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Brichacek AL, Neill JT, Murray K, Rieger E, Watsford C. The distinct affect regulation functions of body image flexibility and inflexibility: A prospective study in adolescents and emerging adults. Body Image 2024; 50:101726. [PMID: 38810389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Body image flexibility and inflexibility are alternative ways of responding to body image threats. Affect regulation offers a framework for understanding how these responses impact health outcomes; however, research in young people is limited. This prospective study tested two potential affect regulation functions in adolescents and emerging adults (N = 351, 66.7% female) via online surveys completed five months apart. Specifically, body image flexibility and inflexibility were tested as (a) direct predictors of adaptive (body appreciation, intuitive eating) and maladaptive (muscle-building strategies, disordered eating) outcomes, and (b) moderators of the indirect effect of a social comparison threat via body appreciation. Results from hierarchical linear and conditional process models showed that body image flexibility and inflexibility served distinct affect regulation functions. Whereas body image inflexibility directly predicted adaptive and maladaptive body- and eating-related outcomes, body image flexibility protected against the negative effects of social comparison on intuitive eating via body appreciation. Findings suggest that adolescents and emerging adults could benefit from learning body image flexibility skills and reducing inflexibility to promote positive body image and prevent body- and eating-related disturbances. Future research should investigate how body image flexibility and inflexibility relate to other established threats and outcomes in diverse demographic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Brichacek
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | - James T Neill
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Kristen Murray
- School of Medicine and Psychology, ANU College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Rieger
- School of Medicine and Psychology, ANU College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Clare Watsford
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia
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Rocha RMAD, Souza LDSD, Silva Junior NAD, Novo HS, Mesquita RLCD, Peixoto EM. Differences in the impacts of muscle dysmorphia symptoms on distress between heterosexual women and homo/bisexual women. Eat Behav 2024; 53:101884. [PMID: 38781820 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) and its psychological impacts on women, especially within sexual minorities, are still relatively understudied. The objective of this study was to compare the relationship of MD symptoms and psychological distress between heterosexual women and lesbian/bisexual women. Our sample consisted of 479 Brazilian cisgender women from the community, aged between 18 and 70 years (M = 32.78; SD = 10.45). Among them, 327 (68.27 %) identified as heterosexual, 134 (27.98 %) as bisexual, and 18 (3.76 %) as lesbian. To ensure there was no bias due to measurement error, the psychometric properties of the instruments in the sample were tested, and invariance between the groups was assessed. t-tests, structural equation modeling, and latent profile analyses were conducted to comprehend the differences between the groups. The results indicated significant differences and a greater severity of MD symptoms and distress for lesbian/bisexual women. The implications of these results are discussed, emphasizing the need for further exploration of MD studies within sexual minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Moreton Alves da Rocha
- Universidade São Francisco, R. Waldemar César da Silveira, Department of Psychology, 105 - Jardim Cura D'ars, Campinas, SP 13045-510, Brazil.
| | - Letícia da Silva de Souza
- Universidade São Francisco, R. Waldemar César da Silveira, Department of Psychology, 105 - Jardim Cura D'ars, Campinas, SP 13045-510, Brazil
| | - Natalício Augusto da Silva Junior
- Universidade São Francisco, R. Waldemar César da Silveira, Department of Psychology, 105 - Jardim Cura D'ars, Campinas, SP 13045-510, Brazil
| | - Henrique Soares Novo
- Universidade São Francisco, R. Waldemar César da Silveira, Department of Psychology, 105 - Jardim Cura D'ars, Campinas, SP 13045-510, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Castro de Mesquita
- Universidade São Francisco, R. Waldemar César da Silveira, Department of Psychology, 105 - Jardim Cura D'ars, Campinas, SP 13045-510, Brazil
| | - Evandro Morais Peixoto
- Universidade São Francisco, R. Waldemar César da Silveira, Department of Psychology, 105 - Jardim Cura D'ars, Campinas, SP 13045-510, Brazil
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Mueller VM, Forrer F, Meyer AH, Munsch S. Psychological correlates of body dissatisfaction in Swiss youth over a one-year study-period. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1269364. [PMID: 38259526 PMCID: PMC10802120 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1269364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is well known that young individuals often report pronounced negative perceptions and attitudes towards their own body or intense fear of being not muscular enough. There is much less data available, however, on the role of psychological mechanisms on these perceptions and attitudes, such as emotion regulation difficulties, correlates of alexithymia, and appearance-related rejection sensitivity. Methods We therefore set out to assess associations between these psychological mechanisms, and body image as well as muscle dysmorphic symptoms. Our sample was recruited as part of a larger-scale study aiming at assessing correlates of mental health (with a focus on eating disorder symptoms) in German speaking Switzerland. The first wave (T1), starting in April 2021, included 605 participants (80% female, 19.6 ± 2.5 years) who completed the online-questionnaire and were reassessed in a second wave (T2), one year later. Results Results indicated that at both waves, emotion regulation difficulties [DERS-SF] and appearance-based rejection sensitivity [ARS-D] were both positively cross-sectionally associated with body dissatisfaction [BSQ-8C] and muscle dysmorphic symptoms [MDDI] at the first assessment time-point and one year later at follow-up assessment. Moreover, alexithymia [TAS-20] was positively cross-sectionally associated with muscle dysmorphic symptoms at both waves. We further observed high absolute and relative level stabilities for all variables involved across the one-year study period. Discussion/Conclusion Even though the effects for some associations were rather small, our findings underline the relevance of such mechanisms in the development of body dissatisfaction and to a lesser extent of muscle dysmorphia symptoms over the period of one year. Additional research is necessary to replicate these findings in other youth samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena M. Mueller
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Felicitas Forrer
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andrea H. Meyer
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Yang W, Niu G, Shi X, Song K, Zhang Y, Yuan Z. Negative family body talk and negative emotional eating among Chinese adolescent girls and young adult women: The role of body dissatisfaction and feminism consciousness. Appetite 2023:106973. [PMID: 37419281 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Negative emotional eating has been increasingly a prominent disordered eating and public health problem among young women, especially during COVID-19. Although previous studies have attempted to explain the relationship between body talk and negative emotional eating, limited studies focused on examining the potential mechanisms, especially the potential protective mechanism. Thus, the current study aimed to examine the relationship between negative family body talk (NFBT) and negative emotional eating, as well as its underlying mechanism - the mediating role of body dissatisfaction (BDIS) and the moderating role of feminism consciousness (FC). A cross-sectional study was employed among a sample of Chinese girls and young women (n = 813, Mage = 19.4 years) from a junior college in central China. Participants completed surveys assessing NFBT (Adapted Body Talk Scale), BDIS (Body Image State Scale), negative emotional eating (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire), and FC (Synthesis Subscale from Feminist Identity Composite). A moderated mediation analysis was conducted. The results showed that: (1) after controlling for age and BMI, NFBT was positively associated with negative emotional eating, and BDIS could significantly mediate this relationship (mediating effect = 0.03, 95% CI [0.02, 0.06]); (2) FC significantly moderated both the direct relationship between NFBT and negative emotional eating and the relationship between NFBT and BDIS. Specifically, these two associations were not significant for participants with higher FC (+1SD above average). This study deepens our understanding of the relationship between NFBT and negative emotional eating, as well as the protective role of FC. If future studies demonstrate causal relationships, this evidence could point to a need for programs to prevent negative emotional eating in young women by increasing their level of feminism consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Yang
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Gengfeng Niu
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China; Center for Research on Internet Literacy and Behavior, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Central China Normal University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Xiaohan Shi
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Kuai Song
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China; School of Preschool Education, Hubei Preschool Teachers College, Ezhou, 436032, China
| | - Yumang Zhang
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zihui Yuan
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China
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Jankauskiene R, Baceviciene M. Internalisation of stereotyped body appearance standards and body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys: Moderating role of sports participation. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:8-19. [PMID: 36958797 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2193459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the moderating role of sport participation in the mediation model of media pressures, internalisation of appearance ideals and body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys. Five hundred and seventy adolescent boys (mean age 17.2 ± 0.45; range 15-19 years) participated in the cross-sectional study. Adolescents completed a questionnaire consisting of measures of attitudes towards sociocultural pressures on appearance, body dissatisfaction and sport participation (participation in achievement sport, leisure exercising and non-participation in any sports). Sports participation moderated the associations between the internalisation of stereotyped appearance ideals and body dissatisfaction. In athletes, the effect of internalisation of thin body ideals on body dissatisfaction was not significant, while the effect of internalisation of muscular/athletic body ideals was negative. In leisure exercisers, the effect of internalisation of muscular body ideals on body dissatisfaction was not significant, yet internalisation of thin body ideals had a significant effect on body dissatisfaction. The strongest associations between appearance ideals internalisation and body dissatisfaction were found in adolescent boys who reported no participation in sports. Sports participation might be an effective tool in decreasing the negative effect of internalisation of stereotyped appearance ideals on adolescent boys' body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education; Kaunas, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Lacroix E, Smith AJ, Husain IA, Orth U, von Ranson KM. Normative body image development: A longitudinal meta-analysis of mean-level change. Body Image 2023; 45:238-264. [PMID: 36965235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis synthesized longitudinal data on mean-level change in body image, focusing on the constructs of body satisfaction and dissatisfaction, body esteem, perceived attractiveness, valuation, self-objectification, and body shame. We searched five databases and accessed unpublished data to identify studies that assessed body image at two or more time points over six months or longer. Analyses were based on data from 142 samples representing a total of 128,254 participants. The age associated with the midpoint of measurement intervals ranged from 6 to 54 years. Multilevel metaregression models examined standardized yearly mean change, and the potential moderators of body image construct, gender, birth cohort, attrition rate, age, and time lag. Boys and men showed fluctuations in overall body image with net-improvements between ages 10 and 24. Girls and women showed worsening body image between ages 10 and 16, but improvements between ages 16 and 24. Change was greatest between ages 10 and 14, and stabilized around age 24. We found no effect of construct, birth cohort, or attrition rate. Results suggest a need to revise understandings of normative body image development: sensitive periods may occur somewhat earlier than previously believed, and body image may show mean-level improvements during certain age ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lacroix
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, 38 Dineen Dr., Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Alyssa J Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Incé A Husain
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, 38 Dineen Dr., Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Ulrich Orth
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kristin M von Ranson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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The Mediating Role of Eating Attitudes in Sociocultural Attitudes toward the Body in Predicting Obligatory Exercise among Young People: A Polish and Chinese Comparison. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040952. [PMID: 36839311 PMCID: PMC9959386 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aims of this study were to determine which sociocultural predictors of obligatory exercise are universal for young men or women and which are specific to particular cultural conditions (Polish or Chinese culture) and to examine the mediating role of eating attitudes. A cross-sectional study was conducted among Poles (n = 259) and Chinese (n = 208) aged 18 to 30. Descriptive and comparative statistics, Spearman's rho, and multiple regression analysis were used. The main analyses showed that Internalization-Athlete was a common positive direct predictor of obligatory exercise among young Polish and Chinese women; Information and Internalization-Athlete were only specific direct positive predictors of obligatory exercise in young Chinese men; some variables in eating attitudes mediated the development of obligatory exercise in young Polish and Chinese men and women and indicated that there were cross-cultural differences. In understanding obligatory exercise among young people, attention should be paid to their sociocultural attitudes toward the body and eating, and cultural and gender differences need to be considered.
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Breivik G, Sagoe D, Loland S. Personality and willingness towards performance enhancement and body modification: A cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of Norwegians. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:906634. [PMID: 36619353 PMCID: PMC9815438 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.906634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted an exploratory investigation of the relationship between personality and willingness towards performance enhancement and body modification in Norway. The study is based on Norwegian Monitor data from a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of 4,233 (females: 49.9%) persons aged 15 to 96 (45.92 ± 18.02) years. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing demographic questions and measures of physical appearance satisfaction, physical activity level, personality (five-factor model), and willingness towards performance enhancement (e.g., substances that improve creative thinking) and body modification (e.g., use of muscle-building substances). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analyses. We found that 62.2% and 50.1% of our sample were either willing to use or contemplating using substances that reduce memory failure and enhance physical fitness respectively. Our sample was most willing or contemplating tattooing (30.0%) and generally skeptical of the other body modification methods with willingness to use or contemplating using substances to enhance muscularity least accepted (3.9%). Higher fantasy/openness and lower agreeableness were associated with higher willingness towards both performance enhancement and body modification. Additionally, higher extraversion and lower control/conscientiousness predicted higher willingness towards body modification. Our findings corroborate previous indications that performance enhancement and body modification are now mainstream. They also underline the importance of personality traits in willingness towards these practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Breivik
- Department of Sport and Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway,Correspondence: Gunnar Breivik
| | - Dominic Sagoe
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Human Enhancement and Body Image Lab (HEBI Lab), Addiction Research Group, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sigmund Loland
- Department of Sport and Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Barnhart WR, Cui T, Cui S, Han X, Lu C, He J. Examining appearance pressures, thinness and muscularity internalizations, and social comparisons as correlates of drive for muscularity and thinness-oriented disordered eating in Chinese heterosexual men and women: Testing an integrated model. Body Image 2022; 43:429-439. [PMID: 36345081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Given existing empirical support for the tripartite influence and social comparison models to explain variance in body dissatisfaction and disordered eating across diverse populations in the Western context, research is needed to describe these models in non-Western populations. The present study tested an integrated model inclusive of appearance pressures, thinness and muscularity internalizations, and social comparisons in relation to drive for muscularity and thinness-oriented disordered eating in heterosexual Chinese adult men (n = 510) and women (n = 473). Separated by gender, two integrated models had good fit statistics per structural equation modeling. In men and women, higher appearance pressures were uniquely related to higher drive for muscularity and thinness-oriented disordered eating. In men and women, higher thinness and muscularity internalizations were uniquely related to higher thinness-oriented disordered eating and drive for muscularity, respectively. In men and women, higher upward body image comparisons were uniquely related to higher drive for muscularity, and in men only, higher downward body image comparisons were uniquely related to higher thinness-oriented disordered eating. The present findings, which extend theories of eating pathology, may aid in improving treatment efforts for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in heterosexual Chinese adult men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinni Han
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Lu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Sicilia Á, Granero-Gallegos A, Alcaraz-Ibáñez M, Sánchez-Gallardo I, Medina-Casaubón J. Sociocultural pressures towards the thin and mesomorphic body ideals and their impact on the eating and exercise-related body change strategies of early adolescents: a longitudinal study. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kristoffersen M, Johnson C, Atkinson MJ. Feasibility and acceptability of video-based microinterventions for eating disorder prevention among adolescents in secondary schools. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:1496-1505. [PMID: 35851686 PMCID: PMC9796454 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eating disorders (EDs) often emerge in late adolescence. Schools are ideal settings for prevention programs; however, cost and time limit implementation. Microinterventions may overcome these challenges. This study adapted two microinterventions (cognitive dissonance, self-compassion) and assessed feasibility and acceptability among mid-adolescents to provide proof-of-concept for further investigation. METHOD Feedback from staff (n = 5) and student (n = 15) focus groups contributed iteratively to the adaptation of intervention materials. Students in Grade 10 and 11 (N = 101, Mage = 15.80, SD = 0.68) were then randomly allocated by class to a 20-min video-based cognitive-dissonance or self-compassion intervention, accessed on their school devices. ED risk and protective factors were assessed at baseline, immediate postintervention (state outcomes), and 1-week follow-up (trait outcomes). Acceptability items were included at both timepoints. RESULTS Implementation was deemed feasible. Girls generally reported greater acceptability than boys. Among girls, the self-compassion intervention demonstrated greater acceptability. Among boys, some aspects of acceptability (e.g., lesson endorsement, utilization of techniques) were rated higher in the cognitive dissonance group whereas other aspects (e.g., understanding, interest) were greater in the self-compassion group. All groups exhibited favorable changes in most state outcomes, however trait outcome change was varied. DISCUSSION Microinterventions provide a feasible way of implementing prevention strategies in a time-poor educational context. Future large-scale evaluation is warranted to determine efficacy, following modifications based on current findings. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE This study shows promising feasibility and acceptability of two brief, self-guided video-based lessons (microinterventions) for adolescents in school classrooms, that use psychological techniques to target appearance pressures as a key risk factor for eating disorders. Such interventions are easier to implement in school settings than longer, facilitator-led interventions, to encourage greater uptake and ongoing use. Findings support further research to evaluate effectiveness, to ultimately provide accessible and gender-inclusive tools for busy schools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Johnson
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social WorkFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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12
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Tang L, Tiggemann M, Haines J. #Fitmom: an experimental investigation of the effect of social media on body dissatisfaction and eating and physical activity intentions, attitudes, and behaviours among postpartum mothers. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:766. [PMID: 36224523 PMCID: PMC9555257 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-05089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research has shown that body dissatisfaction is higher during the postpartum period compared to other periods of life, and strongly associated with disordered eating behaviours, which can lead to adverse health outcomes. While results from cross-sectional studies suggest that social media may play an important role in body dissatisfaction among postpartum mothers, causal inference is limited due to the observational nature of the existing research. The objective of this study is to experimentally test the effect of body-focused social media on the body dissatisfaction and eating and physical activity intentions, attitudes, and behaviours of postpartum mothers. Methods Postpartum mothers of infants 0–6 months (n = 132) were randomly assigned to view either body-focused social media posts (n = 65), or a control set of infant feeding tips (n = 67). ANCOVA was used to examine differences between the intervention and control group on levels of body dissatisfaction, eating and physical activity intentions, attitudes, and behaviours. There were two follow-up time points, immediately post intervention and 1-month post intervention to measure potential sustained effects of intervention. Results Exposure to body-focused social media posts resulted in higher levels of body dissatisfaction, mean difference 1.54 (p = 0.002); poorer body image, mean difference 0.41 (p = 0.007); eating attitudes, mean difference 2.26 (p = 0.025); and higher levels of restrained eating behaviours, mean difference 0.39 (p < 0.001) among the intervention group post intervention. Mothers in the intervention group also reported higher levels of inspiration to be active, mean difference 0.48 (p = 0.021) post intervention. A sustained effect was found for restrained eating, mean difference 2.03 (p < 0.001) and poorer eating attitude, mean difference 0.29 (p = 0.001) at 1-month follow-up. No sustained effects were found for any other outcomes at 1-month follow-up. Conclusion Social media exposure to body-focused social media posts negatively affect postpartum mothers’ body dissatisfaction and health behaviours. Further experimental research that includes an interactive social media component is needed among this population. Trial Registration: NCT05181280, Study ID Number: 054798. Registered 06/01/2022. Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05181280.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tang
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Guelph, Canada.
| | - Marika Tiggemann
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jess Haines
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Guelph, Canada
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Edlund K, Johansson F, Lindroth R, Bergman L, Sundberg T, Skillgate E. Body image and compulsive exercise: are there associations with depression among university students? Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2397-2405. [PMID: 35179726 PMCID: PMC9556381 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mental health problems among university students have been reported to be significantly increasing and suggested to be associated with college drop-out. Body dissatisfaction and compulsive exercise are both constructs relevant for mental health problems in general and eating disorders in particular. This study examined associations between body dissatisfaction, compulsive exercise and self-reported symptoms of depression among Swedish university students. METHODS Participants (n = 4262) are students in an ongoing cohort study, and data from the baseline assessment were used. Four linear regression models were built to explore the associations between body dissatisfaction, compulsive weight control exercise and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Our findings showed that females reported higher levels of body dissatisfaction than males. Body dissatisfaction and compulsive exercise were associated with self-reported symptoms of depression in this non-clinical population. Results showed that compulsive exercise was negatively associated with reported symptoms of depression, while body dissatisfaction was positively associated with symptoms of depression. CONCLUSION In line with previous research, there was a gender difference in body dissatisfaction where females displayed higher levels of dissatisfaction than males. Body dissatisfaction was positively associated with reported symptoms of depression, suggesting support of previous research indicating body dissatisfaction to increase mental health problems. Compulsive exercise was negatively associated with symptoms of depression suggesting a behavior negatively reinforced, supporting both constructs to be of interest for reported symptoms of depression in a non-clinical population of Swedish university students. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III, cohort study. TRIAL REGISTRATION http://clinicaltrials.gov/ID : NCT04465435.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Edlund
- Musculoskeletal and Sports Injury Epidemiology Center, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Sophiahemmet University, Sophiahemmet Högskola, Box 5605, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research on Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Fred Johansson
- Musculoskeletal and Sports Injury Epidemiology Center, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Sophiahemmet University, Sophiahemmet Högskola, Box 5605, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research on Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Louise Bergman
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Sundberg
- Musculoskeletal and Sports Injury Epidemiology Center, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Sophiahemmet University, Sophiahemmet Högskola, Box 5605, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research on Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Skillgate
- Musculoskeletal and Sports Injury Epidemiology Center, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Sophiahemmet University, Sophiahemmet Högskola, Box 5605, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research on Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Mitchison D, Mond J, Griffiths S, Hay P, Nagata JM, Bussey K, Trompeter N, Lonergan A, Murray SB. Prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in adolescents: findings from the EveryBODY study. Psychol Med 2022; 52:3142-3149. [PMID: 33722325 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720005206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to provide the first point prevalence estimates of muscle dysmorphia (MD), a form of body dysmorphic disorder characterized by a preoccupation with perceived insufficient muscularity, in adolescents. METHODS Data were taken from a survey of 3618 Australian adolescents (11.172-19.76 years; 49.3% girls). Measures captured demographic characteristics, symptoms of MD and eating disorders, psychological distress and functional impairment. Diagnostic criteria for MD developed by Pope et al. (1997, Psychosomatics, 38(6), 548-557) were applied, entailing preoccupation with insufficient muscularity causing significant levels of distress or disability that cannot be better accounted for by an eating disorder. RESULTS The point prevalence of MD was 2.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-3.0%] among boys and 1.4% (95% CI 0.9-2.0%) among girls. Prevalence was not associated with gender (V = 0.031) or socioeconomic status (SES) (partial η2< 0.001), but was marginally associated with older age (partial η2 = 0.001). Boys with MD were more likely than girls with MD to report severe preoccupation with muscularity (V = 0.259) and a weight-lifting regime that interfered with their life (V = 0.286), whereas girls with MD were more likely to report discomfort with body exposure (V = 0.380). CONCLUSIONS While future epidemiological research using diagnostic interviews is needed to verify these estimates, the findings suggest that MD is relatively common from early to late adolescence. Gender differences in MD prevalence may be minimal; however, the symptom profile appears to diverge between boys and girls. These findings provide a platform for future, analytical research designed to inform clinical and public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Mitchison
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Mond
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillipa Hay
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, SWSLHD, Camden and Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kay Bussey
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Nora Trompeter
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra Lonergan
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Zomback L, Barré LK. Randomized control trial of a single-session intervention targeting sociocultural pressures of body image in college sorority women. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022:1-5. [PMID: 36170556 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2124379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a peer-led single-session intervention targeting the sociocultural pressures of body image. Participants: New members of 13 sororities at one university. Methods: Participants were randomized by sorority into the intervention (n = 207) or wait list control (n = 264). Online surveys were administered at baseline and one month to assess social determinants of body image, body image dissatisfaction (BID), and body appreciation. Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses compared changes over time between groups. Results: We observed significant improvements in overall sociocultural pressures of body image (p = .001) and the subscales of Norms (p < .001) and Perceived Norms (p = .009) of eating and exercise behaviors. Change in BID and body appreciation did not differ between groups. Conclusion: A one-hour peer-led community-level intervention can lead to positive changes in sociocultural pressures in new initiates to a sorority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Zomback
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Laura K Barré
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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16
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Svantorp-Tveiten KME, Ivarsson A, Torstveit MK, Sundgot-Borgen C, Mathisen TF, Bratland-Sanda S, Rosenvinge JH, Friborg O, Pettersen G, Sundgot-Borgen J. The Healthy Body Image Intervention and Reduction in Eating Disorder Symptomatology and Muscle Building Supplement Use in High School Students: A Study of Mediating Factors. Front Psychol 2022; 13:803654. [PMID: 35837620 PMCID: PMC9274278 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.803654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mediation analysis is important to test the theoretical framework underpinning an intervention. We therefore aimed to investigate if the healthy body image (HBI) intervention's effect on eating disorder (ED) symptomatology and use of muscle building supplements was mediated by the change in risk and protective factors for ED development and muscle building supplement use. Methods This study used data from the HBI intervention: a cluster randomized controlled universal intervention aiming to promote positive body image and embodiment and reduce the risk for ED development including 30 schools in Norway. A total of 1,713 (37% boys) participants were included in the analyses. Conditional latent growth curve analyses were performed to test for indirect effects on ED symptomatology and weekly frequency of protein and creatine supplement use measured at the 12-month follow-up via change in the proposed mediators. Results In girls, the reduction in ED symptomatology was mediated by positive changes in protective factors (self-esteem and body image flexibility) and reductions in risk factor scores (perceived media pressure and thin appearance internalization). Comparable changes in protective and risk factors among boys played no mediating role. Conclusion Interventions aiming to reduce the risk of ED development in girls may benefit from aiming to enhance self-esteem and body image flexibility and reduce perceived media pressure and thin appearance internalization. Future studies should investigate the casual relationship between muscle building supplement use and risk and protective factors for ED development in both girls and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Ivarsson
- Center of Research on Welfare, Health and Sport, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | | | - Oddgeir Friborg
- Department of Psychology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunn Pettersen
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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17
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Pathways from sociocultural and objectification constructs to body satisfaction among women: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:195-208. [PMID: 35299008 PMCID: PMC9764838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Objectification theory proposes that widespread sexualization causes women to engage in surveillance of their appearance. We integrated this concept into a model with constructs from the tripartite influence model, which proposes that body dissatisfaction is a result of internalizing cultural notions of thin ideal beauty that stem from family, peer, and media appearance-related pressures. We tested this model with an online sample of 6327 adult women. Specifically, we tested whether these pressures predicted increased thin-ideal and muscular-ideal internalization, leading to greater body surveillance, and in turn lower appearance evaluation and body image quality of life. Structural equation modeling supported many aspects of the model. Family, peer, and media pressures related to higher thin-ideal internalization, which related to higher body surveillance and lower appearance evaluation. Peer and media pressures related to higher muscular-ideal internalization, which related to lower appearance evaluation. However, muscular-ideal internalization was not related to body image quality of life. An indirect relationship emerged between thin-ideal internalization and body image outcomes via body surveillance. Body mass index (BMI) moderated several of these model paths. Findings highlight the value of this integrated sociocultural model, and of BMI as an important moderating factor when examining objectification and tripartite influence models.
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18
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Frederick DA, Tylka TL, Rodgers RF, Convertino L, Pennesi JL, Parent MC, Brown TA, Compte EJ, Cook-Cottone CP, Crerand CE, Malcarne VL, Nagata JM, Perez M, Pila E, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Murray SB. Pathways from sociocultural and objectification constructs to body satisfaction among men: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:84-96. [PMID: 35247867 PMCID: PMC9812655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the tripartite influence model, body dissatisfaction is shaped by internalizing cultural appearance ideals stemming from appearance-related family, peer, and media pressures. This model was developed for women, but emerging evidence points to its relevance for men's body image. This study advanced this budding research by (a) integrating muscular-ideal internalization alongside lean-ideal internalization and body surveillance into the model, (b) examining two positive dimensions of body image as outcomes (body image quality of life and appearance evaluation), and (c) testing this model in national online sample of 5293 men. Structural equation modeling supported the model. Family, peer, and media pressures related to higher lean-ideal internalization, which related to higher body surveillance and poorer body image outcomes. Peer and media pressures related to higher muscular-ideal internalization, which related to higher body surveillance but more adaptive body image outcomes. We further examined whether model variables and paths differed based on men's body mass index (BMI). Men with higher BMIs evidenced a stronger path between body surveillance and body image outcomes. These findings highlight the usefulness of sociocultural models for understanding men's body image experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (T.L. Tylka)
| | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (T.L. Tylka)
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Nagata JM, Junqueira ACP, Cattle CJ, Carvalho PHBD, Bagolin V, Murray SB, Compte EJ, Braga Costa TM, Almeida SDS, Laus MF. Validation of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) in Brazilian Women. Body Image 2022; 41:58-66. [PMID: 35228104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite high levels of body dissatisfaction and an increasing drive for muscularity among Brazilian women, most of the existing literature on muscle dysmorphia focuses on men and has mainly been conducted in Western and English-speaking regions. As a result, one of the most widely used assessment tools for symptoms of the disorder, the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI), has not yet been evaluated in Brazilian women-an at-risk population. In the present study, we perform a psychometric evaluation of the Brazilian Portuguese translation of the MDDI in a sample of 515 women. We evaluated the factor structure using a two-step, split-sample exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic approach, which supported the original three-factor structure of the measure. Additionally, we found good internal consistency, convergent validity, and test-retest reliability of the measure. Collectively, these results support the use of the measure in Brazilian women and provide a foundation to expand the literature in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Chloe J Cattle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho
- NICTA, Body Image and Eating Disorder Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil; AMBULIM, Eating Disorders Program, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitoria Bagolin
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emilio J Compte
- Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibá˜nez, Santiago, Chile; Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Telma Maria Braga Costa
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Fernanda Laus
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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20
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Liang D, Frederick DA, Lledo EE, Rosenfield N, Berardi V, Linstead E, Maoz U. Examining the utility of nonlinear machine learning approaches versus linear regression for predicting body image outcomes: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:32-45. [PMID: 35228102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Most body image studies assess only linear relations between predictors and outcome variables, relying on techniques such as multiple Linear Regression. These predictor variables are often validated multi-item measures that aggregate individual items into a single scale. The advent of machine learning has made it possible to apply Nonlinear Regression algorithms-such as Random Forest and Deep Neural Networks-to identify potentially complex linear and nonlinear connections between a multitude of predictors (e.g., all individual items from a scale) and outcome (output) variables. Using a national dataset, we tested the extent to which these techniques allowed us to explain a greater share of the variance in body-image outcomes (adjusted R2) than possible with Linear Regression. We examined how well the connections between body dissatisfaction and dieting behavior could be predicted from demographic factors and measures derived from objectification theory and the tripartite-influence model. In this particular case, although Random Forest analyses sometimes provided greater predictive power than Linear Regression models, the advantages were small. More generally, however, this paper demonstrates how body image researchers might harness the power of machine learning techniques to identify previously undiscovered relations among body image variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Liang
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Schmid College of Sciences and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Elia E Lledo
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | | | - Vincent Berardi
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Erik Linstead
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Uri Maoz
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Schmid College of Sciences and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
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21
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Ganson KT, Nagata JM, Vanderlee L, Rodgers RF, Lavender JM, Hazzard VM, Murray SB, Cunningham M, Hammond D. Weight gain attempts and diet modification efforts among adults in five countries: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J 2022; 21:30. [PMID: 35562831 PMCID: PMC9102257 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-022-00784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has emphasized a growing trend of weight gain attempts, particularly among adolescents and boys and young men. Little research has investigated these efforts among adults, as well as the specific diet modifications individuals who are trying to gain weight engage in. Therefore, the aims of this study were to characterize the diet modification efforts used by adults across five countries who reported engaging in weight gain attempts and to determine the associations between weight gain attempts and concerted diet modification efforts. METHODS Cross-sectional data from the 2018 and 2019 International Food Policy Study, including participants from Australia, Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States (N = 42,108), were analyzed. In reference to the past 12 months, participants reported on weight gain attempts and diet modification efforts related to increased consumption of calories, protein, fiber, fruits and vegetables, whole grains, dairy products, all meats, red meat only, fats, sugar/added sugar, salt/sodium, and processed foods. Unadjusted (chi-square tests) and adjusted (modified Poisson regressions) analyses were conducted to examine associations between weight gain attempts and diet modification efforts. RESULTS Weight gain attempts were significantly associated with higher likelihood of each of the 12 forms of diet modification efforts among male participants, and 10 of the diet modification efforts among female participants. Notably, this included higher likelihood of efforts to consume more calories (males: adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 3.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.94-3.59; females: aPR 4.05, 95% CI 3.50-4.70) and fats (males: aPR 2.71, 95% CI 2.42-3.03; females: aPR 3.03, 95% CI 2.58-3.55). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the patterns of association between weight gain attempts and diet modification efforts may be indicative of the phenomenon of muscularity-oriented eating behaviors. Findings further highlight the types of foods and nutrients adults from five countries may try to consume in attempts to gain weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street., Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Lana Vanderlee
- École de Nutrition, Centre de Nutrition, Santé Et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vivienne M Hazzard
- Sanford Center for Bio-Behavioral Research, Sanford Health, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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22
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de Carvalho PHB, Bagolin V, Junqueira ACP, Nagata JM, Cattle CJ, Murray SB, Compte EJ, Costa TMB, Almeida SS, Laus MF. Validation and measurement invariance of the muscularity-oriented eating test among Brazilian men and women. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 56:708-720. [PMID: 35277978 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a 15-item unidimensional scale, designed to assess eating practices that occur in the pursuit of a muscular body. The aim of the present study was to describe the translation and cultural adaptation of the MOET to Brazilian Portuguese, to explore its factor structure and measurement invariance, and to evaluate its internal consistency, three-week test-retest reliability, and convergent validity in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. METHOD After the back-translation procedure, the Brazilian MOET was administered online to a sample of 1246 adults (634 men and 612 women), along with measures of drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic-ideal internalization, disordered eating behaviors, and exercise dependence. RESULTS Findings from an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a one-factor structure and adequate internal consistency for men (ω = 0.86; α = 0.86) and women (ω = .84; α = .83). Measurement invariance across gender was supported. In addition, the scale demonstrated good three week test-retest reliability for both men (ICC = .96; p < .001) and women (ICC = .92; p < .001), and the subscales revealed moderate to large associations with drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic-ideal internalization, disordered eating, and exercise dependence. CONCLUSION This study supports the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women and represents an advance in measures of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults, allowing for future cross-cultural studies in this field. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a measure of muscularity-oriented disordered eating, which assess strict adherence to diet rules, including the food's macronutrient content, regulation of protein intake, and eating less or more to influence muscle gain. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. Our findings represent an advance in measures of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho
- NICTA, Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil.,AMBULIM, Eating Disorders Program, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitoria Bagolin
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chloe J Cattle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emilio J Compte
- Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Telma Maria Braga Costa
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Fernanda Laus
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Nagata JM, McGuire FH, Lavender JM, Brown TA, Murray SB, Compte EJ, Cattle CJ, Flentje A, Lubensky ME, Obedin-Maliver J, Lunn MR. Appearance and performance-enhancing drugs and supplements (APEDS): Lifetime use and associations with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms among cisgender sexual minority people. Eat Behav 2022; 44:101595. [PMID: 35066385 PMCID: PMC9359347 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Appearance and performance-enhancing drugs and supplements (APEDS) are used to enhance muscle growth, athletic performance, and physical appearance. The aim of this study was to examine the lifetime use of APEDS and associations with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms among cisgender sexual minority people. METHODS Participants were cisgender sexual minority people (1090 gay men, 100 bisexual plus men, 564 lesbian women, and 507 bisexual plus women) recruited from The PRIDE Study in 2018 who reported lifetime APEDS use and completed the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI). Regression analyses stratified by gender and sexual orientation examined associations of any APEDS use with EDE-Q and MDDI scores. RESULTS Lifetime APEDS use was common across the four groups of cisgender sexual minority people (44% of gay men, 42% of bisexual plus men, 29% of lesbian women, and 30% of bisexual plus women). Protein supplements and creatine supplements were the most commonly used APEDS. Any APEDS use was associated with higher EDE-Q scores on one or more subscales in all sexual minority groups. Further, any APEDS use was associated with higher MDDI Total Scores in all groups; any APEDS use was associated with all MDDI subscale scores in cisgender gay men only. DISCUSSION APEDS use is common and associated with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms in sexual minority men and women, thus highlighting the importance of assessing for these behaviors and symptoms among these populations in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - F Hunter McGuire
- The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; The Metis Foundation, 300 Convent St #1330, San Antonio, TX 78205, USA.
| | - Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St #2200, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Emilio J Compte
- Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Diagonal Las Torres 2640, Santiago, Peñalolén, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Avenida Humberto Lobo 1001, Del Valle, 66220 San Pedro Garza García, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Chloe J Cattle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Annesa Flentje
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1930 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Micah E Lubensky
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Juno Obedin-Maliver
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, 150 Governor's Lane, HRP Redwood Building, Stanford, CA 94305-5405, USA.
| | - Mitchell R Lunn
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, 150 Governor's Lane, HRP Redwood Building, Stanford, CA 94305-5405, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Wang R, Gan Y, Wang X, Li J, Lipowska M, Izydorczyk B, Guo S, Lipowski M, Yang Y, Fan H. The Mediating Effect of Negative Appearance Evaluation on the Relationship Between Eating Attitudes and Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:776842. [PMID: 35370824 PMCID: PMC8964953 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.776842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Body-image disturbance and eating disorders are significant physical and mental health problems in China. Attitudes toward the body are thought to work in conjunction with other established risk factors for dietary pathology, which include body dissatisfaction, dieting, and negative effects. Negative appearance evaluation may be valuable for extending our understanding of measuring factors and potential causal relationships associated with body image and eating problems. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between negative appearance evaluation and a combination of eating attitudes and sociocultural attitudes toward appearance and the mediating effect of negative appearance evaluation on the relationship between eating attitudes and sociocultural attitudes toward appearance. METHODS We invited 339 Chinese adults to undergo the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale (FNAES), and the Sociocultural Attitudes toward Appearance (SATAQ-3) scale, and used AMOS 24.0 for model construction and mediating effects testing. RESULTS There was a significant positive correlation between EAT-26 scores and FNAES (p < 0.001) and SATAQ-3 scores (p < 0.001), and all dimensions except internalization general were significantly positively correlated (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between FNAES and SATAQ-3 scores for all dimensions (p < 0. 01). There was no significant direct effect of eating attitude on sociocultural attitude toward appearance; however, there was a significant mediating effect of fear of negative appearance evaluation. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that negative appearance evaluation fully mediates the relationship between eating attitudes and sociocultural attitudes toward appearance. An individual's attitude toward eating affects negative body perceptions and thus their perception of their own body shape. Our exploration of the specific effects of eating attitudes on body perception provides a psychological basis for guidance and developing interventions regarding attitudes toward the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohang Wang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Youteng Gan
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianye Li
- Department of Psychology, Gdañsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Psychology, Gdañsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Lipowski
- Department of Psychology, Gdañsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Yin Yang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Fan
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Social Media Use and Body Dissatisfaction in Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Thin- and Muscular-Ideal Internalisation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413222. [PMID: 34948830 PMCID: PMC8701501 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Internalisation of appearance ideals moderates the relationship between exposure to media images and body dissatisfaction. To date, the role of thin- and muscular-ideal internalisation in the context of social media remains under explored, particularly for boys. As such, we aimed to explore how social media use (Instagram and Snapchat) was related to body dissatisfaction, and whether thin- and muscular-ideal internalisation would moderate this relationship in a sample of 1153 adolescent boys and girls (55.42% males; Mage = 13.71, SD = 1.14). As hypothesised, social media use, and thin- and muscular ideal internalisation were positively correlated with body dissatisfaction in both genders. In moderation analyses, thin-ideal internalisation emerged as the only variable that had a significant effect on body dissatisfaction in both genders. Additionally, the influence of social media use on body dissatisfaction was moderated by muscular-ideal internalisation in boys, whereby for boys with high muscular-ideal internalisation, greater social media use was associated with greater body dissatisfaction. The two-way (muscular x thin-ideal internalisation) and three-way interaction (social media use x thin-ideal internalisation x muscular-ideal internalisation) effects on body dissatisfaction were non-significant. These findings emphasise the importance of considering the sociocultural environment (i.e., new media influences) as frameworks for understanding body dissatisfaction and suggest targeting of internalisation of appearance ideals in body dissatisfaction prevention programs.
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Bardi L, Arnaud C, Bagès C, Langlois F, Rousseau A. Translation and Validation of a State-Measure of Body Image Satisfaction: The Body Image State Scale. Front Psychol 2021; 12:724710. [PMID: 34777102 PMCID: PMC8581347 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to test the validity and reliability of the French Body Image State Scale (F-BISS). The scale was translated using a back-translation technique, with discrepancies being settled through consensus. Three hundred and twelve female participants were recruited. Convergent validity was assessed using eating disorder evaluation and social comparison. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were also conducted. The translated Body Image State Scale (BISS) demonstrated good psychometric properties, with good internal consistency (α = 0.83), and adequate goodness-of-fit. The translated BISS presented a unifactorial structure, with one factor explaining 56% of the variance. The exploratory factor analysis led to the removal of a single item due to insufficient factor loading (<0.45). Its convergent validity seems consistent with previous literature. Discriminant analyses showed a significant difference in F-BISS score between participants relative to eating disorder symptomatology (t = 11.65; p < 0.001). This translation could prove useful in both research and clinical settings to assess state body satisfaction in French populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bardi
- Université de Lille, ULR 4072 - PSITEC - Psychologie: Interactions, Temps, Emotions, Cognition, Lille, France.,Laboratoire sur l'anxiété et le Perfectionnisme, Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Claire Arnaud
- Université de Lille, ULR 4072 - PSITEC - Psychologie: Interactions, Temps, Emotions, Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Céline Bagès
- Université de Lille, ULR 4072 - PSITEC - Psychologie: Interactions, Temps, Emotions, Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Langlois
- Laboratoire sur l'anxiété et le Perfectionnisme, Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Amelie Rousseau
- Université de Lille, ULR 4072 - PSITEC - Psychologie: Interactions, Temps, Emotions, Cognition, Lille, France.,Centre d'Etudes et Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé (CERPPS), Université de Toulouse (UT2J), Toulouse, France
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Compte EJ, Cattle CJ, Lavender JM, Murray SB, Brown TA, Capriotti MR, Flentje A, Lubensky ME, Obedin-Maliver J, Lunn MR, Nagata JM. Psychometric evaluation of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among cisgender gay men and cisgender lesbian women. Body Image 2021; 38:241-250. [PMID: 33962223 PMCID: PMC8635416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite increasing empirical interest in muscle dysmorphia (MD), a dearth of research has assessed this construct in sexual minority populations. In particular, the psychometric properties of one of the most widely used measures of MD symptoms-the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI)-have not been evaluated in sexual minority populations despite emerging evidence suggesting differential risk for MD symptoms across sexual orientation groups. In this study, we assessed the psychometric properties of the MDDI in a sample of 715 cisgender gay men and 404 cisgender lesbian women ages 18-50 years who participated in a large-scale national longitudinal cohort study of sexual and gender minority adults. The factor structure of the MDDI was examined in each sample using a two-step, split-sample exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic approach. Exploratory factor analysis supported a three-factor structure in both samples, which were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, results supported the internal consistency reliability and convergent validity of the MDDI subscales in both samples. Cumulatively, these findings suggest that the MDDI is an appropriate measure of MD symptoms among cisgender gay men and cisgender lesbian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio J Compte
- Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Chloe J Cattle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R Capriotti
- Department of Psychology, San José State University, San Jose, CA, USA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Annesa Flentje
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Micah E Lubensky
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Juno Obedin-Maliver
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell R Lunn
- The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Kvaløy K, Sandsgård-Hilmarsen E, Eik-Nes TT, Bratberg GH. Underestimation of Overweight and Health Beneficial Outcomes in Two Adolescent Cohorts in Norway - The HUNT Study. J Adolesc Health 2021; 69:82-89. [PMID: 33288462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Underestimating overweight may prevent efforts toward reducing weight, but simultaneously benefit mental health and well-being. The magnitude of underestimation of overweight and obesity in adolescents is largely unknown, and so is to what extent this underestimation is associated with dieting behaviors, mental distress, and life satisfaction. As overweight has become more common during the past decades, associations between body size underestimation and mental health may have changed. METHODS Overweight (iso-body mass index, iso-BMI ≥25) adolescents (aged 13-19 years) who participated in The Young-HUNT1 (1995-97, n = 1,338) or The Young-HUNT3 (2006-08, n = 1,833) surveys were included. Being overweight, but perceiving oneself as average-weighted or underweighted was defined as underestimation. Results were based on clinical examinations and self-report questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations between body size underestimation, dieting behaviors, and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction. RESULTS Among adolescents with overweight and obesity (iso-BMI ≥25), the prevalence of obesity (iso-BMI ≥30), body size underestimation, and having symptoms of anxiety and depression had increased from the first survey to the next. At both time points, body size underestimation was more common among boys than girls. In 2006-08, body size underestimation was negatively associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression in both sexes, and overall associated with higher life satisfaction equally over time. Dieting behavior was negatively associated with underestimation of body size. CONCLUSIONS Body size underestimation in adolescents with overweight/obesity has become more prevalent and a phenomenon associated with less dieting, better life satisfaction and mental health in both boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Kvaløy
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Centre for Sami Health Research, Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway.
| | - Eli Sandsgård-Hilmarsen
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trine Tetlie Eik-Nes
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Stjørdal Community Mental Health Centre, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Stjørdal, Norway
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Hater L, Schulte J, Geukes K, Buhlmann U, Back MD. Disentangling the contributions of agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism to drive for thinness and drive for muscularity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253187. [PMID: 34129626 PMCID: PMC8205145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Body image concerns revolving around body ideals (thin ideal, muscular ideal) are widespread among women. Whereas a stronger preoccupation with ideal physical appearance is often assumed for narcissistic women, previous empirical findings have been mixed. Following a tripartite structure of agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism facets, we reexamined whether trait narcissism predicted drive for thinness and drive for muscularity. We further explored the role of importance of appearance as a mediator and moderator of the relation between narcissism and body image concerns. Latent structural equation modeling was applied to self-report data from two independent nonclinical female samples (NSample1 = 224, NSample2 = 342). Results underlined the importance of distinguishing between narcissism facets: Neurotic (but not agentic or antagonistic) narcissism uniquely predicted drive for thinness and drive for muscularity. Importance of appearance mediated but did not robustly moderate these relations. Hence, neurotic narcissistic women (characterized by hypersensitivity, shame, and a fragile self-esteem) are particularly prone to body image concerns. This vulnerability seems partly driven by how much importance they ascribe to their appearance. Future work might build on these insights to further unravel the processes linking neurotic narcissism to body image concerns and how these can be targeted in practical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Hater
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johanna Schulte
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Geukes
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrike Buhlmann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mitja D. Back
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Campos PF, Almeida M, Neves CM, Rodgers RF, Ferreira MEC, de Carvalho PHB. Assessing the Rising Emphasis on Muscularity for Women: Psychometric Properties of the Brazilian Version of the Female Muscularity Scale. SEX ROLES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Silva WRD, Barra JV, Neves AN, Marôco J, Campos JADB. Sociocultural pressure: a model of body dissatisfaction for young women. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2020; 36:e00059220. [PMID: 33331590 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00059220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to verify the influence of pressure from sociocultural agents on dissatisfaction with face and body in young women mediated by the internalization of the lean and muscular body and to identify the contribution of individual characteristics to this model. A total of 612 university female students participated of study. The students completed the Portuguese versions of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 and of the Body Area Scale-Revised and a sociodemographic questionnaire. A hypothetical model was constructed using structural equation modeling to test the relationship between the variables. The model fit and the significance of the hypothetical paths were verified. The results provide evidence that the greater the pressure of sociocultural agents and the internalization of the lean body, the more women were dissatisfied with body and face appearance. The media contributed to a greater internalization of the muscular body, which reduced the body dissatisfaction. The practice of physical activity and a higher economic level contributed to a greater internalization of the muscular body, which reduced body dissatisfaction. A higher economic level also influenced the internalization of the lean body and increased the dissatisfaction with face and body. A higher body mass index contributed to a greater pressure from sociocultural agents, greater internalization of the lean body, and greater dissatisfaction with body and face. The relationships identified in the model can contribute to the development of strategies aimed at reducing body dissatisfaction and eating disorders in the population, such as body acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - João Marôco
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, Lisboa, Portugal
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Troncone A, Cascella C, Chianese A, Zanfardino A, Piscopo A, Borriello A, Casaburo F, Del Giudice EM, Iafusco D. Body Image Problems and Disordered Eating Behaviors in Italian Adolescents With and Without Type 1 Diabetes: An Examination With a Gender-Specific Body Image Measure. Front Psychol 2020; 11:556520. [PMID: 33071880 PMCID: PMC7538612 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.556520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine body image problems and their associations with disordered eating behavior in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and well-matched healthy peers. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, 183 adolescents with type 1 diabetes (13.02–18.05 years) were recruited from diabetes centers in southern Italy and compared to healthy peers matched for age and gender. Participants completed self-report measures of disordered eating behaviors (DEPS-r and EDI-3RF) and a gender-specific body image problem questionnaire (SATAQ-4R). Socio-demographic and clinical data (zBMI, HbA1c, and disease duration) were also collected. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were computed to determine the relative importance of diabetes variables and body image problems on participants’ disordered eating behaviors after controlling for demographic variables. Results Adolescents with type 1 diabetes showed diabetes-specific eating problems in 37.7% of cases and had more eating problem symptoms (assessed as drive for thinness and bulimia) than healthy peers. Male adolescents with type 1 diabetes did not display more body image problems (p > 0.05); females with type 1 diabetes compared to females in the control group were found to be more pressured by family (p = 0.025) but less by media (p = 0.022) to improve their appearance and attain a thin body. zBMI and body image problems contributed to a significant increase in disordered eating behavior risk both in male and female adolescents with diabetes and in healthy peers (zBMI 0.213 < β < 0.426, p < 0.05; body image 0.243 < β < 0.572, p < 0.05). None of the variables analyzed were found to significantly predict male bulimic symptoms (all β < 0.296, p > 0.05). Conclusion Since in adolescence type 1 diabetes and insulin therapy may increase the risk of weight gain and promote focus and attention on the body and thus contribute to the development of body image problems and disordered eating behaviors, continuity of medical, nutritional, and psychological care is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alda Troncone
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Crescenzo Cascella
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonietta Chianese
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Zanfardino
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessia Piscopo
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Borriello
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesca Casaburo
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Emanuele Miraglia Del Giudice
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Dario Iafusco
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
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Neves CM, Filgueiras Meireles JF, Morgado FFDR, Campos PF, Ferreira MEC. Child Body Concerns and Behavior Scale: Development and Psychometric Properties of a Body Image Scale for Children. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:220-242. [PMID: 32799733 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520948285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are few instruments with good validity and reliability for evaluating body image in children. In this study we aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a scale for Brazilian children. In Study 1, we developed 53 items on the basis of a literature review, previous body image scales and qualitative study. We developed the item format and response options and developed instructions for both researchers and participants. In Study 2, we used 10 experts and 21 boys and girls aged 7-11 years (M = 8.25 years, SD = 1.70) to evaluate item content and semantics. The scale went through further refinement, leading to the exclusion of some items and the modification of others. In Study 3, we analyzed the instrument's psychometric properties in 571 girls (M = 9.17 years of age, SD = 1.23) and 597 boys (M = 9.32 years, SD = 1.24) from all over Brazil, using exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses with independent samples. The scale's final version for females was composed of 17 items divided into five factors; and the final male version included 13 items and two factors. Both versions presented satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity, and these scales can now be used reliably with 7-11 year old Brazilian children.
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You S, Shin K. Sociocultural Influences, Drive for Thinness, Drive for Muscularity, and Body Dissatisfaction among Korean Undergraduates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145260. [PMID: 32708241 PMCID: PMC7400067 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For many years, body dissatisfaction was considered a western phenomenon, and was studied mostly in Caucasian women. Recent studies, however, suggest that these issues are also present in men and in other ethnic groups. This research investigated the differential effects of various sociocultural pressures transmitted from the media, one’s parents, and one’s peers on the drives for thinness and muscularity, and body dissatisfaction among 1125 Korean college students (56% male) using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that, after controlling for body mass index and exercise, media pressures exerted the largest effects on participants’ body ideals and, in turn, body dissatisfaction across both genders (β = 0.44, and 0.30, p < 0.05, for females and males, respectively). This study’s results also indicate that there are considerable gender differences in this relationship. Specifically, the results show that parental and media pressure had significant indirect relationships with body dissatisfaction via the drive for thinness among females, while peer and media pressures had significant indirect relationships with body dissatisfaction via the drive for muscularity among males. As body dissatisfaction is known to significantly affect an individual’s mental and physical health, future research needs to identify relevant influential factors in this area, as well as the paths they have leading to increased body dissatisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukkyung You
- College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul 130-791, Korea;
| | - Kyulee Shin
- Department of Sports Sciences, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Ralph-Nearman C, Filik R. Development and validation of new figural scales for female body dissatisfaction assessment on two dimensions: thin-ideal and muscularity-ideal. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1114. [PMID: 32677919 PMCID: PMC7364654 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Body dissatisfaction influences women’s mental and physical health. To date, most research has focused on body dissatisfaction in relation to the ‘thin-ideal’. Thus, the association between body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptomatology and muscularity-ideal in women is less clear. Lack of understanding is underpinned by the lack of reliable and valid muscularity-related assessments for women. To address this need, we developed, tested and re-tested two new body dissatisfaction scales: The Female Body Scale (FBS; adiposity dimension) and Female Fit Body Scale (FFITBS; muscularity dimension). Methods One hundred and fifty-two women in the United Kingdom rated which body figure best represented their current and ideal body, completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q 6.0), and their body composition was measured. During re-test, the EDE-Q 6.0 and Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) were completed. Results Both the FBS and the FFITBS were found to be valid and reliable, and distinct types of body dissatisfaction were identified. Higher EDE-Q scores corresponded with greater body dissatisfaction scores on both the FBS and FFITBS. Thin-ideal (FBS) and larger/muscularity-ideal (FFITBS) body dissatisfaction predicted higher scores on the DMS. The muscularity scale (FFITBS) uniquely revealed that 28% of participants indicated body dissatisfaction toward the larger-muscularity-ideal. Conclusions Results reveal distinct dimensions of body dissatisfaction. These new, validated scales may be utilized to quickly identify eating disorder risk in women as a preventative assessment for clinicians and inform female-focused body-image and eating disorder research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ralph-Nearman
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. .,Presently at Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK, 74133, USA.
| | - Ruth Filik
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Drive For Muscularity in Male Adolescents: The Role of Psychological Factors (Self-Esteem, Maladaptive Perfectionism, and Interpersonal Sensitivity). IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/ijpbs.98393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Concerns about body image among male adolescents has become increasingly prevalent, leading to a need for muscularity. It is well known that psychological factors play a role in the development of these concerns. Objectives: The aim of the current study was to predict the drive for muscularity based on psychological factors, including self-esteem, maladaptive perfectionism, and interpersonal sensitivity. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. Using a convenience sampling method, 150 adolescent male students from district 14 of Tehran, Iran, were selected to participate in the study. Data was collected by utilizing the following measures: drive for Muscularity scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, Almost Perfect scale-revised, and Interpersonal Sensitivity measure. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and the Enter Regression method. Results: High scores in the Drive for Muscularity scale were significantly associated with higher levels of maladaptive perfectionism, interpersonal sensitivity, and lower levels of self-esteem. Moreover, the results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that predivariables could explain 52% in the variance of the drive for muscularity. Conclusions: Findings indicated that the psychological factors investigated in this study were risk factors for masculinity among adolescents. We suggest that clinicians take these factors into account in order to make preventive and therapeutic programs more effective.
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Nagata JM, Ganson KT, Griffiths S, Mitchison D, Garber AK, Vittinghoff E, Bibbins-Domingo K, Murray SB. Prevalence and correlates of muscle-enhancing behaviors among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2020; 34:119-129. [PMID: 32549173 PMCID: PMC9972881 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2020-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of muscle-enhancing behaviors in adolescents and young adults using a nationally representative sample in the USA and to examine differences by sex, race/ethnicity, age, socioeconomic status, body mass index, and participation in team sports. METHODS Prospective cohort data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, Waves I through III (1994-2002) were analyzed. Engagement in muscle-enhancing behaviors including dietary changes, exercise and weightlifting, supplement use, performance-enhancing substances, and anabolic androgenic steroids were recorded. Multiple logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations, incorporating robust standard errors with clustering by school and within persons, and using national sample weighting, were used to determine associations with muscle-enhancing behaviors across three data collection waves. RESULTS Of the 18,924 adolescents at baseline, 29.2% of males and 7.0% of females reported weight gain attempts, while 25.2% of males and 3.8% of females reported any muscle-enhancing behavior. All muscle-enhancing behaviors were more common in males compared to females (p<0.001). Among young men 18-26 years old, 15.6% reported using legal performance enhancing substances and 2.7% reported using androgenic anabolic steroids. Factors that were associated with muscle-enhancing behaviors in males across three data collection waves included Black or Hispanic/Latino race/ethnicity, age over 14 years, higher parental education, lower body mass index, and participation in team sports. CONCLUSIONS Muscle-enhancing behaviors ranging from dietary changes to supplement and androgenic anabolic steroid use are common among adolescent and young adult males. Clinicians should consider screening for muscle-enhancing behaviors in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia,Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrea K. Garber
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Eric Vittinghoff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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38
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Cunningham ML, Szabo M, Rodgers RF, Franko DL, Eddy KT, Thomas JJ, Murray SB, Griffiths S. An investigation of distress tolerance and difficulties in emotion regulation in the drive for muscularity among women. Body Image 2020; 33:207-213. [PMID: 32408165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the negative emotional experiences that often accompany the pursuit of an idealized appearance, we know little about emotion regulation in the context of female drive for muscularity. To address this knowledge gap, we examined whether distress tolerance and difficulties in emotion regulation were significantly associated with the drive for toned muscularity among women. In this study, 221 Australian university women completed an online survey assessing drive for muscularity, distress tolerance, and emotion regulation difficulties. Results revealed that low distress tolerance and emotion regulation difficulties were positively associated with drive for muscularity attitudes and behaviors, after controlling for body mass index and general negative affect. Our findings suggest that women with a range of distress tolerance and emotion regulation difficulties, particularly the urgent need to regulate, and non-acceptance of, distress may experience a higher drive for muscularity. This study provides preliminary evidence that specific aspects of distress tolerance and poor emotion regulation may be promising targets in prevention and treatment interventions aimed to address the excessive drive for muscularity among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L Cunningham
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Marianna Szabo
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Debra L Franko
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kamryn T Eddy
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer J Thomas
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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39
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Frederick DA, Garcia JR, Gesselman AN, Mark KP, Hatfield E, Bohrnstedt G. The Happy American Body 2.0: Predictors of affective body satisfaction in two U.S. national internet panel surveys. Body Image 2020; 32:70-84. [PMID: 31830668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The first national study of body image was reported four decades ago in the article The Happy American Body (Berscheid et al., 1973). To provide a modern follow-up to this study, we used two Internet panel surveys of U.S. adults to examine feelings about appearance (Survey 1: Married N = 1095; Single N = 5481) and weight, appearance, body, and muscle size/tone (Survey 2: N = 1601). Mean ages across samples for men and women ranged from 42-53. On the positive side, many men and women were somewhat-to-very satisfied with their appearance (67 %; 57 %), overall body (61 %; 46 %), weight (54 %; 42 %), and muscle tone/size (56 %; 41 %). Mean gender differences were small (Cohen's ds = 0.18-0.32), as were sexual orientation differences within each gender (ds = |0.00-0.25|). Looking at negative body image, fewer men than women were somewhat-to-very unhappy with their appearance among married (19 %; 29 %) and single participants (29 %; 35 %), and fewer men were somewhat-to-extremely dissatisfied with their appearance (18 %; 24 %), body (27 %; 39 %), weight (36 %; 49 %), muscle tone/size (27 %; 41 %). Nearly one-fifth of men (18 %) and one-fourth of women (27 %) were very-to-extremely dissatisfied with at least one of these traits, highlighting the importance of body image interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, United States.
| | - Justin R Garcia
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction and, Department of Gender Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Amanda N Gesselman
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Kristen P Mark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Elaine Hatfield
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, United States
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40
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Shi P, Huang Y, Kou H, Wang T, Chen H. Risk Factors for Facial Appearance Dissatisfaction Among Orthognathic Patients: Comparing Patients to a Non-Surgical Sample. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2775. [PMID: 31920824 PMCID: PMC6917591 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study conducted a cross-sectional investigation of facial appearance dissatisfaction between patients before undergoing orthognathic surgery and a non-surgical sample to evaluate the potential influencing factors of facial appearance dissatisfaction. A sample of 354 participants completed a set of questionnaires concerning facial appearance dissatisfaction, interpersonal pressure, media pressure, and fear of negative appearance evaluation (112 patients, 242 controls). The patients reported higher facial appearance dissatisfaction, more media pressure, more interpersonal pressure, and a greater fear of negative appearance evaluation among others than the control group. Moreover, regression analyses identified interpersonal pressure and fear of negative appearance evaluation as the main predictors of facial appearance dissatisfaction whether in the orthognathic patients or the control groups. The associations between the perceptions of interpersonal pressure, fear of negative appearance evaluation, and facial appearance dissatisfaction support the possible utility of strengthening social experiences and psychological intervention in preventing and treating these appearance-concerns, especially for the orthognathic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Shi
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Kou
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Wang,
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Hong Chen,
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41
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Nagata JM, Murray SB, Bibbins-Domingo K, Garber AK, Mitchison D, Griffiths S. Predictors of muscularity-oriented disordered eating behaviors in U.S. young adults: A prospective cohort study. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:1380-1388. [PMID: 31220361 PMCID: PMC6901753 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine adolescent predictors of muscularity-oriented disordered eating behaviors in young men and women using a nationally representative longitudinal sample in the United States and to examine differences by sex. METHOD We used nationally representative longitudinal cohort data collected from baseline (11-18 years old, 1994-1995) and 7-year follow-up (18-24 years old, 2001-2002) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We examined adolescent demographic, behavioral, and mental health predictors of young adult muscularity-oriented disordered eating behaviors defined as eating more or differently to gain weight or bulk up, supplements to gain weight or bulk up, or androgenic anabolic steroid use at 7-year follow-up. RESULTS Of the 14,891 included participants, 22% of males and 5% of females reported any muscularity-oriented disordered eating behavior at follow-up in young adulthood. Factors recorded at adolescence that were prospectively associated with higher odds of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in both sexes included black race, exercising to gain weight, self-perception of being underweight, and lower body mass index z-score. In addition, participation in weightlifting; roller-blading, roller-skating, skate-boarding, or bicycling; and alcohol among males and depressive symptoms among females during adolescence were associated with higher odds of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in young adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to prevent muscularity-oriented disordered eating behaviors may target at-risk youth, particularly those of black race or who engage in exercise to gain weight. Future research should examine longitudinal health outcomes associated with muscularity-oriented disordered eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department
of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Department of Medicine, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrea K. Garber
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department
of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology,
Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia,Translational Health Research Institute, School of
Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of
Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Stefanile C, Nerini A, Matera C, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK. Validation of an Italian version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4-Revised (SATAQ-4R) on non-clinical Italian women and men. Body Image 2019; 31:48-58. [PMID: 31446374 PMCID: PMC6897498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Appearance-ideal internalization and appearance pressures are empirically-supported risk factors for body image disturbance and disordered eating in Western countries. Such a relationship has emerged also in the Italian context, where high rates of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating are present. The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ) and its revisions are among the most commonly used instruments to assess the role of sociocultural influences on body image. Two studies were conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the female (Study 1, N = 732) and male (Study 2, N = 364) Italian versions of the SATAQ-4-Revised (SATAQ-4R-Female, SATAQ-4R-Male). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that the original seven-factor structure was replicated for women and men. The seven subscales (Internalization: Thin/Low Body Fat; Internalization: Muscular; Internalization: General Attractiveness; Pressures: Family; Pressures: Peers; Pressures: Significant Others; and Pressures: Media) showed good internal consistency and 4-week test-retest reliability. Associations between SATAQ-4R subscales and body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptomatology, drive for muscularity, self-esteem, family influences, and peer influences, suggested good convergent validity among both women and men. The present study provides evidence for the validity and reliability of the male and female Italian versions of the SATAQ-4R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Stefanile
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi, 12 - Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy.
| | - Amanda Nerini
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures, and Psychology, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi, 12 - Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy.
| | - Camilla Matera
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures, and Psychology, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi, 12 - Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy.
| | | | - Joel Kevin Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave, PCD4118G, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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Cunningham ML, Szabo M, Kambanis PE, Murray SB, Thomas JJ, Eddy KT, Franko DL, Griffiths S. Negative psychological correlates of the pursuit of muscularity among women. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:1326-1331. [PMID: 31609026 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is increasing public and scientific focus on women's pursuit of a muscular and toned appearance. However, the psychological correlates of women's drive for muscularity are currently unclear. Therefore, we examined the associations of drive for muscularity with four important negative psychological indices among women: eating disorder (ED) symptoms, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. METHOD A sample of 221 university women completed an online survey that included measures assessing the aforementioned constructs. RESULTS Drive for muscularity evidenced positive associations with all negative psychological indices, except for anxiety. Muscularity-oriented attitudes, as opposed to behaviors, demonstrated the strongest associations with ED and depression symptoms. DISCUSSION Our findings make a novel contribution to the scant literature by demonstrating that women who endorse attitudes and/or behaviors geared toward attaining the female muscular ideal may be susceptible to experiencing ED symptoms and negative emotional states. This study provides preliminary evidence that muscularity-oriented attitudes, in particular, may be a promising target for the treatment of EDs and negative emotional states in women with a preoccupation toward muscularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L Cunningham
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marianna Szabo
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - P Evelyna Kambanis
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer J Thomas
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kamryn T Eddy
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Debra L Franko
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance, Self-Esteem and Symptoms of Body-Dysmorphic Disorders among Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214236. [PMID: 31683731 PMCID: PMC6862198 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Beauty and an attractive body shape are particularly important during early adulthood, as both are related to greater mating success, positive social feedback, and higher self-esteem. The media may further influence common features of beauty. We tested whether higher body-dysmorphic disorder (BDD) scores were associated with sociocultural attitudes towards appearance. Additionally, we expected that a link between higher BDD scores and higher perceived media pressure would be mediated by lower self-esteem (SE). Method: 350 young Iranian adults (mean age: 24.17 years; 76.9% females) took part in the study. Participants completed questionnaires covering sociodemographic data, sociocultural attitudes towards appearances, and SE, while experts rated participants for symptoms of body dysmorphic disorders. Results: Higher BDD scores were associated with higher scores for sociocultural attitudes towards appearance, while SE was not associated with BDD or sociocultural attitudes towards appearance. Higher scores for sociocultural attitudes towards appearance and media pressure predicted higher BDD scores, while SE had no influence. Conclusion: Among young Iranian adults, sociocultural attitudes towards appearances and BDD scores, as rated by experts’, were related, while SE was not. The shared variance between symptoms of BDD and sociocultural attitudes towards appearance was low, suggesting that other factors such as mating and career concerns together with social feedback might be more important in explaining symptoms of body dysmorphic disorders.
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45
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Hazzard VM, Schaefer LM, Schaumberg K, Bardone-Cone AM, Frederick DA, Klump KL, Anderson DA, Thompson JK. Testing the Tripartite Influence Model among heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian women. Body Image 2019; 30:145-149. [PMID: 31323438 PMCID: PMC6703947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study explored similarities and differences between heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian women in levels of, and relationships between, the following constructs using a Tripartite Influence Model framework: family, peer, and media appearance pressures, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, and eating disorder (ED) pathology. Self-identified heterosexual (n = 1,528), bisexual (n = 89), and lesbian (n = 278) undergraduate women completed the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 and the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire. Sexual orientation differences in appearance pressures, appearance-ideal internalization, and ED pathology were examined via analysis of variance tests. Relationships between these variables were examined with multi-group path analyses, controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and body mass index. Compared with lesbian women, heterosexual and bisexual women reported higher levels of peer appearance pressures. Paths from peer appearance pressures and thin-ideal internalization to shape/weight overvaluation and body dissatisfaction were strongest for bisexual women. Overall, results indicate notable similarities between heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian women. However, preliminary evidence for potential differences highlights the importance of examining variation in ED risk between sexual minority subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne M. Hazzard
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health
| | | | | | - Anna M. Bardone-Cone
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | - Drew A. Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany-State of New York
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46
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de Carvalho PHB, Oliveira FDC, Neves CM, Meireles JFF, Ferreira MEC. Is the Drive for Muscularity Scale a valid and reliable instrument for young adult women? Body Image 2019; 29:1-5. [PMID: 30763801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of psychometric studies on scales aiming to evaluate the drive for muscularity in women. This study aimed to test whether the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) yielded reliable and valid scores for assessing the drive for muscularity construct in young adult women. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 242 Brazilian adult women. Exploratory factor analysis, convergent validity, estimated internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the DMS's scores were examined. The results of the exploratory factor analysis upheld the original unidimensional structure of the DMS for Brazilian women. The scale presented a significant but weak association with body mass index and risk behaviors for eating disorders. Adequate internal consistency and 2-week test-retest reliability were found. Future psychometric analyses (convergent and discriminant validity) of the DMS are encouraged to further our understanding of drive for muscularity in women, especially to confirm its unidimensional factor structure. Future research avenues also include examining the reliability and validity of the DMS's scores among women from various cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clara Mockdece Neves
- Department of Physical Education, "Federal" University of Juiz de Fora (Campus Governador Valadares), Brazil
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47
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Hoffmann S, Warschburger P. Prospective relations among internalization of beauty ideals, body image concerns, and body change behaviors: Considering thinness and muscularity. Body Image 2019; 28:159-167. [PMID: 30731427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Common models propose that the internalization of societal beauty ideals influences disordered eating behaviors and muscularity-oriented behaviors via body image concerns. However, previous studies addressing these pathways have been mainly cross-sectional and primarily included female samples. We investigated these pathways prospectively in male and female adolescents and young adults, examining two pathways: a 'weight/shape pathway,' linking thin-ideal internalization, weight/shape concern, and restrained eating, and a 'muscularity pathway,' linking athletic-ideal internalization, muscularity concern, and muscularity-oriented behavior. Across three time points, 973 participants from the German general population were assessed. Although the hypothesized pathways could not be supported in their complete temporal sequence, several hypothesized pathways occurred across two time points. Among others, weight/shape concern predicted restrained eating and the athletic ideal played a prominent role in the prediction of muscularity-oriented behavior in both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Hoffmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Petra Warschburger
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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48
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Dumas AA, Desroches S. Women's Use of Social Media: What Is the Evidence About Their Impact on Weight Management and Body Image? Curr Obes Rep 2019; 8:18-32. [PMID: 30666619 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-019-0324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW This review aims to summarize recent research on the effects of social media-delivered weight management interventions on weight loss and the impact of social media use on body image concerns in women and adolescent girls. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence supports the feasibility, but not the efficacy, of studies using single-component social media-delivered weight management interventions (i.e., including no other modes of intervention delivery) in women. Studies conducted in adolescent girls and women suggest that the impact of social media on body image outcomes is mostly detrimental, but is dependent on the context (e.g., exposure to idealized social media appearance images), peers' feedback, and constructs, such as appearance comparison tendency. More research is needed to conclude on the efficacy of social media-delivered interventions on both weight and body image outcomes and to understand how and when exposure to social media could promote effective weight management and also advocate positive body image in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrée-Anne Dumas
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophie Desroches
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
- Université Laval, Pavillon des services, Office 2729-P, 2440 Hochelaga Boulevard, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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49
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Peráčková J, Chovancová A, Kukurová K, Plevková L. Self-evaluation of body image in sport active and sport inactive adolescent girls. ACTA GYMNICA 2018. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2018.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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