1
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Mulvihill CJ, Lutgens JD, Gollihar JD, Bachanová P, Tramont C, Marcotte EM, Ellington AD, Gardner EC. A Humanized CB1R Yeast Biosensor Enables Facile Screening of Cannabinoid Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6060. [PMID: 38892247 PMCID: PMC11173002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Yeast expression of human G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be used as a biosensor platform for the detection of pharmaceuticals. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) is of particular interest, given the cornucopia of natural and synthetic cannabinoids being explored as therapeutics. We show for the first time that engineering the N-terminus of CB1R allows for efficient signal transduction in yeast, and that engineering the sterol composition of the yeast membrane modulates its performance. Using an engineered cannabinoid biosensor, we demonstrate that large libraries of synthetic cannabinoids and terpenes can be quickly screened to elucidate known and novel structure-activity relationships. The biosensor strains offer a ready platform for evaluating the activity of new synthetic cannabinoids, monitoring drugs of abuse, and developing therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen J. Mulvihill
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA (C.T.)
| | - Joshua D. Lutgens
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA (C.T.)
| | - Jimmy D. Gollihar
- Antibody Discovery and Accelerated Protein Therapeutics, Center for Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Petra Bachanová
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA (C.T.)
| | - Caitlin Tramont
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA (C.T.)
| | - Edward M. Marcotte
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA (C.T.)
| | - Andrew D. Ellington
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA (C.T.)
| | - Elizabeth C. Gardner
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA (C.T.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
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2
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Kim AT, Li S, Kim Y, You YJ, Park Y. Food preference-based screening method for identification of effectors of substance use disorders using Caenorhabditis elegans. Life Sci 2024; 345:122580. [PMID: 38514005 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) affects over 48 million Americans aged 12 and over. Thus, identifying novel chemicals contributing to SUD will be critical for developing efficient prevention and mitigation strategies. Considering the complexity of the actions and effects of these substances on human behavior, a high-throughput platform using a living organism is ideal. We developed a quick and easy screening assay using Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans prefers high-quality food (Escherichia coli HB101) over low-quality food (Bacillus megaterium), with a food preference index of approximately 0.2, defined as the difference in the number of worms at E. coli HB101 and B. megaterium over the total worm number. The food preference index was significantly increased by loperamide, a μ-opioid receptor (MOPR) agonist, and decreased by naloxone, a MOPR antagonist. These changes depended on npr-17, a C. elegans homolog of opioid receptors. In addition, the food preference index was significantly increased by arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide, a cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) agonist, and decreased by rimonabant, a CB1R inverse agonist. These changes depended on npr-19, a homolog of CB1R. These results suggest that the conserved opioid and endocannabinoid systems modulate the food preference behaviors of C. elegans. Finally, the humanoid C. elegans strains where npr-17 was replaced with human MOPR and where npr-19 was replaced with human CB1R phenocopied the changes in food preference by the drug treatment. Together, the current results show that this method can be used to rapidly screen the potential effectors of MOPR and CB1R to yield results highly translatable to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Taehwan Kim
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sida Li
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yoo Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Young-Jai You
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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3
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Beldarrain G, Chillida M, Hilario E, Herrero de la Parte B, Álvarez A, Alonso-Alconada D. URB447 Is Neuroprotective in Both Male and Female Rats after Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia and Enhances Neurogenesis in Females. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1607. [PMID: 38338884 PMCID: PMC10855747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The need for new and effective treatments for neonates suffering from hypoxia-ischemia is urgent, as the only implemented therapy in clinics is therapeutic hypothermia, only effective in 50% of cases. Cannabinoids may modulate neuronal development and brain plasticity, but further investigation is needed to better describe their implication as a neurorestorative therapy after neonatal HI. The cannabinoid URB447, a CB1 antagonist/CB2 agonist, has previously been shown to reduce brain injury after HI, but it is not clear whether sex may affect its neuroprotective and/or neurorestorative effect. Here, URB447 strongly reduced brain infarct, improved neuropathological score, and augmented proliferative capacity and neurogenic response in the damaged hemisphere. When analyzing these effects by sex, URB447 ameliorated brain damage in both males and females, and enhanced cell proliferation and the number of neuroblasts only in females, thus suggesting a neuroprotective effect in males and a double neuroprotective/neurorestorative effect in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorane Beldarrain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marc Chillida
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Enrique Hilario
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Borja Herrero de la Parte
- Department of Surgery and Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Antonia Álvarez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Daniel Alonso-Alconada
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
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4
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Qiu Y, Zhao Y, Hu T, Yang M, Li F, Li C, Gu W, Yang X, Zhao S, Tao H. Development of Yin-Yang ligand for cannabinoid receptors. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106377. [PMID: 36731294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors (CBs), including CB1 and CB2, are the key components of a lipid signaling endocannabinoid system (ECS). Development of synthetic cannabinoids has been attractive to modulate ECS functions. CB1 and CB2 are structurally closely related subtypes but with distinct functions. While most efforts focus on the development of selective ligands for single subtype to circumvent the undesired off-target effect, Yin-Yang ligands with opposite pharmacological activities simultaneously on two subtypes, offer unique therapeutic potential. Herein we report the development of a new Yin-Yang ligand which functions as an antagonist for CB1 and concurrently an agonist for CB2. We found that in the pyrazole-cored scaffold, the arm of N1-phenyl group could be a switch, modification of which yielded various ligands with distinct activities. As such, the ortho-morpholine substitution exerted the desired Yin-Yang bifunctionality which, based on the docking study and molecular dynamic simulation, was proposed to be resulted from the hydrogen bonding with S173 and S285 in CB1 and CB2, respectively. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of structure guided ligand evolution for challenging Yin-Yang ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Qiu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yitian Zhao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Hu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Meifang Yang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fei Li
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Cuixia Li
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Weiliang Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Houchao Tao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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5
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Hourtoule M, Miesch L. Silver-Catalyzed Domino Reaction of CF 3-Substituted N-Allenamides with Primary Amines for the Construction of 2-Amido-5-fluoropyrroles. Org Lett 2023; 25:1727-1731. [PMID: 36877000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
We report herein a domino reaction to construct 2-amido-5-fluoropyrroles from CF3-substituted N-allenamides. The in situ generated gem-difluorinated ene-ynamides derived from CF3-substituted N-allenamides, when subjected to silver catalysis with a primary amine, undergo simultaneous hydroamination of the ynamide moiety followed by a 5-endo-trig addition/β-fluoride elimination sequence, enabling the construction of 2-amido-5-fluoropyrroles. This transformation features excellent functional group compatibility. By employing 2-aminophenols, functionalized benzo-oxazoles were produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Hourtoule
- Equipe Synthèse Organique et Phytochimie, Institut de Chimie, CNRS-UdS, UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Miesch
- Equipe Synthèse Organique et Phytochimie, Institut de Chimie, CNRS-UdS, UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081 Strasbourg, France
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6
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Agostini M, Favretto D, Renzoni C, Vogliardi S, Duranti A. Characterization of URB Series Synthetic Cannabinoids by HRMS and UHPLC-MS/MS. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:201. [PMID: 37259350 PMCID: PMC9966132 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A large number of synthetic cannabinoids are included in new psychoactive substances (NPS) and constitute an open research area in analytical pharmaceutical and toxicology when methods are needed to unambiguously identify these substances and their metabolites in biological fluids. A full molecular characterization of five synthetic molecules of the URB series that is able to interact with the endocannabinoid system was achieved with a high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in positive ion electrospray ionization and collisional experiments on the protonated parent ions, obtaining characteristic fragmentation patterns. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole (UHPLC-MS/MS) has also been used, which can help develop methods for screening and confirming synthetic cannabinoids in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Agostini
- Laboratory of Toxicology AST1, Via Lombroso 15, 61122 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Donata Favretto
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Caterina Renzoni
- Laboratory of Toxicology AST1, Via Lombroso 15, 61122 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Susanna Vogliardi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Marzolo 5, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
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Duranti A, Beldarrain G, Álvarez A, Sbriscia M, Carloni S, Balduini W, Alonso-Alconada D. The Endocannabinoid System as a Target for Neuroprotection/Neuroregeneration in Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010028. [PMID: 36672536 PMCID: PMC9855621 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (EC) system is a complex cell-signaling system that participates in a vast number of biological processes since the prenatal period, including the development of the nervous system, brain plasticity, and circuit repair. This neuromodulatory system is also involved in the response to endogenous and environmental insults, being of special relevance in the prevention and/or treatment of vascular disorders, such as stroke and neuroprotection after neonatal brain injury. Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia leading to neonatal encephalopathy is a devastating condition with no therapeutic approach apart from moderate hypothermia, which is effective only in some cases. This overview, therefore, gives a current description of the main components of the EC system (including cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and related enzymes), to later analyze the EC system as a target for neonatal neuroprotection with a special focus on its neurogenic potential after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Duranti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (D.A.-A.); Tel.: +39-0722-303501 (A.D.); +34-946-013294 (D.A.-A.)
| | - Gorane Beldarrain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Antonia Álvarez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Matilde Sbriscia
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Silvia Carloni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Walter Balduini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Daniel Alonso-Alconada
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (D.A.-A.); Tel.: +39-0722-303501 (A.D.); +34-946-013294 (D.A.-A.)
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8
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Benedicto A, Arteta B, Duranti A, Alonso-Alconada D. The Synthetic Cannabinoid URB447 Exerts Antitumor and Antimetastatic Effect in Melanoma and Colon Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101166. [PMID: 36297277 PMCID: PMC9606960 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is widespread through the body and carries out a wide variety of functions. However, its involvement in other pathologies, such as cancer, still needs further attention. We aim to investigate the role of CB2 receptor during melanoma and colorectal cancer (CRC) aggressiveness and metastatic growth in the liver. We used the synthetic cannabinoid URB447, a known CB2 agonist and CB1 antagonist drug, and studied prometastatic ability of mouse B16 melanoma and MCA38 CRC cells, by means of proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration and matrix degradation in vitro upon URB447 treatment. We reported a dose-dependent viability decrease in both tumor types. This result is partly mediated by apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest in G1/G0 phase, as observed through flow cytometry. Melanoma and CRC cell migration was affected in a dose-dependent fashion as observed through scratch assay, whereas the secretion of matrix degrading proteins metalloprotease 2 (MMP2) and 9 (MMP9) in tumor cells did not significantly change. Moreover, daily treatment of tumor bearing mice with URB447 decreased the development of liver metastasis in a melanoma model in vivo. This proof of concept study points out to the synthetic cannabinoid URB447 as a potential candidate for deeper studies to confirm its potential as antitumor therapy and liver metastasis treatment for CRC and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Benedicto
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Arteta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Daniel Alonso-Alconada
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-946013294
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9
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A Facile One-Pot Synthesis of New Poly Functionalized Pyrrolotriazoles via a Regioselective Multicomponent Cyclisation and Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The first access to N-1, N-4 disubstituted pyrrolo[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazoles is reported. The series were generated using a “one-pot” MCR, leading to a single regioisomer of the attempted heteroaromatic skeleton in good yields. Next, the functionalization of C-5 and C-6 positions was investigated. (Het)aryl groups were introduced at the C-5 and C-6 positions of the pyrrolo[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazoles using regioselective electrophilic brominations followed by Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling reactions. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions were optimized and a representative library of various boronic acids was employed to establish the scope and limitations of the method.
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Gharpure SJ, Kumari S. Protecting Group-Dependent Synthesis of Densely Substituted Dihydropyrroles v/s Pyrroles via 5 -Exo-trig Cascade Radical Cyclization to Alkynyl Vinylogous Carbamates. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6781-6793. [PMID: 35544612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Densely substituted dihydropyrroles could be synthesized with excellent diastereoselectivity via 5-exo-trig cascade radical cyclization to alkynyl vinylogous carbamates. N-Alkyl/acyl protected alkynyl vinylogous carbamates upon radical cyclization using thiophenol gave substituted pyrroles as against dihydropyrroles, which were formed with N-sulfonyl protecting groups. This enabled a rare example wherein both dihydropyrrole and pyrrole rings are assembled in the same reaction. This strategy could be used for the synthesis of an unprecedented adjacent polyheterocyclic system having a furan-thiophene-pyrrole motif. When vinylogous carbamate is embedded in the isoindole moiety, a pyridoisoindole derivative was formed with excellent diastereoselectivity, instead of the expected pyrroloisoindole product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh J Gharpure
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sanyog Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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11
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The Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 (CB 1) as a Molecular Target for Modulating Body Weight in Man. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206178. [PMID: 34684760 PMCID: PMC8538448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor regulates appetite and body weight; however, unwanted central side effects of both agonists (in wasting disorders) or antagonists (in obesity and diabetes) have limited their therapeutic utility. At the peripheral level, CB1 receptor activation impacts the energy balance of mammals in a number of different ways: inhibiting satiety and emesis, increasing food intake, altering adipokine and satiety hormone levels, altering taste sensation, decreasing lipolysis (fat break down), and increasing lipogenesis (fat generation). The CB1 receptor also plays an important role in the gut–brain axis control of appetite and satiety. The combined effect of peripheral CB1 activation is to promote appetite, energy storage, and energy preservation (and the opposite is true for CB1 antagonists). Therefore, the next generation of CB1 receptor medicines (agonists and antagonists, and indirect modulators of the endocannabinoid system) have been peripherally restricted to mitigate these issues, and some of these are already in clinical stage development. These compounds also have demonstrated potential in other conditions such as alcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetic nephropathy (peripherally restricted CB1 antagonists) and pain conditions (peripherally restricted CB1 agonists and FAAH inhibitors). This review will discuss the mechanisms by which peripheral CB1 receptors regulate body weight, and the therapeutic utility of peripherally restricted drugs in the management of body weight and beyond.
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12
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de Ceglia M, Decara J, Gaetani S, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Obesity as a Condition Determined by Food Addiction: Should Brain Endocannabinoid System Alterations Be the Cause and Its Modulation the Solution? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101002. [PMID: 34681224 PMCID: PMC8538206 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disorder, and the number of people affected is growing every day. In recent years, research has confirmed the hypothesis that food addiction is a determining factor in obesity. Food addiction is a behavioral disorder characterized by disruptions in the reward system in response to hedonic eating. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in the central and peripheral control of food intake and reward-related behaviors. Moreover, both obesity and food addiction have been linked to impairments in the ECS function in various brain regions integrating peripheral metabolic signals and modulating appetite. For these reasons, targeting the ECS could be a valid pharmacological therapy for these pathologies. However, targeting the cannabinoid receptors with inverse agonists failed when used in clinical contexts as a consequence of the induction of affective disorders. In this context, new classes of drugs acting either on CB1 and/or CB2 receptors or on synthetic and degradation enzymes of endogenous cannabinoids are being studied. However, further investigation is necessary to find safe and effective treatments that can exert anti-obesity effects, normalizing reward-related behaviors without causing important adverse mood effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa de Ceglia
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.d.C.); (F.R.d.F.)
| | - Juan Decara
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.d.C.); (F.R.d.F.)
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13
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Han JH, Kim W. Peripheral CB1R as a modulator of metabolic inflammation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21232. [PMID: 33715173 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001960r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation in insulin-sensitive tissues, including liver and adipose tissue, and causes hormonal/metabolic complications, such as insulin resistance. There is growing evidence that peripheral cannabinoid-type 1 receptor (CB1R) is a crucial participant in obesity-induced pro-inflammatory responses in insulin-target tissues, and its selective targeting could be a novel therapeutic strategy to break the link between insulin resistance and metabolic inflammation. In this review, we introduce the role of peripheral CB1R in metabolic inflammation and as a mediator of hormonal/metabolic complications that underlie metabolic syndrome, including fatty liver, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of second- and third-generation peripherally restricted CB1R antagonists for treating obesity-induced metabolic inflammation without eliciting central CB1R-mediated neurobehavioral effects, predictive of neuropsychiatric side effects, in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Han
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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14
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Ye C, Jiao Y, Chiou MF, Li Y, Bao H. Direct synthesis of pentasubstituted pyrroles and hexasubstituted pyrrolines from propargyl sulfonylamides and allenamides. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9162-9167. [PMID: 34276946 PMCID: PMC8261710 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02090k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisubstituted pyrroles are important fragments that appear in many bioactive small molecule scaffolds. Efficient synthesis of multisubstituted pyrroles with different substituents from easily accessible starting materials is challenging. Herein, we describe a metal-free method for the preparation of pentasubstituted pyrroles and hexasubstituted pyrrolines with different substituents and a free amino group by a base-promoted cascade addition-cyclization of propargylamides or allenamides with trimethylsilyl cyanide. This method would complement previous methods and support expansion of the toolbox for the synthesis of valuable, but previously inaccessible, highly substituted pyrroles and pyrrolines. Mechanistic studies to elucidate the reaction pathway have been conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 People's Republic of China
| | - Yihang Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 People's Republic of China
| | - Mong-Feng Chiou
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Bao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
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15
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DiPatrizio NV. Endocannabinoids and the Gut-Brain Control of Food Intake and Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041214. [PMID: 33916974 PMCID: PMC8067588 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut-brain signaling controls food intake and energy homeostasis, and its activity is thought to be dysregulated in obesity. We will explore new studies that suggest the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in the upper gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in controlling gut-brain neurotransmission carried by the vagus nerve and the intake of palatable food and other reinforcers. A focus will be on studies that reveal both indirect and direct interactions between eCB signaling and vagal afferent neurons. These investigations identify (i) an indirect mechanism that controls nutrient-induced release of peptides from the gut epithelium that directly interact with corresponding receptors on vagal afferent neurons, and (ii) a direct mechanism via interactions between eCBs and cannabinoid receptors expressed on vagal afferent neurons. Moreover, the impact of diet-induced obesity on these pathways will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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16
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Rohbeck E, Eckel J, Romacho T. Cannabinoid Receptors in Metabolic Regulation and Diabetes. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:102-113. [PMID: 33595385 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00029.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for developing effective drugs to combat the obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus epidemics. The endocannabinoid system plays a major role in energy homeostasis. It comprises the cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), endogenous ligands called endocannabinoids and their metabolizing enzymes. Because the CB1 receptor is overactivated in metabolic alterations, pharmacological blockade of the CB1 receptor arose as a promising candidate to treat obesity. However, because of the wide distribution of CB1 receptors in the central nervous system, their negative central effects halted further therapeutic use. Although the CB2 receptor is mostly peripherally expressed, its role in metabolic homeostasis remains unclear. This review discusses the potential of CB1 and CB2 receptors at the peripheral level to be therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases. We focus on the impact of pharmacological intervention and/or silencing on peripheral cannabinoid receptors in organs/tissues relevant for energy homeostasis. Moreover, we provide a perspective on novel therapeutic strategies modulating these receptors. Targeting CB1 with peripherally restricted antagonists, neutral antagonists, inverse agonists, or monoclonal antibodies could represent successful strategies. CB2 agonism has shown promising results at preclinical level. Beyond classic antagonism and agonism targeting orthosteric sites, the recently described crystal structures of CB1 and CB2 open new possibilities for therapeutic interventions with negative and positive allosteric modulators. The challenge of simultaneously targeting CB1 and CB2 might be possible by developing dual-steric ligands. The future will tell whether these promising strategies result in a renaissance of the cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rohbeck
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Juergen Eckel
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tania Romacho
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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What Role Does the Endocannabinoid System Play in the Pathogenesis of Obesity? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020373. [PMID: 33530406 PMCID: PMC7911032 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an endogenous signaling system formed by specific receptors (cannabinoid type 1 and type 2 (CB1 and CB2)), their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), and enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation. The ECS, centrally and peripherally, is involved in various physiological processes, including regulation of energy balance, promotion of metabolic process, food intake, weight gain, promotion of fat accumulation in adipocytes, and regulation of body homeostasis; thus, its overactivity may be related to obesity. In this review, we try to explain the role of the ECS and the impact of genetic factors on endocannabinoid system modulation in the pathogenesis of obesity, which is a global and civilizational problem affecting the entire world population regardless of age. We also emphasize that the search for potential new targets for health assessment, treatment, and the development of possible therapies in obesity is of great importance.
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18
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Koronatov AN, Afanaseva KK, Sakharov PA, Rostovskii NV, Khlebnikov AF, Novikov MS. Rh(ii)-Catalyzed denitrogenative 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole-1-alkyl-1,2,3-triazole cross-coupling as a route to 3-sulfonamido-1H-pyrroles and 1,2,3-triazol-3-ium ylides. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01571g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of 1-alkyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles with rhodium(ii) azavinyl carbenes, generated from 1-sulfonyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles, was utilized to prepare 3-sulfonamido-1H-pyrroles and 1,2,3-triazol-3-ium ylides in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pavel A. Sakharov
- St Petersburg State University
- Institute of Chemistry
- St Petersburg
- Russia
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19
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Sholler DJ, Huestis MA, Amendolara B, Vandrey R, Cooper ZD. Therapeutic potential and safety considerations for the clinical use of synthetic cannabinoids. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 199:173059. [PMID: 33086126 PMCID: PMC7725960 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was isolated and synthesized in the 1960s. Since then, two synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) targeting the cannabinoid 1 (CB1R) and 2 (CB2R) receptors were approved for medical use based on clinical safety and efficacy data: dronabinol (synthetic THC) and nabilone (synthetic THC analog). To probe the function of the endocannabinoid system further, hundreds of investigational compounds were developed; in particular, agonists with (1) greater CB1/2R affinity relative to THC and (2) full CB1/2R agonist activity. This pharmacological profile may pose greater risks for misuse and adverse effects relative to THC, and these SCBs proliferated in retail markets as legal alternatives to cannabis (e.g., novel psychoactive substances [NPS], "Spice," "K2"). These SCBs were largely outlawed in the U.S., but blanket policies that placed all SCB chemicals into restrictive control categories impeded research progress into novel mechanisms for SCB therapeutic development. There is a concerted effort to develop new, therapeutically useful SCBs that target novel pharmacological mechanisms. This review highlights the potential therapeutic efficacy and safety considerations for unique SCBs, including CB1R partial and full agonists, peripherally-restricted CB1R agonists, selective CB2R agonists, selective CB1R antagonists/inverse agonists, CB1R allosteric modulators, endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme inhibitors, and cannabidiol. We propose promising directions for SCB research that may optimize therapeutic efficacy and diminish potential for adverse events, for example, peripherally-restricted CB1R antagonists/inverse agonists and biased CB1/2R agonists. Together, these strategies could lead to the discovery of new, therapeutically useful SCBs with reduced negative public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Sholler
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Amendolara
- UCLA Cannabis Research Initiative, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ziva D Cooper
- UCLA Cannabis Research Initiative, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Mamedov VA, Khafizova EA, Algaeva NE, Latypov SK, Sinyashin OG. Acid-Catalyzed Multicomponent Rearrangements via 2-((Quinoxalin-3(4 H)-on-2-yl)(aryl)methylene)malononitriles, Generated In Situ, for Divergent Synthesis of Pyrroles with Different Substitution Patterns. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9887-9904. [PMID: 32588636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New three-component domino reactions, providing divergent approaches to multifunctionalized pyrroles with different substitution patterns, have been established (47 examples). In this work, a new rearrangement of quinoxalinones with the participation of the in situ-generated 2-en-1-imine moiety of the substituent at C3 makes it possible to construct two new heterocyclic systems, namely, a benzimidazolone and a pyrrole, simultaneously under one-pot reaction conditions. The reaction is easy to perform simply by mixing three common reactants of acetic acid with heating. Secondary amines or primary alcohols as the third component of the reaction, along with quinoxalin-3(4H)-ones and malononitrile, not only initiate the rearrangement but also are responsible for the nature of substituents at position 5 of the pyrrole ring in the newly formed new biheterocyclic system. The reaction proceeds smoothly and can be finished within 7 h, which makes workup convenient to give up to 97% chemical yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vakhid A Mamedov
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, RFC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Elena A Khafizova
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, RFC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Nataliya E Algaeva
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, RFC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Shamil K Latypov
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, RFC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg G Sinyashin
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, RFC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
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21
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Carloni S, Crinelli R, Palma L, Álvarez FJ, Piomelli D, Duranti A, Balduini W, Alonso-Alconada D. The Synthetic Cannabinoid URB447 Reduces Brain Injury and the Associated White Matter Demyelination after Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1291-1299. [PMID: 32271539 PMCID: PMC7997380 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
The number of functions controlled
by the endocannabinoid system
in health and disease continues growing over the years. In the brain,
these include the modulation of harmful events such as glutamate excitotoxicity,
oxidative stress, and inflammation, mainly regulated by activation/blockade
of CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptors. In the present
work, we evaluated the capacity of the CB1 antagonist/CB2 agonist synthetic cannabinoid URB447 on reducing neurodegeneration
after brain injury. By using a model of hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in neonatal
rats, we found that URB447 strongly reduced brain injury when administered
before HI. A comparable effect was observed with the CB1 antagonist SR141716A, whereas the CB1 agonist WIN-55,212-2
reduced the effect of URB447. When administered 3 h after HI, which
is considered a clinically feasible therapeutic window to treat perinatal
brain injury in humans, URB447 reduced neurodegeneration and white
matter damage. Markers of astrogliosis and microglial activation also
appeared reduced. These results confirm the important role played
by the endocannabinoid system in the neurodegenerative process and
strongly encourage further research into the mechanisms of URB447-induced
neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carloni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Rita Crinelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Linda Palma
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francisco J. Álvarez
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Walter Balduini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Daniel Alonso-Alconada
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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22
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Quarta C, Cota D. Anti-obesity therapy with peripheral CB1 blockers: from promise to safe(?) practice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:2179-2193. [PMID: 32317751 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological blockers of the cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1) have been considered for a long time as the holy grail of obesity pharmacotherapy. These agents were hastily released in the clinical setting, due to their clear-cut therapeutic efficacy. However, the first generation of these drugs, which were able to target both the brain and peripheral tissues, had serious neuropsychiatric effects, leading authorities to ban their clinical use. New peripherally restricted CB1 blockers, characterized by low brain penetrance, have been developed over the past 10 years. In preclinical studies, these molecules seem to overcome the neuropsychiatric negative effects previously observed with brain-penetrant CB1 inhibitors, while retaining or even outperforming their efficacy. The mechanisms of action of these peripherally restricted compounds are only beginning to emerge, and a balanced discussion of the risk/benefits ratio associated to their possible clinical use is urgently needed, in order to avoid repeating past mistakes. Here, we will critically discuss the advantages and the possible hidden threats associated with the use of peripheral CB1 blockers for the pharmacotherapy of obesity and its associated metabolic complications. We will address whether this novel pharmacological approach might 'compete' with current pharmacotherapies for obesity and diabetes, while also conceptualizing future CB1-based pharmacological trends that may significantly lower the risk/benefits ratio associated with the use of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Quarta
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Daniela Cota
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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23
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The therapeutic potential of second and third generation CB1R antagonists. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Argueta DA, Perez PA, Makriyannis A, DiPatrizio NV. Cannabinoid CB 1 Receptors Inhibit Gut-Brain Satiation Signaling in Diet-Induced Obesity. Front Physiol 2019; 10:704. [PMID: 31281260 PMCID: PMC6597959 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut-brain signaling controls feeding behavior and energy homeostasis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms and impact of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on these pathways are poorly defined. We tested the hypothesis that elevated endocannabinoid activity at cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1Rs) in the gut of mice rendered DIO by chronic access to a high fat and sucrose diet for 60 days inhibits nutrient-induced release of satiation peptides and promotes overeating. Immunoreactivity for CB1Rs was present in enteroendocrine cells in the mouse’s upper small-intestinal epithelium that produce and secrete the satiation peptide, cholecystokinin (CCK), and expression of mRNA for CB1Rs was greater in these cells when compared to non-CCK producing cells. Oral gavage of corn oil increased levels of bioactive CCK (CCK-8) in plasma from mice fed a low fat no-sucrose diet. Pretreatment with the cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN55,212-2, blocked this response, which was reversed by co-administration with the peripherally-restricted CB1R neutral antagonist, AM6545. Furthermore, monoacylglycerol metabolic enzyme function was dysregulated in the upper small-intestinal epithelium from DIO mice, which was met with increased levels of a variety of monoacylglycerols including the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol. Corn oil failed to affect levels of CCK in DIO mouse plasma; however, pretreatment with AM6545 restored the ability for corn oil to stimulate increases in levels of CCK, which suggests that elevated endocannabinoid signaling at small intestinal CB1Rs in DIO mice inhibits nutrient-induced CCK release. Moreover, the hypophagic effect of AM6545 in DIO mice was reversed by co-administration with the CCKA receptor antagonist, devazepide. Collectively, these results provide evidence that hyperphagia associated with DIO is driven by a mechanism that includes CB1R-mediated inhibition of gut-brain satiation signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan A Argueta
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Pedro A Perez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | | | - Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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25
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Cannabis: From a Plant That Modulates Feeding Behaviors toward Developing Selective Inhibitors of the Peripheral Endocannabinoid System for the Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050275. [PMID: 31096702 PMCID: PMC6563239 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the role of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in regulating energy and metabolic homeostasis. Endocannabinoids, via activating the cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R), are commonly known as mediators of the thrifty phenotype hypothesis due to their activity in the central nervous system, which in turn regulates food intake and underlies the development of metabolic syndrome. Indeed, these findings led to the clinical testing of globally acting CB1R blockers for obesity and various metabolic complications. However, their therapeutic potential was halted due to centrally mediated adverse effects. Recent observations that highlighted the key role of the peripheral eCB system in metabolic regulation led to the preclinical development of various novel compounds that block CB1R only in peripheral organs with very limited brain penetration and without causing behavioral side effects. These unique molecules, which effectively ameliorate obesity, type II diabetes, fatty liver, insulin resistance, and chronic kidney disease in several animal models, are likely to be further developed in the clinic and may revive the therapeutic potential of blocking CB1R once again.
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26
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Chang CP, Huang HL, Huang JK, Hung MS, Wu CH, Song JS, Lee CJ, Yu CS, Shia KS. Fluorine-18 isotope labeling for positron emission tomography imaging. Direct evidence for DBPR211 as a peripherally restricted CB1 inverse agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:216-223. [PMID: 30528163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The [18F] isotope-labelled CB1 inverse agonist 3 was elaborated and synthesized for positron emission tomography scanning studies. After immediate purification and calibration with its unlabeled counterpart, compound 3 was intravenously injected in mice and revealed that its distribution percentage in brain over 90-min scans among five region of interests, including brain, liver, heart, thigh muscle and kidney was lower than 1%, thus providing direct evidence to justify itself as a peripherally restricted CB1 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ho-Lien Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jing-Kai Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiu Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Huang Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Jui Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Shan Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC.
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27
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Kong HH, Pan HL, Ding MW. Synthesis of 2-Tetrazolyl-Substituted 3-Acylpyrroles via a Sequential Ugi-Azide/Ag-Catalyzed Oxidative Cycloisomerization Reaction. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12921-12930. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Han Kong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ling Pan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Wu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Li Y, Yang H, Zhai H. The Expanding Utility of Rhodium-Iminocarbenes: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Natural Products and Related Scaffolds. Chemistry 2018; 24:12757-12766. [PMID: 29575147 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rhodium-iminocarbenes that are derived from N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles have become an important class of reactive species and useful intermediates in organic synthesis. Over the last several years, many practical and versatile approaches involving rhodium-iminocarbene intermediates to synthetically challenging molecules (scaffolds) have been developed. This Minireview mainly summarizes the recent advance of rhodium-iminocarbene involved reactions in the synthesis of natural products and their related scaffolds by the end of 2017. Several applications in important pharmaceuticals are documented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 730000, China
| | - Hongjian Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 730000, China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, 518055, China
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New role of phenothiazine derivatives as peripherally acting CB1 receptor antagonizing anti-obesity agents. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1650. [PMID: 29374224 PMCID: PMC5785958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing peripherally active cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor antagonists is a novel therapeutic approach for the management of obesity. An unusual phenothiazine scaffold containing CB1R antagonizing hit was identified by adopting virtual screening work flow. The hit so identified was further modified by introducing polar functional groups into it to enhance the polar surface area and decrease the hydrophobicity of the resulting molecules. CB1 receptor antagonistic activity for the designed compounds was computed by the previously established pharmacophore and three dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship models. Docking studies of these designed compounds confirmed the existence of favourable interactions within the active site of the CB1 receptor. The designed compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their CB1 receptor antagonistic activity. Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay was performed to evaluate their potential to permeate into the central nervous system wherein it was observed that the compounds did not possess the propensity to cross the blood brain barrier and would be devoid of central nervous system side effects. In pharmacological evaluation, the synthesized compounds (23, 25, 27 and 34) showed significant decrease in food intake suggesting their potential application in the management of obesity through CB1 receptor antagonist activity.
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Peripheral modulation of the endocannabinoid system in metabolic disease. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:592-604. [PMID: 29331500 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been identified in metabolic disease. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is abundantly expressed in the brain but also expressed in the periphery. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is more abundant in the periphery, including the immune cells. In obesity, global antagonism of overexpressed CB1 reduces bodyweight but leads to centrally mediated adverse psychological outcomes. Emerging research in isolated cultured cells or tissues has demonstrated that targeting the endocannabinoid system in the periphery alleviates the pathologies associated with metabolic disease. Further, peripheral specific cannabinoid ligands can reverse aspects of the metabolic phenotype. This Keynote review will focus on current research on the functionality of peripheral modulation of the ECS for the treatment of obesity.
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Richey JM, Woolcott O. Re-visiting the Endocannabinoid System and Its Therapeutic Potential in Obesity and Associated Diseases. Curr Diab Rep 2017; 17:99. [PMID: 28913816 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the review was to revisit the possibility of the endocannabinoid system being a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity by focusing on the peripheral roles in regulating appetite and energy metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Previous studies with the global cannabinoid receptor blocker rimonabant, which has both central and peripheral properties, showed that this drug has beneficial effects on cardiometabolic function but severe adverse psychiatric side effects. Consequently, focus has shifted to peripherally restricted cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor blockers as possible therapeutic agents that mitigate or eliminate the untoward effects in the central nervous system. Targeting the endocannabinoid system using novel peripheral CB1 receptor blockers with negligible penetrance across the blood-brain barrier may prove to be effective therapy for obesity and its co-morbidities. Perhaps the future of blockers targeting CB1 receptors will be tissue-specific neutral antagonists (e.g., skeletal muscle specific to treat peripheral insulin resistance, adipocyte-specific to treat fat excess, liver-specific to treat fatty liver and hepatic insulin resistance).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M Richey
- USC Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 2250 Alcazar Street, Suite 213, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Orison Woolcott
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Thalians E103, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
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Peng J, Gao Y, Zhu C, Liu B, Gao Y, Hu M, Wu W, Jiang H. Synthesis of Polysubstituted 3-Amino Pyrroles via Palladium-Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction. J Org Chem 2017; 82:3581-3588. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chuanle Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bifu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yinglan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Miao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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33
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Manganese (III) acetate mediated synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles under solvent-free ball milling. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Argueta DA, DiPatrizio NV. Peripheral endocannabinoid signaling controls hyperphagia in western diet-induced obesity. Physiol Behav 2017; 171:32-39. [PMID: 28065722 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system in the brain and periphery plays a major role in controlling food intake and energy balance. We reported that tasting dietary fats was met with increased levels of the endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG) and anandamide, in the rat upper small intestine, and pharmacological inhibition of this local signaling event dose-dependently blocked sham feeding of fats. We now investigated the contribution of peripheral endocannabinoid signaling in hyperphagia associated with chronic consumption of a western-style diet in mice ([WD] i.e., high fat and sucrose). Feeding patterns were assessed in male C57BL/6Tac mice maintained for 60days on WD or a standard rodent chow (SD), and the role for peripheral endocannabinoid signaling at CB1Rs in controlling food intake was investigated via pharmacological interventions. In addition, levels of the endocannabinoids, 2-AG and anandamide, in the upper small intestine and circulation of mice were analyzed via liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to evaluate diet-related changes in endocannabinoid signaling and the potential impact on food intake. Mice fed WD for 60days exhibited large increases in body weight, daily caloric intake, average meal size, and rate of feeding when compared to control mice fed SD. Inhibiting peripheral CB1Rs with the peripherally-restricted neutral cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, AM6545 (10mg/kg), significantly reduced intake of WD during a 6h test, but failed to modify intake of SD in mice. AM6545 normalized intake of WD, average meal size, and rate of feeding to levels found in SD control mice. These results suggest that endogenous activity at peripheral CB1Rs in WD mice is critical for driving hyperphagia. In support of this hypothesis, levels of 2-AG and anandamide in both, jejunum mucosa and plasma, of ad-libitum fed WD mice increased when compared to SC mice. Furthermore, expression of genes for primary components of the endocannabinoid system (i.e., cannabinoid receptors, and endocannabinoid biosynthetic and degradative enzymes) was dysregulated in WD mice when compared to SC mice. Our results suggest that hyperphagia associated with WD-induced obesity is driven by enhanced endocannabinoid signaling at peripheral CB1Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA; School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Tan XM, Lai QM, Yang ZW, Long X, Zhou HL, You XL, Jiang XJ, Cui HL. La(OTf)3 catalyzed synthesis of α-aryl tetrasubstituted pyrroles through [4+1] annulation under microwave irradiation. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dhopeshwarkar A, Murataeva N, Makriyannis A, Straiker A, Mackie K. Two Janus Cannabinoids That Are Both CB2 Agonists and CB1 Antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:300-311. [PMID: 27927913 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.236539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid signaling system includes two G protein-coupled receptors, CB1 and CB2 These receptors are widely distributed throughout the body and have each been implicated in many physiologically important processes. Although the cannabinoid signaling system has therapeutic potential, the development of receptor-selective ligands remains a persistent hurdle. Because CB1 and CB2 are involved in diverse processes, it would be advantageous to develop ligands that differentially engage CB1 and CB2 We now report that GW405833 [1-(2,3-dichlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indole] and AM1710 [1-hydroxy-9-methoxy-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)benzo[c]chromen-6-one], described as selective CB2 agonists, can antagonize CB1 receptor signaling. In autaptic hippocampal neurons, GW405833 and AM1710 both interfered with CB1-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of excitation, with GW405833 being more potent. In addition, in CB1-expressing human embryonic kidney 293 cells, GW405833 noncompetitively antagonized adenylyl cyclase activity, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate signaling, and CB1 internalization by CP55940 (2-[(1R,2R,5R)-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexyl]-5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol). In contrast, AM1710 behaved as a low-potency competitive antagonist/inverse agonist in these signaling pathways. GW405833 interactions with CB1/arrestin signaling were complex: GW405833 differentially modulated arrestin recruitment in a time-dependent fashion, with an initial modest potentiation at 20 minutes followed by antagonism starting at 1 hour. AM1710 acted as a low-efficacy agonist in arrestin signaling at the CB1 receptor, with no evident time dependence. In summary, we determined that GW405833 and AM1710 are not only CB2 agonists but also CB1 antagonists, with distinctive and complex signaling properties. Thus, experiments using these compounds must take into account their potential activity at CB1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amey Dhopeshwarkar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (A.D., N.M., A.S., K.M.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.)
| | - Natalia Murataeva
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (A.D., N.M., A.S., K.M.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.)
| | - Alex Makriyannis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (A.D., N.M., A.S., K.M.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.)
| | - Alex Straiker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (A.D., N.M., A.S., K.M.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.)
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (A.D., N.M., A.S., K.M.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.)
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Marcus DJ, Zee ML, Davis BJ, Haskins CP, Andrews MJ, Amin R, Henderson-Redmond AN, Mackie K, Czyzyk TA, Morgan DJ. Mice Expressing a "Hyper-Sensitive" Form of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) Are Neither Obese Nor Diabetic. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160462. [PMID: 27501235 PMCID: PMC4976987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence implicate the endocannabinoid signaling system in the modulation of metabolic disease. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of CB1 in rodents leads to reduced body weight, resistance to diet-induced obesity, decreased intake of highly palatable food, and increased energy expenditure. Cannabinoid agonists stimulate feeding in rodents and increased levels of endocannabinoids can disrupt lipid metabolism. Therefore, the hypothesis that sustained endocannabinoid signaling can lead to obesity and diabetes was examined in this study using S426A/S430A mutant mice expressing a desensitization-resistant CB1 receptor. These mice display exaggerated and prolonged responses to acute administration of phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids. As a consequence these mice represent a novel model for determining the effect of enhanced endocannabinoid signaling on metabolic disease. S426A/S430A mutants consumed equivalent amounts of both high fat (45%) and low fat (10%) chow control diet compared to wild-type littermate controls. S426A/S430A mutants and wild-type mice fed either high or low fat control diet displayed similar fasting blood glucose levels and normal glucose clearance following a 2 g/kg glucose challenge. Furthermore, S426A/S430A mutants and wild-type mice consumed similar amounts of chow following an overnight fast. While both THC and JZL195 significantly increased food intake two hours after injection, this increase was similar between the S426A/S430A mutant and wildtype control mice Our results indicate that S426A/S430A mutant mice expressing the desensitization-resistant form of CB1 do not exhibit differences in body weight, food intake, glucose homeostasis, or re-feeding following a fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Marcus
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Zee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Davis
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Chris P. Haskins
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Mary-Jeanette Andrews
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Randa Amin
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Angela N. Henderson-Redmond
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Traci A. Czyzyk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Morgan
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
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Reis Rodrigues P, Kaul TK, Ho JH, Lucanic M, Burkewitz K, Mair WB, Held JM, Bohn LM, Gill MS. Synthetic Ligands of Cannabinoid Receptors Affect Dauer Formation in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2016; 6:1695-705. [PMID: 27172180 PMCID: PMC4889665 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.026997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Under adverse environmental conditions the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can enter an alternate developmental stage called the dauer larva. To identify lipophilic signaling molecules that influence this process, we screened a library of bioactive lipids and found that AM251, an antagonist of the human cannabinoid (CB) receptor, suppresses dauer entry in daf-2 insulin receptor mutants. AM251 acted synergistically with glucose supplementation indicating that the metabolic status of the animal influenced the activity of this compound. Similarly, loss of function mutations in the energy-sensing AMP-activated kinase subunit, aak-2, enhanced the dauer-suppressing effects of AM251, while constitutive activation of aak-2 in neurons was sufficient to inhibit AM251 activity. Chemical epistasis experiments indicated that AM251 acts via G-protein signaling and requires the TGF-β ligand DAF-7, the insulin peptides DAF-28 and INS-6, and a functional ASI neuron to promote reproductive growth. AM251 also required the presence of the SER-5 serotonin receptor, but in vitro experiments suggest that this may not be via a direct interaction. Interestingly, we found that other antagonists of mammalian CB receptors also suppress dauer entry, while the nonselective CB receptor agonist, O-2545, not only inhibited the activity of AM251, but also was able to promote dauer entry when administered alone. Since worms do not have obvious orthologs of CB receptors, the effects of synthetic CBs on neuroendocrine signaling in C. elegans are likely to be mediated via another, as yet unknown, receptor mechanism. However, we cannot exclude the existence of a noncanonical CB receptor in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Reis Rodrigues
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Tiffany K Kaul
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Jo-Hao Ho
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Mark Lucanic
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945
| | - Kristopher Burkewitz
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - William B Mair
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jason M Held
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Matthew S Gill
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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Li K, You J. Cascade Oxidative Coupling/Cyclization: A Gateway to 3-Amino Polysubstituted Five-Membered Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2016; 81:2327-39. [PMID: 26914339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhi Li
- Key Laboratory
of Green Chemistry
and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, and
State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China
Medical School, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jingsong You
- Key Laboratory
of Green Chemistry
and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, and
State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China
Medical School, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China
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Cani PD, Plovier H, Van Hul M, Geurts L, Delzenne NM, Druart C, Everard A. Endocannabinoids--at the crossroads between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:133-43. [PMID: 26678807 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various metabolic disorders are associated with changes in inflammatory tone. Among the latest advances in the metabolism field, the discovery that gut microorganisms have a major role in host metabolism has revealed the possibility of a plethora of associations between gut bacteria and numerous diseases. However, to date, few mechanisms have been clearly established. Accumulating evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid system and related bioactive lipids strongly contribute to several physiological processes and are a characteristic of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammation. In this Review, we briefly define the gut microbiota as well as the endocannabinoid system and associated bioactive lipids. We discuss existing literature regarding interactions between gut microorganisms and the endocannabinoid system, focusing specifically on the triad of adipose tissue, gut bacteria and the endocannabinoid system in the context of obesity and the development of fat mass. We highlight gut-barrier function by discussing the role of specific factors considered to be putative 'gate keepers' or 'gate openers', and their role in the gut microbiota-endocannabinoid system axis. Finally, we briefly discuss data related to the different pharmacological strategies currently used to target the endocannabinoid system, in the context of cardiometabolic disorders and intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Cani
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Hubert Plovier
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Lucie Geurts
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Céline Druart
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
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Abstract
Cannabis has been used medicinally for centuries to treat a variety of disorders, including those associated with the gastrointestinal tract. The discovery of our bodies' own "cannabis-like molecules" and associated receptors and metabolic machinery - collectively called the endocannabinoid system - enabled investigations into the physiological relevance for the system, and provided the field with evidence of a critical function for this endogenous signaling pathway in health and disease. Recent investigations yield insight into a significant participation for the endocannabinoid system in the normal physiology of gastrointestinal function, and its possible dysfunction in gastrointestinal pathology. Many gaps, however, remain in our understanding of the precise neural and molecular mechanisms across tissue departments that are under the regulatory control of the endocannabinoid system. This review highlights research that reveals an important - and at times surprising - role for the endocannabinoid system in the control of a variety of gastrointestinal functions, including motility, gut-brain mediated fat intake and hunger signaling, inflammation and gut permeability, and dynamic interactions with gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V. DiPatrizio
- Address correspondence to: Nicholas V. DiPatrizio, PhD, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, E-mail:
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Zhang XY, Yang ZW, Chen Z, Wang J, Yang DL, Shen Z, Hu LL, Xie JW, Zhang J, Cui HL. Tandem Copper-Catalyzed Propargylation/Alkyne Azacyclization/Isomerization Reaction under Microwave Irradiation: Synthesis of Fully Substituted Pyrroles. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1778-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhang
- International
Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials,
Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Wei Yang
- International
Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Zhongzhu Chen
- International
Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- International
Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Lin Yang
- International
Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Ze Shen
- International
Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Hu
- International
Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Wu Xie
- Key
Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials,
Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- International
Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Lei Cui
- International
Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
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43
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Yang X, Wang Y, Hu F, Kan X, Yang C, Liu J, Liu P, Zhang Q. Base-promoted intramolecular cyclization of N-alkyl, N-propargylic β-enaminones for the synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14897b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient, mild, metal-free, base-mediated intramolecular cyclization of N-alkyl, N-propargylic β-enaminones has been realized for the generation of polysubstituted pyrrole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Fangzhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Xiaoli Kan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Chiming Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Pei Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
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44
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Sharma MK, Murumkar PR, Kuang G, Tang Y, Yadav MR. Identifying the structural features and diversifying the chemical domain of peripherally acting CB1 receptor antagonists using molecular modeling techniques. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20612j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A four featured pharmacophore and predictive 3D-QSAR models were developed which were used for virtual screening of the Asinex database to get chemically diverse hits of peripherally active CB1 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guanglin Kuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai–200237
- China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai–200237
- China
| | - Mange Ram Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- The M. S. University of Baroda
- Vadodara–390 001
- India
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45
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Abstract
Diabetes, a group of metabolic and age-related diseases, is a major global health problem, the incidence of which has increased dramatically in recent decades. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex, T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by immune cell infiltration and chronic inflammation in the islets of Langerhans. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) resulting from insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. The involvement of inflammatory processes, such as immune cell infiltration, and chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetes is less well understood in T2DM than in T1DM. However, studies conducted in the past decade have shown a strong link between inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. They have also shown that chronic inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of both T1DM and T2DM. Two immunological factors commonly contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes: the activation of inflammasomes and the release of proinflammatory cytokines in response to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein molecular platforms. DAMPs act as endogenous danger signals. Here, we review current research on the function(s) of inflammasomes and DAMPs and discuss their pathological relevance and therapeutic implications in diabetes.
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46
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Lei X, Li L, He YP, Tang Y. Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Formal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of N-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles with Isoxazoles: Entry to Polysubstituted 3-Aminopyrroles. Org Lett 2015; 17:5224-7. [PMID: 26467532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Lei
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Dandong Lu West 1, Fushun 113001, China
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Longbo Li
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Peng He
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Dandong Lu West 1, Fushun 113001, China
| | - Yefeng Tang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy
and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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47
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Cannabinoid Ligands and Alcohol Addiction: A Promising Therapeutic Tool or a Humbug? Neurotox Res 2015; 29:173-96. [PMID: 26353844 PMCID: PMC4701763 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The vast therapeutic potential of cannabinoids of both synthetic and plant-derived origins currently makes these compounds the focus of a growing interest. Although cannabinoids are still illicit drugs, their possible clinical usefulness, including treatment of acute or neuropathic pain, have been suggested by several studies. In addition, some observations indicate that cannabinoid receptor antagonists may be useful for the treatment of alcohol dependence and addiction, which is a major health concern worldwide. While the synergism between alcohol and cannabinoid agonists (in various forms) creates undesirable side effects when the two are consumed together, the administration of CB1 antagonists leads to a significant reduction in alcohol consumption. Furthermore, cannabinoid antagonists also mitigate alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Herein, we present an overview of studies focusing on the effects of cannabinoid ligands (agonists and antagonists) during acute or chronic consumption of ethanol.
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48
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DiPatrizio NV, Igarashi M, Narayanaswami V, Murray C, Gancayco J, Russell A, Jung KM, Piomelli D. Fasting stimulates 2-AG biosynthesis in the small intestine: role of cholinergic pathways. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R805-13. [PMID: 26290104 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00239.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids are lipid-derived signaling molecules that control feeding and energy balance by activating CB1-type cannabinoid receptors in the brain and peripheral tissues. Previous studies have shown that oral exposure to dietary fat stimulates endocannabinoid signaling in the rat small intestine, which provides positive feedback that drives further food intake and preference for fat-rich foods. We now describe an unexpectedly broader role for cholinergic signaling of the vagus nerve in the production of the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), in the small intestine. We show that food deprivation increases levels of 2-AG and its lipid precursor, 1,2-diacylglycerol, in rat jejunum mucosa in a time-dependent manner. This response is abrogated by surgical resection of the vagus nerve or pharmacological blockade of small intestinal subtype-3 muscarinic acetylcholine (m3 mAch) receptors, but not inhibition of subtype-1 muscarinic acetylcholine (m1 mAch). We further show that blockade of peripheral CB1 receptors or intestinal m3 mAch receptors inhibits refeeding in fasted rats. The results suggest that food deprivation stimulates 2-AG-dependent CB1 receptor activation through a mechanism that requires efferent vagal activation of m3 mAch receptors in the jejunum, which, in turn, may promote feeding after a fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, California; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Vidya Narayanaswami
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Conor Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Joseph Gancayco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Amy Russell
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; and Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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49
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Smitka K, Marešová D. Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ: An Update on Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Microenvironment. Prague Med Rep 2015; 116:87-111. [PMID: 26093665 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is recognized as an active endocrine organ that produces a number of endocrine substances referred to as "adipokines" including leptin, adiponectin, adipolin, visfatin, omentin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), resistin, pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), and progranulin (PGRN) which play an important role in the food intake regulation and significantly influence insulin sensitivity and in some cases directly affect insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The review summarizes current knowledge about adipose tissue-derived hormones and their influence on energy homeostasis regulation. The possible therapeutic potential of these adipokines in the treatment of insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, a pro-inflammatory response, obesity, eating disorders, progression of atherosclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kvido Smitka
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Marešová
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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50
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Zhao YZ, Yang HB, Tang XY, Shi M. RhII-Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition of 2 H-Azirines withN-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-Triazoles. Chemistry 2015; 21:3562-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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