequent meals in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilario Mennella
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy.
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50
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Dong W, Liu Y, Zhu W, Mou Q, Wang J, Hu Y. Simulation of Swanson's literature-based discovery: anandamide treatment inhibits growth of gastric cancer cells in vitro and in silico. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100436. [PMID: 24949851 PMCID: PMC4065097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Swanson's literature-based discovery focus on resurrecting previously published but neglected knowledge. In this study, we propose a two-step model of the discovery process and generate a hypothesis between anandamide and gastric cancer. Further, the potential relationship was confirmed by follow-up experimentation. The anandamide treatment resulted in cell cycle redistribution of gastric cancer cells. Most importantly, the variation of cell cycle was mediated by some genes from the B-terms of the closed discovery, indicating the potential role of the B-terms. Swanson's literature-based discovery not only collates data for possible interactions, but also provides the potential to observe the larger background behind these direct links and is an invaluable discovery tool for investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Dong
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Zhu
- Beijing Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) and Centers for Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Mou
- Department of Surgery, PLA 252 Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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