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Pegu R, Prakash A, Borah P, Paul S, Bhattacharya SS. Unveiling the earthworm-associated preferential remediation of emerging organic pollutants and heavy metals in MSW-based vermicomposting systems: Insights through the lens of multivariate techniques and novel empirical models. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142782. [PMID: 38972460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Studies on the efficacies of vermicomposting and composting in countering the toxic impacts of pollutant cocktails in municipal solid waste (MSW) are scarce. Moreover, further research is needed to explore earthworms' remediation preferences for various pollutants in heterogeneous vermicomposting feedstocks, such as MSW. Therefore, removal dynamics of pesticides (chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and carbofuran), pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and carbamazepine), and heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in MSW-based vermicomposting (Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae) and composting systems were evaluated through multivariate analytical techniques (principal component (PCA) and multi-factor (MFA)) on the R-platform. Both earthworms satisfactorily increased their population and augmented NPK (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) availability, cation exchange, microbial biomass C&N, and their metabolic activity 2-3 folds more than composting, accompanied by a 3-4 folds reduction of organic C, pH, and bulk density. Correspondingly, heavy metals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals decreased by 8-10-folds via earthworm's significant pollutant removal efficiencies that subsided MSW-driven ecological risks by 60-90%. PCA and MFA revealed that N, P, and K-availability, organic C, and microbial activity were the indicative attributes for heavy metal and emerging organic micropollutant (EOMP)-removal during biocomposting; however, earthworms remove pesticides faster than pharmaceuticals and heavy metals. PCA-based novel empirical models demonstrated that in MSW-only feedstock, earthworm-mediated pollutant detoxification followed the order of pesticides > pharmaceuticals > heavy metals. However, in MSW combined with cow dung (1:1 ratio) feedstock, the detoxification order shifted to pharmaceuticals > heavy metals > pesticides. Therefore, this study provides fresh insights into pollutant-focused feedstock optimization for vermicomposting through model-based approaches, advancing the eco-friendly valorization of toxic MSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Pegu
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur Central University, Napam, Tezpur - 784028, Assam, India
| | - Amit Prakash
- Environmental Modeling Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur Central University, Napam, Tezpur - 784028, Assam, India
| | - Preyashi Borah
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur Central University, Napam, Tezpur - 784028, Assam, India
| | - Sarmistha Paul
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur Central University, Napam, Tezpur - 784028, Assam, India; Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, Bolpur, Birbhum, West Bengal - 731235, India
| | - Satya Sundar Bhattacharya
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur Central University, Napam, Tezpur - 784028, Assam, India.
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Pundee K, Akeprathumchai S, Tripetchkul S, Salaipeth L. Unveiling the microbial dynamics in vermicomposting with coir pith as earthworm substrate. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22945. [PMID: 38144354 PMCID: PMC10746422 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the impact of incorporating coir pith, a byproduct of the coconut industry, into the vermicomposting substrate of Eudrilus eugeniae earthworms. The groups were compared based on their diets: cow manure only or cow manure mixed with varying amounts of coir pith. The aim was to assess the effects of coir pith on earthworm growth, mortality and the microbial community involved in vermicomposting. Earthworms fed with higher proportions of coir pith (70 % w/w) experienced reduced growth (0.81 g/worm) and increased mortality (24.67 %) after 5 weeks of vermicomposting. These effects were attributed to the high level of total phenolic content in the system. Coir pith required specific bacteria for digestion and detoxification, and excessive intake disrupted the earthworms' digestion, thus hindering nutrient absorption. The study also examined the microbial composition of the vermicast samples and identified variations based on the diet. Bacterial taxa involved in lignocellulose degradation, such as Bacteriodota, Azospirillum, Chitinophagaceae, Marinomonas and Pantoea, exhibited decreased abundances in treatments with coir pith. Conversely, the abundances of potentially harmful bacteria, such as Aeromonas, increased with higher coir pith inclusion levels. This pioneering investigation sheds light on the feasibility of coir pith use in vermicomposting and emphasises the importance of optimising earthworm diets to enhance microbial ecological functions and improve vermicompost quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Pundee
- College of Multidisciplinary Sciences, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Tha Kham, Bang Khun Thian, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Saengchai Akeprathumchai
- Biotechnology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Tha Kham, Bang Khun Thian, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Sudarut Tripetchkul
- Natural Resource Management and Sustainability Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Tha Kham, Bang Khun Thian, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Lakha Salaipeth
- Natural Resource Management and Sustainability Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Tha Kham, Bang Khun Thian, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
- LigniTech-Lignin Technology Research Group, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Tha Kham, Bang Khun Thian, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
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Enebe MC, Erasmus M. Vermicomposting technology - A perspective on vermicompost production technologies, limitations and prospects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118585. [PMID: 37421723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The need for environmental sustainability while increasing the quantity, quality, and the rate of waste treatment to generate high-value environmental friendly fertilizer products is highly in demand. Vermicomposting is a good technology for the valorisation of industrial, domestic, municipal and agricultural wastes. Various vermicomposting technologies have been in use from time past to present. These technologies range from windrow, small - scale batch vermicomposting to large - scale continuous flow systems. Each of these processes has its own merits and demerits, necessitating advancement in the technology for efficient treatment of wastes. This work explores the hypothesis that the use of a continuous flow vermireactor system of a composite frame structure performs better than batch, windrow and other continuous systems operated in a single container. Following an in-depth review of the literature on vermicomposting technologies, treatment techniques, and reactor materials used, to explore the hypothesis, it was found that vermireactors operating in continuous flow fashion perform better in waste bioconversion than the batch and windrow techniques. Overall, the study concludes that batch techniques using plastic vermireactors predominate over the other reactor systems. However, the use of frame compartmentalized composite vermireactors performs considerably better in waste valorisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Chekwube Enebe
- Centre for Mineral Biogeochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9031, South Africa.
| | - Mariana Erasmus
- Centre for Mineral Biogeochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9031, South Africa
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Ashok Kumar K, Subalakshmi R, Jayanthi M, Abirami G, Vijayan DS, Venkatesa Prabhu S, Baskaran L. Production and characterization of enriched vermicompost from banana leaf biomass waste activated by biochar integration. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115090. [PMID: 36529329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vermicomposting uses less energy and requires fewer infrastructures, and it is capable of restoring soil nutrition and carbon. Banana cultivation produces lots of trash in a single crop season, with 30 tonnes of waste generated per acre. The biodegradable fraction of banana leaf waste is thrown out in large quantities from temples, markets place wedding halls, hotels, and residential areas. Vermicomposting can be used for recovering lignin, cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose from banana leaves. Earthworm digests organic materials with the enzymes produced in gut microflora. Biochar adds bulk to vermicomposting, increases its value as fertilizer. The goal of this study was to amend biochar (0, 2, 4 and 6%) with banana leaf waste (BLW) + cow dung (CD) in three different combinations (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1) using Eisenia fetida to produce enriched vermicompost. In the vermicompost with biochar groups, there were higher levels of physicochemical parameters, as well as macro- and micronutrient contents. The growth and reproduction of earthworms were higher in groups with biochar. A maximum of 1.82, 1.18 and 1.67% of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium was found in the final vermicompost recovered from BLW + CD (1:1) amended with 4% biochar; while the other treatments showed lower levels of nutrients. A lower C/N ratio of 18.14 was observed in BLW + CD (1:1) + 4% biochar followed by BLW + CD (1:1) + 2% biochar amendment (19.92). The FTIR and humification index studies show that degradation of organic matter has occurred in the final vermicompost and the substrates with 4% biochar in 1:1 combination showed better degradation and this combination can be used for nutrient rich vermicompost production.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, 600 117, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - R Subalakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, 600 117, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Jayanthi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, 600 117, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Abirami
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, 600 117, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D S Vijayan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, VMRF, Paiyanur, Chennai, 603104, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Venkatesa Prabhu
- Center of Excellence for Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopia
| | - L Baskaran
- Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India; PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Srivastava PK, Singh A, Kumari S, Arora S, Choubey AK, Sinha ASK. Production and characterization of sustainable vermimanure derived from poultry litter and rice straw using tiger worm Eisenia fetida. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128377. [PMID: 36423761 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Poultry litter (PL) and rice straw (RS), commonly available waste materials, pose severe threat to environment, if not properly managed. As viable waste treatment method, vermi-transformation of PL into enriched vermimanure was done using RS and cow dung (CD) with different feedstocks (FS) combinations like FS0(CD without earthworm), FS1(CD), FS2(1CD: 1RS), FS3(1CD: 1PL) and FS4(1CD: 1RS: 1PL) for 110 days. Increased growth performance (P < 0.05) of Eisenia fetida, macronutrient levels, and a consistently lower carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) emphasize the importance of RS and PL in the vermimanuring process. Several analytical techniques have revealed the presence of functional groups, nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-), and potassium ions (K+) as well as the high porosity of the matured vermimanures. Therefore, using earthworms, the feedstock FS4(1CD: 1RS: 1PL) could be successfully biotransformed into sustainable manure lowering the usage of chemical fertilizers and rice straw burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Srivastava
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi 229304, India.
| | - A Singh
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi 229304, India
| | - S Kumari
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi 229304, India
| | - S Arora
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - A K Choubey
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi 229304, India
| | - A S K Sinha
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi 229304, India
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Sujeeth NK, Aravinth R, Thandeeswaran M, Angayarkanni J, Rajasekar A, Mythili R, Gnanadesigan M. Toxicity analysis and biomarker response of Quinalphos Organophosphate Insecticide (QOI) on eco-friendly exotic Eudrilus eugeniae earthworm. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:274. [PMID: 36607436 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An ever-increasing use of pesticides in agricultural fields has led to a catastrophic decline in crop quality and, ultimately soil fertility. To control various pests, quinalphos is commonly used in India's tea plantations. This study aims to investigate the effects of the Quinalphos organophosphate insecticide on the non-target beneficial organism Eudrilus eugeniae earthworms and the biomarkers that respond to its effects. Earthworm species, especially E. eugeniae, remains as the most trustworthy and well-suited model organism for conducting a wide variety of environmental studies. The median lethal concentration (LC50) was identified as 3.561 µg cm-2 (contact filter paper) and 1.054 mg kg-2 (artificial soil toxicity). The 5% and 10% of LC50 value 3.561 µg cm-2 was exposed to earthworm to analyze the sublethal effects at pre-clitellum, clitellum, and post-clitellum segments. Specific enzymatic activities of neurotransmitter enzyme acetylcholinesterase; antioxidant enzymes such as lipid peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase; and detoxification enzymes including glutathione S transferase, reduced glutathione, carboxylesterase, and Cytochrome P450 were analyzed. Exposure of E. eugeniae earthworm to subacute exposures of pesticides caused significant alterations in these stress markers in a concentration-dependent manner. Morphological abnormalities like bulginess, coiling, and bleeding were observed after exposure of the insecticide treatments. Histological cellular disintegration, a reduced NRRT time, and an inhibited proteolytic zone were also identified in pesticide-exposed earthworms. Studies demonstrate that the organophosphate insecticide quinalphos causes acute toxicity in E. eugeniae; hence, it is suggested that non-target eco-friendly E. eugeniae earthworms may be at risk if exposed to the excessive concentrations of quinalphos organophosphate insecticide in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachimuthu Krishnan Sujeeth
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Aravinth
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Murugesan Thandeeswaran
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jayaraman Angayarkanni
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Aruliah Rajasekar
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, 632115, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R Mythili
- PG & Research, Department of Biotechnology, Mahendra Arts & Science College, Kallipatti, 637501, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Murugesan Gnanadesigan
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India.
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Chozhavendhan S, Karthigadevi G, Bharathiraja B, Praveen Kumar R, Abo LD, Venkatesa Prabhu S, Balachandar R, Jayakumar M. Current and prognostic overview on the strategic exploitation of anaerobic digestion and digestate: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114526. [PMID: 36252837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The depletion of fossil fuels and increasing demand for energy are encountered by generating renewable biogas. Anaerobic digestion (AD) produces not only biogas, also other value-added products from the digestate using various organic, municipal and industrial wastes which have several benefits like remediating waste, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy generation and securing socio-economic status of bio-based industries. This review work critically analyzes the biorefinery approaches on AD process for the production of biogas and digestate, and their direct and indirect utilization. The left-out residue obtained from AD is called 'digestate' which enriched with organic matter, nitrogen, heavy metals and other valuable micronutrients. However, the direct disposal of digestate to the land as fertilizer/landfills creates various environmental issues. Keeping this view, the digestate should be upgraded or transformed into high valued products such as biofertilizer, pyrochar, biodiesel, syngas and soil conditioner that can aid to enrich the soil nutrients and ensures the safe environment as well. In this context, the present review focused to illustrate the current techniques and different strategic exploitations on AD proper management of digestate products for storage and further applications. Such a technology transfer provides a proven strategic mechanism towards the enhancement of the sustainability of bio-based industries, attaining the energy demand, safest waste management, protection of environment and reduces the socio-economic issues of the industrial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chozhavendhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Karthigadevi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, India
| | - B Bharathiraja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Lata Deso Abo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - S Venkatesa Prabhu
- Center of Excellence for Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopia
| | - Ramalingam Balachandar
- Department of Biotechnology, Prathyusha Engineering College, Tiruvallur, 602 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mani Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
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Alsamhary K. Vermi-cyanobacterial remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil with rice husk biochar: An eco-friendly approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136931. [PMID: 36273604 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Present study is aimed to evaluate the influence of earthworm (Eisenia fetida), Cyanobacteria (Cylindrospermum stagnale), and rice husk biochar (BC) on cadmium (Cd) detoxification in artificially contaminated soil. The Cd content was kept at 10 mg/kg in factorial design I, coupled with 2% and 0% BC. E. fetida and C. stagnale un-inoculated and inoculated experiments were maintained respectively as negative and positive controls. In factorial design II, E. fetida and C. stagnale were inoculated, along with BC (0% and 2%, denoted as B), without BC (WB), along with four different Cd concentrations (Cd-0, Cd-5, Cd-10, and Cd-20 mg/kg). Results suggest a substantial amount of Cd removal in BC-assisted treatments when compared to negative control-1. Cd (mg/g) in E. fetida tissue ranged from 0.019 (WB2) to 0.0985 (B4). C. stagnale of WB4 (0.036) bioaccumulated the most Cd (mg/g), while B2 showed the least (0.018). The maximum quantity of metallothionein (5.34 μM/mg) was detected in E. fetida of B4 (factorial design - II) and the minimum was claimed in WB1 (0.48 μM/mg) at the end. Earthworm metallothionein protein is a key component in Cd removal from soil by playing an important role in detoxification process. Microbial communities and humic substances were observed in BC-assisted treatments, which aided in Cd-contaminated soil remediation. The present findings suggest that BC (2%) + earthworms + algae could be a suitable remediation strategy for Cd contaminated soil. BC + earthworm + algal-based investigation on heavy metal remediation will be a valuable platform for detoxifying harmful metals in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawla Alsamhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia.
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Li Y, Xu D, Lin H, Wang W, Yang H. Nutrient released characteristics of struvite-biochar fertilizer produced from concentrated sludge supernatant by fluidized bed reactor. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116548. [PMID: 36308786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the exacerbating water eutrophication globally, it is important to recover nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from sewage for recycle. In this study, coconut shell biochar and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) were added into the designed fluidized bed reactor (FBR) to create struvite-biochar. N and P released from struvite-biochar and the recovery efficiency of N and P from concentrated sludge supernatant were analyzed. Results showed that the optimal operation condition for hydraulic retention time (HRT), pH, Mg/P molar ration, and addition amount EDTA were 90 min, 9.5, 1.2, and 0.2 g/L, respectively. The recovery efficiency of NH4+-N and PO43--P, and purity struvite for FBR were 34.41%-38.05%, 64.95-68.40%, and 84.15%, respectively. The recovery efficiency of NH4+-N and PO43--P were respectively increased by 7.23% and 5.36% when FBR with addition of 0.33 g/L coconut shell biochar, but purity struvite from struvite-biochar decreased by 45.70%. Contents of As, Cd, Pb, and Cr in struvite and struvite-biochar were all lower than Chinese Standard Limits of Fertilizer. Compared to commercial chemical fertilizer, such as superphosphate and urea, struvite-biochar and struvite have slowly released N and P. The amounts of released P, NO3--N and NH4+-N from struvite-biochar were higher than struvite during the five leaching times. Compared with struvite, the total amounts of released P, NO3--N and NH4+-N from struvite-biochar increased by 4.9%, 3.5% and 8.3%, respectively. Therefore, it is valuable to add biochar into FBR to recovery N and P from concentrated sludge supernatant and make struvite-biochar as a slow-release fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Li
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Defu Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Haizhi Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Wenhua Wang
- Rapeseed Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550008, China.
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AB, UK.
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Bellitürk K, Fang L, Görres JH. Effect of post-production vermicompost and thermophilic compost blending on nutrient availability. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 155:146-152. [PMID: 36371848 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Composting is a common waste management strategy for recycling nutrients from organic household or agricultural wastes. However, thermophilic (e.g. windrow) composting and vermicomposting (using earthworms) produce different nutrient and enzyme profiles. Vermicompost is purported to have greater fertility benefits, but is also more expensive than thermophilic compost. The objective of this study was to examine a novel approach to designing organic fertility amendments by blending mature vermicompost and thermophilic compost. To examine the effect of blending, vermicompost was admixed to thermophilic compost at 20, 50 and 70 % by mass, with and without the addition of coir (cocopeat). Electric conductivity, water-extractable, immediately available N, P and K were measured. Vermicompost and coir synergistically affected the availability of these nutrients. Synergistic effects were between 15 and 40 % for total inorganic N in blends with coir. Without coir, synergism occurred only at vermicompost additions ≥50 %. Synergism for available P and K was present in all blends and ranged from 10% to 35%. Electrical conductivity measurements suggest that blending affected compost within three days of starting the incubation. The activity of five of seven measured enzymes were linearly and positively related to the fraction of vermicompost in the blend. Blending mature composts with differing properties may be another tool, in addition to adjusting feedstock and process parameters, to affect positively the fertility properties of composts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korkmaz Bellitürk
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Lynn Fang
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, 258, Jeffords Building, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Josef H Görres
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, 258, Jeffords Building, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Preethee S, Saminathan K, Chandran M, Kathireswari P. Valorization of phyto-biomass with tertiary combination of animal dung for enriched vermicompost production. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114365. [PMID: 36162467 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted for 90 days in two cycles on 45thday (Cycle I), and 90th day (Cycle II) in 144 vermibins with precomposted cow dung (T1), elephant dung (T2), cow dung + elephant dung (T3) in combination with leaf substrates of Ficus religiosa, Azadirachta indica, Terminalia catappa, Carica papaya, Vitex negundo, Acalypha indica and Borassus flabellifer to generate nutrient-enriched vermicompost. Different vermibin feedstock materials were retained as experimental setup in other substrates with earthworm (vermicompost) and without earthworm (compost). This method was employed in the current study to decompose environmental leaf debris into the earthworm's mass production and transform it into high-value manure for long-term soil fertility control. The majority of the substrates exhibit pH and electrical conductivity in vermicomposts showed an increment while the total organic carbon and carbon to nitrogen ratio were significantly lowered. A prominent percentage increment of total NPK contents (P < 0.05) in vermicompost over initial values (N: 7.09-164.03; P: 4.39-101.09; K: 0.45-84.10). Among the vermibed substrates, Ficus religiosa leaf litter mixed with T3 showed stabilized cocoons and juveniles in Cycle I (45 days), while sub-adults and adults growth was favored in Cycle II (90 days). The higher reproductive potential of earthworms could be due to the composition and palatability of the substrate combination. This study provides a platform for utilizing leaf wastes in combination with animal wastes amended to reproduce earthworms, nutrient enrichment which could benefit soil fertility improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Preethee
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, 641029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kulandaivel Saminathan
- Department of Chemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, 641029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Masi Chandran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopia
| | - Palanisamy Kathireswari
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, 641029, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Patra RK, Behera D, Mohapatra KK, Sethi D, Mandal M, Patra AK, Ravindran B. Juxtaposing the quality of compost and vermicompost produced from organic wastes amended with cow dung. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114119. [PMID: 36007568 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Composting is a propitious technology to change bio-degradable solid waste into organic fertilizers. Considering this, five types of organic waste viz., leaf litter (Tectona grandis), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), cauliflower waste (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), coir pith, and mushroom spent waste were composted with and without the use of earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The reaction (pH) and electrical conductivity of compost and vermicompost ranged from 6.98 to 7.45 and 6.97 to 7.36, 0.11 to 0.21 dSm-1, and 0.11 to 0.25 dSm-1, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand both the compost and vermicompost ranged from 687 to 1170 mg l-1 and 633-980 mg l-1 respectively. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) ranged from, 75 to 121 (c mol (p+) kg-1, and 80 to 127 (c mol (p+) kg-1, respectively. The C:N of compost and vermicompost varied from 16:1 to 33:1 and 12:1 to 19:1, respectively. The organic carbon content was decreased (18.3-38.7%), while secondary and micronutrient contents increased over the initial concentration. The NH4+ and NO3- content of compost and vermicompost ranged from 270 to 510 mg kg-1 and 230-430 mg kg-1, 560 to 105 mg kg-1, and 690-1100 mg kg-1, respectively. The nitrification index (NH4+/NO3-) ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 in composts and 0.3 to 0.6 in vermicomposts. The dehydrogenase and urease activity varied from 685 to 1696 μg g-1 hr-1 and 938-2549 μg TPF g-1 day-1 respectively. The bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes population were 2-3, 0.3-0.7 and 3-8 times more in vermicompost over the corresponding compost. This study confirmed that compared to compost, vermicompost showed better nutrients and microbial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Kumar Patra
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Denish Behera
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Mohapatra
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Debadatta Sethi
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India.
| | - Mitali Mandal
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Alok Kumar Patra
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, South Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Wang W, Liu A, Chen X, Zheng X, Fu W, Wang G, Ji J, Jin C, Guan C. The potential role of betaine in enhancement of microbial-assisted phytoremediation of benzophenone-3 contaminated soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135783. [PMID: 35868529 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is an emerging environmental pollutant used in personal care products, helping to reduce the risk of ultraviolet radiation to human skin. The BP-3 removal potential from soil by tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) assisted with Methylophilus sp. FP-6 was explored in our previous study. However, the reduced BP-3 remediation efficiency by FP-6 in soil and the inhibited plant growth by BP-3 limited the application of this phytoremediation strategy. The aim of the present study was to reveal the potential roles of betaine, as the methyl donor of methylotrophic bacteria and plant regulator, in improving the strain FP-6-assisted phytoremediation capacity of BP-3 contaminated soil. The results revealed that strain FP-6 could use betaine as a co-metabolism substrate to enhance the BP-3 degradation activity. About 97.32% BP-3 in soil was effectively removed in the phytoremediation system using tobacco in combination with FP-6 and betaine for 40 d while the concentration of BP-3 in tobacco significantly reduced. Moreover, the biomass and photosynthetic efficiency of plants were remarkably improved through the combined treatment of betaine and strain FP-6. Simultaneously, inoculation of FP-6 in the presence of betaine stimulated the change of local microbial community structure, which might correlate with the production of a series of hydrolases and reductases involved in soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling processes. Meantime, some of the dominant bacteria could secrete various multiple enzymes involved in degrading organic pollutants, such as laccase, to accelerate the demethylation and hydroxylation of BP-3. Overall, the results from this study proposed that the co-metabolic role of betaine could be utilized to strengthen microbial-assisted phytoremediation process by increasing the degradation ability of methylotrophic bacteria and enhancing plant tolerance to BP-3. The present results provide novel insights and perspectives for broadening the engineering application scope of microbial-assisted phytoremediation of organic pollutants without sacrificing economic crop safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Anran Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiancao Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenting Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jing Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chao Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chunfeng Guan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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IndraKumar Singh S, Singh WR, Bhat SA, Sohal B, Khanna N, Vig AP, Ameen F, Jones S. Vermiremediation of allopathic pharmaceutical industry sludge amended with cattle dung employing Eisenia fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113766. [PMID: 35780853 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to vermiremediate allopathic pharmaceutical industry sludge (AS) amended with cattle dung (CD), in different feed mixtures (AS:CD) i.e (AS0) 0:100 [Positive control], (AS25) 25:75, (AS50) 50:50, (AS75) 75:25 and (AS100) 100:0 [Negative Control] for 180 days using earthworm Eisenia fetida. The earthworms could thrive and grow well up to the AS75 feed mixture. In the final vermicompost, there were significant decreases in electrical conductivity (29.18-18.70%), total organic carbon (47.48-22.39%), total organic matter (47.47-22.36%), and C: N ratio (78.15-54.59%). While, significant increases in pH (9.06-16.47%), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (69.57-139.58%), total available phosphorus (30.30-81.56%), total potassium (8.92-22.22%), and total sodium (50.56-62.12%). The heavy metals like Cr (50-18.60%), Cd (100-75%), Pb (57.14-40%), and Ni (100-50%) were decreased, whereas Zn (8.37-53.77%), Fe (199.03-254.27%), and Cu (12.90-100%) increased significantly. The toxicity of the final vermicompost was shown to be lower in the Genotoxicity analysis, with values ranging between (76-42.33%). The germination index (GI) of Mung bean (Vigna radiata) showed a value ranging between 155.02 and 175.90%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed irregularities with high porosity of texture in the final vermicompost than in initial mixtures. Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra of final vermicompost had low peak intensities than the initial samples. The AS50 feed mixture was the most favorable for the growth and fecundity of Eisenia fetida, emphasizing the role of cattle dung in the vermicomposting process. Thus, it can be inferred that a cost-effective and eco-friendly method (vermicomposting) with the proper amendment of cattle dung and employing Eisenia fetida could transform allopathic sludge into a nutrient-rich, detoxified, stable, and mature vermicompost for agricultural purposes and further could serve as a stepping stone in the allopathic pharmaceutical industry sludge management strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soubam IndraKumar Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Waikhom Roshan Singh
- Manipur Pollution Control Board (MPCB), Imphal West, DC Office Complex, Imphal, 795001, Manipur, India
| | - Sartaj Ahmad Bhat
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Bhawana Sohal
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Namita Khanna
- Department of Physiology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, 151203, Punjab, India
| | - Adarsh Pal Vig
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India; Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB), Vatavaran Bhawan, Nabha Road, Patiala, 147001, Punjab, India.
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumathi Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India
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15
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Ruangjanda S, Iwai CB, Greff B, Chang SW, Ravindran B. Valorization of spent mushroom substrate in combination with agro-residues to improve the nutrient and phytohormone contents of vermicompost. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113771. [PMID: 35798270 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, enormous amounts of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) have been generated because of the rapid development of mushroom production. Since the conventional disposal methods of these residues can cause serious environmental problems, alternative waste management techniques are required to ensure sustainable agriculture. However, SMS might be not suitable for vermicomposting when used alone. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Azolla microphylla (Azolla) biomass, eggshells, fruit peels, and cassava pulp on the biodegradation process of SMS. The results showed the treatments supplemented with cassava pulp and fruit peel waste improved the growth of earthworms, while the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of these vermicomposts decreased significantly (p < 0.05) due to the improved total nitrogen contents (7.64 g kg-1 and 6.71 g kg-1). Concerning the degradation process and the vermicompost quality, the addition of these agro-residues facilitated the enzyme activities (cellulase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase) and increased the total macronutrient (P, K, Mg, and Ca) and phytohormone (fruit peel waste: AA, GA3, and cytokinin; cassava pulp: cytokinin) contents of the final products compared to the control treatment. On the other hand, Azolla had no additional effect on the fecundity and growth of Eudrilus eugenia. Meanwhile, the treatment supplemented with eggshells was high in Mg (7.15 g kg-1) and Ca (305.6 g kg-1). Overall, the combined decomposition of SMS-based bedding material with Azolla, eggshells, fruit peel waste, and cassava pulp resulted in mature organic fertilizers with improved chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supawadee Ruangjanda
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Integrated Land and Water Resource Management Research and Development Center in Northeast Thailand, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
| | - Babett Greff
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Széchenyi István University, 15-17 Lucsony Street, 9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, South Korea
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, South Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Ameen F, Al-Homaidan AA. Treatment of heavy metal-polluted sewage sludge using biochar amendments and vermistabilization. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:861. [PMID: 36214918 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of sewage sludge hampers its recycling. Contaminated sewage sludge was amended with different proportions of biochar and vermistabilized. Biochar produced from wheat straw was added at four proportions (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%). Ten earthworms Eisenia fetida were added, and the sludge was vermistabilized for 60 days. Heavy metal and nutrient concentrations and the accumulation of metals to E. fetida were measured. The treatment with 4% biochar was the most efficient in reducing the concentrations of heavy metals. The concentration of Cd decreased 55%, Cr 28%, Cu 30%, and Pb 21%. The concentrations of plant nutrients increased: total N 43%, total P 92%, and total K 60%. E. fetida accumulated all heavy metals in their internal tissues. The survival and reproductive rate of E. fetida improved during the vermistabilization process. We interpret that the biochar alone did not improve the decomposition process, but the main actors were the earthworms E. fetida. The most efficient proportion of biochar was 4%, not the highest tested (6%). We recommend 4% biochar to be used in the vermistabilization of heavy metal-contaminated municipal sewage sludge. The study benefits both the management of heavy metal-contaminated sewage sludge and agriculture where the final vermistabilization product can be used to improve crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali A Al-Homaidan
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Nie C, Yang J, Sang C, Xia Y, Huang K. Reduction performance of microplastics and their behavior in a vermi-wetland during the recycling of excess sludge: A quantitative assessment for fluorescent polymethyl methacrylate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155005. [PMID: 35381247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of microplastics (MPs) that have accumulated in excess sludge may increase the environmental risk for its subsequent treatment. This study aimed to investigate the performance and mechanism of the reduction of MPs in excess sludge in a vermi-wetland. For this, 1 μm, 100 μm, and 500 μm of fluorescent MPs stained with Nile red were added to raw sludge, and their decreased numbers were quantified during the treatment of sludge. The results showed that the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand and total solids from the excess sludge were 63.44%-90.98% and 37.61%-51.56% in the vermi-wetland, respectively. The numbers of 1 μm, 100 μm, and 500 μm MPs could be reduced by 86.62%-95.69%, 95.44%-99.52%, and 100% in the vermi-wetland, respectively. These results indicate that the vermi-wetland is more effective at eliminating MPs. Further insight into the vermi-wetland stratification was obtained, and more than 74.87% of the MPs were intercepted in the vermicompost layer. Moreover, all the particle sizes of MPs were found in the excrement of earthworms. However, only 1 μm MPs were detected in their digestive organs. This study suggests that the interception effect is primarily responsible for elimination of MPs in excess sludge, and the bioturbation of earthworms plays an important role in the mobilization of MPs in vermi-wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailong Nie
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chunlei Sang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yu Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Kui Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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Ramaswamy J, Solaiappan V, Albasher G, Alamri O, Alsultan N, Sathiasivan K. Process optimization of struvite recovered from slaughterhouse wastewater and its fertilizing efficacy in amendment of biofertilizer. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113011. [PMID: 35288154 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intensive discharge of slaughterhouse waste into water bodies increases Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) in the wastewater and leads to various environmental problems. On the other hand, the increasing treatment effort after the extraction of these valuable nutrients in the commercial fertilizer reduces the dependence on scarce phosphate resources. The viable solution is to recover N, P as struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) from nutrient rich waste water as a small scale treatment unit application. The main parameters that have a significant impact on the process, including pH, Mg: P ratio, and precipitation time, were investigated from slaughterhouse wastewater using a central composite design and the experimental data's were statistically analysed. The results indicated that pH and Mg/P ratio level had a significant impact and thus 85% struvite precipitation efficiency was achieved at 9.6 pH and 1.5 dose mol ratio (mol Mg per mol P), in an inexpensive, stirred tank batch reactor with a retention time of 70 min. The fertilization efficiency was tested on the growth of Solanum melongena L with the obtained struvite and the integration of struvite with the Azospirullum rhizobium and Bacillus megaterium. Treatment of struvite, struvite with Azospirillum rhizobium and Bacillus megaterium increased growth parameters by 10%, 20%, and 25%, respectively, over control. The assessment of growth factors showed the most amazing number of fruits, shoots, and root length in a standard ratio of 60:40 of struvite to bio-inoculants compared to sole struvite fertilizer. Findings of this study would be beneficial to determine the feasibility of slaughterhouse waste as a phosphorus source for struvite recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyalakshmi Ramaswamy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of E & T, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vishali Solaiappan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of E & T, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gadah Albasher
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohoud Alamri
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alsultan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Kiruthika Sathiasivan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of E & T, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Deciphering waste bound nitrogen by employing psychrophillic Aporrectodea caliginosa and priming of coprolites by associated heterotrophic nitrifiers under high altitude Himalayas. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9556. [PMID: 35688921 PMCID: PMC9187671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Himalayan ecosystem is characterized by its fragile climate with rich repositories of biodiversity. Waste collection and disposal are becoming increasingly difficult due to topographical variations. Aporrectodea caligenosa, a versatile psychrophillic soil dweller, is a useful biocatalyst with potent bio-augmented capability for waste treatment at low temperatures. Microcosm experiments were conducted to elucidate the comprehensive nature of biogenic nitrogen transformation to NH4+ and NO3− produced by coupling of earthworm-microbes. Higher biogenic recovery of NH4+-N from coprolites of garden soil (47.73 ± 1.16%) and Himalayan goat manure (86.32 ± 0.92%) with an increment of 14.12 and 47.21% respectively over their respective control (without earthworms) with a linear decline beyond 4th week of incubation was reported. NO3–-N recovery progressively sustained in garden soil and goat manure coprolites during entire incubation with highest 81.81 ± 0.45 and 87.20 ± 1.08 µg-N g−1dry weight recorded in 6th and 5th week of incubation respectively and peak increments as 38.58 and 53.71% relative to respective control (without earthworms). Declined NH4+–N in coprolites at low temperature (15.0 ± 2.0 °C) evidenced increased nitrification rates by taking over the process by abundant nitrifying microbes. Steady de-nitrification with progressive incubation on an average was 16.95 ± 0.46 ng-N g−1 per week and 21.08 ± 0.87 ng-N g−1 per week compared to 14.03 ± 0.58 ng-N g−1 per week and 4.50 ± 0.31 ng-N g−1 per week in respective control treatments. Simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (SHNAD) was found to be a prominent bioprocess at low temperature that resulted in high and stable total nitrogen and nitrate accumulation from garden soil and goat manure with relative recovery efficiency of 11.12%, 14.97% and 14.20%; 19.34%. A. caligenosa shows promising prospects for mass applicability in biogenic N removal from manure of Himalayan goat.
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Jayakumar M, Emana AN, Subbaiya R, Ponraj M, Ashok Kumar KK, Muthusamy G, Kim W, Karmegam N. Detoxification of coir pith through refined vermicomposting engaging Eudrilus eugeniae. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132675. [PMID: 34710456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous coir industrial waste, coir pith has been subjected to 50 days vermicomposting with Eudrilus eugeniae by amending nitrogenous legume plant, Gliricidia sepium together with cattle dung in different combinations, after 21 days precomposting using Pleurotus sajor-caju spawn. An increase in electrical conductivity, total NPK and calcium, and a decrease in organic matter, total organic carbon, C/N ratio, C/P ratio and total phenolic content in the final vermicompost were observed. Dehydrogenase, urease and cellulase activity peaked up to 30 days of vermicomposting and then declined. The phytotoxicity studies with Brassica juncea, C/N ratio and enzyme activities confirmed the stability and maturity of vermicompost. The results also demonstrated that the 2:3:1 ratio (coir pith + Gliricidia sepium + cow dung) is a suitable effective combination for nutrient-rich (N: 2.43%; P: 0.92%; K: 2.09%) vermicompost production. The total phenolic contents declined during the vermicomposting with a lower final content of 21.26 mg/g GAE in 2:3:1 combination of substrates from the initial level (105.56 mg/g GAE). Besides, the concentration of total phenol contents inversely related to the germination index of Brassica juncea (r = -0.761), indicating that the phenolic content could also play an important role in phytotoxicity. Growth and fecundity of Eudrilus eugeniae in 2:3:1 combination revealed the acceptability and rapid decomposition of coir pith substrate into vermifertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdi Nemera Emana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box: 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Mohanadoss Ponraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box: 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Krishna Kumar Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, 600 117, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govarthanan Muthusamy
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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21
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Sofia Vizhimalar A, Vasanthy M, Thamaraiselvi C, Biruntha M, Paul JAJ, Thirupathi A, Chang SW, Xu Z, Al-Rashed S, Munuswamy-Ramanujam G, Ravindran B. Greener production of compost from agricultural biomass residues amended with mule dung for agronomic application. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132561. [PMID: 34653478 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study agro-waste (Agwt) was aerobically composted using cow dung (CD) and mule dung (MD). Totally six different sets of compost treatments were prepared, as T1 (Agwt + CD, 1:1), T2 (Agwt + MD, 1:1), T3 (Agwt + CD, 1:3), T4 (Agwt + MD, 1:3), T5 (Agwt + CD, 3:1) and T6 (Agwt + MD, 3:1) in individual containers. All the compost treatments were degraded for 90 days. The organic wastes in the treatment containers were maintained with proper moisture level. All the final composts reached good manural stability and maturity index after 90 days. Among the six treatments, the T2 with Agwt + MD in 1:1 proportion attained a 10:1 C/N ratio and a near neutral pH (7.3). Indigenous microbes isolated and identified from the T2 compost sample showed protease, cellulase, amylase and lipase activities. The germination of Raphanus sativus L. seeds and vigorous plant growth parameters confirmed the non-pathogenic phytotoxic-free nature of finished composts. The radish crops supplied with T2 compost showed healthy tuber growth parameters (16.6 cm width, 35.6 cm length) compared with other treatments. The results from the experiments established that, the composts derived are eco-friendly amendment to plants and it has also improved the soil fertility due to its stability and maturity index. Thus, the present study concluded that composting agricultural crops waste with animal manure, especially mule dung promoted excellent biodegradation of organic complexes. It is a nature friendly solution for the management of solid waste such as agro-wastes utilizing mule dung.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sofia Vizhimalar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, TamilNadu, India
| | - M Vasanthy
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India
| | - C Thamaraiselvi
- Department of Biotechnology, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, TamilNadu, India.
| | - Muniyandi Biruntha
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Arockia John Paul
- Department of Zoology, Arumugam Pillai Seethai Ammal College, Tiruppattur, 630 211, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Thirupathi
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhi Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Sarah Al-Rashed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ganesh Munuswamy-Ramanujam
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM-IST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Paul S, Goswami L, Pegu R, Kumar Chatterjee S, Sundar Bhattacharya S. Epigenetic regulations enhance adaptability and valorization efficiency in Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae during vermicomposting of textile sludge: Insights on repair mechanisms of metal-induced genetic damage and oxidative stress. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126493. [PMID: 34883193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity-based assessments of vermitechnology for textile-sludge valorization have rarely been attempted. Therefore, waste sanitization and epigenetic stress-regulation efficiency of Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae were evaluated in silk (DSPS) and cotton (CPWS) processing sludge-based vermibeds. Vermicomposting resulted in greater C, N, and P recovery than composting. Earthworm population reduced by 6-50% in DSPS/CPWS, while it significantly increased in cow dung (CD) mixed DSPS/CPWS. The Cr, Cd, Pb, and Zn accumulation efficiency of earthworms was higher in DSPS-based feedstocks than CPWS. However, metal-rich sludge elevated oxidative stress, causing greater inhibition of cell viability and DNA damage in Eudrilus than in Eisenia. Although histo-architecture of chloragogenous tissues was perturbed, earthworms combatted metal-induced lipid peroxidation via the activation of catalase, superoxide-dismutase, and reduced-glutathione. Correlation statistics revealed that genetic integrity in earthworms was restored through DNA-methyltransferase activity, especially in DSPS/CPWS + CD vermibeds. Overall, Eisenia was a healthier choice than Eudrilus for sustainable valorization of textile-sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Paul
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, India
| | - Linee Goswami
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Ratul Pegu
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, India
| | - Subhendu Kumar Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Satya Sundar Bhattacharya
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, India.
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23
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Rajadurai M, Karmegam N, Kannan S, Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R. Vermiremediation of engine oil contaminated soil employing indigenous earthworms, Drawida modesta and Lampito mauritii. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113849. [PMID: 34619586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Engine oil consists of hazardous substances that adversely affect the environment and soil quality. Bioremediation (employing organisms) is an appropriate technique to mitigate engine oil pollution. In the present study, the earthworm species, Drawida modesta (epigeic) and Lampito mauritii (anecic) were used to restore the soil polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) from used engine oil. Four treatments were set up in addition to positive and negative controls. A maximum of 68.6% PAHs and 34.3% TPHs removal in the treatment with soil (1 kg), cow dung (50 g), used engine oil (7.5 mL) and earthworms was recorded after 60 days. Undoubtedly, earthworms effectively removed PAHs and TPHs from the oil-contaminated soil. PAHs were more strongly accumulated in D. modesta (16.25 mg kg-1) than in L. mauritii (13.25 mg kg-1). Further, histological analysis revealed the epidermal surface irregularity, cellular disintegration, and cellular debris in earthworms. The pH (6.3%), electrical conductivity (12.7%), and total organic carbon (35.4%) were significantly (at P < 0.05) decreased after 60 days; while, total nitrogen (62%), total potassium (76.2%), and total phosphorus (19.2%) were substantially increased at the end of the experiment. The seed germination assay with fenugreek indicates that germination percentage (95%), and germination index (179), were dramatically increased in earthworm inoculated treatments when compared to the negative control (without earthworms). The results reveal that there is a great scope for utilizing the earthworms, D. modesta and L. mauritii for the bioremediation of soils contaminated with PAHs and TPHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Rajadurai
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 007, India.
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India.
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24
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Ameen F, Al-Homaidan AA. Improving the efficiency of vermicomposting of polluted organic food wastes by adding biochar and mangrove fungi. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131945. [PMID: 34426272 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vermicomposting of food waste amended with biochar and cow dung was studied during a 90-day composting period. The improvement of the vermicomposting process by adding three mangrove fungal species as additional amendments were studied. The use of mangrove fungi Acrophialophora jodhpurensis as a bio-catalytic actor during vermicomposting proved to be beneficial in terms of final compost quality (available N, P and K) and the shortening of the composting period. All three fungal species, however, reached the neutral pH at the end of the composting period and appeared to be beneficial. Heavy metal (Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr) concentrations decreased throughout the composting process. Food waste can be treated using vermicomposting with biochar, cow dung and the mangrove fungi A. jodhpurensis. The final vermicomposting product is suitable for agricultural use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali A Al-Homaidan
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Zazouli MA, Hezarjaribi HZ, Charati JY, Ahmadnezhad A, Mahvi AH, Asgharnia H. Investigating the effects of vermicomposting process using Eisenia Fetida earthworms on the reduction of parasites population. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1623-1633. [PMID: 34900293 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The existence of parasite agents in natural organic fertilizers can lead to health problems and infection transmission. The aim of the present study was to survey the parasites' population reduction during the vermicomposting of the mixtures of municipal sewage sludge (SS) and cow dung (CD) using E. fetida earthworms. Methods The vermicomposting process was performed by using earthworms of E. fetida species. The composting process was conducted in 27 pilots for 3 months. The identification and counting of the parasites' population were carried out by Mac Master Slide, according to Bailenger method. Results The results indicated that the type and number of parasite elements decreased with increasing vermicomposting time. The cumulative removal percent of parasites for sewage sludge (96.10%) was more than the SS + CD (93.65%) and CD (92.93%) treatments. The results showed that after 90 days of vermicomposting, the highest cumulative reduction in the number of parasites was obtained for the treatments with 40 earthworms (98.48%), while the corresponding value for the treatments without earthworms was (88.66%). The statistical analysis indicated that in terms of the parasite's population, a significant difference was observed for the three kinds of compostable materials (P < 0.05), however, this difference was not significant for the three levels of the earthworms (P > 0.05). Conclusion The results showed that the mixture of sewage sludge and cow dung in combination with sawdust could lead to greater and faster reduction in the parasite's population. In addition, the bio-transformed product can be used as useful manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Zazouli
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Paramedical, Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Jamshid Yazdani Charati
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abbas Ahmadnezhad
- Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosseinali Asgharnia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R. Iran.,Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R. Iran
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26
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Chung WJ, Chang SW, Chaudhary DK, Shin J, Kim H, Karmegam N, Govarthanan M, Chandrasekaran M, Ravindran B. Effect of biochar amendment on compost quality, gaseous emissions and pathogen reduction during in-vessel composting of chicken manure. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131129. [PMID: 34153920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of rapid development in the livestock industry, the production of chicken manure has subsequently increased, which may contribute to environmental pollution. In this regard, in-vessel composting of biochar amended chicken manure and sawdust mixtures was investigated to find out the effect of biochar at the ratios of 0% (control), 3% (T1), 5% (T2), and 10% (T3) on ammonia and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, compost quality, pathogenic contaminants and phytotoxicity. The composting process was performed in 100-L, pilot-scale, plastic, cylindrical vessels for 50 days. The addition of biochar (3%, 5%, and 10%) increased the thermophilic temperature with a significant reduction in gaseous emissions (ammonia and CO2), microbial pathogens (Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.), and phytotoxicity (Lepidium sativum seed germination assay) compared with that of the control compost products. However, according to the obtained results with in-vessel composting, the amendment of 10% biochar showed the most significant effects concerning the quality of the compost nutrients. The study reveals that the addition of biochar during in-vessel chicken manure composting is beneficial in the reduction of gaseous emissions and pathogenic microorganisms apart from improvement in plant nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jin Chung
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University, Sejong Campus, 2511, Sejong-ro, Sejong City, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - JoungDu Shin
- Department of Climate Change and Agro-ecology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, WanJu Gun, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College Autonomous, Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Huang K, Sang C, Guan M, Wu Y, Xia H, Chen Y, Nie C. Performance and stratified microbial community of vermi-filter affected by Acorus calamus and Epipremnum aureum during recycling of concentrated excess sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130609. [PMID: 34162071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vermi-filter combined with wetland plant (VFP) is an eco-friendly and sustainable approach for recycling of excess sludge by joint action of earthworms, wetland plants and microorganisms. However, the effects of wetland plants on sludge decomposition and involved microorganisms are remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of wetland plants on the treatment performance of VFP for concentrated excess sludge and microbial community distribution inside the VFP. The wetland plants' species of Acorus calamus and Epipremnum aureum were separately planted on the surface layer of vermi-reactors by earthworms Eisenia fetida. Results showed that the growth rate of E. fetida in VFPs significantly (P < 0.001) increased by 75%, compared to VF. In addition, the removal rates of total solids and chemical oxygen demand in VFPs could reach 61%-79% and 36%-68%, respectively, displaying a better performance of sludge reduction than in the VF. The surface layer of VFPs was a hotspot for degradation of organic matter, where bacteria played an important role in bio-decomposition rather than eukaryotes. Moreover, wetland plants could significantly (P < 0.001) enrich the eukaryotic population, rather than bacterial population. Compared to the VF, the wetland plants could promote the diversities of bacterial community in VFPs, showing specific functioned genus in different layers. In contrast, A. calamus could be a better candidate than E. aureum in the VFP. This study suggests that the inoculation of wetland plants can improve the performance for treating concentrated excess sludge by changing the biomass of earthworms and the structure of microbial community within the VFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Chunlei Sang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Mengxin Guan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Hui Xia
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yongzhi Chen
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Cailong Nie
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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28
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Sohal B, Singh S, Singh SIK, Bhat SA, Kaur J, Singh J, Vig AP. Comparing the nutrient changes, heavy metals, and genotoxicity assessment before and after vermicomposting of thermal fly ash using Eisenia fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:48154-48170. [PMID: 33904127 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fly ash (FA) is available in an unstable state and can be ameliorated by vermicomposting. The different ratios of FA viz (FA10, FA15, FA20, FA25, FA50, FA75) were mixed with another organic waste, i.e., cattle dung. Supportive effects of FA were seen on the reproductive parameters of the earthworms up to FA25. Some beneficial changes have been reported in pH, EC, TOC, TKN, TAP, TNa, TK, and potentially toxic heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb). The genotoxicity test was performed to assess the toxic effects of the fly ash which has not been done till now. Low genotoxicity potential and high onion root growth were observed in the post-vermicompost samples which were not even reported yet by any other study. These results clearly indicated that the vermicomposting process offers the best option to manage the FA by converting it into an ecofriendly, nutrient-rich, and properly detoxified manure with the help of earthworms which also indicate its economically best-fit applications for the large scale agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Sohal
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Sharanpreet Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | | | | | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Department of Zoology, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Adarsh Pal Vig
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
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29
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Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R, Karmegam N, Ravindran B, Chang SW, Awasthi MK, Kannan S. Activation of biochar through exoenzymes prompted by earthworms for vermibiochar production: A viable resource recovery option for heavy metal contaminated soils and water. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130458. [PMID: 34126688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The industrial revolution and indiscriminate usage of a wide spectrum of agrochemicals account for the dumping of heavy metals in the environment. In-situ/ex-situ physical, chemical, and bioremediation strategies with pros and cons have been adopted for recovering metal contaminated soils and water. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for a cost-effective and environment-friendly technique to combat metal pollution. Biochar combined with earthworms and vermifiltration is a suitable emerging technique for the remediation of metal-polluted soils and water. The chemical substances (e.g., sodium hydroxide, zinc chloride, potassium hydroxide, and phosphoric acid) have been used to activate biochar, which also faces several shortcomings. Studies reveal that extracellular enzymes have been used to activate biochar which is produced by earthworms and microbes that can alter the surface of the biochar. The present review focuses on the global scenario of metal pollution and its remediation through biochar activation using earthworms. The earthworms and biochar can produce "vermibiochar" which is capable of reducing the metal ions from contaminated water and soils. The vermifiltration can be a suitable technology for metal removal from wastewater/effluent. Thus, the biochar has a trick of producing entirely new options at a time when vermifiltration and other technologies are least expected. Further attention to the biochar-assisted vermifiltration of different sources of wastewater is required to be explored for the large-scale utilization of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon, 16227, South Korea; Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon, 16227, South Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
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30
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Das D, Deka H. Vermicomposting of harvested waste biomass of potato crop employing Eisenia fetida: changes in nutrient profile and assessment of the maturity of the end products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35717-35727. [PMID: 33677665 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The vermicomposting potential of waste biomass of potato crops that are generated at the time of harvesting was studied employing Eisenia fetida. The experiment was carried out in pots, and two treatments were applied during the study. In the first treatment, only potato plant biomass (PPB) was taken as the raw materials; whereas in the second treatment, a mixture of PPB with cow dung was engaged in the proportion of 5:1. The vermicomposted materials showed a reduction in C/N ratio, humification index, enhancement in nutrients profiles, ash contents, nitrogen-fixing, phosphate, and potassium solubilizing bacterial population. The macronutrient enhancement in the vermicompost samples was recorded 3.8-4.4-fold for total N, 5-5.6-fold in available P, 1.6-fold in total K, 5.2-6.2-fold in total Ca, and 1.6-fold in total Mg contents. The reduction in C/N was found in the range of 92.5-94.4% in the vermicompost samples. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed higher disintegration in the vermicompost products when compared with initial raw material and compost samples. The addition of cow dung significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of vermicompost final products besides positively affecting the earthworm population and biomass by the end of 60 days of experimental trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimbeswar Das
- Ecology and Environmental Remediation Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-14, Assam, India
| | - Hemen Deka
- Ecology and Environmental Remediation Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-14, Assam, India.
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31
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Wang Z, Chen Z, Niu Y, Ren P, Hao M. Feasibility of vermicomposting for spent drilling fluid from a nature-gas industry employing earthworms Eisenia fetida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 214:111994. [PMID: 33711576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the vermicomposting of spent drilling fluid (SDF) from the nature-gas industry mixed with cow dung in 0% (T1), 20% (T2), 30% (T3), 40% (T4), 50% (T5), and 60% (T6) ratio employing Eisenia fetida under a 6 weeks trial. Eisenia. fetida showed better growth and reproduction performances in the first three vermireactors (T1-T3), and the mortality was higher in the vermireactors that contained more spent drilling fluid (≥40%). Vermicomposting results in a decrease in total organic carbon, C/N ratio, and an increase in EC, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total potassium compared to their initial values. The RadViz and VizRank showed that vermicomposting results in a greater impact on the C/N ratio (15.24-35.48%) and EC (7.29-26.45%) compared to other parameters. Activities of urease and alkaline phosphatase during vermicomposting initially increased and then declined suggesting vermicompost maturity. Also, seed germination, mitotic index and chromosomal abnormality assays using cowpea signified that the vermicomposts T2 is suitable for agricultural use due to the lower phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity. The results indicated that SDF could be converted into good quality manure by vermicomposting if mixed up to 20% with cow dung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhikun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource & Biotech Application, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuhua Niu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Ren
- Research Institute of Oil and Gas Technology, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Branch, Xi'an 710200, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingde Hao
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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32
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Yuvaraj A, Govarthanan M, Karmegam N, Biruntha M, Kumar DS, Arthanari M, Govindarajan RK, Tripathi S, Ghosh S, Kumar P, Kannan S, Thangaraj R. Metallothionein dependent-detoxification of heavy metals in the agricultural field soil of industrial area: Earthworm as field experimental model system. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:129240. [PMID: 33341732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms are known to reclaim soil contamination and maintain soil health. In the present study, the concentration of DTPA extractable heavy metals, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn in vermicasts and tissues of the earthworms (anecic: Lampito mauritii; epigeic: Drawida sulcata) collected from the soils of four different industrial sites, Site-I (Sago industry), Site-II (Chemplast industry), Site-III (Dairy industry) and Site-IV (Dye industry) have been studied. The heavy metals in industrial soils recorded were 0.01-326.42 mg kg-1 with higher Cu, Cr, and Zn contents while the vermicasts showed lower heavy metal loads with improved physicochemical properties and elevated humic substances. The higher humic substances dramatically decreased the heavy metals in the soil. The bioaccumulation factors of heavy metals (mg kg-1) are in the order: Zn (54.50) > Cu (17.43) > Cr (4.54) > Pb (2.24) > Cd (2.12). The greatest amount of metallothionein protein (nmol g-1) was recorded in earthworms from Site-IV (386.76) followed by Site-III (322.14), Site-II (245.82), and Site-I (232.21). Drawida sulcata can produce a considerable amount of metallothionein protein than Lampito mauritii as the metallothionein production is dependent upon the presence of pollutants. The molecular docking analysis indicates a binding score of 980 for Cd, Cr and Cu, and 372 for Zn. Pb may bind with a non-metallothionein protein of earthworms and bio-accumulated in the internal chloragogenous tissues. Metallothionein neutralizes the metal toxicity and controls the ingestion of essential elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 007, India
| | - Muniyandi Biruntha
- Vermitechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | | | - Mohan Arthanari
- Department of Zoology, Kandaswami Kandar's College, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, 638 182, India
| | - Rasiravathanahalli Kaveriyappan Govindarajan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control and Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Sudipta Tripathi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Institute of Agricultural Science, University of Calcutta Baruipur, Kolkata, 700 144, India
| | - Swayambhu Ghosh
- Soils Department, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, Assam, 785 008, India
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India.
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Deepthi MP, Kathireswari P, Rini J, Saminathan K, Karmegam N. Vermitransformation of monogastric Elephas maximus and ruminant Bos taurus excrements into vermicompost using Eudrilus eugeniae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124302. [PMID: 33129096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of monogastric (Elephas maximus) and ruminant (Bos taurus) excrements with Eudrilus eugeniae was assessed by establishing five different treatments in triplicate: 100% elephant dung (T1), 50% elephant dung + 50% garden soil (T2), 50% elephant dung + 50% cow dung (T3), 100% cow dung (T4) and 50% cow dung + 50% garden soil (T5) and maintained for 90 days under experimental conditions. An increment of macronutrients and reduction of C/N ratio (<20) in the vermicomposts was recorded, where T3 presented higher NPK contents with the relative nutrient recovery efficiency of 1.65, 2.94 and 1.76, respectively. Cycle I (45 days) endorsed cocoons and juveniles, while Cycle II (90 days) supported sub-adults and adults. Seed germination and 28 days growth studies with Vigna unguiculata signified that the vermicomposts were phytotoxicity-free. The binary ratio in T3 (1:1) is suitable for the biotransformation of elephant dung into advantageous vermicompost with Eudrilus eugeniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madathil Peedika Deepthi
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Kathireswari
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Joseph Rini
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kulandaivel Saminathan
- Department of Chemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ravindran B, Karmegam N, Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R, Chang SW, Zhang Z, Kumar Awasthi M. Cleaner production of agriculturally valuable benignant materials from industry generated bio-wastes: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124281. [PMID: 33099155 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bio-wastes from different agro-based industries are increasing at a rapid rate with the growing human population's demand for the products. The industries procure raw materials largely from agriculture, finish it with the required major product, and produce huge bio-wastes which are mostly disposed unscientifically. This creates serious environmental problems and loss of resources and nutrients. Traditional bio-wastes disposal possess several demerits which again return with negative impact over the eco-system. Anaerobic digestion, composting, co-composting, and vermicomposting are now-a-days given importance due to the improved and modified methods with enhanced transformation of bio-wastes into suitable soil amendments. The advanced and modified methods like biochar assisted composting and vermicomposting is highlighted with the updated knowledge in the field. Hence, the present study has been carried to compile the effective and efficient methods of utilizing industry generated bio-wastes for circularity between agriculture - industrial sectors to promote sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon 16227, South Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S W Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon 16227, South Korea
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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