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Shi Q, Xu L, Cai L, Deng S, Qi X. Sucralose regulates postprandial blood glucose in mice through intestinal sweet taste receptors Tas1r2/Tas1r3. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:2233-2244. [PMID: 37938171 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-nutritive sweeteners (such as sucralose) bind to sweet receptors Tas1r2/Tas1r3 on intestinal endocrine L cells after diets to upregulate blood glucose. However, the mechanism by which sucralose regulates postprandial blood glucose (PBG) has not been clarified to date. We hypothesized that the gut sweet taste receptor was one of the targets for sucralose to regulate PBG. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of sucralose on PBG based on the gut sweet taste receptor signaling pathway and to explore the mechanism. Therefore, we examined PBG, genes, and proteins associated with the gut sweet receptor pathway in sucralose-exposed mice. RESULTS The results showed that after 12 weeks of sucralose exposure the PBG of mice increased significantly, and the expression of intestinal sweet taste receptors increased correspondingly. Within the concentration range of this experiment, a significant increase of PBG was observed in mice fed on sucralose with a concentration equal to or higher than 0.33 g L-1 . CONCLUSION Long-term consumption of sucralose may increase body weight and the risk of elevated PBG, resulting in overexpression of sweetness receptors and glucose transporters. The mechanism of these effects might be the result of non-nutritive sweeteners binding to sweetness receptors Tas1r2/Tas1r3 in gut endocrine cells and upregulating Slc5a1 and Slc2a2. But we cannot rule out that the rise in PBG is the result of a combination of sweet receptors and gut microbes. Therefore, the effect of gut microbes on PBG needs to be studied further. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Discipline of Biological Engineering (Level A), Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Discipline of Biological Engineering (Level A), Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lei Cai
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Qi
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Discipline of Biological Engineering (Level A), Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
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Zehra SA, Bhattarai P, Zhang J, Liu Y, Parveen Z, Sajid M, Zhu L. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Activity of Solidago virgaurea Extracts. CURRENT BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS 2022; 19:e150622206034. [PMID: 37900701 PMCID: PMC10601339 DOI: 10.2174/1573407218666220615143502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Solidago virgaurea (Asteraceae) has been used for more than 700 years for treating cystitis, chronic nephritis, urolithiasis, rheumatism, and inflammatory diseases. However, the antidiabetic activity of Solidago virgaurea has been rarely studied. Methods Three extracts of Solidago virgaurea were prepared, and their antidiabetic potentials were evaluated by various cell-free, cell-based, and in vivo studies. Results We found that the Solidago virgaurea contained multiple bioactive phytochemicals based on the GC-MS analysis. The Solidago virgaurea extracts effectively inhibited the functions of the carbohydrate digestive enzyme (α-glucosidase) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), as well as decreased the amount of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In the L6 myotubes, the Solidago virgaurea methanolic extract remarkably enhanced the glucose uptake via the upregulation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4). The extract also significantly downregulated the expression of PTP1B. In the streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic mice, the daily intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg Solidago virgaurea methanolic extract for 24 days, substantially lowered the postprandial blood glucose level with no obvious toxicity. The extract's anti-hyperglycemic effect was comparable to that of the glibenclamide treatment. Conclusion Our findings suggested that the Solidago virgaurea extract might have great potential in the prevention and treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Andleeb Zehra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, 78363, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Prapanna Bhattarai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, 78363, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, 78363, USA
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, 78363, USA
| | - Zahida Parveen
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, 78363, USA
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Sarmah S, Roy AS. A review on prevention of glycation of proteins: Potential therapeutic substances to mitigate the severity of diabetes complications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 195:565-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sasaki Y, Kojima-Yuasa A, Tadano H, Mizuno A, Kon A, Norikura T. Ursolic acid improves the indoxyl sulfate-induced impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis in C2C12 cells. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:147-160. [PMID: 35392531 PMCID: PMC8971825 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high concentration of uremic toxins in their blood and often experience muscle atrophy. Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a uremic toxin produced by tryptophan metabolism. Although an elevated IS level may induce muscle dysfunction, the effect of IS on physiological concentration has not been elucidated. Additionally, the effects of ursolic acid (UA) on muscle hypertrophy have been reported in healthy models; however, it is unclear whether UA ameliorates muscle dysfunction associated with chronic diseases, such as CKD. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether UA can improve the IS-induced impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis. MATERIALS/METHODS C2C12 cells were incubated with or without IS (0.1 mM) and UA (1 or 2 µM) to elucidate the physiological effect of UA on CKD-related mitochondrial dysfunction and its related mechanisms using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS IS suppressed the expression of differentiation marker genes without decreasing cell viability. IS decreased the mitochondrial DNA copy number and ATP levels by downregulating the genes pertaining to mitochondrial biogenesis (Ppargc1a, Nrf1, Tfam, Sirt1, and Mef2c), fusion (Mfn1 and Mfn2), oxidative phosphorylation (Cycs and Atp5b), and fatty acid oxidation (Pdk4, Acadm, Cpt1b, and Cd36). Furthermore, IS increased the intracellular mRNA and secretory protein levels of interleukin (IL)-6. Finally, UA ameliorated the IS-induced impairment in C2C12 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that UA improves the IS-induced impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis by affecting differentiation, ATP levels, and IL-6 secretion in C2C12 cells. Therefore, UA could be a novel therapeutic agent for CKD-induced muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Sasaki
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori 030-8505, Japan
| | - Akiko Kojima-Yuasa
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life & Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hinako Tadano
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori 030-8505, Japan
| | - Ayaka Mizuno
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori 030-8505, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kon
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori 030-8505, Japan
| | - Toshio Norikura
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori 030-8505, Japan
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Oliyaei N, Moosavi‐Nasab M, Tamaddon AM, Tanideh N. Antidiabetic effect of fucoxanthin extracted from Sargassum angustifolium on streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic mice. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:3521-3529. [PMID: 34262712 PMCID: PMC8269564 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to study the antidiabetic effect of encapsulated fucoxanthin with porous starch (PS) in streptozotocin and nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic mice. Fucoxanthin was extracted and purified from Sargassum angustifolium and encapsulated in porous starch (PS). Diabetic mice groups were gavaged daily with fucoxanthin (400 mg/kg), either free or encapsulated into PS, and metformin (50 mg/kg) for three weeks. The results exhibited that the fucoxanthin and fucoxanthin-loaded PS markedly prevented the weight gain in treated groups (p < .05). Moreover, both free and encapsulated fucoxanthin could decrease the fasting blood glucose and increase the plasma insulin level similar to metformin (p < .05). In addition, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein were lower in the treated groups. These results confirm antiobesity effect of fucoxanthin by regulating lipid profile parameters. Moreover, the histopathology evaluation of pancreatic tissue in diabetic mice exhibited that oral administration of metformin and fucoxanthin caused regeneration of pancreatic beta cells. This study revealed the healthy effect of seaweed pigment as a suitable bioactive compound which can be used in functional foods for natural diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najme Oliyaei
- Seafood Processing Research GroupSchool of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShirazIran
- Department of Food Science and TechnologySchool of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Marzieh Moosavi‐Nasab
- Seafood Processing Research GroupSchool of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShirazIran
- Department of Food Science and TechnologySchool of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Ali Mohammad Tamaddon
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug DeliverySchool of PharmacyShiraz University of Medical ScienceShirazIran
| | - Nader Tanideh
- Stem Cells Technology Research CenterDepartment of PharmacologySchool of MedicinShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
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Jafari Khataylou Y, Ahmadi Afshar S, Mirzakhani N. Betulinic acid reduces the complications of autoimmune diabetes on the body and kidney through effecting on inflammatory cytokines in C57BL/6 mice. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2021; 12:203-210. [PMID: 34345387 PMCID: PMC8328255 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.101178.2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases with increasing prevalence in the past decades in which pancreatic Langerhans β cells are destroyed and lead to lack of insulin due to increased blood sugar. One of the consequences of diabetes is glomerular disease of the kidney, also called diabetes nephropathy. Different studies have been carried out on the effects of triterpenoids and their medicinal effects on diabetes mellitus. betulinic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid of Terpenes, is found in bushes and trees. Its medical effects are also approved by many studies. In this survey, we studied the effect of betulinic acid on diabetic inbred C57BL/6 male mice. They were randomly divided to three groups. Group A: Consisted of healthy mice which received citrate buffer. Group B: Diabetic mice without any treatment and group C: Treated diabetic mice with betulinic acid. The level of blood insulin level, fasting blood glucose, C-peptide, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1 cytokines were measured and pathologic studies of the kidney were performed. The results showed that betulinic acid could increase insulin and C-peptide, and decrease fasting blood sugar, kidney lesions and TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1 in the treated groups. The differences were significant except for IL-1. Betulinic acid through reduction of inflammatory cytokines could have positive effects on inflammatory and autoimmune disease including autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Jafari Khataylou
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Ahmadi Afshar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Navideh Mirzakhani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
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Nguyen PTM, Ngo QV, Nguyen MTH, Quach LT, Pyne SG. Hypoglycemic activity of the ethyl acetate extract from Smilax glabra Roxb in mice: Biochemical and histopathological studies. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 23:1558-1564. [PMID: 33489029 PMCID: PMC7811822 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.46658.10763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This research was carried out to investigate the hypoglycemic activity of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract from the roots of Smilax glabra Roxb, which strongly exhibit inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase on in vivo type 2 diabetic model. Materials and Methods Column chromatography combined with crystallization was used to isolate the active fraction and compounds. Chemical structures of the compounds were determined based on the analysis of the spectroscopic data and comparison with the literature data. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (AGI) and the α-amylase inhibitory activity (AAI) were determined quantitatively spectrophotometrically using p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside and soluble starch as substrates, respectively. The hypoglycemic activity was examined by evaluating its effects on glucose and insulin levels, insulin resistance, and histopathology of the pancreatic islets and livers in diabetic induced mice administrated with nicotinamide-streptozotocin. Results The EtOAc extract and the bioactive compounds astilbin and 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid in the extract were isolated and confirmed in structures, AGI, and AAI. The treatment at the doses of 500 and 1000 µg/kg of body weight reduced blood glucose levels down to the physiological level of the physical controls in the diabetic mice after two weeks (P<0.05). Moreover, the treatment improved insulin sensitivity. Histopathology analysis showed recovering effects in the size of the pancreatic islets and no damaging effects on the liver after treatment compared with the control group. Conclusion Our data suggest that the EtOAc extract possesses hypoglycemic activity and has an antidiabetic potential for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thi Mai Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Quang Van Ngo
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Thi Hong Nguyen
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lien Thi Quach
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Stephen G Pyne
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Son J, Lee SY. Therapeutic Potential of Ursonic Acid: Comparison with Ursolic Acid. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1505. [PMID: 33147723 PMCID: PMC7693102 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have been used as drugs to treat human disease for centuries. Ursonic acid (UNA) is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid extracted from certain medicinal herbs such as Ziziphus jujuba. Since the pharmacological effects and associated mechanisms of UNA are not well-known, in this work, we attempt to introduce the therapeutic potential of UNA with a comparison to ursolic acid (ULA), a well-known secondary metabolite, for beneficial effects. UNA has a keto group at the C-3 position, which may provide a critical difference for the varied biological activities between UNA and ULA. Several studies previously showed that UNA exerts pharmaceutical effects similar to, or stronger than, ULA, with UNA significantly decreasing the survival and proliferation of various types of cancer cells. UNA has potential to exert inhibitory effects in parasitic protozoa that cause several tropical diseases. UNA also exerts other potential effects, including antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antioxidant activities. Of note, a recent study highlighted the suppressive potential of UNA against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Molecular modifications of UNA may enhance bioavailability, which is crucial for in vivo and clinical studies. In conclusion, UNA has promising potential to be developed in anticancer and antiprotozoan pharmaceuticals. In-depth investigations may increase the possibility of UNA being developed as a novel reagent for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13120, Korea;
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Feng XM, Su XL. Anticancer effect of ursolic acid via mitochondria-dependent pathways. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4761-4767. [PMID: 31186681 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid is a plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenoid found in various medicinal herbs and fruits. It has generated clinical interest due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiapoptotic and anticarcinogenic effects. An increasing amount of evidence supports the anticancer effect of ursolic acid in various cancer cells. One of the hallmarks of malignant transformation is metabolic reprogramming that sustains macromolecule synthesis, bioenergetic demand and tumor cell survival. Mitochondria are important regulators of tumorigenes is as well as a major site of the metabolic reactions that facilitate this reprogramming and adaption to cellular and environmental changes. The current review explored the close association between the anticancer effect of ursolic acid and the activation of mitochondrial-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Min Feng
- Clinical Medical Research Center of The Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010050, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Lan Su
- Clinical Medical Research Center of The Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010050, P.R. China
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Bacanli M, Dilsiz SA, Başaran N, Başaran AA. Effects of phytochemicals against diabetes. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 89:209-238. [PMID: 31351526 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose and insufficiency in production and action of insulin is the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. Numerous studies have shown that diabetes mellitus is associated with increased formation of free radicals and decrease in antioxidant potential. In the patients with diabetes mellitus, the levels of antioxidant parameters are found to decrease, hence in many studies phytochemicals which can exert antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities, are suggested to improve the insulin sensitivity. Several phytoactive compounds such as flavonoids, lignans, prophenylphenols, are also found to combat the complications of diabetes. This chapter mainly focuses on the relationship between diabetes mellitus and preventive roles of various phytochemicals on diabetes via their antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Bacanli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sevtap Aydin Dilsiz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurşen Başaran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Ahmet Başaran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Pięt M, Paduch R. Ursolic and Oleanolic Acids as Potential Anticancer Agents Acting in the Gastrointestinal Tract. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x15666180612090816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background:Cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide. Contemporary therapies, including chemo- and radiotherapy, are burdened with severe side effects. Thus, there exists an urgent need to develop therapies that would be less devastating to the patient’s body. Such novel approaches can be based on the anti-tumorigenic activity of particular compounds or may involve sensitizing cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy or reducing the side-effects of regular treatment.Objective:Natural-derived compounds are becoming more and more popular in cancer research. Examples of such substances are Ursolic Acid (UA) and Oleanolic Acid (OA), plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenoids which possess numerous beneficial properties, including anti-tumorigenic activity.Results:In recent years, ursolic and oleanolic acids have been demonstrated to exert a range of anticancer effects on various types of tumors. These compounds inhibit the viability and proliferation of cancer cells, prevent their migration and metastasis and induce their apoptosis. Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that UA and OA are promising anti-cancer agents that can prevent carcinogenesis at each step. Furthermore, cancers at all stages are susceptible to the activity of these compounds. </P><P> Neoplasms that are formed in the gastrointestinal tract, i.e. gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, and liver cancers, are among the most common and most lethal malignancies. Their localization in the digestive system, however, facilitates the action of orally-administered (potential) anti-cancer agents, making chemopreventive drugs more accessible.In this paper, the anti-tumorigenic effect of ursolic and oleanolic acids on gastric, colon, pancreatic, and liver cancers, as well as the mechanisms underlying this process, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Pięt
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Roman Paduch
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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Bacanlı M, Aydın S, Anlar HG, Çal T, Arı N, Ündeğer Bucurgat Ü, Başaran AA, Başaran N. Can ursolic acid be beneficial against diabetes in rats? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/tjb-2017-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective:
Diabetes mellitus, a heteregenous metabolic and chronic disease, is a growing health problem especially in developing countries. It is claimed that diabetes associated with increased formation of free radicals and decrease in antioxidant potential and also alterations in lipid profile and enzyme levels. Ursolic acid is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine due to its beneficial effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ursolic acid on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Wistar albino rats.
Methods:
DNA damage was evaluated in the blood and liver cells of rats by alkaline comet assay. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress parameters, biochemical parameters, hepatic enzyme levels and lipid profile parameters were also evaluated.
Results:
The results of this study demonstrate that diabetes caused genotoxic damage, changes in hepatic enzyme and lipid profile, biochemical and antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress parameters in rats. Ursolic acid was found to be protective against diabetes induced effects in blood and liver samples of rats.
Conclusions:
According to our results, it seems that ursolic acid may be beneficial against diabetes and its adverse effects in rats.
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Mabhida SE, Dludla PV, Johnson R, Ndlovu M, Louw J, Opoku AR, Mosa RA. Protective effect of triterpenes against diabetes-induced β-cell damage: An overview of in vitro and in vivo studies. Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:179-192. [PMID: 30315968 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulative evidence shows that chronic hyperglycaemia is a major factor implicated in the development of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in diabetic patients. Furthermore, most of these patients display impaired insulin signalling that is responsible for accelerated pancreatic β-cell damage. Indeed, prominent pathways involved in glucose metabolism such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ protein kinase B (PI3-K/AKT) and 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are impaired in an insulin resistant state. The impairment of this pathway is associated with over production of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory factors that supersede pancreatic β-cell damage. Although several antidiabetic drugs can improve β-cell function by modulating key regulators such as PI3-K/AKT and AMPK, evidence of their β-cell regenerative and protective effect is scanty. As a result, there has been continued exploration of novel antidiabetic therapeutics with abundant antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties that are essential in protecting against β-cell damage. Such therapies include triterpenes, which have displayed robust effects to improve glycaemic tolerance, insulin secretion, and pancreatic β-cell function. This review summarises most relevant effects of various triterpenes on improving pancreatic β-cell function in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. A special focus falls on studies reporting on the ameliorative properties of these compounds against insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation, the well-known factors involved in hyperglycaemia associated tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihle E Mabhida
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa; Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
| | - Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, 60121, Italy; Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Musawenkosi Ndlovu
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa; Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Andy R Opoku
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
| | - Rebamang A Mosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
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Birgani GA, Ahangarpour A, Khorsandi L, Moghaddam HF. Anti-diabetic effect of betulinic acid on streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic male mouse model. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000217171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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15
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Fan L, Zhang B, Xu A, Shen Z, Guo Y, Zhao R, Yao H, Shao JW. Carrier-Free, Pure Nanodrug Formed by the Self-Assembly of an Anticancer Drug for Cancer Immune Therapy. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2466-2478. [PMID: 29727577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a food-plant-derived natural product which has good anticancer activities and low toxicity. However, the poor water solubility of UA limits its application in clinic. To address this issue, we developed a carrier-free nanodrug by self-assembly of UA. Here, we showed that UA nanoparticles (NPs) have a near-spherical shape with a diameter of ∼150 nm. UA NPs exhibited higher antiproliferative activity; significantly caused apoptosis; decreased the expression of COX-2/VEGFR2/VEGFA; and increased the immunostimulatory activity of TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-β and decreased the activity of STAT-3 in A549 cells in vitro. Furthermore, UA NPs could inhibit tumor growth and have the ability of liver protection in vivo. More importantly, UA NPs could significantly improve the activation of CD4+ T-cells, which indicated that UA NPs have the potential for immunotherapy. Overall, a carrier-free UA nanodrug may be a promising drug to further enhance their anticancer efficacy and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Fan
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350108 , China
| | - Bingchen Zhang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350108 , China
| | - Aixiao Xu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350108 , China
| | - Zhichun Shen
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350108 , China
| | - Yan Guo
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350108 , China
| | - Ruirui Zhao
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350108 , China
| | - Huilu Yao
- School of Physical Science and Technology , Guangxi University , Guangxi 530004 , China
| | - Jing-Wei Shao
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350108 , China
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Ahangarpour A, Shabani R, Farbood Y. The effect of betulinic acid on leptin, adiponectin, hepatic enzyme levels and lipid profiles in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic mice. Res Pharm Sci 2018; 13:142-148. [PMID: 29606968 PMCID: PMC5842485 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.223796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is developed by lack of insulin secretion or reduction of tissues sensitivity to insulin, which lead to serious complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate antihyperlipidemic effect of betulinic acid (BA) on streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) induced diabetic mice. In this experimental study, seventy adult male NMRI mice (20-25 g) were divided randomly into seven groups (n = 10) of control, sham, diabetes, diabetes + BA (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg), and diabetes + metformin (200 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a single dose of STZ (50 mg/kg) 15 min after an i.p. administration of nicotinamide (NA) (120 mg/kg). BA and metformin were orally administered and after two weeks blood samples were taken. Blood levels of leptin, adiponectin, lipid profile and liver enzyme were then measured. One day after the last drug administration, liver was removed to evaluate the histological changes. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in the plasma levels of leptin, alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), cholesterol, and a significant decrease in adiponectin and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were observed in diabetic mice. The groups treated with BA indicated a significant decrease in leptin, AST, ALT, ALP, TG, cholesterol, LDL-C and an increases in adiponectin and HDL levels, while VLDL did not show significant changes. BA was found to have positive effects on liver injury. BA has an effective role on liver damage induced by diabetes through amelioration of leptin, adiponectin, liver enzyme levels and lipid profile. Since BA has a positive effect on lipid profile, adiponectin and leptin, it may improve metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Ahangarpour
- Diabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Department of Physiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, I.R. Iran
| | - Razieh Shabani
- Department of Physiology, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, I.R. Iran
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, I.R. Iran
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Mancha-Ramirez AM, Slaga TJ. Ursolic Acid and Chronic Disease: An Overview of UA's Effects On Prevention and Treatment of Obesity and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 928:75-96. [PMID: 27671813 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases pose a worldwide problem and are only continuing to increase in incidence. Two major factors contributing to the increased incidence in chronic disease are a lack of physical activity and poor diet. As the link between diet and lifestyle and the increased incidence of chronic disease has been well established in the literature, novel preventive, and therapeutic methods should be aimed at naturally derived compounds such as ursolic acid (UA), the focus of this chapter. As chronic diseases, obesity and cancer share the common thread of inflammation and dysregulation of many related pathways, the focus here will be on these two chronic diseases. Significant evidence in the literature supports an important role for natural compounds such as UA in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases like obesity and cancer, and here we have highlighted many of the ways UA has been shown to be a beneficial and versatile phytochemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Mancha-Ramirez
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Tang FR, Loke WK, Wong P, Khoo BC. Radioprotective effect of ursolic acid in radiation-induced impairment of neurogenesis, learning and memory in adolescent BALB/c mouse. Physiol Behav 2017; 175:37-46. [PMID: 28341234 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of acute irradiation with 5Gy or fractionated exposure with 0.5Gy continuously for 10days (a total dose of 5Gy) was evaluated in an immature BALB/c mouse model. Radioprotective effect of ursolic acid (at 25mg/kg/daily administered 1h after acute or each of fractionated irradiations, and continuously for 30days) was also investigated. We found that both acute and fractionated irradiation at a total dose of 5Gy did not induce any mortality within 30days after exposure to postnatal day 26 (P26) BALB/c mice, but reduced animal weigh gain in the first few weeks. At 90days after irradiation, the weight of animals with acute irradiation was still significantly lower than the control group; no significant difference though was observed for those fractionatedly exposed mice compared to the control group. Behavioral tests indicated that acute irradiation at 5Gy induced deficits in learning and memory in the contextual fear conditioning test. The memory for novel object recognition was also impaired. Similar changes were not observed in mice with fractionated irradiation. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated clearly that acute and fractionated irradiations induced impairment of neurogenesis in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus although fractionated exposure induced much lesser loss of newly generated neurons. Ursolic acid administered at 25mg/kg/daily for 30days after irradiation greatly improved acute irradiation-induced deficits in contextual learning and memory and in novel object recognition memory although it exacerbated radiation-induced reduction of neurogenesis in SGZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety initiative, National University of Singapore, 1 CREATE Way #04-01, CREATE Tower, 138602, Singapore.
| | - Weng Keong Loke
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 11 Stockport Road, 11760, Singapore
| | - Peiyan Wong
- Neuroscience Phenotyping Core, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Boo Cheong Khoo
- Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore, 5A, Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
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Choi RY, Ham JR, Lee MK. Esculetin prevents non-alcoholic fatty liver in diabetic mice fed high-fat diet. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 260:13-21. [PMID: 27769711 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects and mechanism of esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) on non-alcoholic fatty liver in diabetic mice fed high-fat diet (HFD). The diabetic mice model was induced by injection of streptozotocin, after which they were fed HFD diet with or without esculetin for 11 weeks. Non-diabetic mice were provided a normal diet. Diabetes induced hepatic hypertrophy, lipid accumulation and droplets; however, esculetin reversed these changes. Esculetin treatment in diabetic mice fed HFD significantly down-regulated expression of lipid synthesis genes (Fasn, Dgat2 and Plpp2) and inflammation genes (Tlr4, Myd88, Nfkb, Tnfα and Il6). Moreover, the activities of hepatic lipid synthesis enzymes (fatty acid synthase and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase) and gluconeogenesis enzyme (glucose-6-phosphatase) in the esculetin group were decreased compared with the diabetic group. In addition, esculetin significantly reduced blood HbA1c, serum cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and chemokine (MCP-1) levels compared with the diabetic group without changing the insulin content in serum and the pancreas. Hepatic SOD activity was lower and lipid peroxidation level was higher in the diabetic group than in the normal group; however, esculetin attenuates these differences. Overall, these results demonstrated that esculetin supplementation could protect against development of non-alcoholic fatty liver in diabetes via regulation of lipids, glucose and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra-Yeong Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ri Ham
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea.
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The anti-diabetic activity of oat β-d-glucan in streptozotocin–nicotinamide induced diabetic mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:1170-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jesus JA, Lago JHG, Laurenti MD, Yamamoto ES, Passero LFD. Antimicrobial activity of oleanolic and ursolic acids: an update. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:620472. [PMID: 25793002 PMCID: PMC4352472 DOI: 10.1155/2015/620472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are the most representative group of phytochemicals, as they comprise more than 20,000 recognized molecules. These compounds are biosynthesized in plants via squalene cyclization, a C30 hydrocarbon that is considered to be the precursor of all steroids. Due to their low hydrophilicity, triterpenes were considered to be inactive for a long period of time; however, evidence regarding their wide range of pharmacological activities is emerging, and elegant studies have highlighted these activities. Several triterpenic skeletons have been described, including some that have presented with pentacyclic features, such as oleanolic and ursolic acids. These compounds have displayed incontestable biological activity, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and antiprotozoal effects, which were not included in a single review until now. Thus, the present review investigates the potential use of these triterpenes against human pathogens, including their mechanisms of action, via in vivo studies, and the future perspectives about the use of compounds for human or even animal health are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica A. Jesus
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Dr. Arnaldo 455, 06780-210 Cerqueira César, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Professor Artur Riedel 275, 09972-270 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G. Lago
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Professor Artur Riedel 275, 09972-270 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia D. Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Dr. Arnaldo 455, 06780-210 Cerqueira César, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S. Yamamoto
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Dr. Arnaldo 455, 06780-210 Cerqueira César, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe D. Passero
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Dr. Arnaldo 455, 06780-210 Cerqueira César, SP, Brazil
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Lu X, Fan Q, Xu L, Li L, Yue Y, Xu Y, Su Y, Zhang D, Wang L. Ursolic acid attenuates diabetic mesangial cell injury through the up-regulation of autophagy via miRNA-21/PTEN/Akt/mTOR suppression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117400. [PMID: 25689721 PMCID: PMC4331365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of ursolic acid on autophagy mediated through the miRNA-21-targeted phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in rat mesangial cells cultured under high glucose (HG) conditions. METHODS Rat glomerular mesangial cells were cultured under normal glucose, HG, HG with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or HG with ursolic acid conditions. Cell proliferation and hypertrophy were assayed using an MTT assay and the ratio of total protein to cell number, respectively. The miRNA-21 expression was detected using RT-qPCR. The expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/AKT/mTOR signaling signatures, autophagy-associated protein and collagen I was detected by western blotting and RT-qPCR. Autophagosomes were observed using electron microscopy. RESULTS Compared with mesangial cells cultured under normal glucose conditions, the cells exposed to HG showed up-regulated miRNA-21 expression, down-regulated PTEN protein and mRNA expression, up-regulated p85PI3K, pAkt, pmTOR, p62/SQSTMI, and collagen I expression and down-regulated LC3II expression. Ursolic acid and LY294002 inhibited HG-induced mesangial cell hypertrophy and proliferation, down-regulated p85PI3K, pAkt, pmTOR, p62/SQSTMI, and collagen I expression and up-regulated LC3II expression. However, LY294002 did not affect the expression of miRNA-21 and PTEN. Ursolic acid down-regulated miRNA-21 expression and up-regulated PTEN protein and mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Ursolic acid inhibits the glucose-induced up-regulation of mesangial cell miRNA-21 expression, up-regulates PTEN expression, inhibits the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and enhances autophagy to reduce the accumulation of the extracellular matrix and ameliorate cell hypertrophy and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Lu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
- Department of nephrology, the People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Qiuling Fan
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of nephrology, the People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Dongcheng Zhang
- Department of nephrology, the People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Lining Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
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He Y, Li W, Li Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Sun C. Ursolic acid increases glucose uptake through the PI3K signaling pathway in adipocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110711. [PMID: 25329874 PMCID: PMC4203820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ursolic acid (UA), a triterpenoid compound, is reported to have a glucose-lowering effect. However, the mechanisms are not fully understood. Adipose tissue is one of peripheral tissues that collectively control the circulating glucose levels. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to determine the effect and further the mechanism of action of UA in adipocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate and treated with different concentrations of UA. NBD-fluorescent glucose was used as the tracer to measure glucose uptake and Western blotting used to determine the expression and activity of proteins involved in glucose transport. It was found that 2.5, 5 and 10 µM of UA promoted glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner (17%, 29% and 35%, respectively). 10 µM UA-induced glucose uptake with insulin stimulation was completely blocked by the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin (1 µM), but not by SB203580 (10 µM), the inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), or compound C (2.5 µM), the inhibitor of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) inhibitor. Furthermore, the downstream protein activities of the PI3K pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase (PDK) and phosphoinositide-dependent serine/threoninekinase (AKT) were increased by 10 µM of UA in the presence of insulin. Interestingly, the activity of AS160 and protein kinase C (PKC) and the expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) were stimulated by 10 µM of UA under either the basal or insulin-stimulated status. Moreover, the translocation of GLUT4 from cytoplasm to cell membrane was increased by UA but decreased when the PI3K inhibitor was applied. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that UA stimulates glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through the PI3K pathway, providing important information regarding the mechanism of action of UA for its anti-diabetic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghan He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, Life Sciences Branch, National Research Council Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuocheng Zhang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, Life Sciences Branch, National Research Council Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Yanwen Wang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, Life Sciences Branch, National Research Council Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Changhao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
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Immunomodulatory and Antidiabetic Effects of a New Herbal Preparation (HemoHIM) on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:461685. [PMID: 25045390 PMCID: PMC4087252 DOI: 10.1155/2014/461685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
HemoHIM (a new herbal preparation of three edible herbs: Angelica gigas Nakai, Cnidium officinale Makino, and Paeonia japonica Miyabe) was developed to protect immune, hematopoietic, and self-renewal tissues against radiation. This study determined whether or not HemoHIM could alter hyperglycemia and the immune response in diabetic mice. Both nondiabetic and diabetic mice were orally administered HemoHIM (100 mg/kg) once a day for 4 weeks. Diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 200 mg/kg, i.p.). In diabetic mice, HemoHIM effectively improved hyperglycemia and glucose tolerance compared to the diabetic control group as well as elevated plasma insulin levels with preservation of insulin staining in pancreatic β-cells. HemoHIM treatment restored thymus weight, white blood cells, lymphocyte numbers, and splenic lymphocyte populations (CD4+ T and CD8+ T), which were reduced in diabetic mice, as well as IFN-γ production in response to Con A stimulation. These results indicate that HemoHIM may have potential as a glucose-lowering and immunomodulatory agent by enhancing the immune function of pancreatic β-cells in STZ-induced diabetic mice.
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Wu PP, Zhang K, Lu YJ, He P, Zhao SQ. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antidiabetic activity of ursolic acid derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 80:502-8. [PMID: 24813878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of ursolic acid derivatives were synthesized, and their structures were confirmed. The activity of the synthesized compounds against α-glucosidase was determined in vitro. The results suggested that all compounds have significant inhibitory activity, especially compounds 3-5 and 8, the IC50 values of which were 2.66 ± 0.84, 1.01 ± 0.44, 3.26 ± 0.22, and 3.24 ± 0.21 μM. These compounds were more potent than acarbose (positive control) against α-glucosidase. Kinetic studies were performed to determine the mechanism of inhibition by compounds 3-5 and 8. The kinetic inhibition studies indicated that compound 3 was a non-competitive inhibitor, and the inhibition constant Ki was calculated to be 2.67 ± 0.19 μM. Moreover, the kinetic inhibition studies of compounds 4, 5 and 8 demonstrated that they were mixed-type inhibitors. Furthermore, the actual pharmacological potentials of synthesized compounds 3 and 4 were demonstrated by the reduction of postprandial blood glucose levels in normal Kunming mice. The hypoglycemic effects of these compounds were more evident 30 and 60 min after maltose ingestion (P < 0.05), which was similar to the effect displayed by the positive control, acarbose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Yu-Jing Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Ping He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Su-Qing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Wang J, Jiang Z, Xiang L, Li Y, Ou M, Yang X, Shao J, Lu Y, Lin L, Chen J, Dai Y, Jia L. Synergism of ursolic acid derivative US597 with 2-deoxy-D-glucose to preferentially induce tumor cell death by dual-targeting of apoptosis and glycolysis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5006. [PMID: 25833312 PMCID: PMC4650901 DOI: 10.1038/srep05006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a naturally bioactive product that exhibits potential anticancer effects. The relatively safe and effective molecule intrigued us to explore a way to further improve its anti-cancer activity and tumor-targeting specificity. In the present study, a series of structural modifications of UA was achieved, which resulted in significant increase in growth inhibition on various cancer cell lines with minimal effects on normal cells. The leading molecule US597 (UA-4) caused depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, cell arrest in G0/G1 phase and apoptosis/necrosis in a dose-dependent manner. Structural docking suggested that the carbon chains of the modified UA derivatives compete strongly with glucose for binding to glucokinase, the key glycolysis enzyme presumably active in cancer cells. The combination of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and UA-4 induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, promoted caspase-dependent cell death, reduced hexokinase activity, aggravated depletion of intracellular ATP, decreased lactate production and synergistically inhibited cancer cell growth in vitro (HepG2) and in vivo (H22). Collectively, our findings suggest that the structural modification enhances efficacy and selectivity of UA, and the combination of UA-4 with 2-DG produces synergistic inhibition on hepatoma cell proliferation by dual targeting of apoptosis and glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichuang Wang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Liping Xiang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuanfang Li
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Minrui Ou
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jingwei Shao
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yusheng Lu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lifeng Lin
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jianzhong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yun Dai
- Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Room 234 Goodwin Research Building, 401 College Street, Richmond VA 23298, USA
| | - Lee Jia
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Ou X, Liu M, Luo H, Dong LQ, Liu F. Ursolic acid inhibits leucine-stimulated mTORC1 signaling by suppressing mTOR localization to lysosome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95393. [PMID: 24740400 PMCID: PMC3989317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid widely found in medicinal herbs and fruits, has been reported to possess a wide range of beneficial properties including anti-hyperglycemia, anti-obesity, and anti-cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of UA remain largely unknown. Here we show that UA inhibits leucine-induced activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway in C2C12 myotubes. The UA-mediated inhibition of mTORC1 is independent of Akt, tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2 (TSC1/2), and Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb), suggesting that UA negatively regulates mTORC1 signaling by targeting at a site downstream of these mTOR regulators. UA treatment had no effect on the interaction between mTOR and its activator Raptor or inhibitor Deptor, but suppressed the binding of RagB to Raptor and inhibited leucine-induced mTOR lysosomal localization. Taken together, our study identifies UA as a direct negative regulator of the mTORC1 signaling pathway and suggests a novel mechanism by which UA exerts its beneficial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ou
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center and Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Meilian Liu
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center and Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hairong Luo
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center and Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lily Q. Dong
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Feng Liu
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center and Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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28
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Pádua TA, de Abreu BSSC, Costa TEMM, Nakamura MJ, Valente LMM, Henriques MDG, Siani AC, Rosas EC. Anti-inflammatory effects of methyl ursolate obtained from a chemically derived crude extract of apple peels: potential use in rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 37:1487-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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29
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Eloy JO, Marchetti JM. Solid dispersions containing ursolic acid in Poloxamer 407 and PEG 6000: A comparative study of fusion and solvent methods. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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McGhie TK, Hudault S, Lunken RCM, Christeller JT. Apple peels, from seven cultivars, have lipase-inhibitory activity and contain numerous ursenoic acids as identified by LC-ESI-QTOF-HRMS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:482-91. [PMID: 22148752 DOI: 10.1021/jf203970j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Apple peel contains numerous phytochemicals, many of which show bioactivity. This study investigated the identity of triterpenoid compounds contained in ethanolic extracts of peel from seven apple cultivars. Using HPLC-ESI-QTOF-HRMS, accurate mass information was obtained for 43 compounds, and chemical identity was inferred from the calculated elemental composition, fragment masses, ms/ms, and a limited set of authentic standards. Compounds were identified as triterpene acids and tentatively identified as ursenoic (or oleanoic) acid derivatives containing hydroxyl, oxo, and coumaroyloxy groups. These apple skin extracts exhibited lipase-inhibitory activity, which may be linked to the ursenoic acid content. Furthermore, both triterpene content and lipase-inhibitory activity varied by cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony K McGhie
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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31
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Wang C, Liu H, Zhang B, Guo H. Determination of oleanolic and ursolic acid in Chinese herbs using HPLC and γ-CD as mobile phase modifier. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3023-8. [PMID: 21994210 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
To separate and determine oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, a rapid and accurate HPLC using γ-CD as the mobile phase additive was developed. The effect of CD nature and concentration, and the acidity of the mobile phase on the chromatographic behavior of two bioactive triterpenes were systematically studied. Two bioactive triterpenes were completely separated (R = 3.11) on a Kromasil(®) C(18) column (150×4.6 mm id, 5 μm) with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/0.1% phosphoric acid with 2 mM γ-CD as the mobile phase modifier (60:40, v/v). The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min and the eluent was detected at 210 nm for two bioactive triterpenes. The linearity of the method was excellent (r=0.9999) over the studied range of 6-300 μg/mL for oleanolic acid, and 12-600 μg/mL for ursolic acid. The LOD and LOQ were 1.5 and 5.0, 1.0 and 3.0 μg/mL for oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, respectively. The optimized method was successfully applied to separate and determine two bioactive triterpenes in five Chinese herbs. It is concluded that this method could be used for rapid and accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of the two bioactive triterpenes in Chinese herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhe Wang
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an, P R China
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