Obesity and menopause

Medical management of obesity: unlocking the potential

After a long and challenging history, there have finally been major breakthroughs in the development of effective obesity medications. Agents that act at receptors of one or more gut hormones are achieving unprecedented weight reductions and improvements in cardiovascular risk factors, comparable to some bariatric surgical procedures. Importantly, there is evidence of beneficial effects on a growing range of conditions, including type 2 diabetes, fatty liver, chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. Barriers to access need to be overcome to allow the standard of care for obesity to match that of other chronic diseases.

Physical activity associated with age at menopause: A Mendelian randomization study

In previous observational studies, physical activity may have an impact on the age at menopause (ANM), potentially delaying or advancing the onset of menopause. However, the causal relationship between physical activity and age at menopause remains unclear. Therefore, we designed a 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) and mediation MR study to explore the causal relationship between physical activity and ANM and to identify potential mediating factors such as BMI, insomnia, hypertension and hyperglycemia. We investigated the causal link between physical activity and age at menopause using 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) and tested for potential mediators using 2-step MR. Our approach includes IVW and other MR methods and uses a variety of sensitivity tests to verify the robustness of the results. In 2-sample MR analysis, moderate physical activity was associated with delayed age at menopause (β = 0.64, 95% CI = [0.02-1.26], P = .04), but there was no evidence of a causal relationship between vigorous physical activity and age at menopause (P = .68).In contrast, a 2-step MR method showed that body mass index (BMI) mediated the effects of physical activity and delayed age at menopause (proportion mediated, 4.9%, 95% CI = 0.8 to 8%; P = .02), whereas the mediating effects of insomnia, hypertension and hyperglycemia were not significant. Our study shows that moderate physical activity can delay the age of menopause and is informative for the prevention of ovarian failure and the maintenance of women's reproductive health.

Mendelian randomization analysis of female reproductive factors on osteoarthritis

Epidemiology shows women have a higher incidence of osteoarthritis (OA) than men. However, there is not enough evidence to suggest a direct correlation between female reproductive factors and OA. Therefore, this study will employ Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate whether there is a causal relationship between the 2. This study used a 2-sample MR analysis with single nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with female reproductive factors as instrumental variables (IV). We used inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger regression, weighted median method to infer a causal relationship between female reproductive factors and OA, Cochran Q heterogeneity test by IVW and MR-Egger method, MR PRESSO method and IVW-radial method to detect outliers, MR_pleiotropy_test function and MR PRESSO method for multivariate validity test, and calculation of F-value was used to assess the presence of weak IVs. Finally, the stability of the findings was assessed using the leave-one-out method. Our research shows that there is no reliable causal relationship between an increase in Age at menarche (years) (AAM) and Age at menopause (years) (AM) and OA, that an increase in Age first had sexual intercourse (years) (AFS) is associated with a decreased risk of knee OA and/or hip OA and hand OA, that an increase in Age at first live birth (years) (AFB) is associated with a decreased risk of knee OA and/or hip OA and knee OA, and that an increase in Number of live births (NOB) is associated with an increased risk of knee OA and/or hip OA. This study provides genetic support for an increase in AFS as a reduced knee OA and/or hip OA and hand OA risk factor, an increase in AFB as a reduced knee OA and/or hip OA and knee OA risk factor, and an increase in NOB as an increased knee OA and/or hip OA risk factor. Further studies are needed to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying the causal associations between AFS, AFB, and NOB and site-specific OA.

Menopause and obstructive sleep apnea: revealing an independent mediating role of visceral fat beyond body mass index

BACKGROUND

Menopause is a significant phase in women's health, in which the incidence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is significantly increased. Body fat distribution changes with age and hormone levels in postmenopausal women, but the extent to which changes in body fat distribution affect the occurrence of OSA is unclear.

METHODS

This research performed a cross-sectional analysis utilizing data from the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Body fat distribution was quantified using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in kilograms. Menopausal status and OSA symptoms were determined by questionnaire. Weighted multivariable regression analysis was utilized to investigate the correlation between menopausal status and OSA symptoms and body fat composition. We did a mediation analysis to assess how much of the effect of menopausal status on OSA symptoms was mediated through in body fat composition.

RESULTS

The analysis comprised 1459 individuals from NHANES, consisting of 1188 premenopausal and 271 postmenopausal women. In the weighted sample, 36.01% of premenopausal women and 53.39% of postmenopausal women had OSA symptoms. After adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and other potential confounders, menopausal status was correlated with a higher prevalence of OSA symptoms (OR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.16,2.13), and increased visceral fat mass (β = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.17). In addition, visceral fat mass exhibited a significant correlation with OSA symptoms (OR = 3.79; 95% CI: 1.61, 8.94). Mediation analysis showed that 29.76% of the effect of menopausal status on OSA symptoms was mediated through visceral fat. In age-matched analysis, postmenopausal women had higher visceral fat mass (0.63 kg vs. 0.52 kg, P = 0.02) and a higher prevalence of OSA symptoms (68.3% vs. 45.7%, P = 0.02) compared with premenopausal women; however, there was no significant difference in BMI (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that menopausal status is associated with increased visceral fat accumulation and OSA symptoms prevalence. Visceral fat accumulation appears to play an important role in the development of OSA in postmenopausal women, independent of BMI; this highlights the importance of further studying this relationship.

Tirzepatide, a dual agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), positively impacts the altered microbiota of obese, diabetic, ovariectomized mice

The study aimed to verify the effect of Tirzepatide (Tzp, a dual agonist GIP/GLP-1) on intestinal health and microbiota balance in an obese diabetic ovariectomized (Ovx) mice model. Female C57BL/6 mice with Ovx and diet-induced obesity with diabetes were treated with Tzp (10 nmol/kg) for four weeks. Control (C) and obese-diabetic subgroups (Od) were formed (group abbreviations: O, Ovx; T, Tzp; n = 30/group): C, CT, CO, COT, Od, OdT, OdO, OdOT. The ileum was structurally and molecularly studied, and cecal feces had microbial DNA determined. Tzp improved the intestinal barrier structure and protection. Cldn12 (Claudin 12) increased, and Muc2 (Mucin 2) decreased. JamA (junctional adhesion molecules) and Ocln (Occludin) increased. Tzp mitigated macrophage activation and inflammation, altered composition, and the contribution to microbiota: Firmicutes decreased, and Bacteroidetes increased, changing the Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes ratio. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bifidobacterium, and Clostridium increased. In addition, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Akkermansia increased. PCA indicated a significant action of Cd14, Muc2, and Tlr4 on CO and Il17 on OdO; Il10, Cd206, Cd12, Ocln, and JamA in Od. Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroides were enhanced in CT and COT, Provotella, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes in CO, Od, OdT, OdO, and Akkermansia in OdOT. In conclusion, the intestinal barrier function in our model is compromised by alterations in phylogenetic diversity and intestinal microbiota, which characterize dysbiosis and potentially enable the influx of toxins into other tissues. Treatment with Tzp demonstrated the ability to reverse intestinal dysbiosis, help repair intestinal barrier integrity, and mitigate possible endotoxemia through anti-inflammatory signaling pathways.

Jazz dancing for improving cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, muscle strength, and sleep quality in postmenopausal women: a randomized clinical trial with 6- and 12-month follow-ups

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of 16 weeks of Jazz Dance training compared to a control group in postmenopausal women, postintervention, and at the 6- and 12-month follow-ups, on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, muscle strength, and sleep quality.

METHODS

Two-arm randomized clinical trial with a total of 47 women (jazz dance intervention group [JDIG] [n = 23] and control group (CG) [n = 24]) with a mean age of 53.41 ± 2.8 y. Data collection was carried out at four times, baseline, postintervention, and 6- and 12-month follow-ups using the 6-minute walk test (cardiorespiratory fitness); bioimpedance (body composition); isokinetic dynamometry (muscle strength); and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (sleep quality).

RESULTS

In the intention-to-treat analysis, the results showed positive differences for the JDIG in cardiorespiratory fitness at all time points (P = 0.034) and in the group x time interaction (P = <0.001). Lower limb muscle strength showed differences from baseline to postintervention and from baseline to the 12-month follow-up for the concentric force ratio (P = 0.021; P = 0.009). However, for peak extension and flexion, the results were not positive for the JDIG. There was a short-term improvement in sleep duration for the JDIG (P = 0.001) and significant intergroup differences in subjective sleep quality, where the JDIG showed better results compared to the CG (P = 0.041).

CONCLUSIONS

Jazz Dance is effective for improving cardiorespiratory fitness (in the short, medium, and long term) and sleep quality (in the short and medium term); however, it does not seem to have presented sufficient intensity and duration for facilitating changes in body composition or increasing lower limb muscle strength in postmenopausal women.

Evaluation of the Effect of Menopausal Status and BMI on Polymorphisms in Fas/Fas L and the Risk of Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND

FAS and FAS ligand play an essential role in cell apoptosis. An identifying feature of malignant cells is the loss of FAS and increased FASL expression. A study analyzing the effects of menopausal status and body mass index (BMI) on functional polymorphisms of FAS-(1377G/A; rs2234767 & 670 A/G; rs1800682) and FASL (-844T/C; rs763110 & Ivs-2nt; rs5030772) in breast cancer evaluated these effects.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

316 blood samples were collected from breast cancer patients and healthy controls in this case/control study. RFLP-PCR was used after DNA extraction to determine genotypes. Age, BMI, menopausal status, smoking, and family history were also analyzed with genotypes. It was analyzed using SPSS software, X2 statistical tests, logistic regression, and Pearson's correlation. The study evaluated the role of indices and polymorphisms in breast cancer risk.

RESULTS

While BMI and family history were significantly different, age, menopause status, and smoking were not. Examining the average BMI between menopausal and nonmenopausal people in the 2 groups showed a statistically significant difference between menopausal people (P <0.0001). As a result of 1377AA, 670GG, 844TT, and IVS-2ntGG, the risk of breast cancer increased by 1.83 times, 2.35 times, and 2.38 times respectively. In addition, mutant alleles increased disease risk significantly. The risk of disease increased considerably for postmenopausal females with certain genotypes (except 1377GA and 844CT genotypes) and high BMI.

CONCLUSION

Having a high BMI during postmenopause increases your risk of breast cancer. In addition to menopause, BMI also influences disease progression. Different genotypes are needed to clarify this issue.

Effects of time-restricted eating and resistance training on skeletal muscle tissue quantity, quality and function in postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity: A study protocol

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Time-restricted eating (TRE) shows promise for weight loss and improving menopause-related body composition and cardiometabolic health, but its effects on skeletal muscle tissue (SMT) in postmenopausal women are unknown. This study investigates the effects of three weight loss interventions over 12 weeks on SMT quantity, quality, function, and cardiometabolic health in postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity, with effects persistence evaluated at a 12-month follow-up.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In this randomized controlled trial, 78 postmenopausal women (50-65 years; BMI 25-40 kg/m2; sedentary lifestyle; eating window ≥12 h/day; no severe metabolic impairments) will be recruited. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups for 12 weeks: TRE, TRE + resistance training, or CR + resistance training. The TRE groups will reduce their eating window to 8 h and receive nutritional advice to adhere to a Mediterranean diet. The CR group will follow a personalized hypocaloric diet (-500 kcal/day). Resistance training groups will perform supervised resistance training 3 times/week.

PRIMARY OUTCOME

Change in SMT quantity measured by MRI at baseline and after 12 weeks.

SECONDARY OUTCOMES

intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), strength, power, body weight and composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors.

CONCLUSION

This study will illustrate the effects of TRE and TRE combined with resistance exercise compared with the currently recommended obesity-lifestyle treatment on SMT quantity, quality, function, and cardiometabolic markers. The results will offer insights into dietary strategies to combat obesity and metabolic diseases without increasing sarcopenia risk in postmenopausal women, a sparsely studied and particularly affected population.

Oral Conditions, Salivary pH, Flow Rate, Phosphate Level, and Phosphorus Intake of Pre- and Postmenopausal Women

OBJECTIVES

 This study aimed to investigate salivary parameters, including pH, flow rate, phosphate levels, and phosphorus intake, to explore potential variations between postmenopausal and premenopausal women.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

 This study included 68 postmenopausal and 94 premenopausal women. Inclusion criteria comprised women aged 45 to 65 years with a minimum menopausal duration of 2 years and women aged 21 to 40 years for premenopausal participants. Exclusion criteria involved systemic diseases and any dental treatments received in the last 6 months. Direct observation facilitated the visual detection of intraoral inflammation, ulcers, plaque, calculus, dental mobility, and caries. A questionnaire covering demographic data, dental pain, xerostomia, burning sensation, ulcer etiology and duration, and gingival bleeding etiology was administered. Phosphorus intake was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Unstimulated whole saliva, collected by spitting, was analyzed for various salivary parameters, such as pH, flow rate, and phosphate level. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine subjects' salivary phosphate level.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

 The difference in intraoral conditions between groups was analyzed using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test. For the comparison of salivary parameters and phosphorus intake between study groups, the ANOVA: univariate general linear model was utilized. The correlation between salivary phosphate levels and age, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and phosphorus intake was examined using Spearman's rank correlation.

RESULTS

 The postmenopausal group demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence (p < 0.005) of gingival swelling, gingival discoloration, gingival recession, plaque, calculus, caries, tooth mobility, xerostomia, and burning sensation. Following adjustments for age, BMI, and blood pressure, a statistically significant difference in salivary flow rate between groups was observed (p = 0.008). No significant differences were found in salivary pH (p = 0.764), salivary phosphate level (p = 0.142), or phosphorus intake (p = 0.323) between the two groups. There was no significant correlation between salivary phosphate levels and age (p = 0.747), BMI (p = 0.308), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.747), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.622), and phosphorus intake (0.829) in both groups.

CONCLUSION

 Postmenopausal women exhibited a lower salivary flow rate compared with premenopausal women. No differences or correlations were observed in salivary phosphate level and phosphorus intake between the two groups.

Association of Shift Work, Sociodemographic Variables and Healthy Habits with Obesity Scales

BACKGROUND

Shift work has been associated with unhealthy lifestyle habits and a higher prevalence of obesity, which negatively impacts the health of shift workers. The objective of our study was to examine the influence of shift work on obesity, as well as on sociodemographic variables, anthropometric measurements, and lifestyle habits in individuals working this type of schedule.

METHODS

An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study involving 53,053 workers from various labour sectors across several Spanish autonomous communities was conducted. It included 31,753 men (17,527 of them working shifts) and 21,300 women (11,281 of them working shifts). The relationship between shift work and obesity was examined, as well as its association with sex, age, social class, education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary behaviour, and unhealthy diet.

RESULTS

Obesity showed higher prevalence and mean values among shift workers across all four formulas used (BMI obesity, WtHR high, CUN BAE obesity, METS-VF high). All variables related to unhealthy lifestyle habits revealed a significantly greater prevalence among shift workers, with high statistical significance (p < 0.001). Age, sex, and social class affected the risk of obesity, with a greater prevalence observed in shift workers compared to non-shift workers (p < 0.001). Men had a higher risk than women, with an OR ranging from 1.17 (1.12-1.21) for BMI obesity to 7.45 (6.71-8.20) for METS-VF high.

CONCLUSIONS

Shift workers exhibit a higher prevalence of obesity and unhealthy lifestyle habits, with men at greater risk. The variables that most significantly increase the risk of obesity include age, physical inactivity, low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and alcohol consumption.

Obesity-related renal dysfunction: gender-specific influence of visceral adiposity and early impact of metabolic and bariatric surgery

Introduction

Renal dysfunction is a recognized complication of obesity with an incompletely characterized pathophysiology. Improvement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) has been reported across all classes of renal function. Inter-gender differences with regard to correlates of renal function have been described, but the influence of body composition is an understudied area. We aimed to explore determinants of renal function in obesity and to assess its variations after MBS, with a focus on body composition parameters in males and females, respectively.

Materials methods

We conducted a retrospective study on 196 patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, evaluated preoperatively and 6 months after the intervention. Recorded data included clinical and biochemical assessment, as well as body composition estimation via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum creatinine-based formulas were used for the estimation of GFR.

Results

We included a total of 196 patients (80 males and 116 females), with a mean age of 41.43 ± 10.79. Median baseline body mass index was 42.6 (6.61) kg/m2 and 6 months excess weight loss (EWL) reached 71.43 ± 17.18%, in females, estimated GFR correlated negatively with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass (rho=-.368) and this correlation was stronger in females with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Moreover, women in the third VAT mass tertile were 5 times more likely to have reduced GFR compared to the first tertile. Renal function improved after MBS across all classes of filtration. In males, this improvement correlated with EWL (rho=.358) and lean mass variation (rho=-.412), while in females it correlated with VAT mass variation (rho=-.266).

Conclusions

Our results are consistent with previous findings on the positive impact of MBS on renal function and suggest a more prominent impact of visceral adiposity on GFR in females.

Effect of ovariectomy and high-fat diet on the expression of estrogen receptors and adipose tissue metabolism in wistar rats

This study addresses the increasing prevalence of obesity, especially among postmenopausal. Estrogen plays a crucial role in regulating adipose tissue in women, with its absence after menopause associated with metabolic complications. The study aimed to determine the lipolytic activity in different adipose tissue depots of ovariectomized rats submitted to a high-fat diet. Also, to analyze the expression of estrogen receptors in adipose tissues and perform histological and morphometric analyzes of these deposits. Female rats were ovariectomized (O) or sham operated (S). The animals were divided into groups: ovariectomized with high-fat diet (OF), sham-operated with high-fat diet (SF), ovariectomized with control diet (OC) or sham-operated with control diet as the control group (SC). After 24 weeks of consuming the diets, rats were killed and adipose tissue deposits were removed. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the expression of estrogen receptors in adipose tissues, lipolysis assay and histological analysis. Both the high-fat diet and ovariectomy increased body weight and adiposity. There was hypertrophy of adipocytes. Estrogen replacement therapy modulate lipolytic activity in different adipose depots, with different responses in relation to estrogen receptors. Estrogen receptor expression varied between fat depots. Mesenteric adipose tissue showed greater sensitivity to estrogen compared with others. Estrogen increased lipolytic activity in some fat depots, reducing in others. Expression of ERs depends of hormonal status and adipose tissue location, which may explain distinct actions of estrogen on the metabolism of adipose tissue and on the production of adipokines by them.

The dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide effects on body weight evolution, adiponectin, insulin and leptin levels in the combination of obesity, type 2 diabetes and menopause in mice

AIM

Tirzepatide (Tzp), a novel dual agonist glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1, is approved for treating insulin resistance and obesity, and menopausal women consuming a high-calorie diet are a target to study the Tzp effect. Therefore, we aimed to allometrically scale body weight (BW) in Tzp-treated obese diabetic menopausal mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three-month-old C57BL/6 female mice had bilateral ovariectomy (Ovx) or a sham procedure and for 12 weeks were fed a control diet or a high-fat and high sucrose diet (n = 120/each group [control (C), obese diabetic (Od), Ovx (O), sham (S), Tzp (T)]). Tzp was subcutaneously administered (10 nmol/kg) or vehicle once a day for an additional 4 weeks. The analysis considered log-transformed data and the allometric equation log y = log a + b log x.

RESULTS

Od and OdO showed more upward slopes than C and CO. In C, BW was non-allometric by T administration. Od and OdO showed slightly positive slopes (more prominent in OdO than Od). OdT and OdOT showed negative slopes, significant intercepts, and more robust Pearson coefficients than untreated ones. A potent drug effect was seen with BW allometric decline. Interactions between diet versus Ovx and diet versus Tzp affected weight gain. Diet versus Ovx versus Tzp affected food intake.

CONCLUSIONS

A model was developed to show three usual factors observed in mature women. Notably, Tzp improved the metabolism and weight loss of OdO mice. Tzp-treated mice showed negative allometric BW across treatment time, which is a quantitative assessment that allows better comparison between results.

Correlation Between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and the Risk of Urinary Incontinence in Adult Women

Objective

This study examined the relationship between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and urinary incontinence in adult women and evaluated the potential contribution of the fatty liver index (FLI) in this context.

Methods

The study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database, spanning from 2001 to 2018. The study included 17,221 adult female participants. Individuals exhibiting FLI values of 60 or greater were diagnosed with hepatic steatosis. Incontinence type and MASLD status were evaluated by analyzing questionnaire data and calculating the FLI. Logistic regression models were employed to examine the correlation between FLI, MASLD, and urinary incontinence, with potential confounding variables controlled through multivariate adjustment models. Furthermore, restricted cubic spline curve (RCS) modeling and subgroup analysis were employed to elucidate the relationship between variables further.

Results

The median age of participants in the MASLD group was higher than that of the non-MASLD group (53 vs 46 years, P < 0.001). The findings indicated a positive association between FLI and MASLD and the risk of urinary incontinence. Specifically, the risk of stress urinary incontinence (SUI), urgency urinary incontinence (UUI), and mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) all increased significantly with increasing quartiles of FLI (OR 2.44, 1.91, 2.30, respectively, P < 0.001). In the multivariate-adjusted model, SUI, UUI, and MUI risk was 76%, 50%, and 69% higher in patients with MASLD than those without MASLD. RCS analysis demonstrated a significant nonlinear positive correlation between FLI and the risk of SUI, UUI, and MUI, respectively.

Conclusion

This study's findings indicate a significant association between MASLD and the risk of developing urinary incontinence. Additionally, the results suggest that FLI and MASLD may act as independent risk factors for urinary incontinence.

Effects of 12 Weeks of Combined Exercise Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Arterial Stiffness, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Red Blood Cell Hemorheological Function in Obese Older Women

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The present study examined the effect of 12-week combined exercise training in normobaric hypoxia on arterial stiffness, inflammatory biomarkers, and red blood cell (RBC) hemorheological function in 24 obese older women (mean age: 67.96 ± 0.96 years).

METHODS

Subjects were randomly divided into two groups (normoxia (NMX; n = 12) and hypoxia (HPX; n = 12)). Both groups performed aerobic and resistance exercise training programs three times per week for 12 weeks, and the HPX group performed exercise programs in hypoxic environment chambers during the intervention period. Body composition was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis equipment. Arterial stiffness was measured using an automatic waveform analyzer. Biomarkers of inflammation and oxygen transport (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 (IL-6), erythropoietin (EPO), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)), and RBC hemorheological parameters (RBC deformability and aggregation) were analyzed.

RESULTS

All variables showed significantly more beneficial changes in the HPX group than in the NMX group during the intervention. The combined exercise training in normobaric hypoxia significantly reduced blood pressure (systolic blood pressure: p < 0.001, diastolic blood pressure: p < 0.001, mean arterial pressure: p < 0.001, pulse pressure: p < 0.05) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (p < 0.001). IL-6 was significantly lower in the HPX group than in the NMX group post-test (p < 0.001). Also, EPO (p < 0.01) and VEGF (p < 0.01) were significantly higher in the HPX group than in the NMX group post-test. Both groups showed significantly improved RBC deformability (RBC EI_3Pa) (p < 0.001) and aggregation (RBC AI_3Pa) (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The present study suggests that combined exercise training in normobaric hypoxia can improve inflammatory biomarkers and RBC hemorheological parameters in obese older women and may help prevent cardiovascular diseases.

Impact of adiposity indices changes across the lifespan on risk of diabetes in women: trajectory modeling approach

AIMS

The impact of life-course different adiposity indices on diabetes mellitus (DM) is poorly understood. We aimed to do trajectory analysis with repeated measurements of adiposity indices in the development of DM among women across the lifespan.

METHODS

This study prospectively investigated the 1,681 population of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. At baseline, all individuals were free of diabetes. Trajectory analysis was used to identify homogeneous distinct clusters of adiposity indices trajectories and assign individuals to unique clusters.

RESULTS

Of the 1681 healthy women, 320 progressed to the DM. Three distinct body mass index (BMI) trajectories and 2 distinct trajectories of other adiposity indices (waist circumstance (WC), conicity index (C-index), and body roundness index (BRI)) were chosen as the best fitting of the latent class growth mixture model. In the adjusted model, total participants [HR (CI 95%): 2.83 (2.05, 3.91); p < 0.001], and menopause [1.35 (1.10, 2.11); p = 0.001] and reproductive-age women [2.93 (1.80, 4.78); p = 0.003] of the high BMI trajectory compared to the ones in the low trajectory of BMI were more likely to develop DM. The high BRI in menopause had a significantly higher risk of DM compared to the low trajectory. In menopause (1.80 (1.26, 2.58)) and reproductive-age women (4.32 (2.49, 7.47)) with high trajectory of C-index, the DM risk decreased after adjustment.

CONCLUSIONS

The risk of DM was greater for high BMI, WC, C-index, and BRI trajectories than for lower trajectories. Hence, the development of general, abdominal, and visceral obesity trajectories in the prevention of DM should be considered by clinicians.

Correlation between Pancreatic Fat Deposition and Metabolic Syndrome: Relationships with Location in the Pancreas and Sex

Objective To investigate the correlation between pancreatic fat deposition and metabolic syndrome (MetS) parameters, focusing on the locations of fat deposition in the pancreas and sex differences. Methods Degrees of fat deposition in the head, body, and tail of the pancreas were evaluated using computed tomography (CT). We examined the relationships between pancreatic fat deposition and the age, body mass index (BMI), visceral and subcutaneous fat, serum lipid profiles, hepatic steatosis, diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypertension (HTN). Results In this retrospective study, greater fat deposition was associated with a higher BMI, visceral and subcutaneous fat accumulation, and hepatic steatosis, with the pancreatic head showing the strongest correlation. Correlations of pancreatic fat deposition with the BMI and visceral and subcutaneous fat accumulation were stronger in females than in males, while correlations with hepatic steatosis were stronger in males than in females. In addition, a multivariate analysis did not suggest a direct causal relationship between pancreatic fat deposition and DM and HTN, but there was a significant correlation between pancreatic fat deposition in the pancreatic head and visceral fat area. Conclusion Pancreatic fat deposition, as evaluated by CT, especially in the part of the pancreatic head adjacent to the ampulla of Vater, is a sensitive indicator of MetS. The correlations between pancreatic fat deposition and MetS parameters tended to be stronger in females than in males. These results may help further elucidate the pathophysiology of MetS and provide opportunities for its diagnosis.

The intricate relationship between obesity, type 2 diabetes and female breast cancer: A retrospective study of 335 women

Background

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a risk factor for female breast cancer (FBC). Obesity has also been associated with FBC, also depending on menopausal status. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of obesity and T2D on the development, aggressiveness, and invasiveness of FBC.

Methods

Demographic, clinical, and histopathological data from 335 women with FBC were collected, and analyzed according to weight category (102 normal weight, 117 overweight, and 116 living with obesity) and the presence/absence of T2D.

Results

Age at oncologic diagnosis was not statistically significantly different for body weight; women with overweight or obesity were more likely to have an oncologic diagnosis after menopause than normal weight (p < 0.001). The presence of overweight/obesity and T2D seemed to be associated with a higher incidence of metastasis, recurrence, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype (p < 0.001). Excess body weight was also associated with high histologic grade (G3) (p < 0.005).

Conclusions

These results confirm excess body weight and T2D as unfavorable prognostic factors in terms of the presence of the TNBC subtype, tumor metastasis, recurrence, and aggressiveness (G3 and Ki-67 > 20%). This study highlights the importance of prevention in all women, with early screening, and adequate nutritional programs.

Management of obesity in menopause

The increasing prevalence of obesity imposes significant health challenges, particularly in women undergoing menopause. Effective obesity management is essential to mitigate associated comorbidities and improve quality of life. The pillars of obesity treatment encompass lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions. Pharmacotherapy may be considered for women who do not achieve adequate weight loss through lifestyle changes alone and have obesity or overweight with risk factors. Bariatric surgery is reserved for individuals with severe obesity or those with obesity-related complications. During menopause, hormonal changes contribute to weight gain and fat redistribution, complicating obesity management. Tailored treatment strategies are necessary to address the unique challenges faced by this population. The role of physicians and gynecologists is pivotal in the multidisciplinary approach to obesity management during menopause. Gynecologists are often the primary health-care providers for menopausal women and are in a unique position to offer guidance on weight management. They can provide personalized counseling, coordinate with nutritionists, endocrinologists and bariatric specialists, and monitor the effects of obesity and its treatment on reproductive health. By integrating obesity management into routine gynecological care, gynecologists can significantly impact the overall health and well-being of menopausal women.

The impacts of obesity in rheumatoid arthritis and insights into therapeutic purinergic modulation

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune condition responsible for the impairment of synovia and joints, endangering the functionality of individuals and contributing to mortality. Currently, obesity is increasing worldwide, and recent studies have suggested an association between such condition and RA. In this sense, obese individuals present a lower capacity for achieving remission and present more intense symptoms of the disease, demonstrating a link between both disorders. Different studies aim to understand the possible connection between the conditions; however, few is known in this sense. Therefore, knowing that obesity can alter the activity of multiple body systems, this work's objective is to evaluate the main modifications caused by obesity, which can be linked to the pathophysiology of RA, highlighting as relevant topics obesity's negative impact triggering systemic inflammation, intestinal dysbiosis, endocrine disbalances. Furthermore, the relationship between oxidative stress and obesity also deserves to be highlighted, considering the influence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in RA exacerbation. Additionally, many of those characteristics influenced by obesity, along with the classic peculiarities of RA pathophysiology, can also be associated with purinergic signaling. Hence, this work suggests possible connections between the purinergic system and RA, proposing potential therapeutic targets against RA to be studied.

Investigating the Relationship between Epigenetic Age and Cardiovascular Risk in a Population with Overweight/Obesity

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases stand as the leading global cause of mortality. Major modifiable risk factors encompass overweight/obese conditions, high blood pressure, elevated LDL cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity. In the present study, we explored the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and epigenetic age (DNAm age), an estimate reflecting an individual's actual physiological functionality and overall health. Additionally, we assessed the association between DNAm age acceleration and cardiovascular risk, as evaluated through the Framingham risk score (FRS). Methods: The study includes 190 subjects with overweight/obese conditions. We calculated their DNAm age using Zbieć-Piekarska et al.'s DNAm age estimator on five sets of CpGs analyzed in the peripheral leucocytes. Linear regression models were employed to test the associations. Results: Various parameters contributing to increased cardiovascular risk were associated with DNAm age acceleration, such as systolic blood pressure (β = 0.045; SE = 0.019; p = 0.019), heart rate (β = 0.096; SE = 0.032; p = 0.003), blood glucose (β = 0.025; SE = 0.012; p = 0.030), glycated hemoglobin (β = 0.105; SE = 0.042; p = 0.013), diabetes (β = 2.247; SE = 0.841; p = 0.008), and menopausal conditions (β = 2.942; SE = 1.207; p = 0.016), as well as neutrophil (β = 0.100; SE = 0.042; p = 0.018) and granulocyte (β = 0.095; SE = 0.044; p = 0.033) counts. Moreover, DNAm age acceleration raised the FRS (∆% 5.3%, 95% CI 0.8; 9.9, p = 0.019). Conclusion: For the first time, we report that cardiovascular risk factors accelerated DNAm age in a selected population of hypersusceptible individuals with overweight or obesity. Our results highlight the potential of DNAm age acceleration as a biomarker of cumulative effects in cardiovascular risk assessment.

Age at natural menopause and associated factors with early and late menopause among Chinese women in Zhejiang province: A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES

Menopause is a significant life transition for women, impacting their physical and psychological health. The age at natural menopause (ANM) and its associated factors have differed by race and region. This study aimed to investigate ANM and associated factors of early and late menopause among Chinese women in Zhejiang province.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method to recruit 8,006 women aged 40-69 years who had resided in Zhejiang province for over 6 months between July 2019 and December 2021. Self-reported ANM and sociodemographics, lifestyle behaviors, reproductive history, and health-related factors were collected using questionnaires in face-to-face surveys. ANM were categorized into three groups: early menopause (<45 years), normal menopause (45-54 years), and late menopause (≥55 years). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was utilized to calculate the median ANM. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression was employed to explore the associated factors of early menopause and late menopause.

RESULTS

A total of 6,047 women aged 40-69 years were included for survival analysis, with 3,176 of them for the regression analysis. The overall median ANM was 51 years (Inter-quartile range [IQR]: 51-52). Women who were smokers (odds ratio [OR]:4.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.6-12.84), had irregular menstrual cycles (OR:1.78, 95% CI:1.12-2.83) and hypertension (OR:1.55, 95% CI:1.09-2.21) had a higher odds ratio of early menopause, while central obesity (OR:1.33, 95% CI:1.03-1.73) and hyperlipidemia (OR:1.51, 95% CI:1.04-2.18) were factors associated with late menopause.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed the associations between ANM and various factors among Chinese women. These factors included socio-demographic factors such as age; life behavior factors like current or prior smoking status; reproductive history factors such as irregular menstrual cycles, miscarriages, and breastfeeding; and health-related factors like central adiposity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. These findings provided a basis for understanding factors associated with ANM.

Metabolic Syndrome and Survival Outcomes in Endometrial Cancer

Menopause, through attributable estrogen level decline and the corresponding increase in circulating androgens, significantly elevates a woman's risk for cardiometabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome itself is a cluster of interconnected risk factors, and among them, central obesity is a well-established factor for the development of endometrial cancer (EC), the most common gynecologic malignancy. This research investigates the impact of metabolic syndrome on survival rates among patients with endometrial cancer. The goal is to assess whether having metabolic syndrome or its individual components influences disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival, and recurrence rates. Understanding this link is crucial for determining risk levels and could help tailor treatment approaches for better long-term outcomes in endometrial cancer care.

Abdominal obesity as assessed by anthropometric measures associates with urinary incontinence in females: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018

BACKGROUND

Urinary incontinence (UI) is significantly link to abdominal obesity. This study aimed to assess the association between anthropometric indices of abdominal obesity, including body roundness index (BRI), conicity index (CI), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and UI risk in adult females.

METHODS

We analyzed data from 10, 317 adult females in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2005-2018). Weighted multivariable-adjusted regression analysis was conducted to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between BRI, CI, WHtR, and UI. Stratified analyses revealed the association based on the population type. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses were used to assess the predictive value of UI.

RESULTS

All indices of abdominal obesity investigated were positively and independently associated with the prevalence and severity of three types of UI. After adjusting for all relevant confounding variables, a significantly positive association between BRI and the prevalence of UI were observed (OR quartile 4 vs. quartile 1: urge UI (UUI): 1.93, 95% CI 1.61-2.30; stress UI (SUI): 2.29, 95% CI 1.94-2.70; mixed UI (MUI): 2.26, 95% CI 1.82-2.82; all P < 0.0001, P for trend < 0.0001, respectively), as well as WHtR and CI, which particularly prominent for female in premenopausal. Moreover, a one-unit increment of BRI was significantly associated with an increased severity index of UUI (β: 0.06, 95% CI 0.04-0.09, P < 0.0001), SUI (β: 0.10, 95% CI 0.07-0.13, P < 0.0001) and MUI (β: 0.07, 95% CI 0.04-0.10, P < 0.0001), which this trend was also observed in each subtype of UI for WHtR and CI. Furthermore, the ROC analysis demonstrated a higher diagnostic efficacy of BRI and WHtR compared with BMI in discriminating UI with an AUC of 0.600 for SUI, 0.617 for UUI, and 0.622 for MUI (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

An increased BRI, CI, and WHtR are significantly associated with higher prevalence and severity of UI in females.

Obesity and sexual health: focus on postmenopausal women

Menopause is a cardiometabolic transition with many women experiencing weight gain and redistribution of body fat. Hormonal changes may affect also several dimensions of well-being, including sexual function, with a high rate of female sexual dysfunction (FSD), which displays a multifactorial etiology. The most important biological factors range from chronic low-grade inflammation, associated with hypertrophic adipocytes that may translate into endothelial dysfunction and compromised blood flow through the genitourinary system, to insulin resistance and other neuroendocrine mechanisms targeting the sexual response. Psychosocial factors include poor body image, mood disorders, low self-esteem and life satisfaction, as well as partner's health and quality of relationship, and social stigma. Even unhealthy lifestyle, chronic conditions and putative weight-promoting medications may play a role. The aim of the present narrative review is to update and summarize the state of the art on the link between obesity and FSD in postmenopausal women, pointing to the paucity of high-quality studies and the need for further research with validated end points to assess both biomarkers of obesity and FSD. In addition, we provide general information on the diagnosis and treatment of FSD at menopause with a focus on dietary interventions, physical activity, anti-obesity drugs and bariatric surgery.

Evaluating the safety and efficacy of cryopreserved ovarian tissue transplantation in leukemia patients with different bone marrow remission status using xenotransplantation

Background

Leukemia patients undergoing cryopreserved ovarian tissue transplantation (OTT) may carry a high risk of disease induction. Measurable residual disease (MRD) in bone marrow is linked to an elevated risk of relapse. It is controversial whether leukemia patients must be allowed to achieve measurable residual disease negative (MRD-negative) status instead of measurable residual disease positive (MRD-positive) status before ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC).

Objective

To explore the safety and efficacy of OTT in acute leukemia patients with different MRD status by using xenotransplantation.

Method

Cryopreserved ovarian tissue from 19 leukemia patients was thawed and xenotransplanted to ovariectomized BALB/C nude mice (n=36). The mice were divided into 2 groups based on the patient's MRD status before OTC: MRD-negative group (n=18) and MRD-positive group (n=18), additionally, a control group consisted of ovariectomized mice (n=9). Body weight was measured weekly and mortality, emaciation, and other abnormalities were recorded. Twenty-six weeks post-surgery, livers, spleens, uteruses, and ovarian grafts were removed for macroscopic and histological examinations to evaluate the efficacy of xenotransplantation and assess malignant cell contamination in mice.

Results

Follicle growth was visible in the ovarian grafts of the MRD-negative and MRD-positive groups. Compared with the ovariectomized group, a significant decrease in body weight (p<0.01) was noted, the uterine volume was notably larger, estradiol (E2) levels were significantly higher (p<0.01), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were significantly lower (p<0.001) in the other two groups. Mice in the MRD-positive group showed a significantly higher incidence of death (p<0.001) and emaciation (p<0.01), compared to the MRD-negative group. Histological observation revealed the presence of malignant cells in the grafts, livers, and spleens of 3 mice in the MRD-positive group. No abnormalities were observed in the mice from the MRD-negative group in both macroscopic and histological observations except one mouse was sacrificed for ascites unrelated to leukemia relapse.

Conclusion

For leukemia patients having ovarian tissue preserved in the first and only centralized human ovarian tissue cryobank in China, immunodeficient mice xenotransplantation can be a method to evaluate the safety and efficacy of OTT; the risk of malignant cell reimplantation due to OTT is higher in leukemia patients with MRD-positive status than those with MRD-negative status before OTC.

The Effect of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

PURPOSE

Cardiometabolic disease (CMD) is increasing along with its predisposing factors and adverse consequences. As gut microbiota dysbiosis is established in these patients, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which alters the bacterial composition of the intestine, supposedly can help improve cardiometabolic disturbances. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the impact of FMT on the cardiometabolic parameters and gut microbiota composition of patients experiencing at least one cardiometabolic issue.

METHODS

Eligible studies were searched through the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases until December 2022. The initial search results underwent duplication removal and screening until each included study was scanned for intended data. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to evaluate the methodologic accuracy of studies and the random effects model was used for conducting the meta-analysis.

FINDINGS

Eighteen of the original 2414 articles from the literature search were entered into the systematic review; of these, 11 were included in the meta-analysis. Insulin showed a significant decrease by 24.7 pmol/L (weighted mean difference [WMD], -24.77; 95% CI, -48.704 to -0.848) after short-term follow-up, and HDL increased by 0.1 mmol/l(WMD, 0.106; 95% CI, 0.027 to 0.184) and 0.12 mmol/l(WMD, 0.120; 95% CI, 0.003 to 0.237) in those using a capsule deliver mode and in short-term follow-up, respectively. No significant changes were seen in other lipid profiles, blood glucose, insulin resistance, or anthropometric indices. In addition, multiple studies reported gut microbiota alterations after the intervention, including an increase in butyrate-producing species.

IMPLICATIONS

Although some articles reported the beneficial effects of FMT on metabolic parameters, we failed to find a clinically significant alteration. Also, information regarding proper donors and the best method to induce FMT have not yet been sufficiently investigated, which should be considered along with means to prevent potential damages. PROSPERO identifier: CRD42022380705.

Correlation between physical activity, appetite, and body composition during menopausal transition and postmenopause in Iranian women

BACKGROUND

Hormone fluctuations in women are accompanied by an increase in obesity. Although obesity has various causes, the interaction between obesity and menopausal status remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the interaction between lifestyle physical activities (PAs), such as occupational and household activities, and purposeful exercise, such as sports, with appetite and their correlation with body composition during the menopausal transition (MT) and postmenopausal (PM) phases.

DESIGN

This was a descriptive cross-sectional design.

METHODS

Women aged 42-62 years, in the MT or PM phases, were included. PA and appetite were measured using the validated Beacke questionnaire and the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire, respectively. Body weight, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured to estimate the body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR).

RESULTS

A total of 101 women were included in the study. A significant positive relationship was found between appetite and PA in the MT group (r = 0.55, p < 0.001). In the MT group, PA (β = -0.38, p = 0.009) and appetite (β = 0.42, p = 0.004) predicted 16% of the BMI, while PA and appetite predicted 16% of the WHR. Only PA contributed significantly to the prediction of WHR (β = -0.33, p = 0.0.02). In the PM group, PA and appetite predicted 15% of the WHR (p = 0.030), and PA was a significant predictor of the WHR (β = -0.29, p = 0.0.03). There was no significant difference between the BMI and WHR in active women who regularly performed purposeful exercise compared to inactive women during the PM phase (p > 0.05). However, the appetite of active women was higher than of inactive women (p = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

Menopausal status was effective on obesity indices, appetite, and PA. Lifestyle PA was superior to appetite in predicting obesity indices during the MT and PM phases, and particularly during PM; hence, PA was more important than exercise in determining obesity.

Obesity and Severity of Menopausal Symptoms: a Contemporary Review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Vasomotor symptoms are frequently experienced by women during menopause and have been linked to obesity. Severity of menopausal symptoms is a distinct construct from presence of symptoms, and the relation between severity of symptoms and obesity is less established. The purpose of this brief narrative review was to summarize evidence from recent studies on associations between menopausal symptom severity and measures of obesity.

RECENT FINDINGS

Sixteen articles were identified that specifically assessed and reported on the severity of menopausal symptoms in relation to measures of obesity including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio. Most studies to date show that greater BMI, waist size, and waist-to-hip ratio are associated with greater severity of menopausal symptoms. Given the large segment of women who will experience symptoms and that severity of symptoms influences treatment decisions, future studies are needed to determine how weight management efforts may reduce the severity of menopausal symptoms.

Safety of Innovative Nanotechnology Oral Formulations Loaded with Bioactive Menopause Molecules: Influence of Genotoxicity and Biochemical Parameters on a Menopausal Rat Model

In recent years, nanoparticles have gained significant importance due to their unique properties, such as pharmacological, electrical, optical, and magnetic abilities, contributing to the growth of the science and technology sector. Particular naturally derived biomolecules with beneficial effects on menopause disorder have been the subject of studies of pharmaceutical formulation to obtain alternative pharmaceutical forms with increased bioavailability and without side effects, as in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with such active ingredients. In the present study, one stage of a broader project, we have performed pharmacotoxicology studies for six combinatory innovative nanocapsule pharmaceutical forms containing active natural biomolecules before considering them as oral formulas for (1) in vitro toxicity studies on culture cells and (2) in vivo preclinical studies on a surgically induced menopause model of Wistar female rats, and the influence of the NLCs on key biochemical parameters: lipid profile (TG, Chol, HDL), glycemic markers (Gli), bone markers (Pac, Palc, Ca, phosphorus), renal markers (Crea, urea, URAC), inflammation (TNF), oxidative stress (GSH, MDA), and estrogen-progesterone hormonal profile. The micronucleus test did not reveal the genotoxicity of the tested compounds; the menopause model showed no significant safety concerns for the six tested formulas evaluated using the blood biochemical parameters; and the results showed the potential hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hypouricemic, and antioxidant potential of one of the tested formulas containing nano diosgenin and glycyrrhizic acid.

Hepatic-Specific FGF21 Knockout Abrogates Ovariectomy-Induced Obesity by Reversing Corticosterone Production

Increased glucocorticoid (GC) levels act as a master contributor to central obesity in estrogen-depleted females; however, what factors cause their increased GC production is unclear. Given (1) liver fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and GCs regulate each other's production in a feed-forward loop, and (2) circulating FGF21 and GCs are parallelly increased in menopausal women and ovariectomized mice, we thus hypothesized that elevation of hepatic FGF21 secretion causes increased GGs production in estrogen-depleted females. Using the ovariectomized mice as a model for menopausal women, we found that ovariectomy (OVX) increased circulating corticosterone levels, which in turn increased visceral adipose Hsd11b1 expression, thus causing visceral obesity in females. In contrast, liver-specific FGF21 knockout (FGF21 LKO) completely reversed OVX-induced high GCs and high visceral adipose Hsd11b1 expression, thus abrogating OVX-induced obesity in females. Even though FGF21 LKO failed to rescue OVX-induced dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance. What's worse, FGF21 LKO even further exacerbated whole-body glucose metabolic dysfunction as evidenced by more impaired glucose and pyruvate tolerance and worsened insulin resistance. Mechanically, we found that FGF21 LKO reduced circulating insulin levels, thus causing the dissociation between decreased central obesity and the improvement of obesity-related metabolic syndromes in OVX mice. Collectively, our results suggest that liver FGF21 plays an essential role in mediating OVX-induced central obesity by promoting GC production. However, lack of liver FGF21 signaling reduces insulin production and in turn causes the dissociation between decreased central obesity and the improvement of obesity-related metabolic syndromes, highlighting a detrimental role for hepatic FGF21 signals in mediating the development of central obesity but a beneficial role in preventing metabolic abnormality from further exacerbation in estrogen-depleted females.

Multimarker Approach as More Reliable Method Than Single Vitamin D in Relationship with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Montenegrin Postmenopausal Women

OBJECTIVE

Previous studies suggested that ethnic differences, sex and obesity could modify the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], glycometabolic markers and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). We aimed to examine the potential relationship between [25(OH)D] and T2D in postmenopausal women in Montenegro. In addition, we aimed to explore if a set of biomarkers, rather than [25(OH)D] as a single biomarker, could better explain its potential association with T2D.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 116 postmenopausal, otherwise healthy women and 48 postmenopausal women with T2D were included. Univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis, along with principal component analysis (PCA), were applied to test the associations between examined biomarkers/set of biomarkers with T2D.

RESULTS

Women with T2D had lower serum [25(OH)D] levels than healthy controls (p = 0.024). No independent relationship between [25(OH)D] and T2D was found. PCA extracted three significant factors that were associated with T2D, i.e., age-glycometabolic-related factor (i.e., with positive loadings of age, glucose and insulin; OR = 11.321, p < 0.001), obesity-inflammation- related factor (i.e., with positive loadings of hsCRP and WC, and negative loading of [25(OH)D]; (OR = 2.079, p < 0.001)) and lipid-related factor (i.e., with positive loadings of TG and LDL-c, and negative loading of HDL-c; OR = 1.423, p = 0.044).

CONCLUSIONS

The relationship between [25(OH)D] and T2D is modulated by central obesity (as measured by WC) and inflammation (as measured with hsCRP) in postmenopausal women. Their joint measurement, rather than [25(OH)D] itself, could provide better information for the risk assessment for T2D in postmenopausal women.

Whole-Body Cryotherapy Alters Circulating MicroRNA Profile in Postmenopausal Women

The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases with age, especially in women. The role of microRNAs (miRs) in the regulation of metabolism is postulated. The aim of the study is to identify miRs that may be markers of MetS and to assess changes in miRs expression as a result of 10 and 20 whole-body cryotherapy treatments (WBC; 3 min, -120 °C) in postmenopausal women with MetS (M-60, BMI 30.56 ± 5.38 kg/m2), compared to healthy postmenopausal (H-60, BMI 25.57 ± 2.46 kg/m2) and healthy young women (H-20, BMI 22.90 ± 3.19 kg/m2). In a fasting state, before 1 WBC and after 10 WBCs, as well as 20 WBCs, the expression of miR-15a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-197-3p, miR-223-3p, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and blood lipid profile were determined. miR-15a-5p and miR-21-5p were down-regulated in M-60, while miR-23a-3p and miR-197-3p were up-regulated, and miR-223-3p down-regulated in M-60 and H-60, compared to H-20. Significant positive correlations between up-regulated (mostly for miR-23-3p and miR-197-3p) and significant negative correlations between down-regulated (mostly for miR-15a-5p) miRs and markers of body composition as well as metabolic disorders were observed. After 20 WBCs, miR-15a-5p expression was up-regulated in all groups. In H-60, down-regulation of miR-197-3p expression occurred after 10 WBCs and 20 WBCs. Following 10 WBCs, FBG decreased in all groups, which intensified in M-60 post-20 WBCs. In our research, it has been shown that miR-23a-3p and miR-197-3p are accurate markers of MetS and MetS risk factors, while miR-15a-5p and miR-23a-3p are precise markers of body composition disorders. WBC is an effective treatment for up-regulating miR-15a-5p and lowering glucose levels in young and postmenopausal women and down-regulating miR-197-3p expression in postmenopausal women. It may be an adjunctive effective treatment method in MetS and hyperglycemia.

Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Factors in Farmers in Southeastern Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study

(1) Background: Metabolic syndrome is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease thus the objective of the study was to verify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in farmers, as well as to verify the association with sociodemographic, work and lifestyle factors. (2) Methods: Cross-sectional, observational study, conducted with 790 individuals. For the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria were used. Pearson's chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to verify factors associated with metabolic syndrome (3) Results: The prevalence of MS according to the IDF criteria was 16.3% overall, with 9.7% of women (95% CI: 6.66-16.16) and 6.6% of men (95% CI: 5.17-11.97). According to the NCEP/ATP III criterion, it was 12.3% overall, with 7.5% corresponding to women (95% CI: 6.62-13.13) and 4.8% to men (95% CI: 3.5-8.70). With regard to the conditions that make up metabolic syndrome, it was found that high density lipoprotein, high blood pressure and high waist circumference were the most prevalent. (4) Conclusions: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is considerable in the population when compared to other regions, both rural and urban, in Brazil.