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Herb BR, Glover HJ, Bhaduri A, Colantuoni C, Bale TL, Siletti K, Hodge R, Lein E, Kriegstein AR, Doege CA, Ament SA. Single-cell genomics reveals region-specific developmental trajectories underlying neuronal diversity in the human hypothalamus. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6251. [PMID: 37939194 PMCID: PMC10631741 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The development and diversity of neuronal subtypes in the human hypothalamus has been insufficiently characterized. To address this, we integrated transcriptomic data from 241,096 cells (126,840 newly generated) in the prenatal and adult human hypothalamus to reveal a temporal trajectory from proliferative stem cell populations to mature hypothalamic cell types. Iterative clustering of the adult neurons identified 108 robust transcriptionally distinct neuronal subtypes representing 10 hypothalamic nuclei. Pseudotime trajectories provided insights into the genes driving formation of these nuclei. Comparisons to single-cell transcriptomic data from the mouse hypothalamus suggested extensive conservation of neuronal subtypes despite certain differences in species-enriched gene expression. The uniqueness of hypothalamic neuronal lineages was examined developmentally by comparing excitatory lineages present in cortex and inhibitory lineages in ganglionic eminence, revealing both distinct and shared drivers of neuronal maturation across the human forebrain. These results provide a comprehensive transcriptomic view of human hypothalamus development through gestation and adulthood at cellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Herb
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- UM-MIND, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Kahlert Institute for Addiction Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hannah J. Glover
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlo Colantuoni
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tracy L. Bale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kimberly Siletti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Hodge
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Arnold R. Kriegstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claudia A. Doege
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seth A. Ament
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- UM-MIND, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Kahlert Institute for Addiction Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ullah R, Shen Y, Zhou YD, Fu J. Perinatal metabolic inflammation in the hypothalamus impairs the development of homeostatic feeding circuitry. Metabolism 2023; 147:155677. [PMID: 37543245 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a global increase in childhood obesity. This rise in childhood obesity contributes to the susceptibility of impaired metabolism during both childhood and adulthood. The hypothalamus, specifically the arcuate nucleus (ARC), houses crucial neurons involved in regulating homeostatic feeding. These neurons include proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) secreting neurons. They play a vital role in sensing nutrients and metabolic hormones like insulin, leptin, and ghrelin. The neurogenesis of AGRP and POMC neurons completes at birth; however, axon development and synapse formation occur during the postnatal stages in rodents. Insulin, leptin, and ghrelin are the essential regulators of POMC and AGRP neurons. Maternal obesity and postnatal overfeeding or a high-fat diet (HFD) feeding cause metabolic inflammation, disrupted signaling of metabolic hormones, netrin-1, and neurogenic factors, neonatal obesity, and defective neuronal development in animal models; however, the mechanism is unclear. Within the hypothalamus and other brain areas, there exists a wide range of interconnected neuronal populations that regulate various aspects of feeding. However, this review aims to discuss how perinatal metabolic inflammation influences the development of POMC and AGRP neurons within the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ullah
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, China; Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yu-Dong Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, China.
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Abstract
This article summarizes the available evidence reporting the relationship between perinatal dysglycemia and long-term neurodevelopment. We review the physiology of perinatal glucose metabolism and discuss the controversies surrounding definitions of perinatal dysglycemia. We briefly review the epidemiology of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in fetal, preterm, and term infants. We discuss potential pathophysiologic mechanisms contributing to dysglycemia and its effect on neurodevelopment. We highlight current strategies to prevent and treat dysglycemia in the context of neurodevelopmental outcomes. Finally, we discuss areas of future research and the potential role of continuous glucose monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Paulsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Academic Office Building, 2450 Riverside Avenue S AO-401, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, 2025 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55414.
| | - Raghavendra B Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Academic Office Building, 2450 Riverside Avenue S AO-401, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, 2025 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55414
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Lu S, Wang J, Kakongoma N, Hua W, Xu J, Wang Y, He S, Gu H, Shi J, Hu W. DNA methylation and expression profiles of placenta and umbilical cord blood reveal the characteristics of gestational diabetes mellitus patients and offspring. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:69. [PMID: 35606885 PMCID: PMC9126248 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy-specific disease and is growing at an alarming rate worldwide, which can negatively affect the health of pregnant women and fetuses. However, most studies are limited to one tissue, placenta or umbilical cord blood, usually with one omics assay. It is thus difficult to systematically reveal the molecular mechanism of GDM and the key influencing factors on pregnant women and offspring. RESULTS We recruited a group of 21 pregnant women with GDM and 20 controls without GDM. For each pregnant woman, reduced representation bisulfite sequencing and RNA-seq were performed using the placenta and paired neonatal umbilical cord blood specimens. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with body mass index as a covariate. Through the comparison of GDM and control samples, 2779 and 141 DMRs, 1442 and 488 DEGs were identified from placenta and umbilical cord blood, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the placenta methylation and expression profiles of GDM women mirrored the molecular characteristics of "type II diabetes" and "insulin resistance." Methylation-altered genes in umbilical cord blood were associated with pathways "type II diabetes" and "cholesterol metabolism." Remarkably, both DMRs and DEGs illustrated significant overlaps among placenta and umbilical cord blood samples. The overlapping DMRs were associated with "cholesterol metabolism." The top-ranking pathways enriched in the shared DEGs include "growth hormone synthesis, secretion and action" and "type II diabetes mellitus." CONCLUSIONS Our research demonstrated the epigenetic and transcriptomic alternations of GDM women and offspring. Our findings emphasized the importance of epigenetic modifications in the communication between pregnant women with GDM and offspring, and provided a reference for the prevention, control, treatment, and intervention of perinatal deleterious events of GDM and neonatal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The Affiliated Hangzhou Women's Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Nisile Kakongoma
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Hua
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Hangzhou ShengTing Biotech Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shutao He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hongcang Gu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Wensheng Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Hyperphagia in offsprings of in utero hyperglycemic mothers is associated with increased expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in hypothalamus. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2025-2032. [PMID: 35419768 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04427-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In utero hyperglycemia has consequences on future outcomes in the offsprings. We had earlier shown that in utero hyperglycemia impacts proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans, one of the key molecules involved in brain development. Hypothalamic HSPGs such as syndecan-1 and syndecan-3 are well known for their involvement in feeding behavior. Therefore, studies were carried out to determine the effect of maternal hyperglycemia on the expression of HSPGs in the hypothalamus of offspring brain. Results revealed increased protein abundance of Syndecan-1 and -3 as well as glypican-1 in postnatal adults from hyperglycemic mothers. This was associated with increased hyperphagia and increased expression of Neuropeptide Y. These results indicate the likely consequences on offsprings exposed to in utero hyperglycemia on its growth.
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Hufnagel A, Dearden L, Fernandez-Twinn DS, Ozanne SE. Programming of cardiometabolic health: the role of maternal and fetal hyperinsulinaemia. J Endocrinol 2022; 253:R47-R63. [PMID: 35258482 PMCID: PMC9066586 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and gestational diabetes during pregnancy have multiple short- and long-term consequences for both mother and child. One common feature of pregnancies complicated by maternal obesity and gestational diabetes is maternal hyperinsulinaemia, which has effects on the mother and her adaptation to pregnancy. Even though insulin does not cross the placenta insulin can act on the placenta as well affecting placental growth, angiogenesis and lipid metabolism. Obese and gestational diabetic pregnancies are often characterised by maternal hyperglycaemia resulting in exposure of the fetus to high levels of glucose, which freely crosses the placenta. This leads to stimulation of fetal ß-cells and insulin secretion in the fetus. Fetal hyperglycaemia/hyperinsulinaemia has been shown to cause multiple complications in fetal development, such as altered growth trajectories, impaired neuronal and cardiac development and early exhaustion of the pancreas. These changes could increase the susceptibility of the offspring to develop cardiometabolic diseases later in life. In this review, we aim to summarize and review the mechanisms by which maternal and fetal hyperinsulinaemia impact on (i) maternal health during pregnancy; (ii) placental and fetal development; (iii) offspring energy homeostasis and long-term cardiometabolic health; (iv) how interventions can alleviate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Hufnagel
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Laura Dearden
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Denise S Fernandez-Twinn
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
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Cho NA, Sales KM, Sampsell K, Wang W, Noye Tuplin EW, Lowry DE, Reimer RA. C-section birth increases offspring obesity risk dependent on maternal diet and obesity status in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1664-1675. [PMID: 34464518 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem that shapes host metabolism, especially in early life. Maternal vaginal and gut microbiota is vertically transmitted to offspring during natural birth. Offspring born by cesarean section (CS) do not receive these bacteria and exhibit higher obesity risk later in life. The objective of this study was to examine differences in obesity risk between offspring born naturally (NB) or by CS to lean/obese dams. METHODS Lean and obese rat dams gave birth to offspring naturally or by CS. Offspring obesity risk was analyzed via body weight/composition, food intake, sucrose preference, gut microbiota, and gene expression in gut and brain tissues. RESULTS Obese (O)+CS offspring showed greater weight gain and caloric intake but a reduction in hypothalamic agouti related neuropeptide, neuropeptide Y, and interleukin 1β expression compared with O+NB offspring. Lean (L)+CS offspring had higher serum corticosterone concentration and reduced liver peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression compared with L+NB. O+CS offspring had long-term alterations to gut microbiota, including increased relative abundance of Faecalibaculum and reduced Muribaculaceae. CONCLUSIONS Overall, CS alters obesity risk differentially based on maternal obesity status. Further studies looking at the risks of obesity associated with CS are needed, with special attention paid to maternal obesity status and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Cho
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kate M Sales
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kara Sampsell
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Weilan Wang
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Dana E Lowry
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Luo S, Angelo BC, Chow T, Monterosso JR, Thompson PM, Xiang AH, Page KA. Associations Between Exposure to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus In Utero and Daily Energy Intake, Brain Responses to Food Cues, and Adiposity in Children. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:1185-1193. [PMID: 33827804 PMCID: PMC8132328 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or maternal obesity in utero have an increased propensity to develop obesity. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. We aimed to examine relationships between exposure to GDM or maternal obesity and daily energy intake (EI), brain responses to food cues within reward regions, and adiposity in children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were 159 children ages 7-11 years. Repeated 24-h recalls were conducted to assess mean daily EI. A subset of children (n = 102) completed a food cue task in the MRI scanner. A priori regions of interest included the orbital frontal cortex (OFC), insula, amygdala, ventral striatum, and dorsal striatum. Adiposity measurements, BMI z-scores, percent body fat, waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were assessed. RESULTS Exposure to GDM was associated with greater daily EI, and children exposed to GDM diagnosed before 26 weeks gestation had greater OFC food cue reactivity. Children exposed to GDM also had larger WHR. Results remained significant after adjusting for child's age and sex, maternal education and race/ethnicity, maternal prepregnancy BMI, and child's physical activity levels. Furthermore, children who consumed more daily calories had greater WHR, and the relationship between GDM exposure and WHR was attenuated after adjustment for daily EI. Prepregnancy BMI was not significantly related to daily EI or food cue reactivity in reward regions. However, prepregnancy BMI was significantly related to all adiposity measurements; results remained significant for BMI z-scores, WtHR, and WHR after controlling for child's age and sex, maternal education and race/ethnicity, maternal GDM exposure, and child's physical activity levels. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to GDM in utero, in particular before 26 weeks gestation, is associated with increased EI, enhanced OFC food cue reactivity, and increased WHR. Future study with longitudinal follow-up is merited to assess potential pathways of daily EI and food cue reactivity in reward regions on the associations between GDM exposure and childhood adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brendan C Angelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ting Chow
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John R Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anny H Xiang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kathleen A Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA .,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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9
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Chu AHY, Godfrey KM. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Developmental Programming. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2021; 76 Suppl 3:4-15. [PMID: 33465774 DOI: 10.1159/000509902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During normal pregnancy, increased insulin resistance acts as an adaptation to enhance materno-foetal nutrient transfer and meet the nutritional needs of the developing foetus, particularly in relation to glucose requirements. However, about 1 in 6 pregnancies worldwide is affected by the inability of the mother's metabolism to maintain normoglycaemia, with the combination of insulin resistance and insufficient insulin secretion resulting in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A growing body of epidemiologic work demonstrates long-term implications for adverse offspring health resulting from exposure to GDM in utero. The effect of GDM on offspring obesity and cardiometabolic health may be partly influenced by maternal obesity; this suggests that improving glucose and weight control during early pregnancy, or better still before conception, has the potential to lessen the risk to the offspring. The consequences of GDM for microbiome modification in the offspring and the impact upon offspring immune dysregulation are actively developing research areas. Some studies have suggested that GDM impacts offspring neurodevelopmental and cognitive outcomes; confirmatory studies will need to separate the effect of GDM exposure from the complex interplay of social and environmental factors. Animal and human studies have demonstrated the role of epigenetic modifications in underpinning the predisposition to adverse health in offspring exposed to suboptimal hyperglycaemic in utero environment. To date, several epigenome-wide association studies in human have extended our knowledge on linking maternal diabetes-related DNA methylation marks with childhood adiposity-related outcomes. Identification of such epigenetic marks can help guide future research to develop candidate diagnostic biomarkers and preventive or therapeutic strategies. Longer-term interventions and longitudinal studies will be needed to better understand the causality, underlying mechanisms, or impact of GDM treatments to optimize the health of future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Y Chu
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom,
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10
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Dearden L, Bouret SG, Ozanne SE. Nutritional and developmental programming effects of insulin. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12933. [PMID: 33438814 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of insulin in 1921 was a major breakthrough in medicine and for therapy in patients with diabetes. The dramatic rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity has been tightly linked to an increased prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which poses major health concerns. Babies born to GDM mothers are more likely to develop obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life. Evidence accumulated during the past two decades has revealed that high levels insulin, such as those observed during GDM, can have a widespread effect on the development and function of a variety of organs. This review summarises our current knowledge on the role of insulin in the placenta, cardiovascular system and brain during critical periods of development, as well as how it can contribute to lifelong metabolic regulation. We also discuss possible intervention strategies to ameliorate and hopefully reverse the developmental defects associated with obesity and GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dearden
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sebastien G Bouret
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Research Center, Lille, France
- University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Dearden L, Buller S, Furigo IC, Fernandez-Twinn DS, Ozanne SE. Maternal obesity causes fetal hypothalamic insulin resistance and disrupts development of hypothalamic feeding pathways. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101079. [PMID: 32919096 PMCID: PMC7549144 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Perinatal exposure to maternal obesity results in predisposition of offspring to develop obesity later in life. Increased weight gain in offspring exposed to maternal obesity is usually associated with hyperphagia, implicating altered central regulation of food intake as a cause. We aimed to define how maternal obesity impacts early development of the hypothalamus to program lasting dysfunction in feeding regulatory pathways. Methods Mice offspring of diet-induced obese mothers were compared to the offspring of lean control mothers. We analysed gene expression in the fetal hypothalamus, alongside neurosphere assays to investigate the effects of maternal obesity on neural progenitor cell proliferation in vitro. Western blotting was used to investigate the insulin signalling pathway in the fetal hypothalamus. Characterisation of cell type and neuropeptide profile in adulthood was linked with analyses of feeding behaviour. Results There was a reduction in the expression of proliferative genes in the fetal hypothalamus of offspring exposed to maternal obesity. This reduction in proliferation was maintained in vitro when hypothalamic neural progenitor cells were grown as neurospheres. Hypothalamic fetal gene expression and neurosphere growth correlated with maternal body weight and insulin levels. Foetuses of obese mothers showed hypothalamic insulin resistance, which may be causative of reduced proliferation. Furthermore, maternal obesity activated the Notch signalling pathway in neonatal offspring hypothalamus, resulting in decreased neurogenesis. Adult offspring of obese mothers displayed an altered ratio of anorexigenic and orexigenic signals in the arcuate nucleus, associated with an inability to maintain energy homeostasis when metabolically challenged. Conclusions These findings show that maternal obesity alters the molecular signature in the developing hypothalamus, which is associated with disrupted growth and development of hypothalamic precursor cells and defective feeding regulation in adulthood. This is the first report of fetal hypothalamic insulin resistance in an obese pregnancy and suggests a mechanism by which maternal obesity causes permanent changes to hypothalamic structure and function. Exposure to maternal obesity reduces hypothalamic neural progenitor cell growth. Maternal obesity activates hypothalamic Notch signalling and reduces neurogenesis. Maternal obesity causes fetal hypothalamic insulin resistance. Maternal obesity alters the ratio of anorexigenic/orexigenic signals in ARC. Changes in food intake precede increased adiposity in offspring of obese dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dearden
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB20QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - S Buller
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB20QQ, United Kingdom
| | - I C Furigo
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB20QQ, United Kingdom
| | - D S Fernandez-Twinn
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB20QQ, United Kingdom
| | - S E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB20QQ, United Kingdom
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Schellong K, Melchior K, Ziska T, Rancourt RC, Henrich W, Plagemann A. Maternal but Not Paternal High-Fat Diet (HFD) Exposure at Conception Predisposes for 'Diabesity' in Offspring Generations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4229. [PMID: 32545776 PMCID: PMC7345576 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
While environmental epigenetics mainly focuses on xenobiotic endocrine disruptors, dietary composition might be one of the most important environmental exposures for epigenetic modifications, perhaps even for offspring generations. We performed a large-scale rat study on key phenotypic consequences from parental (F0) high-caloric, high-fat diet (HFD) food intake, precisely and specifically at mating/conception, focusing on 'diabesity' risk in first- (F1) and second- (F2) generation offspring of both sexes. F0 rats (maternal or paternal, respectively) received HFD overfeeding, starting six weeks prior to mating with normally fed control rats. The maternal side F1 offspring of both sexes developed a 'diabesity' predisposition throughout life (obesity, hyperleptinemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance), while no respective alterations occurred in the paternal side F1 offspring, neither in males nor in females. Mating the maternal side F1 females with control males under standard feeding conditions led, again, to a 'diabesity' predisposition in the F2 generation, which, however, was less pronounced than in the F1 generation. Our observations speak in favor of the critical impact of maternal but not paternal metabolism around the time frame of reproduction for offspring metabolic health over generations. Such fundamental phenotypic observations should be carefully considered in front of detailed molecular epigenetic approaches on eventual mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Schellong
- Division of ‘Experimental Obstetrics’, Clinic of Obstetrics, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (K.S.); (K.M.); (T.Z.); (R.C.R.)
| | - Kerstin Melchior
- Division of ‘Experimental Obstetrics’, Clinic of Obstetrics, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (K.S.); (K.M.); (T.Z.); (R.C.R.)
| | - Thomas Ziska
- Division of ‘Experimental Obstetrics’, Clinic of Obstetrics, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (K.S.); (K.M.); (T.Z.); (R.C.R.)
| | - Rebecca C. Rancourt
- Division of ‘Experimental Obstetrics’, Clinic of Obstetrics, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (K.S.); (K.M.); (T.Z.); (R.C.R.)
| | - Wolfgang Henrich
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andreas Plagemann
- Division of ‘Experimental Obstetrics’, Clinic of Obstetrics, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (K.S.); (K.M.); (T.Z.); (R.C.R.)
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13
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Effects of High-Fat Diet and Exercise Intervention on the Metabolism Regulation of Infant Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2358391. [PMID: 32596284 PMCID: PMC7298316 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2358391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Maternal exercise is crucial for promoting the health of the offspring. Previous studies showed that long-term maternal exercise improves energy metabolism during pregnancy. Whether swimming exercise can reverse the metabolic disorders caused by high-fat exposure in the early life of the offspring is yet to be elucidated. Three-week-old C57BL/6 female mice were randomly assigned to the standard chow diet group (SC), standard chow diet and exercise group (SC-Ex), high-fat diet group (HFD), and high-fat diet and exercise group (HFD-Ex). After swimming intervention for 13 weeks, male and female mice were caged, and the exercise intervention lasted until delivery. Then, the mothers were fed standard chow diet. A total of 8 offsprings/group were randomly selected after 4 weeks of lactation for GTT and ITT. After body composition analysis, the mice were sacrificed to obtain specimens. The levels of metabolism factors and IL-6 were measured by suspension microarray. Subsequently, 15 min after starting the GTT and ITT, the curve detected significant difference between the HFD and other groups. The body fat percentage of the HFD-Ex offspring was significantly lower than that of HFD offspring (p < 0.05) irrespective of the gender. The levels of IL-6 and TG in the male offspring in the HFD-Ex group were improved significantly (p < 0.05). Compared to the HFD offspring, serum glucose and GIP in the female offspring in the HFD-Ex group was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Long-term exercise of the mother effectively improved the metabolic disorder caused by high-fat exposure in the infant offspring. Thus, the metabolic inheritance of the offspring is gender-dependent; the maternal metabolism can make male offspring genetically susceptible.
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Cortés-Álvarez NY, Vuelvas-Olmos CR, Pinto-González MF, Guzmán-Muñiz J, Gonzalez-Perez O, Moy-López NA. A high-fat diet during pregnancy impairs memory acquisition and increases leptin receptor expression in the hippocampus of rat offspring. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:146-158. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1728473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Yanet Cortés-Álvarez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
- Medical Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - César Rubén Vuelvas-Olmos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
- Medical Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - María Fernanda Pinto-González
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
- Medical Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Jorge Guzmán-Muñiz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Oscar Gonzalez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
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15
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Bae-Gartz I, Janoschek R, Breuer S, Schmitz L, Hoffmann T, Ferrari N, Branik L, Oberthuer A, Kloppe CS, Appel S, Vohlen C, Dötsch J, Hucklenbruch-Rother E. Maternal Obesity Alters Neurotrophin-Associated MAPK Signaling in the Hypothalamus of Male Mouse Offspring. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:962. [PMID: 31572115 PMCID: PMC6753176 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Maternal obesity has emerged as an important risk factor for the development of metabolic disorders in the offspring. The hypothalamus as the center of energy homeostasis regulation is known to function based on complex neuronal networks that evolve during fetal and early postnatal development and maintain their plasticity into adulthood. Development of hypothalamic feeding networks and their functional plasticity can be modulated by various metabolic cues, especially in early stages of development. Here, we aimed at determining the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to disturbed hypothalamic network formation in offspring of obese mouse dams. Methods Female mice were fed either a control diet (CO) or a high-fat diet (HFD) after weaning until mating and during pregnancy and gestation. Male offspring was sacrificed at postnatal day (P) 21. The hypothalamus was subjected to gene array analysis, quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. Results P21 HFD offspring displayed increased body weight, circulating insulin levels, and strongly increased activation of the hypothalamic insulin signaling cascade with a concomitant increase in ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) expression. At the same time, the global gene expression profile in CO and HFD offspring differed significantly. More specifically, manifest influences on several key pathways of hypothalamic neurogenesis, axogenesis, and regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity were detectable. Target gene expression analysis revealed significantly decreased mRNA expression of several neurotrophic factors and co-factors and their receptors, accompanied by decreased activation of their respective intracellular signal transduction. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest a potential role for disturbed neurotrophin signaling and thus impaired neurogenesis, axogenesis, and synaptic plasticity in the pathogenesis of the offspring’s hypothalamic feeding network dysfunction due to maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Bae-Gartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruth Janoschek
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Saida Breuer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorben Hoffmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Ferrari
- Heart Center, Cologne Center for Prevention in Childhood and Youth, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lena Branik
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andre Oberthuer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cora-Sophia Kloppe
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Appel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Vohlen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Page KA, Luo S, Wang X, Chow T, Alves J, Buchanan TA, Xiang AH. Children Exposed to Maternal Obesity or Gestational Diabetes Mellitus During Early Fetal Development Have Hypothalamic Alterations That Predict Future Weight Gain. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:1473-1480. [PMID: 31332028 PMCID: PMC6647040 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure in utero to maternal obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is linked to a high risk for obesity in offspring. Animal studies suggest that these exposures disrupt the development of the hypothalamus, a brain region that regulates body weight, predisposing offspring to develop obesity. This study tested the hypothesis in humans that in utero exposure to maternal obesity and/or GDM is associated with alterations in the hypothalamic response to glucose and the altered hypothalamic response would predict greater increases in child adiposity 1 year later. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were 91 children aged 7-11 years with and without in utero exposure to GDM. Maternal prepregnancy BMI and GDM exposures were determined from electronic medical records. Arterial spin labeling MRI was used to determine the child's hypothalamic blood flow response to oral glucose. Anthropometric measures were acquired in all children at their initial visit and again 1 year later in a subset of 44 children. RESULTS Children exposed to GDM diagnosed at ≤26 weeks' gestation had increased hypothalamic blood flow (a marker of hypothalamic activation) in response to glucose when compared with unexposed children, and results remained after adjustments for child age, sex, BMI, and maternal prepregnancy BMI. Maternal prepregnancy BMI was positively associated with the child's hypothalamic response to glucose. Greater hypothalamic response to glucose predicted greater increases in child's BMI 1 year later. CONCLUSIONS Increased glucose-linked hypothalamic activation during childhood represents a possible mechanism by which exposure to maternal metabolic disorders during fetal development increases future risk for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA .,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - Ting Chow
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - Jasmin Alves
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Thomas A Buchanan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anny H Xiang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
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17
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Zhang CR, Kurniawan ND, Yamada L, Fleming W, Kaminen-Ahola N, Ahola A, Galloway G, Chong S. Early gestational ethanol exposure in mice: Effects on brain structure, energy metabolism and adiposity in adult offspring. Alcohol 2019; 75:1-10. [PMID: 30316966 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether an early-life event - ethanol exposure in the initial stages of pregnancy - affected offspring brain structure, energy metabolism, and body composition in later life. Consumption of 10% (v/v) ethanol by inbred C57BL/6J female mice from 0.5 to 8.5 days post coitum was used to model alcohol exposure during the first 3-4 weeks of gestation in humans, when pregnancy is not typically recognized. At adolescence (postnatal day [P] 28) and adulthood (P64), the brains of male offspring were scanned ex vivo using ultra-high field (16.4 T) magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. Energy metabolism and body composition were measured in adulthood by indirect calorimetry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), respectively. Ethanol exposure had no substantial impact on white matter organization in the anterior commissure, corpus callosum, hippocampal commissure, internal capsule, optic tract, or thalamus. Whole brain volume and the volumes of the neocortex, cerebellum, and caudate putamen were also unaffected. Subtle, but non-significant, effects were observed on the hippocampus and the hypothalamus in adult ethanol-exposed male offspring. Ethanol exposure was additionally associated with a trend toward decreased oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and reduced daily energy expenditure, as well as significantly increased adiposity, albeit with normal body weight and food intake, in adult male offspring. In summary, ethanol exposure restricted to early gestation had subtle long-term effects on the structure of specific brain regions in male offspring. The sensitivity of the hippocampus to ethanol-induced damage is reminiscent of that reported by other studies - despite differences in the level, timing, and duration of exposure - and likely contributes to the cognitive impairment that characteristically results from prenatal ethanol exposure. The hypothalamus plays an important role in regulating metabolism and energy homeostasis. Our finding of altered daily energy expenditure and adiposity in adult ethanol-exposed males is consistent with the idea that central nervous system abnormalities also underpin some of the metabolic phenotypes associated with ethanol exposure in pregnancy.
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18
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Gestational diabetes. GINECOLOGIA.RO 2019. [DOI: 10.26416/gine.24.2.2019.2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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19
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Rancourt RC, Schellong K, Tzschentke B, Henrich W, Plagemann A. DNA methylation and expression of proopiomelanocortin ( POMC) gene in the hypothalamus of three-week-old chickens show sex-specific differences. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:932-939. [PMID: 29928573 PMCID: PMC5985994 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased availability and improved sequence annotation of the chicken (Gallus gallus f. domestica) genome have sparked interest in the bird as a model system to investigate translational embryonic development and health/disease outcomes. However, the epigenetics of this bird genome remain unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of gene expression and DNA methylation at the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene in the hypothalamus of 3-week-old chickens. POMC is a key player in the control of the stress response, food intake, and metabolism. DNA methylation of the promoter, CpG island, and gene body regions of POMC were measured. Our data illustrate the pattern, variability, and functionality of DNA methylation for POMC expression in the chicken. Our findings show correlation of methylation pattern and gene expression along with sex-specific differences in POMC. Overall, these novel data highlight the promising potential of the chicken as a model and also the need for breeders and researchers to consider sex ratios in their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Rancourt
- Division of 'Experimental Obstetrics' Clinic of Obstetrics Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Germany
| | - Karen Schellong
- Division of 'Experimental Obstetrics' Clinic of Obstetrics Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Henrich
- Clinic of Obstetrics Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Plagemann
- Division of 'Experimental Obstetrics' Clinic of Obstetrics Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Germany
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Dabelea D, Sauder KA. Intrauterine Exposure to Maternal Diabetes and Childhood Obesity. CONTEMPORARY ENDOCRINOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68192-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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21
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Márquez-Valadez B, Valle-Bautista R, García-López G, Díaz NF, Molina-Hernández A. Maternal Diabetes and Fetal Programming Toward Neurological Diseases: Beyond Neural Tube Defects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:664. [PMID: 30483218 PMCID: PMC6243582 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to search for experimental or clinical evidence on the effect of hyperglycemia in fetal programming to neurological diseases, excluding evident neural tube defects. The lack of timely diagnosis and the inadequate control of diabetes during pregnancy have been related with postnatal obesity, low intellectual and verbal coefficients, language and motor deficits, attention deficit with hyperactivity, problems in psychosocial development, and an increased predisposition to autism and schizophrenia. It has been proposed that several childhood or adulthood diseases have their origin during fetal development through a phenomenon called fetal programming. However, not all the relationships between the outcomes mentioned above and diabetes during gestation are clear, well-studied, or have been related to fetal programming. To understand this relationship, it is imperative to understand how developmental processes take place in health, in order to understand how the functional cytoarchitecture of the central nervous system takes place; to identify changes prompted by hyperglycemia, and to correlate them with the above postnatal impaired functions. Although changes in the establishment of patterns during central nervous system fetal development are related to a wide variety of neurological pathologies, the mechanism by which several maternal conditions promote fetal alterations that contribute to impaired neural development with postnatal consequences are not clear. Animal models have been extremely useful in studying the effect of maternal pathologies on embryo and fetal development, since obtaining central nervous system tissue in humans with normal appearance during fetal development is an important limitation. This review explores the state of the art on this topic, to help establish the way forward in the study of fetal programming under hyperglycemia and its impact on neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Márquez-Valadez
- Department of Physiology and Cell Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Valle-Bautista
- Department of Physiology and Cell Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe García-López
- Department of Physiology and Cell Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Néstor Fabián Díaz
- Department of Physiology and Cell Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anayansi Molina-Hernández
- Department of Physiology and Cell Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Anayansi Molina-Hernández
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Bozkurt L, Göbl CS, Rami-Merhar B, Winhofer Y, Baumgartner-Parzer S, Schober E, Kautzky-Willer A. The Cross-Link between Adipokines, Insulin Resistance and Obesity in Offspring of Diabetic Pregnancies. Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 86:300-308. [PMID: 27657553 DOI: 10.1159/000448076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Intrauterine exposure to hyperglycemia might impact the risk for future metabolic deteriorations. The aim was to characterize the association between different adipokines and neuropeptides and insulin resistance and BMI-SDS in children affected by diabetes during pregnancy. METHODS 76 children (mean age: 6 years, male:female = 36:40) born to mothers with gestational or pregestational diabetes and nondiabetic women were consecutively included for clinical assessments comprising anthropometrics and metabolic characterization [2-hour glucose tolerance test, leptin, peptide YY (PYY), neuropeptide Y (NPY), ghrelin, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), and adiponectin]. RESULTS The level of insulin resistance was associated with BMI-SDS (p < 0.001), leptin (p < 0.001), ghrelin (p = 0.002), age (p < 0.002) and negatively with GDF-15 (p = 0.005). BMI-SDS, leptin and GDF-15 were shown to have independent effects on insulin resistance by using a multiple regression model (additionally including age, and maternal diabetes status), whereas ghrelin lost significance (p = 0.345). No differences were present in adipokines and insulin resistance when children were evaluated by maternal glucometabolic status. However, we observed more strengthened associations between insulin resistance and covariates BMI-SDS and leptin in offspring of diabetic pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS Young children with elevated BMI or leptin are affected by higher indices of insulin resistance, particularly those who were born to mothers with diabetes during pregnancy. The impact of this special risk constellation should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latife Bozkurt
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Gender Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Jen V, Erler NS, Tielemans MJ, Braun KV, Jaddoe VW, Franco OH, Voortman T. Mothers' intake of sugar-containing beverages during pregnancy and body composition of their children during childhood: the Generation R Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:834-841. [PMID: 28275130 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.147934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High intake of sugar-containing beverages (SCBs) has been linked to increased risk of obesity. However, associations of SCB intake during pregnancy with child body composition have been unclear.Objectives: We explored whether SCB intake during pregnancy was associated with children's body mass index (BMI) and detailed measures of body composition. In addition, we examined different types of SCBs (i.e., fruit juice, soda, and concentrate).Design: We included 3312 mother-child pairs of the Generation R Study, a prospective cohort from fetal life onward in the Netherlands. Energy-adjusted SCB intake was assessed in the first trimester with a food-frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric data of the children were collected repeatedly ≤6 y of age, and BMI was calculated. At 6 y of age, we further measured fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. All outcomes were sex- and age-standardized. Associations of SCB intake with children's BMI trajectories and body composition were analyzed with multivariable linear mixed and regression models.Results: Results from linear mixed models showed that, after adjustment for confounders including the SCB intake of the child itself, mothers' total SCB intake was positively associated with children's BMI ≤6 y of age [per serving per day: 0.04 SD score (SDS); 95% CI: 0.00, 0.07 SDS]. In addition, intakes of total SCBs and fruit juice, but not of soda or concentrate, were associated with a higher FMI [total SCBs: 0.05 SDS (95% CI: 0.01, 0.08 SDS); fruit juice: 0.04 SDS (95% CI: 0.01, 0.06 SDS)] of the 6-y-old children. These associations remained significant (P < 0.05) after additional adjustment for gestational weight gain, birth weight, and children's insulin concentrations.Conclusion: Our study suggests that maternal SCB intake during pregnancy is positively associated with children's BMI during early childhood and particularly with higher fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Jen
- Generation R Study Group and.,Departments of Epidemiology
| | | | | | | | - Vincent Wv Jaddoe
- Generation R Study Group and.,Departments of Epidemiology.,Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Trudy Voortman
- Generation R Study Group and .,Departments of Epidemiology
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24
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Review on intrauterine programming: Consequences in rodent models of mild diabetes and mild fat overfeeding are not mild. Placenta 2017; 52:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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Santos S, Severo M, Gaillard R, Santos AC, Barros H, Oliveira A. The role of prenatal exposures on body fat patterns at 7 years: Intrauterine programming or birthweight effects? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:1004-1010. [PMID: 27461861 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It remains unknown whether the effects of prenatal exposures on child's adiposity reflect entirely intrauterine programming. We aimed to assess the effects of maternal gestational weight gain, diabetes and smoking on the child's body fat patterns, disentangling the direct (through intrauterine programming) and indirect (through birthweight) effects. METHODS AND RESULTS We included 4747 singleton 7-year-old children from the Generation XXI birth cohort (Porto, Portugal). At birth, maternal and newborn's characteristics were obtained. Anthropometrics were measured at age 7 years and body fat patterns were identified by principal component analysis. Path analysis was used to quantify direct, indirect and total effects of gestational weight gain, diabetes and smoking on body fat patterns. Pattern 1 was characterized by strong factor loadings with body mass index, fat mass index and waist-to-height ratio (fat quantity) and pattern 2 with waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-thigh ratio, and waist-to-weight ratio (fat distribution). The positive total effect of maternal gestational weight gain and diabetes on the child's fat quantity was mainly through a direct pathway, responsible for 91.7% and 83.7% of total effects, respectively (β = 0.022; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.017, 0.027; β = 0.041; 95% CI: -0.011, 0.093). No effects on fat distribution were found. Maternal prenatal smoking had a positive direct effect on patterns 1 and 2, explaining 94.9% and 76.1% of total effects, respectively. CONCLUSION The effects of maternal gestational weight gain, diabetes and smoking on a child's fat quantity seem to be mainly through intrauterine programming. Maternal smoking also showed a positive direct effect on child's fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Santos
- EPI-Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Severo
- EPI-Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A C Santos
- EPI-Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal
| | - H Barros
- EPI-Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Oliveira
- EPI-Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal.
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Kullmann S, Heni M, Hallschmid M, Fritsche A, Preissl H, Häring HU. Brain Insulin Resistance at the Crossroads of Metabolic and Cognitive Disorders in Humans. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1169-209. [PMID: 27489306 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the brain was identified as an insulin-sensitive organ, evidence has rapidly accumulated that insulin action in the brain produces multiple behavioral and metabolic effects, influencing eating behavior, peripheral metabolism, and cognition. Disturbances in brain insulin action can be observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), as well as in aging and dementia. Decreases in insulin sensitivity of central nervous pathways, i.e., brain insulin resistance, may therefore constitute a joint pathological feature of metabolic and cognitive dysfunctions. Modern neuroimaging methods have provided new means of probing brain insulin action, revealing the influence of insulin on both global and regional brain function. In this review, we highlight recent findings on brain insulin action in humans and its impact on metabolism and cognition. Furthermore, we elaborate on the most prominent factors associated with brain insulin resistance, i.e., obesity, T2D, genes, maternal metabolism, normal aging, inflammation, and dementia, and on their roles regarding causes and consequences of brain insulin resistance. We also describe the beneficial effects of enhanced brain insulin signaling on human eating behavior and cognition and discuss potential applications in the treatment of metabolic and cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Perrone S, Santacroce A, Picardi A, Buonocore G. Fetal programming and early identification of newborns at high risk of free radical-mediated diseases. World J Clin Pediatr 2016; 5:172-181. [PMID: 27170927 PMCID: PMC4857230 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v5.i2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays metabolic syndrome represents a real outbreak affecting society. Paradoxically, pediatricians must feel involved in fighting this condition because of the latest evidences of developmental origins of adult diseases. Fetal programming occurs when the normal fetal development is disrupted by an abnormal insult applied to a critical point in intrauterine life. Placenta assumes a pivotal role in programming the fetal experience in utero due to the adaptive changes in structure and function. Pregnancy complications such as diabetes, intrauterine growth restriction, pre-eclampsia, and hypoxia are associated with placental dysfunction and programming. Many experimental studies have been conducted to explain the phenotypic consequences of fetal-placental perturbations that predispose to the genesis of metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. In recent years, elucidating the mechanisms involved in such kind of process has become the challenge of scientific research. Oxidative stress may be the general underlying mechanism that links altered placental function to fetal programming. Maternal diabetes, prenatal hypoxic/ischaemic events, inflammatory/infective insults are specific triggers for an acute increase in free radicals generation. Early identification of fetuses and newborns at high risk of oxidative damage may be crucial to decrease infant and adult morbidity.
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Piekarski A, Decuypere E, Buyse J, Dridi S. Chenodeoxycholic acid reduces feed intake and modulates the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides and hepatic lipogenic genes in broiler chickens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 229:74-83. [PMID: 26965947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids have recently become an emerging research hot spot in mammals due to their roles as metabolic regulators and molecular signatures controlling whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Such effects are still unknown in avian (non-mammalian) species. We, therefore, undertook this study to determine the effect of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on growth performance and on the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides and hepatic lipogenic genes in broiler chickens. Chickens fed with diet-containing 0.1% or 0.5% CDCA for two weeks exhibited a significant and a dose dependent reduction of feed intake and body weight compared to the control (standard diet). These changes were accompanied with a significant decrease in plasma glucose levels at d10 and d15 post-treatment. At molecular levels, CDCA treatment significantly up-regulated the expression of feeding-related hypothalamic neuropeptides (NPY, AgRP, ORX, CRH, Ghrl, and MC1R) and down-regulated the hypothalamic expression of SOCS3. CDCA treatment also decreased the mRNA levels of key hepatic lipogenic genes (FAS, ACCα, ME, ATPcl, and SCD-1) and their related transcription factors SREBP-1/2 and PPARα. In addition, CDCA reduced the hepatic expression of FXR and the adipokine, visfatin, and adiponectin genes compared to the control. Together, our data provide evidence that CDCA alters growth performances in broilers and modulates the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides and hepatic lipogenic and adipocytokine genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Piekarski
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - Eddy Decuypere
- Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, KUL, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Buyse
- Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, KUL, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
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McGregor G, Malekizadeh Y, Harvey J. Minireview: Food for thought: regulation of synaptic function by metabolic hormones. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 29:3-13. [PMID: 25470238 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral actions of the metabolic hormones, leptin and insulin, are well documented. However, the functions of these hormones are not restricted to the periphery because evidence is growing that both leptin and insulin can readily cross the blood-brain barrier and have widespread central actions. The hippocampus in particular expresses high levels of both insulin and leptin receptors as well as key components of their associated signaling cascades. Moreover, recent studies indicate that both hormones are potential cognitive enhancers. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that both leptin and insulin markedly influence key cellular events that underlie hippocampal learning and memory including activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and the trafficking of glutamate receptors to and away from hippocampal synapses. The hippocampal formation is also a prime site for the neurodegenerative processes that occur during Alzheimer's disease, and impairments in either leptin or insulin function have been linked to central nervous system-driven diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the capacity of the metabolic hormones, leptin and insulin, to regulate hippocampal synaptic function has significant implications for normal brain function and also central nervous system-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma McGregor
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
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Karelina K, Sarac B, Freeman LM, Gaier KR, Weil ZM. Traumatic brain injury and obesity induce persistent central insulin resistance. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1034-43. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Karelina
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Benjamin Sarac
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Lindsey M. Freeman
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Kristopher R. Gaier
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Zachary M. Weil
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
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31
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Zhu Y, Olsen SF, Mendola P, Yeung EH, Vaag A, Bowers K, Liu A, Bao W, Li S, Madsen C, Grunnet LG, Granström C, Hansen S, Martin K, Chavarro JE, Hu FB, Langhoff-Roos J, Damm P, Zhang C. Growth and obesity through the first 7 y of life in association with levels of maternal glycemia during pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:794-800. [PMID: 26817507 PMCID: PMC4763496 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.121780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the long-term adverse sequelae of childhood obesity, identification of early life factors related to fetal growth and childhood obesity is warranted. Investigation on growth and obesity in early life in association with intrauterine exposure to maternal hyperglycemia, a common metabolic pregnancy complication, is of public health significance and clinical implications. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentrations during pregnancy with offspring growth and risk of overweight/obesity through age 7 y, after adjustment for confounders, including maternal prepregnancy obesity status. DESIGN FPG concentrations at 28 gestational weeks (IQR: 22-32 wk) were extracted from medical records for 661 pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus in the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996-2002). Offspring's ponderal index was derived from birth weight and length; age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) z scores at 5 mo, 12 mo, and 7 y were calculated based on WHO reference data. Relations between FPG and offspring growth and obesity were assessed by linear and Poisson regression with robust standard errors, adjusting for maternal prepregnancy BMI and sociodemographic and perinatal factors. RESULTS At birth, maternal FPG during pregnancy was significantly associated with offspring ponderal index (β = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.78 per 1-mmol/L increase) and risk of macrosomia (birth weight >4000 g) (RR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.38 per 1-mmol/L increase). At 7 y, higher maternal FPG concentrations were significantly associated with increased BMI z scores (β = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.36) and elevated risk of overweight/obesity (RR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.50). Additional adjustment for birth weight and childhood lifestyle factors did not appreciably alter results. No associations were observed at 5 or 12 mo. CONCLUSION Among women with gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal FPG concentrations during pregnancy were significantly and positively associated with offspring birth size and overweight/obesity risk at 7 y, adjusting for maternal prepregnancy BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyi Zhu
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Rockville, MD
| | - Sjurdur F Olsen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pauline Mendola
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Rockville, MD
| | - Edwina H Yeung
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Rockville, MD
| | | | - Katherine Bowers
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Rockville, MD
| | - Aiyi Liu
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Rockville, MD
| | - Wei Bao
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Rockville, MD
| | - Shanshan Li
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Rockville, MD
| | | | | | - Charlotta Granström
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Hansen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kelly Martin
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Rockville, MD
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and
| | - Frank B Hu
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and
| | - Jens Langhoff-Roos
- Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Damm
- Center for Pregnant Women With Diabetes, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, The Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Rockville, MD;
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Penfold NC, Ozanne SE. Developmental programming by maternal obesity in 2015: Outcomes, mechanisms, and potential interventions. Horm Behav 2015; 76:143-52. [PMID: 26145566 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Obesity in women of child-bearing age is a growing problem in developed and developing countries. Evidence from human studies indicates that maternal BMI correlates with offspring adiposity from an early age and predisposes to metabolic disease in later life. Thus the early life environment is an attractive target for intervention to improve public health. Animal models have been used to investigate the specific physiological outcomes and mechanisms of developmental programming that result from exposure to maternal obesity in utero. From this research, targeted intervention strategies can be designed. In this review we summarise recent progress in this field, with a focus on cardiometabolic disease and central control of appetite and behaviour. We highlight key factors that may mediate programming by maternal obesity, including leptin, insulin, and ghrelin. Finally, we explore potential lifestyle and pharmacological interventions in humans and the current state of evidence from animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C Penfold
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Dearden L, Ozanne SE. Early life origins of metabolic disease: Developmental programming of hypothalamic pathways controlling energy homeostasis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 39:3-16. [PMID: 26296796 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of animal and human studies demonstrate that perinatal exposure to adverse metabolic conditions - be it maternal obesity, diabetes or under-nutrition - results in predisposition of offspring to develop obesity later in life. This mechanism is a contributing factor to the exponential rise in obesity rates. Increased weight gain in offspring exposed to maternal obesity is usually associated with hyperphagia, implicating altered central regulation of energy homeostasis as an underlying cause. Perinatal development of the hypothalamus (a brain region key to metabolic regulation) is plastic and sensitive to metabolic signals during this critical time window. Recent research in non-human primate and rodent models has demonstrated that exposure to adverse maternal environments impairs the development of hypothalamic structure and consequently function, potentially underpinning metabolic phenotypes in later life. This review summarizes our current knowledge of how adverse perinatal environments program hypothalamic development and explores the mechanisms that could mediate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dearden
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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Reynolds CM, Gray C, Li M, Segovia SA, Vickers MH. Early Life Nutrition and Energy Balance Disorders in Offspring in Later Life. Nutrients 2015; 7:8090-111. [PMID: 26402696 PMCID: PMC4586579 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes is often causally linked to changes in diet and lifestyle; namely increased intake of calorically dense foods and concomitant reductions in physical activity. Epidemiological studies in humans and controlled animal intervention studies have now shown that nutritional programming in early periods of life is a phenomenon that affects metabolic and physiological functions throughout life. This link is conceptualised as the developmental programming hypothesis whereby environmental influences during critical periods of developmental plasticity can elicit lifelong effects on the health and well-being of the offspring. The mechanisms by which early environmental insults can have long-term effects on offspring remain poorly defined. However there is evidence from intervention studies which indicate altered wiring of the hypothalamic circuits that regulate energy balance and epigenetic effects including altered DNA methylation of key adipokines including leptin. Studies that elucidate the mechanisms behind these associations will have a positive impact on the health of future populations and adopting a life course perspective will allow identification of phenotype and markers of risk earlier, with the possibility of nutritional and other lifestyle interventions that have obvious implications for prevention of non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Clint Gray
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Minglan Li
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Stephanie A Segovia
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Temporary prenatal hyperglycemia leads to postnatal neuronal ‘glucose-resistance’ in the chicken hypothalamus. Brain Res 2015; 1618:231-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gali Ramamoorthy T, Begum G, Harno E, White A. Developmental programming of hypothalamic neuronal circuits: impact on energy balance control. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:126. [PMID: 25954145 PMCID: PMC4404811 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity in adults and children has increased globally at an alarming rate. Mounting evidence from both epidemiological studies and animal models indicates that adult obesity and associated metabolic disorders can be programmed by intrauterine and early postnatal environment- a phenomenon known as "fetal programming of adult disease." Data from nutritional intervention studies in animals including maternal under- and over-nutrition support the developmental origins of obesity and metabolic syndrome. The hypothalamic neuronal circuits located in the arcuate nucleus controlling appetite and energy expenditure are set early in life and are perturbed by maternal nutritional insults. In this review, we focus on the effects of maternal nutrition in programming permanent changes in these hypothalamic circuits, with experimental evidence from animal models of maternal under- and over-nutrition. We discuss the epigenetic modifications which regulate hypothalamic gene expression as potential molecular mechanisms linking maternal diet during pregnancy to the offspring's risk of obesity at a later age. Understanding these mechanisms in key metabolic genes may provide insights into the development of preventative intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghazala Begum
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK
| | - Erika Harno
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Anne White
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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37
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Savona-Ventura C, Savona-Ventura S. The inheritance of obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 29:300-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Acquired alterations of hypothalamic gene expression of insulin and leptin receptors and glucose transporters in prenatally high-glucose exposed three-week old chickens do not coincide with aberrant promoter DNA methylation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119213. [PMID: 25811618 PMCID: PMC4374847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal exposures may have a distinct impact for long-term health, one example being exposure to maternal ‘diabesity’ during pregnancy increasing offspring ‘diabesity’ risk. Malprogramming of the central nervous regulation of body weight, food intake and metabolism has been identified as a critical mechanism. While concrete disrupting factors still remain unclear, growing focus on acquired epigenomic alterations have been proposed. Due to the independent development from the mother, the chicken embryo provides a valuable model to distinctively establish causal factors and mechanisms. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the effects of prenatal hyperglycemia on postnatal hypothalamic gene expression and promoter DNA methylation in the chicken. Methods and Findings To temporarily induce high-glucose exposure in chicken embryos, 0.5 ml glucose solution (30 mmol/l) were administered daily via catheter into a vessel of the chorioallantoic egg membrane from days 14 to 17 of incubation. At three weeks of postnatal age, body weight, total body fat, blood glucose, mRNA expression (INSR, LEPR, GLUT1, GLUT3) as well as corresponding promoter DNA methylation were determined in mediobasal hypothalamic brain slices (Nucleus infundibuli hypothalami). Although no significant changes in morphometric and metabolic parameters were detected, strongly decreased mRNA expression occurred in all candidate genes. Surprisingly, however, no relevant alterations were observed in respective promoter methylation. Conclusion Prenatal hyperglycemia induces strong changes in later hypothalamic expression of INSR, LEPR, GLUT1, and GLUT3 mRNA. While the chicken provides an interesting approach for developmental malprogramming, the classical expression regulation via promoter methylation was not observed here. This may be due to alternative/interacting brain mechanisms or the thus far under-explored bird epigenome.
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Bouret S, Levin BE, Ozanne SE. Gene-environment interactions controlling energy and glucose homeostasis and the developmental origins of obesity. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:47-82. [PMID: 25540138 PMCID: PMC4281588 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often occur together and affect a growing number of individuals in both the developed and developing worlds. Both are associated with a number of other serious illnesses that lead to increased rates of mortality. There is likely a polygenic mode of inheritance underlying both disorders, but it has become increasingly clear that the pre- and postnatal environments play critical roles in pushing predisposed individuals over the edge into a disease state. This review focuses on the many genetic and environmental variables that interact to cause predisposed individuals to become obese and diabetic. The brain and its interactions with the external and internal environment are a major focus given the prominent role these interactions play in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Bouret
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barry E Levin
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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The Role of Metformin in Metabolic Disturbances during Pregnancy: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Reprod Med 2014; 2014:797681. [PMID: 25763406 PMCID: PMC4334060 DOI: 10.1155/2014/797681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of gestation implicates complex function of multiple endocrine mechanisms, and disruptions of the global metabolic environment prompt profound consequences on fetomaternal well-being during pregnancy and postpartum. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are very frequent conditions which increase risk for pregnancy complications, including early pregnancy loss, pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders, and preterm labor, among many others. Insulin resistance (IR) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of both PCOS and GDM, representing an important therapeutic target, with metformin being the most widely prescribed insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic drug. Although traditional views neglect use of oral antidiabetic agents during pregnancy, increasing evidence of safety during gestation has led to metformin now being recognized as a valuable tool in prevention of IR-related pregnancy complications and management of GDM. Metformin has been demonstrated to reduce rates of early pregnancy loss and onset of GDM in women with PCOS, and it appears to offer better metabolic control than insulin and other oral antidiabetic drugs during pregnancy. This review aims to summarize key aspects of current evidence concerning molecular and epidemiological knowledge on metformin use during pregnancy in the setting of PCOS and GDM.
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Kruse MS, Vega MC, Rey M, Coirini H. Sex differences in LXR expression in normal offspring and in rats born to diabetic dams. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:53-60. [PMID: 24824431 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes (GD) alters normal fetal development and is related to a diabetogenic effect in the progeny. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are considered to be potential drug targets for the regulation, treatment, or prevention of diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate early and late changes of LXR in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of the male and female offspring of control (CO) and diabetic (DO) mothers. We used an experimental model of streptozotocin-induced GD to assess the protein expression of LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2) by western blotting. The tissues were obtained from CO and DO animals at postnatal day 1 (1D), day 10 (10D), and day 35 (35D) and 9 months (9M). In CO, the LXR expression showed significant differences among the groups, which were tissue- and receptor-specific (P<0.05). Sex differences in CO were found only in the hypothalamus for LXRβ expression at 35D and 9M (P<0.05). When CO and DO were compared, differences between them were observed in the majority of the studied groups at 1D (male hippocampus, LXRα 31% and LXRβ 161%; female hippocampus, LXRβ 165%; male hypothalamus, LXRβ 182%; and female hypothalamus, LXRα 85%; P<0.05). However, these differences disappeared later with the exception of LXRβ expression in the male hypothalamus (P<0.05). The area under the curve during the glucose tolerance test correlated negatively with LXRβ in CO but not in DO animals. Moreover, in a male DO subpopulation this correlation was positive as it occurs in intolerant animals. These results indicate that GD affects hypothalamic LXR expression differently in male and female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sol Kruse
- Laboratorio de NeurobiologíaInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Bioquímica HumanaFacultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 5to Piso, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias MedicasUniversidad Católica de Cuyo, Rivadavia, Provincia de San Juan, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Vega
- Laboratorio de NeurobiologíaInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Bioquímica HumanaFacultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 5to Piso, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias MedicasUniversidad Católica de Cuyo, Rivadavia, Provincia de San Juan, Argentina
| | - Mariana Rey
- Laboratorio de NeurobiologíaInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Bioquímica HumanaFacultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 5to Piso, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias MedicasUniversidad Católica de Cuyo, Rivadavia, Provincia de San Juan, Argentina
| | - Héctor Coirini
- Laboratorio de NeurobiologíaInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Bioquímica HumanaFacultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 5to Piso, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias MedicasUniversidad Católica de Cuyo, Rivadavia, Provincia de San Juan, ArgentinaLaboratorio de NeurobiologíaInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Bioquímica HumanaFacultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 5to Piso, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias MedicasUniversidad Católica de Cuyo, Rivadavia, Provincia de San Juan, ArgentinaLaboratorio de NeurobiologíaInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartamento de Bioquímica HumanaFacultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 5to Piso, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias MedicasUniversidad Católica de Cuyo, Rivadavia, Provincia de San Juan, Argentina
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Crespi EJ, Unkefer MK. Development of food intake controls: neuroendocrine and environmental regulation of food intake during early life. Horm Behav 2014; 66:74-85. [PMID: 24727079 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Energy Balance". The development of neuroendocrine regulation of food intake during early life has been shaped by natural selection to allow for optimal growth and development rates needed for survival. In vertebrates, neonates or early larval forms typically exhibit "feeding drive," characterized by a developmental delay in 1) responsiveness of the hypothalamus to satiety signals (e.g., leptin, melanocortins) and 2) sensitivity to environmental cues that suppress food intake. Homeostatic regulation of food intake develops once offspring transition to later life history stages when growth is slower, neuroendocrine systems are more mature, and appetite becomes more sensitive to environmental or social cues. Across vertebrate groups, there is a tremendous amount of developmental plasticity in both food intake regulation and stress responsiveness depending on the environmental conditions experienced during early life history stages or by pregnant/brooding mothers. This plasticity is mediated through the organizing effects of hormones acting on the food intake centers of the hypothalamus during development, which alter epigenetic expression of genes associated with ingestive behaviors. Research is still needed to reveal the mechanisms through which environmental conditions during development generate and maintain these epigenetic modifications within the lifespan or across generations. Furthermore, more research is needed to determine whether observed patterns of plasticity are adaptive or pathological. It is clear, however, that developmental programming of food intake has important effects on fitness, and therefore, has ecological and evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Crespi
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Margaret K Unkefer
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Mitanchez D, Burguet A, Simeoni U. Infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: mild neonatal effects, a long-term threat to global health. J Pediatr 2014; 164:445-50. [PMID: 24331686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Mitanchez
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Perinatology, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France; Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6 University, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.
| | - Antoine Burguet
- Division of Pediatrics 2, Hôpital du Bocage, Dijon Cedex, Paris, France; INSERM UMR S 953, Paris, France
| | - Umberto Simeoni
- Department of Neonatology, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; UMR608 INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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Maternal OGTT glucose levels at 26-30 gestational weeks with offspring growth and development in early infancy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:516980. [PMID: 24689042 PMCID: PMC3943263 DOI: 10.1155/2014/516980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aims. We aim to evaluate the association of maternal gestational oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose concentrations with anthropometry in the offspring from birth to 12 months in Tianjin, China. Methods. A total of 27,157 pregnant women underwent OGTT during 26–30 weeks gestation, and their children had body weight/length measured from birth to 12 months old. Results. Maternal OGTT glucose concentrations at 26–30 gestational weeks were positively associated with Z-scores for birth length-for-gestational age and birth weight-for-length. Compared with infants born to mothers with normal glucose tolerance, infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (impaired glucose tolerance/new diabetes) had higher mean values of Z-scores for birth length-for-gestational age (0.07/0.23; normal group −0.08) and birth weight-for-length (0.27/0.57; normal group −0.001), smaller changes in mean values of Z-scores for length-for-age (0.75/0.62; normal group 0.94) and weight-for-length (0.18/−0.17; normal group 0.37) from birth to month 3, and bigger changes in mean values in Z-scores for weight-for-length (0.07/0.12; normal group 0.02) from month 9 to 12. Conclusions. Abnormal maternal glucose tolerance during pregnancy was associated with higher birth weight and birth length, less weight and length gain in the first 3 months of life, and more weight gain in the months 9–12 of life.
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Chandler-Laney PC, Bush NC, Rouse DJ, Mancuso MS, Gower BA. Gut hormone activity of children born to women with and without gestational diabetes. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:53-62. [PMID: 23364910 PMCID: PMC3651744 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED What is already known about this subject Children born to women with gestational diabetes have greater risk for obesity. Obesity in adults and children is associated with blunted postprandial gut hormone responses. What this study adds Children of women with gestational diabetes have a blunted postprandial response of GLP-1. Children of women with gestational diabetes have high fasting PYY concentrations. BACKGROUND Intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases risk for obesity. Obesity is associated with a blunted postprandial gut hormone response, which may impair satiety and thereby contribute to weight gain. The postprandial response of gut hormones among children of women with GDM has not previously been investigated. OBJECTIVE To examine whether children of women with GDM have suppressed peptide-tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) and glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1), and higher concentrations of ghrelin, following a meal challenge. A secondary objective was to investigate associations of these hormones with children's free-living energy intake. METHODS Children (n = 42) aged 5-10 years were stratified into two groups: offspring of GDM mothers (OGD) and of non-diabetic mothers (CTRL). Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and circulating PYY, GLP-1 and total ghrelin were measured during a liquid meal challenge. Energy intake was assessed by three 24-h diet recalls. RESULTS Between-groups analyses of fasting and incremental area under the curve (AUC) found no differences in ghrelin. Incremental AUC for GLP-1 was greater among the CTRL vs. OGD (P < 0.05), and fasting PYY, but not incremental AUC, was higher among OGD vs. CTRL (P < 0.01). Associations of fasting and incremental AUC for each gut hormone with children's usual energy intake did not differ significantly by group. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to more fully examine the potential role of postprandial GLP-1 suppression and high-fasting PYY concentrations on the feeding behaviour and risk for obesity among children exposed to GDM in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikki C. Bush
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dwight J. Rouse
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Melissa S. Mancuso
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Barbara A. Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Ross MG, Desai M. Developmental Programming of Appetite/Satiety. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2014; 64 Suppl 1:36-44. [DOI: 10.1159/000360508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dong L, Liu E, Guo J, Pan L, Li B, Leng J, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Li N, Hu G. Relationship between maternal fasting glucose levels at 4-12 gestational weeks and offspring growth and development in early infancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013; 102:210-7. [PMID: 24257107 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of maternal fasting glucose levels at 4-12 gestational weeks with anthropometry in the offspring from birth to 12 months in Tianjin, China. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 57,454 pregnant women underwent a fasting glucose test during the first trimester, and their children had body weight/length measured from birth to 12 months of age. RESULTS Maternal fasting glucose concentrations at 4-12 gestational weeks were positively associated with Z scores for birth weight, birth length, birth weight for length, and birth body mass index (BMI). Infants born to mothers with fasting glucose concentrations ≥126mg/dL (7.0mmol/l) had had the highest mean Z scores for birth weight, birth length, birth weight for length and birth BMI for gestational age, and the lowest mean Z scores for weight and length for age at months 3, 6, 9, and 12, the smallest changes in Z scores for weight for age, weight for length, and BMI for age from birth to month 3, and largest changes in Z scores for weight for age, and BMI for age after 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Higher maternal fasting glucose during pregnancy was associated with larger birth weight and birth length, less weight gain and length gain in the first 3 months of life, and more weight gain in months 6-12 of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Dong
- Tianjin Women's and Children's Health Center, Tianjin, China
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Schellong K, Neumann U, Rancourt RC, Plagemann A. Increase of long-term 'diabesity' risk, hyperphagia, and altered hypothalamic neuropeptide expression in neonatally overnourished 'small-for-gestational-age' (SGA) rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78799. [PMID: 24265718 PMCID: PMC3827123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data have shown long-term health adversity in low birth weight subjects, especially concerning the metabolic syndrome and 'diabesity' risk. Alterations in adult food intake have been suggested to be causally involved. Responsible mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS AND FINDINGS By rearing in normal (NL) vs. small litters (SL), small-for-gestational-age (SGA) rats were neonatally exposed to either normal (SGA-in-NL) or over-feeding (SGA-in-SL), and followed up into late adult age as compared to normally reared appropriate-for-gestational-age control rats (AGA-in-NL). SGA-in-SL rats displayed rapid neonatal weight gain within one week after birth, while SGA-in-NL growth caught up only at juvenile age (day 60), as compared to AGA-in-NL controls. In adulthood, an increase in lipids, leptin, insulin, insulin/glucose-ratio (all p<0.05), and hyperphagia under normal chow as well as high-energy/high-fat diet, modelling modern 'westernized' lifestyle, were observed only in SGA-in-SL as compared to both SGA-in-NL and AGA-in-NL rats (p<0.05). Lasercapture microdissection (LMD)-based neuropeptide expression analyses in single neuron pools of the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus (ARC) revealed a significant shift towards down-regulation of the anorexigenic melanocortinergic system (proopiomelanocortin, Pomc) in SGA-in-SL rats (p<0.05). Neuropeptide expression within the orexigenic system (neuropeptide Y (Npy), agouti-related-peptide (Agrp) and galanin (Gal)) was not significantly altered. In essence, the 'orexigenic index', proposed here as a neuroendocrine 'net-indicator', was increased in SGA-in-SL regarding Npy/Pomc expression (p<0.01), correlated to food intake (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Adult SGA rats developed increased 'diabesity' risk only if exposed to neonatal overfeeding. Hypothalamic malprogramming towards decreased anorexigenic activity was involved into the pathophysiology of this neonatally acquired adverse phenotype. Neonatal overfeeding appears to be a critical long-term risk factor in 'small-for-gestational-age babies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Schellong
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Division of ‘Experimental Obstetrics’, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta Neumann
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Division of ‘Experimental Obstetrics’, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- Medical Center for Women’s and Children’s Health, Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rebecca C. Rancourt
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Division of ‘Experimental Obstetrics’, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Plagemann
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Division of ‘Experimental Obstetrics’, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of obesity has risen over the past few decades and women are currently more likely than ever to enter pregnancy obese. Pre-pregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain increase miscarriage rates and obstetric and neonatal complications, which result in a lower healthy live birth rate. In addition to its negative consequences for the mother, obesity has been shown to be an important risk factor for chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the adolescence and adulthood of the offspring. Moreover, maternal obesity causes psychological problems, physical disabilities and higher healthcare costs. Fetal programming of metabolic function induced by obesity, through physiological and/or epigenetic mechanisms, may have an intergenerational effect and could, thus, perpetuate obesity in the next generation. In order to break this vicious circle and avoid serious short- and long-term negative outcomes for both mothers and fetuses, the prevention and adequate management of obesity and gestational weight gain are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Galliano
- Department of Reproduction, Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Barcelona, Spain.
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Steculorum SM, Vogt MC, Brüning JC. Perinatal programming of metabolic diseases: role of insulin in the development of hypothalamic neurocircuits. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2013; 42:149-64. [PMID: 23391245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly accepted that the metabolic future of an individual can be programmed as early as at developmental stages. For instance, offspring of diabetic mothers have a greater risk of becoming obese and diabetic later in life. Animal studies have demonstrated that hyperinsulinemia and/or hyperglycemia during perinatal life permanently impair the organization and long-term function of hypothalamic networks that control appetite and glucose homeostasis. This review summarizes the main findings regarding the key regulatory roles of perinatal insulin and glucose levels on hypothalamic development and on long-term programming of metabolic diseases reported in different rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Steculorum
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, University Hospital Cologne and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Köln 50674, Germany
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