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Handelsman DJ, Idan A, Desai R, Grainger J, Goebel C, Sleiman S, Savkovic S, Kouzios D, Jayadev V, Conway AJ. Single and multi-dose pharmacology of recombinant and urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2024; 101:42-50. [PMID: 38446525 DOI: 10.1111/cen.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human choriogonadotrophin (hCG) treatment of gonadotrophin-deficient infertile men uses hCG of urinary (uhCG) or recombinant (rhCG) origin, but these treatments have not been compared nor are there studies defining rhCG dosing in men. DESIGN hCG products were studied in randomized cross-over single-dose studies of standard (Study 1, 1500 IU and 62.5 µg, respectively) or high (Study 2, 5000 IU and 250 µg) dose and a multi-dose population pharmacology study of hCG use. PARTICIPANTS Eight (Study 1) and seven (Study 2) volunteers in cross-over and 52 gonadotrophin-deficient men in the multi-dose study MEASUREMENTS: In cross-over studies, serum testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) and serum hCG, LH, FSH, SHBG and T (observational study) by immunoassays. RESULTS After standard and high-dose injection, serum hCG and testosterone responses had similar timing and peak concentrations except for a mildly lower early (<48 h) serum testosterone with uhCG. In the multi-dosing study, both hCGs had similar pharmacokinetics (pooled half-life 5.8 days, p < .001), while serum testosterone concentrations were stable after injection and did not differ between hCG products. Bench testing verified that 20% of pens from 4/10 individuals were used inappropriately. CONCLUSIONS Although hCG pharmacokinetics are not formally bioequivalent, the similar pharmacodynamic effects on serum testosterone indicate that at the doses tested both hCGs provide comparable clinical effects. The starting dose of rhCG for treating gonadotrophin-deficient men should be 62.5 µg (6 clicks) of the rhCG pen.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda Idan
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janelle Grainger
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catrin Goebel
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sue Sleiman
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sasha Savkovic
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dorothy Kouzios
- Diagnostic Pathology Unit, NSW Health Pathology, Concord Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Venna Jayadev
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ann J Conway
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Davis SR, Azene ZN, Tonkin AM, Woods RL, McNeil JJ, Islam RM. Higher testosterone is associated with higher HDL-cholesterol and lower triglyceride concentrations in older women: an observational study. Climacteric 2024; 27:282-288. [PMID: 38345304 PMCID: PMC11196127 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2024.2310530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine whether concentrations of testosterone and its main precursor after menopause, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), are associated with lipoproteins and other lipids in community-dwelling older women. METHODS The Sex Hormones in Older Women (SHOW) study was an observational study of 6358 Australian women, aged at least 70 years, with no prior major adverse cardiovascular event who had sex hormones measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Associations between hormones and lipids were examined using multilinear regression adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS The cross-sectional analyses included 3231 participants, median age 74.0 (interquartile range 71.7-77.9) years. Compared with concentrations in the lowest quartile (Q1), testosterone concentrations in the highest quartiles (Q3 and Q4) were positively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively) while Q4 testosterone concentrations were positively associated with total cholesterol (p = 0.038). Q2, Q3 and Q4 testosterone concentrations were significantly inversely associated with triglycerides (TG) (p = 0.024, p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively). For DHEA, Q4 concentrations was positively associated with non-HDL-C (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS In older women, higher endogenous testosterone concentrations are significantly associated with higher HDL-C and lower TG, indicating a less atherogenic profile. These findings suggest a neutral, or potentially protective, cardiovascular disease effect of testosterone in older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Davis
- Women’s Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria Australia 3004
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
| | - Zelalem N Azene
- Women’s Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
| | - Andrew M Tonkin
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
| | - Robyn L Woods
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
| | - John J McNeil
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
| | - Rakibul M Islam
- Women’s Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
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Handelsman DJ, Idan A, Sleiman S, Bacha F, Long GV, Menzies AM, Vaishnav T, Litkouhi N, Volckmar X, Ledger W, Anazodo A. Testicular function after non-cytotoxic and immunotherapy drug treatment. Andrology 2024; 12:891-898. [PMID: 37889046 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of novel non-cytotoxic and immunotherapy drugs for cancer treatment on human testicular function have not been studied systematically. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to characterize effects of non-cytotoxic and immunotherapy drugs in patients with cancers who had not been previously treated with gonadotoxic chemo- or radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study involved 34 men, not previously treated with gonadotoxic regimens, in a mixed longitudinal (Cohort 1: 19 men about to start and approximately 1 year on non-cytotoxic and immunotherapy treatment) and cross-sectional (Cohort 2: 15 men already on non-cytotoxic and immunotherapy treatment) study using data modeling to estimate within-person time-course changes in testicular exocrine and endocrine functions. Cohort 1 provided 45 paired semen and blood samples (34 prior to and nine during treatment) and Cohort 2 provided 45 sets of samples (15 pre-treatment, 30 on treatment), including six men in Cohort 2 who had pre-treatment spermatozoa cryostorage prior to the study. Men on non-cytotoxic and immunotherapy treatment had undergone a median of 33.5 months long-term treatment. RESULTS Spermatozoa output and concentration were reduced by about 50%, with corresponding increases in serum follicle-stimulating hormone and decreases in serum inhibin B. Serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and sex hormone-binding globulin were unaffected by non-cytotoxic and immunotherapy treatment. CONCLUSION Within limits of the present study of sample size and duration of on-non-cytotoxic and immunotherapy treatment, non-cytotoxic and immunotherapy drugs have a modest effects on testicular exocrine function (sperm production) or its hormonal correlates (follicle-stimulating hormone, inhibin B), with minimal impact on testicular endocrine (testosterone, luteinizing hormone) function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Handelsman
- Andrology Department and Clinical Andrology Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda Idan
- Andrology Department and Clinical Andrology Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sue Sleiman
- Andrology Department and Clinical Andrology Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fey Bacha
- Andrology Department and Clinical Andrology Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore & Mater Hospitals, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander M Menzies
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore & Mater Hospitals, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tejnei Vaishnav
- School of Women's and Childrens Health, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Noosha Litkouhi
- School of Women's and Childrens Health, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xanthie Volckmar
- School of Women's and Childrens Health, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William Ledger
- School of Women's and Childrens Health, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antoinette Anazodo
- School of Women's and Childrens Health, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Handelsman DJ, Sartorius G, Desai R, Idan A, Turner L, Savkovic S, Ly LP, Forbes E, Allan CA, McLachlan R, Conway AJ. Sex steroids and androgen biomarkers in the healthy man study: within-person variability and impact of fasting. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:54-61. [PMID: 38141148 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serum testosterone measurements in clinical practice mostly utilize "direct" (non-extraction) immunoassays which have method-specific bias due to steroid cross-reactivity and nonspecific matrix artifacts. Although more accurate, sensitive, and specific liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) dominates in clinical research, the within-person variability of serum testosterone in healthy men using LCMS measurement is not reported. DESIGN Longitudinal multi-sampling observational study of men in excellent health over 3 months. METHODS Elite healthy men (n = 325) over 40 years of age in excellent, asymptomatic health provided 9 blood samples over 3 months with serum testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E2), and estrone (E1) measured by validated LCMS with conventional biochemical and anthropometric variables. RESULTS Quantitative estimates of within-person variability within day and between day, week, month, and quarter were stable other than an increase due to fasting. The androgen biomarkers most sensitive to age and testosterone among widely used biochemical and anthropometric variables in middle-aged and older men were identified. CONCLUSIONS This study provides estimates of variability in serum testosterone and the best androgen biomarkers that may prove useful for future studies of androgen action in male ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | | | - Reena Desai
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Amanda Idan
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Leo Turner
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Sasha Savkovic
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Lam P Ly
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Elise Forbes
- Hudson Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Carolyn A Allan
- Hudson Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Robert McLachlan
- Hudson Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Ann J Conway
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
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Hazell P, Balzer BWR, Garden F, Handelsman DJ, Paxton K, Hawke C, Ivers R, Skinner SR, Luscombe G, Steinbeck KS. Association of urinary sex hormones with mood and behavior changes in a community adolescent cohort. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293040. [PMID: 37844097 PMCID: PMC10578568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the contribution of variation in sex hormone excretion to mood and behavioral changes in adolescent females and males. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal observational cohort study. METHODS Participants were 342 volunteers aged 10-12 years living in rural Australia. Urinary estradiol and testosterone levels measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were obtained at three-month intervals for three years. Integrated measures (area-under-curve) of urinary steroid excretion summarised as absolute and variability during each 12-month period of the study. Psychosocial data were gathered annually with the primary outcome of depressive symptomatology. Secondary outcomes were the other subscales of the Youth Self-Report, impulsive-aggression, sleep habits, and self-harm. RESULTS 277 (158 male) participants contributed data over the full duration of the study and could be included in the analyses. In females, analyses of absolute urine hormone levels found no relationship between estradiol and any outcome, but higher testosterone was significantly associated with depression and poorer sleep. Greater variability of both urine estradiol and testosterone was associated with lower total psychopathology, anxious/depressed and social problems scores. Greater variability in urine estradiol was associated with lower attention problems and impulsive aggression in females. In males, higher testosterone and estradiol levels were associated with rule-breaking, and poorer sleep, and no associations were found for gonadal hormone variability for males. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal measurement of both iso-sexual and contra-sexual gonadal hormones contributes to a more nuanced view of the impact of sex steroids on mood and behavior in adolescents. These findings may enlighten the understanding of the impact of sex steroids during normal male and female puberty with implications for hormone replacement therapies as well as management of common mood and behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hazell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben W. R. Balzer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- The University of New South Wales Faculty of Medicine, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Frances Garden
- Ingham Institute for Medical Research, The University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - David J. Handelsman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Paxton
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine Hawke
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ivers
- The University of New South Wales Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - S. Rachel Skinner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgina Luscombe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharine S. Steinbeck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Cheng HL, Garden FL, Skilton MR, Johnson C, Webster J, Grimes CA, Ivers RQ, Steinbeck KS. Impact of growth, gonadal hormones, adiposity and the sodium-to-potassium ratio on longitudinal adolescent measures of blood pressure at puberty. J Hum Hypertens 2023; 37:835-843. [PMID: 36376566 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) rises rapidly at puberty. While this is partly due to normal development, factors like excess adiposity and a high intake of dietary sodium relative to potassium may contribute to a true increase in hypertension risk. This study aimed to assess the relative impact of growth, gonadal hormones, adiposity and the sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na:K) on longitudinal BP measures at puberty. This study analysed data from a three-year longitudinal cohort study of pubertal adolescents. Anthropometry, body composition (bio-electrical impedance), serum testosterone and oestradiol (mass spectrometry) were measured annually. Na:K was measured from three-monthly urine samples. These variables were used to predict annual BP measures using mixed modelling and ordinal regression. Data from 325 adolescents (11.7 ± 1.0 y; 55% male) were analysed, showing typical growth patterns at puberty. Systolic BP increased over time in both sexes (p < 0.01), with boys exhibiting a significantly steeper rise compared to girls. Adiposity variables (BMI z-score, percent body fat, fat mass, waist-to-height ratio) strongly and consistently predicted systolic and diastolic BP in both sexes (all p < 0.05). Systolic BP was also significantly and positively related to height (p < 0.05). No associations with BP were identified in either sex for gonadal hormones or Na:K. Similar results were obtained when BP was classified into hypertension categories. Relative to other developmental and diet-related variables tested, adiposity was found to be the strongest most consistent predictor of BP in pubertal adolescents. Findings highlight the importance of dedicated youth obesity management interventions and policy measures for reducing long-term hypertension and cardiovascular disease risks.Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12617000964314.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Lun Cheng
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Academic Department of Adolescent Medicine, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Boden Initiative, Charles Perkins Centre, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Frances L Garden
- University of New South Wales, School of Clinical Medicine, South West Sydney Clinical Campuses, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael R Skilton
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Boden Initiative, Charles Perkins Centre, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire Johnson
- University of New South Wales, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, School of Population Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqui Webster
- University of New South Wales, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, School of Population Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carley A Grimes
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Q Ivers
- University of New South Wales, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, School of Population Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharine S Steinbeck
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Academic Department of Adolescent Medicine, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Boden Initiative, Charles Perkins Centre, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Azene ZN, Davis SR, McNeil JJ, Tonkin AM, Handelsman DJ, Islam RM. Estrone, sex hormone binding globulin and lipid profiles in older women: an observational study. Climacteric 2023; 26:114-120. [PMID: 36693423 PMCID: PMC10033393 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2023.2165908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether estrone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations are associated with lipid concentrations in older postmenopausal women. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 6358 Australian women, aged 70-95 years, recruited between 2010 and 2014. Associations between estrone and SHBG and lipid concentrations were examined in participants not using medications that influence estrogen concentrations or lipid-lowering therapy. Linear regression models included age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, renal function and diabetes, with the lowest quartile (Q1) as the reference for estrone and SHBG. RESULTS The study included 3231 participants with median age of 74.0 (interquartile range 71.7-77.9) years. Estrone concentration Q3 and Q4 were positively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p = 0.017 and p = 0.046, respectively). Inverse associations were seen for estrone Q4 with total cholesterol (p = 0.018), Q2 and Q4 with non-HDL-C (p = 0.045 and p = 0.002, respectively) and Q3 and Q4 with triglycerides (p = 0.030 and p = 0.001, respectively). For SHBG, Q2, Q3 and Q4 were positively associated with HDL-C (all p < 0.001), and inversely with non-HDL-C (all p = 0.001) and triglycerides (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Estrone and SHBG are associated with lipid concentrations in older women. SHBG, but not estrone, may provide additional clinical predictive utility for the assessment of cardiometabolic disease risk in older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z N Azene
- Women's Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Women's and Family Health, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - S R Davis
- Women's Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J J McNeil
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A M Tonkin
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - D J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R M Islam
- Women's Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Dornfeldt MM, Andersen AMN, Hougaard KS, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Toft G, Bonde JPE, Haervig KK, Petersen KU, Kofoed ABB, Deen L, Tøttenborg SS. Maternal fever during pregnancy and male offspring reproductive health: A longitudinal cohort study in young Danish males. Andrology 2023; 11:523-536. [PMID: 36415019 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal fever during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of genital malformations, but the implication for long-term reproductive health in the offspring is unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate associations between timing, duration, and temperature of fetal exposure to maternal fever and sons' semen quality, testicular volume, and levels of reproductive hormones in early adulthood. Further, to examine whether concurrent use of antipyretics and/or antibiotics modified the effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the Fetal Programming of Semen Quality cohort consisting of men born to women enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Self-reported information on maternal fever was collected twice during pregnancy (median 16 and 31 pregnancy weeks) and categorized as any fever during pregnancy, fever during early pregnancy (weeks 1-15), and fever exclusively during late pregnancy (weeks 16-42). Semen quality and concentrations of reproductive hormones were measured at a clinical examination at the age of 18.9 years. We used negative binomial regression to examine the associations, adjusting for maternal age at birth, maternal smoking, family occupational status, and precision variables related to semen quality and hormonal levels, for example, abstinence time. RESULTS 986 men were included in the study, of which 23% had mothers reporting at least one episode of fever. We found no strong indications of associations between maternal fever during pregnancy and male reproductive health in young men. Concurrent use of antipyretics and antibiotics did not modify the association. DISCUSSION Strengths include the large sample size, prospectively collected data, and the adjustment for maternal factors during pregnancy and important precision variables. A limitation is the crude self-reported information on maternal fever. CONCLUSION We found no evidence to support that timing, duration, or temperature of maternal fever during pregnancy has a long-term impact on semen characteristics, testicular volume, or level of reproductive hormones in male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Møller Dornfeldt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Sørig Hougaard
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Gunnar Toft
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Ellekilde Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katia Keglberg Haervig
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kajsa Ugelvig Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ane Berger Bungum Kofoed
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Deen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Won EJ, Yi A, Ko YJ. Analytical Performance Evaluation for Estradiol using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Clin Biochem 2023; 113:59-63. [PMID: 36627012 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increased need for the sensitive and accurate measurement of estradiol levels in patients with estradiol-related endocrine disorders. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a reliable and accurate method for measuring steroid hormone levels. Here, we aimed to establish an LC-MS/MS-based method to quantify estradiol levels without sample derivatization and evaluated its analytical performance. METHODS Sciex Triple Quad 6500 + LC-MS/MS was used for estradiol analysis. We evaluated its analytical performance, including linearity, precision, the lower limit of detection and quantification (LoD and LoQ, respectively), accuracy, and carryover. The estradiol results determined by LC-MS/MS were compared with those obtained using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. RESULTS The LC-MS/MS output was linear for serum estradiol concentrations in the range of 0.2-10311.6 pmol/L. The intra-laboratory precision (coefficient of variation) was 3.0-10.1 %. The LoD and LoQ were 2.8 and 7.5 pmol/L, respectively. The overall accuracy was within 15 % of bias, and the carryover was within the acceptable range (<1.0 %). The results of the estradiol analysis determined by LC-MS/MS were comparable to those obtained by the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (r2 = 0.9843), although there was a negative bias of - 17.82 (95 % confidence interval, -27.21 to - 8.44). CONCLUSIONS A highly sensitive, derivatization-free LC-MS/MS method was successfully developed in this study. This may be beneficial for estradiol measurements in patients with estradiol-related endocrine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Won
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - Ahram Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Green Cross Laboratories (GC Labs), Yongin, South Korea
| | - Young Jin Ko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea.
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10
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Phan MAT, Gibson E, Golebiowski B, Stapleton F, Jenner AM, Bucknall MP. Analysis of sex steroids in human tears using LC-MS and GC-MS: Considerations and developments to improve method sensitivity and accuracy. Exp Eye Res 2022; 225:109283. [PMID: 36273577 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids play a role in regulation of tear film function and may exert their action locally at the ocular surface. However, measurement of sex steroids in tears is difficult due to small-volume tear samples and very low concentrations of the hormones. This short communication highlights what has been achieved to date in the analysis of tear sex steroids using ultra-performance LC-MS (UPLC-MS) as previously published, and reports further and more recent investigations toward optimising mass spectrometry method sensitivity and accuracy. The published UPLC-MS method successfully measured progesterone, androsterone glucuronide and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol in pooled basal tears of postmenopausal women, and fourteen sex steroid standards in methanol. Limitations included sub-optimal limits of detection (LOD) and lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) for some analytes (particularly oestrogens), exclusion of sample matrix effects and no use of internal standards. This update reports on further experiments carried out to improve sensitivity and accuracy. Sample matrix effects, internal standard spiking, and derivatisation with dansyl chloride and oximes were investigated. Dansylation significantly improved the LOD and LLOQ of oestrogens and their metabolites, by a factor of 10 for oestradiol and a factor of 5 for oestrone, but sensitivity of this updated method is not sufficient however for analysis of these oestrogens in human tears. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as an alternative technique to LC-MS, improved sensitivity for derivatised oestradiol is reported. This work demonstrates the need to develop higher sensitivity methods and points researchers towards specific MS ionisation techniques for future analysis of sex steroids in tears, in order to progress current understanding of the role of sex steroids in tear function and dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Anh Thu Phan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Emma Gibson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Optometry, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew M Jenner
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Martin P Bucknall
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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11
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Huang G, Bhasin S, Pencina K, Cheng M, Jasuja R. Circulating dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and free testosterone levels and dihydrotestosterone-to-testosterone ratios in healthy women across the menstrual cycle. Fertil Steril 2022; 118:1150-1158. [PMID: 36371319 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the circulating androgen levels across the menstrual cycle in healthy women using highly sensitive and accurate methods and report sex differences in the relative levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to testosterone (T) levels. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Research clinic, academic teaching hospital. PATIENT(S) Twenty-one healthy premenopausal women, aged 19-40 years, with regular menstrual cycles. INTERVENTION(S) Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Serum total T and DHT levels measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, free T levels measured using a standardized equilibrium dialysis method coupled with measurement of the T levels in the dialysate using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and comparison of the DHT-to-T ratio between healthy women and age-matched healthy men. RESULT(S) The serum total and free T levels increased across the follicular phase and peaked at midcycle (total T, 43.6 ± 16.2 ng/dL; free T, 15.6 ± 11.9 pg/mL) and gradually declined in the luteal phase. The DHT level did not significantly change across the menstrual cycle. The DHT-to-T ratios were 1:4 and 1:13 in women and men, respectively. CONCLUSION(S) In healthy premenopausal women, the total and free T levels varied significantly across the menstrual cycle, whereas the DHT levels did not change; the peak total and free T levels in the midcycle period were higher than previously reported, underscoring the importance of establishing menstrual phase-specific reference ranges to avoid misdiagnosis of hyperandrogenism. Women have significantly higher DHT levels relative to total T than men; the significance of this sex difference in the DHT-to-T ratio needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Huang
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Shalender Bhasin
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karol Pencina
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ming Cheng
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ravi Jasuja
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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12
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Ioutsi VA, Panov YM, Usol’tseva LO, Smolin ES, Antsupova MA, Volchkov PY, Melnichenko GA, Mokrysheva NG. Analysis of Serum Estrogens Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Coupled to Differential Ion Mobility Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822140027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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13
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Russell N, Allebone J, Dandash O, Hoermann R, Cheung AS, Zajac JD, Handelsman DJ, Kanaan RA, Grossmann M. Effect of estradiol on cognition in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 97:622-633. [PMID: 35150156 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Roles for estradiol in modulating cognition in men remain uncertain. We assessed the isolated effects of estradiol on cognition in men in the absence of testosterone. DESIGN Randomized trial of transdermal estradiol 0.9 mg daily, or matched placebo, for 6 months, hypothesizing that estradiol would improve verbal learning, verbal memory, and spatial problem solving over time. PATIENTS Men receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer. MEASUREMENTS Cognition was assessed by a tablet-based cognitive battery (Cogstate) at baseline, Month 1, Month 3, and Month 6. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS Seventy-eight participants were randomized. Baseline mean scores were 21.0 (standard deviation [SD] 4.1) for the International Shopping List test (ISL), assessing verbal learning and memory (higher scores better), and 60.4 (SD 19.5) for the Groton Maze Learning test (GML), assessing spatial problem solving (lower scores better). There was no significant difference in performance over time for the estradiol group versus the placebo group for the ISL, mean adjusted difference (MAD) 0.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] -1.2 to 2.5), p = .36, or the GML, MAD -3.2 (95% CI -12.0 to 5.6), p = 0.53. There was no significant difference between groups over time in performance in any other cognitive domain, or on depression or anxiety scores. CONCLUSIONS We found no major effects of estradiol on cognition in men with castrate testosterone concentrations. Although the cognitive effects of ADT are debated, this study suggests that any such effects are unlikely to be prevented by the administration of estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Russell
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - James Allebone
- Department of Psychiatry, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Orwa Dandash
- Department of Psychiatry, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Rudolf Hoermann
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Ada S Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- Department of Andrology, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
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14
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Arismendi D, Alanis C, Richter P, Paredes AH. Effect of triclosan exposure on ovarian hormones, trace elements and growth in female rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135964. [PMID: 35970220 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial compound used mainly in personal care products. Its widespread use for decades has made it one of the most widely detected compounds in environmental matrices and in biological fluids. Although it has been shown to be an endocrine disruptor in rats and aquatic species, its safe use by humans is unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to TCS in female rats. To this end, 14 rats were divided into two groups and fed daily as follows: the control group with sesame oil and the TCS group at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Any signs of toxicity in the rats were observed daily, and the weight and phase of the estrous cycle were recorded. At the end, the rats were decapitated, the serum and ovaries were collected. The levels of testosterone and progesterone in serum were determined by immunoassay and mass spectrometry. Estradiol (in serum) and kisspeptin-10 (in serum and ovary) were measured only by immunoassays. Trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The weight gain study of the rats showed a significant decrease by exposure to TCS, while the estrous cycle was not significantly affected compared to the control. The optimized methods based on mass spectrometry showed a significant decrease in the levels of progesterone and testosterone due to exposure to TCS. In addition, elements determined by ICP-MS in rat serum showed significant changes in calcium, lithium and aluminum due to TCS treatment. Finally, the kisspeptin-10 levels did not show a negative effect due to the treatment by TCS. The results suggest that medium-term exposure to TCS did not significantly alter estrous cyclicity but caused alterations in growth, sex hormone levels and some elements in the rat serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Arismendi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Alanis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Richter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso H Paredes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile.
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15
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Russell N, Hoermann R, Cheung AS, Zajac JD, Grossmann M. Effects of oestradiol treatment on hot flushes in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 187:617-627. [PMID: 36806623 DOI: 10.1530/eje-22-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer experience hot flushes. Current treatments have low or limited evidence of efficacy. It is likely that oestradiol depletion is the mediator of these hot flushes, and transdermal oestradiol might be an effective treatment. DESIGN This is a 6-month randomised, placebo-controlled trial with the hypothesis that oestradiol would reduce hot flush frequency and intensity and improve quality of life (QoL). METHODS Seventy-eight participants receiving ADT were randomised to 0.9 mg of 0.1% oestradiol gel per day or matched placebo. Hot flush frequency and severity were assessed by 7-day diary at baseline, month 1, month 3, and month 6. QoL was assessed by validated questionnaire. RESULTS Oestradiol reduced daily hot flush frequency, with a mean adjusted difference (MAD) of -1.6 hot flushes per day (95% CI: -2.7 to -0.5; P = 0.04). The effect on weekly hot flush score was non-significant, with a MAD -19.6 (95% CI: -35.5 to -3.8; P = 0.11). On per protocol analysis, E2 significantly reduced daily hot flush frequency, with a MAD of -2.2 hot flushes per day (95% CI: -3.2 to -1.1; P = 0.001), and weekly hot flush score, with a MAD of -27.0 (-44.7 to -9.3; P = 0.02). Oestradiol had no significant effect on QoL. CONCLUSION We confirmed our hypothesis of a clinical effect of assignment to oestradiol to reduce hot flush frequency in men with castrate testosterone due to ADT. Transdermal oestradiol could be considered for men with burdensome hot flushes in whom other treatments have failed as long as the risk of breast effects and fat gain are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Russell
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Rudolf Hoermann
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Ada S Cheung
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
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16
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Chan HW, Dharmage S, Dobson A, Chung HF, Loxton D, Doust J, Montgomery G, Stamatakis E, Huxley RR, Hamer M, Abbott J, Yeap BB, Visser JA, McIntyre H, Mielke GI, Mishra GD. Cohort profile: a prospective Australian cohort study of women's reproductive characteristics and risk of chronic disease from menarche to premenopause (M-PreM). BMJ Open 2022; 12:e064333. [PMID: 36307154 PMCID: PMC9621184 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have identified associations between individual reproductive factors and chronic disease risk among postmenopausal women. However, few have investigated the association of different markers of reproductive function, their interactions and risk factors of chronic disease among women approaching menopause. The Menarche-to-PreMenopause (M-PreM) Study aims to examine the relationship between reproductive factors across the reproductive lifespan and risk indicators for chronic disease among women in their early-to-mid-40s. The purpose of this cohort profile paper is to describe the rationale, study design and participant characteristics of the M-PreM Study. PARTICIPANTS Women born in 1973-1978 who participated in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH) were invited to undertake a clinical or self-administered assessment. A total of 1278 women were recruited from June 2019 to June 2021. FINDINGS TO DATE The study measures included functional, cognitive and cardiometabolic tests, anthropometry, spirometry, respiratory health questionnaires, physical activity, sleep patterns, sex hormones, and cardiovascular and metabolic markers; whereas blood and saliva samples were used for the analysis of genetic variants of genes associated with reproductive characteristics and chronic disease. The mean age of the clinic and self-assessed participants was 44.6 and 45.3 years, respectively. The menopausal status of participants was similar between the two arms of the study: 38%-41% premenopausal, 20% perimenopausal, and 36% took oral contraception or hormone replacement therapy. Approximately 80% of women had at least one child and participants reported experiencing pregnancy complications: preterm birth (8%-13% of pregnancies), gestational diabetes (10%) and gestational hypertension (10%-15%). FUTURE PLANS The biomedical data collected in the M-PreM Study will be linked to existing ALSWH survey data on sociodemographic factors, health behaviour, reproductive function, and early life factors collected over the past 20 years and health administrative data. The association between reproductive factors and risk indicators of chronic disease will be analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Wen Chan
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shyamali Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annette Dobson
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hsin-Fang Chung
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Deborah Loxton
- Centre for Women's Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny Doust
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grant Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachel R Huxley
- Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Hamer
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jason Abbott
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Gynaecological Research and Clinical Evaluation (GRACE) Unit, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bu Beng Yeap
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harold McIntyre
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregore Iven Mielke
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gita D Mishra
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Hærvig KK, Petersen KU, Hougaard KS, Lindh C, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Toft G, Giwercman A, Høyer BB, Flachs EM, Bonde JP, Tøttenborg SS. Maternal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Male Reproductive Function in Young Adulthood: Combined Exposure to Seven PFAS. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:107001. [PMID: 36197086 PMCID: PMC9533763 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns remain about the human reproductive toxicity of the widespread per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) during early stages of development. OBJECTIVES We examined associations between maternal plasma PFAS levels during early pregnancy and male offspring reproductive function in adulthood. METHODS The study included 864 young men (age range:18.9-21.2 y) from the Fetal Programming of Semen Quality (FEPOS) cohort established between 2017 and 2019. Plasma samples from their mothers, primarily from the first trimester, were retrieved from the Danish National Biobank and levels of 15 PFAS were measured. Seven PFAS had detectable levels above the limit of detection in >80% of the samples and were included in analyses. Semen quality, testicular volume, and levels of reproductive hormones and PFAS were assessed in the young men. We used weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression to estimate the associations between combined exposure to maternal PFAS and reproductive function, and negative binomial regression to estimate the associations of single substances, while adjusting for a range of a priori-defined fetal and postnatal risk factors. RESULTS By a 1-unit increase in the WQS index, combined maternal PFAS exposure was associated with lower sperm concentration (-8%; 95% CI: -16%, -1%), total sperm count (-10%; 95% CI: -17%, -2%), and a higher proportion of nonprogressive and immotile sperm (5%; 95% CI: 1%, 8%) in the young men. Different PFAS contributed to the associations with varying strengths; however, perfluoroheptanoic acid was identified as the main contributor in the analyses of all three outcomes despite the low concentration. We saw no clear association between exposure to maternal PFAS and testicular volume or reproductive hormones. DISCUSSION In a sample of young men from the general Danish population, we observed consistent inverse associations between exposure to maternal PFAS and semen quality. The study needs to be replicated in other populations, taking combined exposure, as well as emerging short-chain PFAS, into consideration. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10285.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Keglberg Hærvig
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital–Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kajsa Ugelvig Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital–Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Sørig Hougaard
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar Toft
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Aleksander Giwercman
- Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Birgit Bjerre Høyer
- Department of Regional Development, Region of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Esben Meulengracht Flachs
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital–Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital–Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital–Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Nolan BJ, Proietto J, Sumithran P. Single-center real-life experience with testosterone treatment in adult men with Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2637-2641. [PMID: 35532976 PMCID: PMC9541274 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hypogonadism is the most frequent hormonal deficiency in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). This often necessitates testosterone treatment, but limited data are available to guide testosterone treatment in adult men with PWS. We aimed to evaluate the serum testosterone concentrations and adverse effects of testosterone treatment in individuals with PWS attending a specialist obesity management service. A retrospective audit was undertaken at Austin Health, Melbourne between January 2010 and April 2021. Main outcome measures were testosterone formulation and dose, serum total testosterone concentration, and prevalence of polycythemia and behavioral disturbance. Data were available for eight individuals with median baseline age 19 years (range, 19-42) and BMI 37 kg/m2 (range, 27-71). Six men had obstructive sleep apnea; none were smokers. Baseline testosterone concentration was 1.8 nmol/L (IQR, 1.1-3.3) with hematocrit 0.43. Testosterone formulations were intramuscular testosterone undecanoate (TU) 1000 mg (n = 5), transdermal testosterone gel 50 mg daily (n = 1), and oral TU 80-120 mg daily (n = 2). Median total testosterone concentration was 9.7 nmol/L (IQR, 8.5-14.7). Nine of 25 (36%) hematocrit results in six patients measured >0.50 (range, 0.50-0.56). Intramuscular TU was well tolerated and was the only formulation to achieve serum total testosterone concentrations in the adult male reference range. Worsening behavioral disturbance resulted in treatment discontinuation in one individual. Our experience reinforces the need to regular monitoring of hematocrit in men with PWS treated with testosterone. However, a worsening of behavior problems was uncommon in this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J. Nolan
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health)University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria
- Department of EndocrinologyAustin HealthMelbourneVictoria
| | - Joseph Proietto
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health)University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria
- Department of EndocrinologyAustin HealthMelbourneVictoria
| | - Priya Sumithran
- Department of EndocrinologyAustin HealthMelbourneVictoria
- Department of Medicine (St Vincent's)University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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19
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Gavisova AA, Shevtsova MA, Kindysheva SV, Starodubtseva NL, Frankevich VE, Nazarenko TA, Dolgushina NV. Androgen levels in blood and follicular fluid of IVF patients with diminished ovarian reserve. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2022.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Androgen concentrations in follicular fluid samples collected from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) may provide useful clinical indicators. This study aimed to analyze possible associations of the androgen levels in follicular fluid and blood plasma in patients with diminished ovarian reserve (POR) in IVF programs. Cross-sectional study with a parallel group design, conducted in 2019–2021, enrolled 300 patients with infertility, aged 18–42 years, applying for assisted reproduction involving IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo transfer. The androgen profiles of blood plasma and follicular fluid were determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Androgen concentrations in blood plasma and follicular fluid, particularly those of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA-S), androstenedione and total testosterone, significantly correlated. The results implicate androgen levels in blood plasma and follicular fluid as early markers of POR in patients with infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- AA Gavisova
- Kulakov national medical research center for obstetrics, gynecology and perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - MA Shevtsova
- Kulakov national medical research center for obstetrics, gynecology and perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - SV Kindysheva
- Kulakov national medical research center for obstetrics, gynecology and perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - NL Starodubtseva
- Kulakov national medical research center for obstetrics, gynecology and perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - VE Frankevich
- Kulakov national medical research center for obstetrics, gynecology and perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - TA Nazarenko
- Kulakov national medical research center for obstetrics, gynecology and perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - NV Dolgushina
- Kulakov national medical research center for obstetrics, gynecology and perinatology, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Nolan BJ, Zwickl S, Locke P, Simpson S, Li L, Zajac JD, Cheung AS. Prescription Patterns and Testosterone Concentrations Achieved With AndroForte 5% Testosterone Cream in Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals. J Sex Med 2022; 19:1049-1054. [PMID: 35365401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Masculinizing hormone therapy with testosterone is used to align an individual's physical characteristics with their gender identity in trans and gender diverse individuals. Standard testosterone doses and formulations recommended for hypogonadal cisgender men are typically administered. 100 mg AndroForte 5% testosterone cream is the recommended starting dose in hypogonadal cisgender men but there are no data evaluating the use of AndroForte 5% testosterone cream in gender-affirming hormone therapy regimens. AIM To assess the prescription patterns and serum total testosterone concentrations achieved with AndroForte 5% testosterone cream in trans and gender diverse individuals. METHODS A retrospective analysis was undertaken of trans and gender diverse individuals at a primary and secondary care clinic in Melbourne, Australia. Seventy-two individuals treated with AndroForte 5% testosterone cream to the torso were included. OUTCOMES Testosterone dose and serum total testosterone concentration. RESULTS Median age was 26 years (IQR 22-30) and median duration of testosterone therapy was 14 months (7-24). Fifty (69%) individuals had a non-binary gender identity. Initial median testosterone dose was 50 mg (50-100) daily. Thirty-eight (53%) commenced doses <100 mg daily, the recommended starting dose for hypogonadal cisgender men. Median total testosterone concentration achieved from 186 individual laboratory results was 11.9 nmol/L (8.1-16.4). Polycythemia was documented in 5 (7%) individuals. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS AndroForte 5% testosterone cream can be used in individuals with a binary and/or non-binary gender identity seeking masculinization. It can be commenced at a lower dose than that administered to hypogonadal cisgender men for individuals seeking slow masculinization goals. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS Limitations include the retrospective study design, lack of clinical end points and lack of standardization of timing of laboratory tests in relation to the last dose. This is the first study to evaluate AndroForte 5% testosterone cream in trans and gender diverse individuals and provides insights into prescription patterns in individuals with a non-binary gender identity. CONCLUSION AndroForte 5% testosterone cream represents an alternative formulation of testosterone administration for trans and gender diverse individuals seeking masculinization. Nolan BJ, Zwickl S, Locke P, et al. Prescription Patterns and Testosterone Concentrations Achieved With AndroForte 5% Testosterone Cream in Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals. J Sex Med 2022;19:1049-1054.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J Nolan
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sav Zwickl
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Locke
- Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia
| | - Satu Simpson
- Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ling Li
- Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ada S Cheung
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Hærvig KK, Petersen KU, Giwercman A, Hougaard KS, Høyer BB, Lindh C, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Nybo Andersen AM, Toft G, Bonde JP, Tøttenborg SS. Fetal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and male reproductive function in young adulthood. Eur J Epidemiol 2022; 37:525-538. [PMID: 35476275 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-022-00869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy constitutes a potential, major risk factor for adult male reproductive function. In the hitherto largest longitudinal cohort, we examined biomarkers of reproductive function according to maternal smoking during the first trimester and investigated whether associations were mitigated by smoking cessation prior to the fetal masculinization programming window. Associations between exposure to maternal smoking and semen characteristics, testicular volume and reproductive hormones were assessed among 984 young men from the Fetal Programming of Semen Quality (FEPOS) cohort. Maternal smoking was assessed through interview data and measured plasma cotinine levels during pregnancy. We applied negative binomial, logistic and linear regression models to estimate differences in outcomes according to levels of maternal smoking. Sons of light smokers (≤ 10 cigarettes/day) had a 19% (95% CI - 29%, - 6%) lower sperm concentration and a 24% (95% CI - 35%, - 11%) lower total sperm count than sons of non-smokers. These estimates were 38% (95% CI - 52%, - 22%) and 33% (95% CI - 51%, - 8%), respectively, for sons of heavy smokers (> 10 cigarettes/day). The latter group also had a 25% (95% CI 1%, 54%) higher follitropin level. Similarly, sons exposed to maternal cotinine levels of > 10 ng/mL had lower sperm concentration and total sperm count. Smoking cessation prior to gestational week seven was not associated with a higher reproductive capacity. We observed substantial and consistent exposure-response associations, providing strong support for the hypothesis that maternal smoking impairs male reproductive function. This association persisted regardless of smoking cessation in early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Keglberg Hærvig
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23F, entrance 20F, 1st floor, 2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark.
| | - Kajsa Ugelvig Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aleksander Giwercman
- Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karin Sørig Hougaard
- Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgit Bjerre Høyer
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Regional Development, Region of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Christian Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen
- Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Toft
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Shi H, Tsai KHY, Ma D, Wang X, Desai R, Parungao RJ, Hunt NJ, Cheng YY, Zhang H, Xu Y, Simanainen U, Tan Q, Cooper MS, Handelsman DJ, Maitz PK, Wang Y. Controlled dual release of dihydrotestosterone and flutamide from polycaprolactone electrospun scaffolds accelerate burn wound healing. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22310. [PMID: 35394674 PMCID: PMC9540550 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101803r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process involving multiple independent and overlapping sequential physiological mechanisms. In addition to cutaneous injury, a severe burn stimulates physiological derangements that induce a systemic hypermetabolic response resulting in impaired wound healing. Topical application of the anti‐androgen drug, flutamide accelerates cutaneous wound healing, whereas paradoxically systemic dihydrotestosterone (DHT) improves burn wound healing. We developed and characterized a PCL scaffold that is capable of controlled release of androgen (DHT) and anti‐androgen (F) individually or together. This study aims to investigate whether local modification of androgen actions has an impact on burn injury wound healing. In a full‐thickness burn wound healing, mouse model, DHT/F‐scaffold showed a significantly faster wound healing compared with F‐scaffold or DHT‐scaffold. Histology analysis confirmed that DHT/F‐scaffold exhibited higher re‐epithelization, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition. Dual release of DHT and F from PCL scaffolds promoted cell proliferation of human keratinocytes and alters the keratinocyte cell cycle. Lastly, no adverse effects on androgen‐dependent organs, spleen and liver were observed. In conclusion, we demonstrated DHT plus F load PCL scaffolds accelerated burn wound healing when loading alone did not. These findings point to a complex role of androgens in burn wound healing and open novel therapeutic avenues for treating severe burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaikai Shi
- Burns Research and Reconstructive Surgery, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Asbestos Disease Research Institute, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kevin H-Y Tsai
- Adrenal Steroids Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Duncan Ma
- Burns Research and Reconstructive Surgery, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xiaosuo Wang
- Bosch Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- Department of Andrology, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roxanne J Parungao
- Burns Research and Reconstructive Surgery, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Hunt
- Biogerontology Group, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuen Yee Cheng
- Asbestos Disease Research Institute, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ulla Simanainen
- Department of Andrology, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Qian Tan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Mark S Cooper
- Adrenal Steroids Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- Department of Andrology, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter K Maitz
- Burns Research and Reconstructive Surgery, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Burns Unit, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, Australia
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Burns Research and Reconstructive Surgery, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Centre of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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23
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Catford SR, Halliday J, Lewis S, O'Bryan MK, Handelsman DJ, Hart RJ, McBain J, Rombauts L, Amor DJ, Saffery R, McLachlan RI. Reproductive function in men conceived with in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 2022; 117:727-737. [PMID: 35120745 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the semen quality and reproductive hormones of men conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) compared with men conceived without assisted reproductive technology (ART). DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING IVF centers in Victoria and the Western Australian Raine Study. PATIENT(S) Men conceived with IVF/ICSI and men conceived without ART aged 18-25 years. INTERVENTION(S) Clinical review. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The primary outcome was the prevalence of severe oligozoospermia (sperm concentration, <5 million/mL). The secondary outcomes were total sperm count, total and progressive motility, total motile count, normal morphology, and serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). RESULTS There was no difference in the prevalence of severe oligozoospermia between 120 men conceived with IVF/ICSI and 356 men conceived without ART (9% vs. 5.3%). Men conceived with IVF/ICSI had similar sperm concentration, total sperm count, and total motile count but lower mean total (55.3% vs. 60.6%) and progressive (44.7% vs. 53.9%) sperm motility with higher mean normal morphology (8.5% vs. 5.4%). Differences in progressive motility (ß, -9.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], -16.7 - -3.0), normal morphology (ß, 4.3; 95% CI, 3.0-5.7), and proportion with abnormal morphology (adjusted odds ratios, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.04-0.5) remained significant after adjusting for confounders. Men conceived with IVF/ICSI had lower mean FSH (3.3 IU/L) and LH (3.9 IU/L) levels and higher mean testosterone levels (19.1 nmol/L) than controls (4.2 IU/L, 11.0 IU/L, and 16.8 nmol/L). CONCLUSION This study of men conceived with IVF/ICSI found similar sperm output to men conceived without ART. Overall, the results are reassuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Catford
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jane Halliday
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon Lewis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- The School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Department of Andrology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roger J Hart
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Fertility Specialists of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - John McBain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne IVF, East Melbourne, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luk Rombauts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Monash IVF Group Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J Amor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert I McLachlan
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Monash IVF Group Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia
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24
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Islam RM, Bell RJ, Handelsman DJ, McNeil JJ, Nelson MR, Reid CM, Tonkin AM, Wolfe RS, Woods RL, Davis SR. Associations between blood sex steroid concentrations and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in healthy older women in Australia: a prospective cohort substudy of the ASPREE trial. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2022; 3:e109-e118. [PMID: 35252940 PMCID: PMC8896500 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood testosterone concentrations in women decline during the reproductive years and reach a nadir in the seventh decade, after which concentrations increase and are restored to those of reproductive-aged women early in the eighth decade. We aimed to establish the association between the concentration of testosterone in the blood and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and all-cause mortality in healthy older women. METHODS SHOW was a prospective cohort substudy of the longitudinal randomised ASPREE trial. Eligible participants were women aged at least 70 years from Australia with unimpaired cognition, no previous MACE, and a life expectancy of at least 5 years. Participants who were receiving hormonal or steroid therapy were ineligible for inclusion. We measured serum concentrations of sex steroids with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and of SHBG with immunoassay. We compared lower concentrations of sex hormones with higher concentrations using four quartiles. Primary endpoints were risk of MACE and all-cause mortality, the associations of which with sex steroid concentrations were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression that included age, body-mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, impaired renal function, and treatment allocation in the ASPREE trial (aspirin vs placebo). ASPREE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01038583. FINDINGS Of the 9180 women recruited to the ASPREE trial between March 10, 2010, and Dec 31 2014, 6358 participants provided sufficient biobank samples at baseline and 5535 were included in the final analysis. Median age at entry was 74·0 years (IQR 71·7-77·7). During a median 4·4 years of follow-up (24 553 person-years), 144 (2·6%) women had a first MACE (incidence 5·9 per 1000 person-years). During a median 4·6 years of follow-up (3·8-5·6), 200 women died (7·9 per 1000 person-years). In the fully adjusted models, higher concentrations of testosterone were associated with a lower incidence of MACE (quartile 4 vs quartile 1: hazard ratio 0·57 [95% CI 0·36-0·91]; p=0·02), as were higher concentrations of DHEA (quartile 4 vs quartile 1: 0·61 [0·38-0·97]; p=0·04). For oestrone, a lower risk of MACE was seen for concentrations in quartile 2 only, compared with quartile 1 (0·55 [0·33-0·92]; p=0·02). In fully adjusted models, no association was seen between SHBG and MACE, or between any hormone or SHBG and all-cause mortality. INTERPRETATION Blood concentrations of testosterone and DHEA above the lowest quartile in older women were associated with a reduced risk of a first-ever MACE. Given that the physiological effects of DHEA are mediated through its steroid metabolites, if the current findings were to be replicated, trials investigating testosterone therapy for the primary prevention of ischaemic cardiovascular disease events in older women would be warranted. FUNDING The National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, US National Institute on Aging, the Victorian Cancer Agency, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, and Monash University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakibul M Islam
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R M Islam PhD, Prof R J Bell MBBS, Prof J J McNeil MBBS, Prof M R Nelson MBBS, Prof C M Reid PhD, Prof R S Wolfe PhD, R L Woods PhD, Prof S R Davis MBBS); ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof D J Handelsman MBBS); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia (Prof M R Nelson); School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia (Prof C M Reid)
| | - Robin J Bell
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R M Islam PhD, Prof R J Bell MBBS, Prof J J McNeil MBBS, Prof M R Nelson MBBS, Prof C M Reid PhD, Prof R S Wolfe PhD, R L Woods PhD, Prof S R Davis MBBS); ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof D J Handelsman MBBS); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia (Prof M R Nelson); School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia (Prof C M Reid)
| | - David J Handelsman
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R M Islam PhD, Prof R J Bell MBBS, Prof J J McNeil MBBS, Prof M R Nelson MBBS, Prof C M Reid PhD, Prof R S Wolfe PhD, R L Woods PhD, Prof S R Davis MBBS); ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof D J Handelsman MBBS); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia (Prof M R Nelson); School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia (Prof C M Reid)
| | - John J McNeil
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R M Islam PhD, Prof R J Bell MBBS, Prof J J McNeil MBBS, Prof M R Nelson MBBS, Prof C M Reid PhD, Prof R S Wolfe PhD, R L Woods PhD, Prof S R Davis MBBS); ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof D J Handelsman MBBS); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia (Prof M R Nelson); School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia (Prof C M Reid)
| | - Mark R Nelson
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R M Islam PhD, Prof R J Bell MBBS, Prof J J McNeil MBBS, Prof M R Nelson MBBS, Prof C M Reid PhD, Prof R S Wolfe PhD, R L Woods PhD, Prof S R Davis MBBS); ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof D J Handelsman MBBS); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia (Prof M R Nelson); School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia (Prof C M Reid)
| | - Christopher M Reid
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R M Islam PhD, Prof R J Bell MBBS, Prof J J McNeil MBBS, Prof M R Nelson MBBS, Prof C M Reid PhD, Prof R S Wolfe PhD, R L Woods PhD, Prof S R Davis MBBS); ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof D J Handelsman MBBS); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia (Prof M R Nelson); School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia (Prof C M Reid)
| | - Andrew M Tonkin
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R M Islam PhD, Prof R J Bell MBBS, Prof J J McNeil MBBS, Prof M R Nelson MBBS, Prof C M Reid PhD, Prof R S Wolfe PhD, R L Woods PhD, Prof S R Davis MBBS); ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof D J Handelsman MBBS); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia (Prof M R Nelson); School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia (Prof C M Reid)
| | - Rory S Wolfe
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R M Islam PhD, Prof R J Bell MBBS, Prof J J McNeil MBBS, Prof M R Nelson MBBS, Prof C M Reid PhD, Prof R S Wolfe PhD, R L Woods PhD, Prof S R Davis MBBS); ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof D J Handelsman MBBS); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia (Prof M R Nelson); School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia (Prof C M Reid)
| | - Robyn L Woods
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R M Islam PhD, Prof R J Bell MBBS, Prof J J McNeil MBBS, Prof M R Nelson MBBS, Prof C M Reid PhD, Prof R S Wolfe PhD, R L Woods PhD, Prof S R Davis MBBS); ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof D J Handelsman MBBS); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia (Prof M R Nelson); School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia (Prof C M Reid)
| | - Susan R Davis
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R M Islam PhD, Prof R J Bell MBBS, Prof J J McNeil MBBS, Prof M R Nelson MBBS, Prof C M Reid PhD, Prof R S Wolfe PhD, R L Woods PhD, Prof S R Davis MBBS); ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof D J Handelsman MBBS); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia (Prof M R Nelson); School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia (Prof C M Reid)
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25
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Nolan BJ, Zwickl S, Wong AFQ, Locke P, Simpson S, Li L, Zajac JD, Cheung AS. Testosterone concentrations and prescription patterns of 1% testosterone gel in transgender and gender diverse individuals. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2022; 13:20420188221083512. [PMID: 35296035 PMCID: PMC8918760 DOI: 10.1177/20420188221083512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Masculinising hormone therapy with testosterone is used to align an individual's physical characteristics with their gender identity. Standard testosterone doses and formulations recommended for hypogonadal cisgender men are typically administered, although there are currently limited data evaluating the use of 1% testosterone gel in gender-affirming hormone therapy regimens. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to assess the prescription patterns and serum total testosterone concentrations achieved with 1% testosterone gel in trans and gender diverse individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was undertaken of trans individuals at a primary and secondary care clinic in Melbourne, Australia. Sixty-seven individuals treated with 1% testosterone gel were included. Primary outcomes were testosterone dose and serum total testosterone concentration achieved. RESULTS Median age was 25 (22-30) years and median duration of testosterone therapy was 12 (7-40) months. Thirty-five (52%) individuals had a nonbinary gender identity. Initial median testosterone dose was 25 mg (12.5-31.3) daily. Fifty-two (78%) individuals commenced doses <50 mg daily, the recommended starting dose for hypogonadal cisgender men. Median total testosterone concentration achieved was 11.9 nmol/l (7.3-18.6). Polycythaemia (haematocrit >0.5) was documented in eight of 138 (6%) laboratory results in six individuals. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS One percent testosterone gel achieves serum total testosterone concentrations in the cisgender male reference range. A high proportion of individuals had a nonbinary gender identity and most individuals commenced a lower dose than that typically administered to hypogonadal cisgender men, potentially related to slow or 'partial' masculinisation goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J. Nolan
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Abbotsford, VIC, Australia
| | - Sav Zwickl
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex F. Q. Wong
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Locke
- Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Abbotsford, VIC, Australia
| | - Satu Simpson
- Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Abbotsford, VIC, Australia
| | - Ling Li
- Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Abbotsford, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D. Zajac
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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26
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Halawa E, Ryad L, El-Shenawy NS, Al-Eisa RA, EL-Hak HNG. Evaluation of acetamiprid and azoxystrobin residues and their hormonal disrupting effects on male rats using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259383. [PMID: 34855766 PMCID: PMC8638893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds as pesticides affect the hormonal balance, and this can result in several diseases. Therefore, the analysis of representative hormones with acetamiprid (AC) and azoxystrobin (AZ) was a good strategy for the investigation of the endocrine-disrupting activity of pesticides. Hence, a sensitive and rapid analytical method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. The method was validated for the analysis of AC, AZ, estriol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone in the serum, testis, and liver of rats. The correlation between the residues of pesticides and the disturbance of the endocrine system was evaluated. The different mass parameters, mobile phase types, analytical columns, injection volumes, and extraction solvents were compared to get the lowest limit of detection of the studied compounds. The detection limits of AC, AZ, estriol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone were 0.05, 0.05, 1.0, 10, and 1.0 ng/ml, respectively. The method developed was applied to evaluate the changes in these hormones induced by the duration of exposure to AC and AZ in rat testis and serum. The hormones level in rat serum and testis had a significant decrease as they were oral gavage treated with different high concentrations of studied pesticides. Both pesticides were distributed in the body of rats by the multi-compartment model (liver, testis, and serum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy Halawa
- Agricultural Research Center, Central Lab of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Lamia Ryad
- Agricultural Research Center, Central Lab of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Nahla S. El-Shenawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Rasha A. Al-Eisa
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba N. Gad EL-Hak
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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A developed HPLC-MS/MS method to quantitate 5 steriod hormones in clinical human serum by using PBS as the surrogate matrix. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1186:123002. [PMID: 34749247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones play an essential role in regulating physiological and reproductive development throughout the lifetime of an individual. One of the difficulties in determining endogenous substances is the lack of a blank matrix. Especially when the level of analytes is lower than the level in the so-called blank matrix. In the present study, an optimized HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to quantify androstenedione (ASD), testosterone (Ts), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and progesterone (P) in serum samples from healthy people using PBS (pH = 7.4) as the blank surrogate matrix. Simultaneously, the method investigated the characteristics of NaCl, bull serum albumin, pure water as surrogate matrices for the analysis of steroid hormones. The data showed that the matrix effects of ASD, Ts, DHEA, DHT, and P in the same groups were not significantly different between PBS and twice charcoal-stripped serum (CS2S) as a blank surrogate matrix. Furthermore, the LLOQ using PBS as the blank matrix was up to 0.005 ng/mL for ASD, Ts, and P and 0.05 ng/mL for DHEA and DHT. The reference ranges of concentration (CPBS) of 5 steroid hormones were provided. Compared to the concentration with CS2S (CCSS) as the blank surrogate matrix, the relative biases (RBs) of Ts, DHT, P, and DHEA were finally stabilized at approximately -0.7%, -15%, -1.2%, and 9.2%, respectively. The results suggest that, in the cases of special required, the developed HPLC-MS/MS method can be used to determine the absolute concentration of 5 hormones in biological samples with PBS as the blank surrogate matrix.
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28
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Savkovic S, Ly LP, Desai R, Howa J, Nair V, Eichner D, Handelsman DJ. Detection of testosterone microdosing in healthy females. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:653-666. [PMID: 34811948 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ready detectability of synthetic androgens by mass spectrometry (MS)-based antidoping tests has reoriented androgen doping to using testosterone (T), which must be distinguished from its endogenous counterpart making detection of exogenous T harder. We investigated urine and serum steroid and hematological profiling individually and combined to determine the optimal detection model for T administration in women. Twelve healthy females provided six paired blood and urine samples over 2 weeks prior to treatment consisting of 12.5-mg T in a topical transdermal gel applied daily for 7 days. Paired blood and urine samples were then obtained at the end of treatment and Days 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 days later. Compliance with treatment and sampling was high, and no adverse effects were reported. T treatment significantly increased serum and urine T, serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT), urine 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5α-diol) epitestosterone (E), and urine T/E ratio with a brief window of detection (2-4 days) as well as total and immature (medium and high fluorescence) reticulocytes that remained elevated over the full 14 posttreatment days. Carbon isotope ratio MS and the OFF score and Abnormal Blood Profile score (ABPS) were not discriminatory. The optimal multivariate model to identify T exposure combined serum T, urine T/E ratio with three hematological variables (% high fluorescence reticulocytes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and volume) with the five variables providing 93% correct classification (4% false positive, 10% false negatives). Hence, combining select serum and urine steroid MS variables with reticulocyte measures can achieve a high but imperfect detection of T administration to healthy females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Savkovic
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lam P Ly
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Howa
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Vinod Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David J Handelsman
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Nolan BJ, Leemaqz SY, Ooi O, Cundill P, Silberstein N, Locke P, Grossmann M, Zajac JD, Cheung AS. Prevalence of polycythaemia with different formulations of testosterone therapy in transmasculine individuals. Intern Med J 2021; 51:873-878. [PMID: 32237098 DOI: 10.1111/imj.14839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Masculinising hormone therapy with testosterone is used to align an individual's physical characteristics with his or her gender identity. Testosterone therapy is typically administered via intramuscular or transdermal routes, and polycythaemia is the most common adverse event. AIMS To compare the risk of polycythaemia with different formulations of testosterone therapy in transmasculine individuals. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was undertaken of transmasculine individuals at a primary and secondary care clinic in Melbourne, Australia. A total of 180 individuals who were on testosterone therapy for >6 months was included. Groups included those receiving: (i) intramuscular testosterone undecanoate (n = 125); (ii) intramuscular testosterone enantate (n = 31); or (iii) transdermal testosterone (n = 24). Outcome was prevalence of polycythaemia (defined as haematocrit > 0.5). RESULTS Mean age was 28.4 (8.8) years, with a median duration of testosterone therapy of 37.7 (24.2) months; 27% were smokers. There was no difference between groups in serum total testosterone concentration measured. While there was no difference between groups in haematocrit, there was a higher proportion of patients with polycythaemia in those who were on intramuscular testosterone enantate (23.3%) than on transdermal testosterone (0%), P = 0.040. There was no statistically significant difference in polycythaemia between intramuscular testosterone undecanoate (15%) and transdermal testosterone, P = 0.066 nor between intramuscular testosterone enantate and undecanoate, P = 0.275. CONCLUSIONS One in four individuals treated with intramuscular testosterone enantate and one in six treated with testosterone undecanoate had polycythaemia. No individual treated with transdermal testosterone had polycythaemia. This highlights the importance of regular monitoring of haematocrit in transmasculine individuals treated with testosterone, and findings may inform treatment choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J Nolan
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shalem Y Leemaqz
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Olivia Ooi
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pauline Cundill
- Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas Silberstein
- Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Locke
- Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ada S Cheung
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ng Tang Fui M, Hoermann R, Bracken K, Handelsman DJ, Inder WJ, Stuckey BGA, Yeap BB, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Robledo KP, Jesudason D, Zajac JD, Wittert GA, Grossmann M. Effect of Testosterone Treatment on Bone Microarchitecture and Bone Mineral Density in Men: A 2-Year RCT. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e3143-e3158. [PMID: 33693907 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Testosterone treatment increases bone mineral density (BMD) in hypogonadal men. Effects on bone microarchitecture, a determinant of fracture risk, are unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the effect of testosterone treatment on bone microarchitecture using high resolution-peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). METHODS Men ≥ 50 years of age were recruited from 6 Australian centers and were randomized to receive injectable testosterone undecanoate or placebo over 2 years on the background of a community-based lifestyle program. The primary endpoint was cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD) at the distal tibia, measured using HR-pQCT in 177 men (1 center). Secondary endpoints included other HR-pQCT parameters and bone remodeling markers. Areal BMD (aBMD) was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 601 men (5 centers). Using a linear mixed model for repeated measures, the mean adjusted differences (95% CI) at 12 and 24 months between groups are reported as treatment effect. RESULTS Over 24 months, testosterone treatment, versus placebo, increased tibial cortical vBMD, 9.33 mg hydroxyapatite (HA)/cm3) (3.96, 14.71), P < 0.001 or 3.1% (1.2, 5.0); radial cortical vBMD, 8.96 mg HA/cm3 (3.30, 14.62), P = 0.005 or 2.9% (1.0, 4.9); total tibial vBMD, 4.16 mg HA/cm3 (2.14, 6.19), P < 0.001 or 1.3% (0.6, 1.9); and total radial vBMD, 4.42 mg HA/cm3 (1.67, 7.16), P = 0.002 or 1.8% (0.4, 2.0). Testosterone also significantly increased cortical area and thickness at both sites. Effects on trabecular architecture were minor. Testosterone reduced bone remodeling markers CTX, -48.1 ng/L [-81.1, -15.1], P < 0.001 and P1NP, -6.8 μg/L[-10.9, -2.7], P < 0.001. Testosterone significantly increased aBMD at the lumbar spine, 0.04 g/cm2 (0.03, 0.05), P < 0.001 and the total hip, 0.01 g/cm2 (0.01, 0.02), P < 0.001. CONCLUSION In men ≥ 50 years of age, testosterone treatment for 2 years increased volumetric bone density, predominantly via effects on cortical bone. Implications for fracture risk reduction require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ng Tang Fui
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Rudolf Hoermann
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Karen Bracken
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Department of Andrology, Concord Hospital, Sydney New South Wales, 2139, Australia
| | - Warrick J Inder
- Princess Alexandra Hospital and the University of Queensland, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Bronwyn G A Stuckey
- Keogh Institute for Medical Research, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital and University of Western Australia, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, University of Western Australia and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Freemantle & Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Ali Ghasem-Zadeh
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Kristy P Robledo
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - David Jesudason
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, and The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Gary A Wittert
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, and The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3084, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
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31
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Tang Fui MN, Hoermann R, Wittert G, Grossmann M. Testicular volume and clinical correlates of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular function: A cross-sectional study in obese men. Asian J Androl 2021; 22:354-359. [PMID: 31535628 PMCID: PMC7406092 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_96_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether testicular volume is correlated with clinical and biochemical markers of hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular (HPT) axis function. This was a cross-sectional substudy of a larger randomized controlled trial including obese men, body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg m−2, with a total testosterone level <12 nmol l−1. Testicular volume was measured by orchidometer, testosterone by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Men completed the Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS) score, International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5), physical function, and handgrip dynamometer testing. Eighty-nine men participated with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 53.1 (47.6, 59.2) years, BMI of 37.0 (34.6, 40.5) kg m−2, and a total testosterone of 7.0 (6.1, 7.9) nmol l−1. Median testicular volume was 18 (IQR: 10, 20) ml. Testicular volume was negatively correlated with BMI (τ = −0.1952, P = 0.010) and total fat mass (τ = −0.2115, P = 0.005) independent of age and testosterone. When BMI, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were present in a multivariable model, only BMI (-0.38 ml change in testicular volume per 1 kg m-2 BMI; 95% CI: −0.74, −0.02; P = 0.04) and LH (-0.92 ml change in testicular volume per 1 IU l-1 LH; 95% CI: −1.75, −0.095; P = 0.03) remained independent significant predictors of testicular volume. Testicular volume was positively correlated with IIEF-5 (τ = 0.2092, P = 0.021), but not related to handgrip strength, physical function tests, or AMS. In obese men, testicular volume is inversely and independently associated with measures of adiposity, but not with most clinical or biochemical markers of HPT axis action. From a clinical perspective, this suggests that obesity might compromise the reliability of reduced testicular volume as a sign of androgen deficiency in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ng Tang Fui
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Rudolf Hoermann
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Gary Wittert
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
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Yu L, Liu M, Wang Z, Liu T, Liu S, Wang B, Pan B, Dong X, Guo W. Correlation between steroid levels in follicular fluid and hormone synthesis related substances in its exosomes and embryo quality in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:74. [PMID: 34001150 PMCID: PMC8127216 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-021-00749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and metabolic disorder with various manifestations and complex etiology. Follicular fluid (FF) serves as the complex microenvironment for follicular development. However, the correlation between the concentration of steroid in FF and the pathogenesis of PCOS is still unclear. METHODS Twenty steroid levels in FF from ten patients with PCOS and ten women with male-factor infertility undergoing in vitro fertilization were tested by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in order to explore their possibly correlation with PCOS. Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of core enzymes in steroid synthesis pathway from exosomes of FF were also detected by qPCR. RESULTS The estriol (p < 0.01), estradiol (p < 0.05) and prenenolone (p < 0.01) levels in FF of PCOS group were significantly increased, compared to the normal group, and the progesterone levels (p < 0.05) were decreased in PCOS group. Increased mRNA levels of CYP11A, CYP19A and HSD17B2 of exosomes were accompanied by the hormonal changes in FF. Correlation analysis showed that mRNA levels of CYP11A and HSD17B2 were negatively correlated with percent of top-quality embryos and rate of embryos develop to blastocyst. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that increased levels of estrogen and pregnenolone in follicular fluid may affect follicle development in PCOS patients, and the mechanism is partially related to HSD17B1, CYP19A1 and CYP11A1 expression change in FF exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 111 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Miao Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 250 Xiao Mu Qiao Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 111 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Te Liu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.725 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - Suying Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 250 Xiao Mu Qiao Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Beili Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 111 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Baishen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 111 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Xi Dong
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 250 Xiao Mu Qiao Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 111 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 668 Jin Hu Road, Xiamen, 361015, PR China.
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Khamis MM, Adamko DJ, El-Aneed A. STRATEGIES AND CHALLENGES IN METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE ABSOLUTE QUANTIFICATION OF ENDOGENOUS BIOMARKER METABOLITES USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:31-52. [PMID: 31617245 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a dynamically evolving field, with a major application in identifying biomarkers for drug development and personalized medicine. Numerous metabolomic studies have identified endogenous metabolites that, in principle, are eligible for translation to clinical practice. However, few metabolomic-derived biomarker candidates have been qualified by regulatory bodies for clinical applications. Such interruption in the biomarker qualification process can be largely attributed to various reasons including inappropriate study design and inadequate data to support the clinical utility of the biomarkers. In addition, the lack of robust assays for the routine quantification of candidate biomarkers has been suggested as a potential bottleneck in the biomarker qualification process. In fact, the nature of the endogenous metabolites precludes the application of the current validation guidelines for bioanalytical methods. As a result, there have been individual efforts in modifying existing guidelines and/or developing alternative approaches to facilitate method validation. In this review, three main challenges for method development and validation for endogenous metabolites are discussed, namely matrix effects evaluation, alternative analyte-free matrices, and the choice of internal standards (ISs). Some studies have modified the equations described by the European Medicines Agency for the evaluation of matrix effects. However, alternative strategies were also described; for instance, calibration curves can be generated in solvents and in biological samples and the slopes can be compared through ratios, relative standard deviation, or a modified Stufour suggested approaches while quantifying mainly endogenous metabolitesdent t-test. ISs, on the contrary, are diverse; in which seven different possible types, used in metabolomics-based studies, were identified in the literature. Each type has its advantages and limitations; however, isotope-labeled ISs and ISs created through isotope derivatization show superior performance. Finally, alternative matrices have been described and tested during method development and validation for the quantification of endogenous entities. These alternatives are discussed in detail, highlighting their advantages and shortcomings. The goal of this review is to compare, apprise, and debate current knowledge and practices in order to aid researchers and clinical scientists in developing robust assays needed during the qualification process of candidate metabolite biomarkers. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Khamis
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Darryl J Adamko
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
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Wittert G, Bracken K, Robledo KP, Grossmann M, Yeap BB, Handelsman DJ, Stuckey B, Conway A, Inder W, McLachlan R, Allan C, Jesudason D, Fui MNT, Hague W, Jenkins A, Daniel M, Gebski V, Keech A. Testosterone treatment to prevent or revert type 2 diabetes in men enrolled in a lifestyle programme (T4DM): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-year, phase 3b trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021; 9:32-45. [PMID: 33338415 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men who are overweight or obese frequently have low serum testosterone concentrations, which are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to determine whether testosterone treatment prevents progression to or reverses early type 2 diabetes, beyond the effects of a community-based lifestyle programme. METHODS T4DM was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-year, phase 3b trial done at six Australian tertiary care centres. Men aged 50-74 years, with a waist circumference of 95 cm or higher, a serum testosterone concentration of 14·0 nmol/L or lower but without pathological hypogonadism, and impaired glucose tolerance (oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] 2-h glucose 7·8-11·0 mmol/L) or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (provided OGTT 2-h glucose ≤15·0 mmol/L) were enrolled in a lifestyle programme and randomly assigned (1:1) to receive an intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate (1000 mg) or placebo at baseline, 6 weeks, and then every 3 months for 2 years. Randomisation was done centrally, including stratification by centre, age group, waist circumference, 2-h OGTT glucose, smoking, and first-degree family history of type 2 diabetes. The primary outcomes at 2 years were type 2 diabetes (2-h OGTT glucose ≥11·1 mmol/L) and mean change from baseline in 2-h OGTT glucose, assessed by intention to treat. For safety assessment, we did a masked monitoring of haematocrit and prostate-specific antigen, and analysed prespecified serious adverse events. This study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12612000287831. FINDINGS Between Feb 5, 2013, and Feb 27, 2017, of 19 022 men who were pre-screened, 1007 (5%) were randomly assigned to the placebo (n=503) and testosterone (n=504) groups. At 2 years, 2-h glucose of 11·1 mmol/L or higher on OGTT was reported in 87 (21%) of 413 participants with available data in the placebo group and 55 (12%) of 443 participants in the testosterone group (relative risk 0·59, 95% CI 0·43 to 0·80; p=0·0007). The mean change from baseline 2-h glucose was -0·95 mmol/L (SD 2·78) in the placebo group and -1·70 mmol/L (SD 2·47) in the testosterone group (mean difference -0·75 mmol/L, -1·10 to -0·40; p<0·0001). The treatment effect was independent of baseline serum testosterone. A safety trigger for haematocrit greater than 54% occurred in six (1%) of 484 participants in the placebo group and 106 (22%) of 491 participants in the testosterone group, and a trigger for an increase of 0·75 μg/mL or more in prostate-specific antigen occurred in 87 (19%) of 468 participants in the placebo group and 109 (23%) of 480 participants in the testosterone group. Prespecified serious adverse events occurred in 37 (7·4%, 95% CI 5·4 to 10·0) of 503 patients in the placebo group and 55 (10·9%, 8·5 to 13·9) of 504 patients in the testosterone group. There were two deaths in each group. INTERPRETATION Testosterone treatment for 2 years reduced the proportion of participants with type 2 diabetes beyond the effects of a lifestyle programme. Increases in haematocrit might be treatment limiting. Longer-term durability, safety, and cardiovascular effects of the intervention remain to be further investigated. FUNDING Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Bayer, Eli Lilly, University of Adelaide, and WW (formerly Weight Watchers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Wittert
- Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Karen Bracken
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristy P Robledo
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Stuckey
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Keogh Institute for Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ann Conway
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Warrick Inder
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert McLachlan
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolyn Allan
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David Jesudason
- Department of Endocrinology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark Ng Tang Fui
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendy Hague
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Alicia Jenkins
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Daniel
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Val Gebski
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Keech
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Ji E, Weickert CS, Purves-Tyson T, White C, Handelsman DJ, Desai R, O'Donnell M, Liu D, Galletly C, Lenroot R, Weickert TW. Cortisol-dehydroepiandrosterone ratios are inversely associated with hippocampal and prefrontal brain volume in schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 123:104916. [PMID: 33169678 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While high levels of glucocorticoids are generally neuro-damaging, a related adrenal steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), has anti-glucocorticoid and neuroprotective properties. Previous work has shown increased circulating levels of DHEA and abnormal cortisol/DHEA ratios in people with schizophrenia, however reports are limited and their relationship to neuropathology is unclear. We performed the largest study to date to compare levels of serum DHEA and cortisol/DHEA ratios in people with schizophrenia and healthy controls, and investigated the extent to which cortisol/DHEA ratios predict brain volume. Serum cortisol and DHEA were assayed in 94 people with schizophrenia and 81 healthy controls. T1-weighted high-resolution anatomical scans were obtained using a 3 T Achieva scanner on a subset of 59 people with schizophrenia and 60 healthy controls. Imaging data were preprocessed and analyzed using SPM12. People with schizophrenia had significantly increased serum DHEA levels (p = 0.002), decreased cortisol/DHEA ratios (p = 0.02) and no difference in cortisol levels compared to healthy controls. Cortisol/DHEA ratios were inversely correlated with hippocampal (r = -0.33 p = 0.01) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (r = -0.30, p = 0.02) volumes in patients. Our findings suggest that the cortisol/DHEA ratio may be a molecular blood signature of hippocampal and cortical damage. These results further implicate the role of DHEA and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ji
- University of Zurich Psychiatric Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, 13210, New York, USA
| | - Tertia Purves-Tyson
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher White
- Department of Endocrinology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Maryanne O'Donnell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dennis Liu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health Services, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, 13210, New York, USA
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Luque-Córdoba D, Priego-Capote F. Fully automated method for quantitative determination of steroids in serum: An approach to evaluate steroidogenesis. Talanta 2020; 224:121923. [PMID: 33379124 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenesis is a set of metabolic reactions where the enzymes play a key role to control the physiological levels of steroids. A deficiency in steroidogenesis induces an accumulation and/or insufficiency of steroids in human blood and can lead to different pathologies. This issue added to the low levels of steroids (pg mL-1 to ng mL-1) in this biofluid make of their determination an analytical challenge. In this research, we present a high-throughtput and fully automated method based on solid-phase extraction on-line coupled to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (SPE-LC-MS/MS) to quantify estrogens (estrone and estradiol), androgens (testosterone, androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone), progestogens (progesterone, pregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone), glucocorticoids (21-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisone, corticosterone and cortisol) and one mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) in human serum. The performance of the SPE step and the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode allowed reaching a high sensitivity and selectivity levels without any derivatization reaction. The fragmentation mechanisms of the steroids were complementary studied by LC-MS/MS in high-resolution mode to confirm the MRM transitions. The method was characterized with two SPE sorbents with similar physico-chemical properties. Thus, limits of quantification were at pg mL-1 levels, the variability was below 25% (except for pregnenolone and cortisone), and the accuracy, expressed as bias, was always within ±25%. The proposed method was tested in human serum from ten volunteers, who reported levels for the sixteen target steroids that were satisfactorily in agreement with the physiological ranges reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luque-Córdoba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry University Institute (IUNAN), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - F Priego-Capote
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry University Institute (IUNAN), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Frailty & Healthy Ageing, CIBERFES, Carlos III Institute of Health, Spain.
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Gravitte A, Archibald T, Cobble A, Kennard B, Brown S. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry applications for quantification of endogenous sex hormones. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e5036. [PMID: 33226656 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, presents a powerful tool for the quantification of the sex steroid hormones 17-β estradiol, progesterone and testosterone from biological matrices. The importance of accurate quantification with these hormones, even at endogenous levels, has evolved with our understanding of the role these regulators play in human development, fertility and disease risk and manifestation. Routine monitoring of these analytes can be accomplished by immunoassay techniques, which face limitations on specificity and sensitivity, or using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. LC-MS/MS is growing in capability and acceptance for clinically relevant quantification of sex steroid hormones in biological matrices and is able to overcome many of the limitations of immunoassays. Analyte specificity has improved through the use of novel derivatizing agents, and sensitivity has been refined through the use of high-resolution chromatography and mass spectrometric technology. This review highlights these innovations, among others, in LC-MS/MS steroid hormone analysis captured in the literature over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gravitte
- James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Timothy Archibald
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Allison Cobble
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Benjamin Kennard
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Stacy Brown
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Arismendi D, Díaz K, Aguilera-Marabolí N, Sepúlveda B, Richter P. Rotating-disk sorptive extraction for the determination of sex hormones and triclosan in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Clean-up integrated steps and improved derivatization. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mok SF, Fennell C, Savkovic S, Turner L, Jayadev V, Conway A, Handelsman DJ. Testosterone for Androgen Deficiency-Like Symptoms in Men Without Pathologic Hypogonadism: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Cross-over With Masked Choice Extension Clinical Trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:1723-1731. [PMID: 31425577 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Off-label testosterone prescribing for androgen deficiency (AD)-like sexual and energy symptoms of older men without pathologic hypogonadism has increased dramatically without convincing evidence of efficacy. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with three phases, we entered 45 men aged at least 40 years without pathologic hypogonadism but with AD-like energy and/or sexual symptoms to either daily testosterone or placebo gel treatment for 6 weeks in a cross-over study design with a third, mandatory extension phase in which participants chose which previous treatment they preferred to repeat while remaining masked to their original treatment. Primary endpoints were energy and sexual symptoms as assessed by a visual analog scale (Lead Symptom Score [LSS]). RESULTS Increasing serum testosterone to the healthy young male range produced no significant benefit more than placebo for energy or sexual LSS. Covariate effects of age, body mass index, and pretreatment baseline serum testosterone on quality-of-life scales were detected. Only 1 out of 22 indices from seven quality-of-life scales was significantly improved by testosterone treatment over placebo. Participants did not choose testosterone significantly more than placebo as their preferred treatment in the third phase. CONCLUSIONS Six-week testosterone treatment does not improve energy or sexual symptoms more than placebo in symptomatic men without pathologic hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Feng Mok
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Carolyn Fennell
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sasha Savkovic
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leo Turner
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Veena Jayadev
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ann Conway
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Handelsman DJ, Gibson E, Davis S, Golebiowski B, Walters KA, Desai R. Ultrasensitive Serum Estradiol Measurement by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Postmenopausal Women and Mice. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa086. [PMID: 33154982 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate measurement of very low circulating estradiol (E2) (<5 pg/ml) in postmenopausal women and in mice is essential to investigating sex steroid action in target tissues. However, direct immunoassays are too inaccurate and conventional mass spectrometry-based measurement too insensitive at these serum E2 levels. We report application of an ultrasensitive method using a novel estrogen-selective derivatization in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure serum E2, with a detection limit of 0.25 pg/ml in small (0.2 ml) serum volumes that can quantify serum E2 in 98% and serum E1 in 100% of healthy postmenopausal women. Aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment of postmenopausal women with breast cancer further reduces serum E2 by 85% and serum estrone (E1) by 80%. The wide scatter of circulating E2 in AI-treated women suggests that the degree of sustained E2 depletion, now quantifiable, may be an efficacy or safety biomarker of adjuvant AI treatment. This ultrasensitive method can also measure serum E2 in most (65%) female but not in any male mice. Further studies are warranted using this and comparable ultrasensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry estrogen measurements to investigate the relationship of circulating E2 (and E1) in male, postmenopausal female, and childhood health where accurate quantification of serum estrogens was not previously feasible. This will focus on the direct impact of estrogens as well as the indirect effects of androgen aromatization on reproductive, bone, and brain tissues and, notably, the efficacy and safety of AIs in adjuvant breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Handelsman
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emma Gibson
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan Davis
- Women's Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirsty A Walters
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women's & Children's Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Hart RJ, Doherty DA, Mori TA, Adams LA, Huang RC, Minaee N, Handelsman DJ, McLachlan R, Norman RJ, Dickinson JE, Olynyk JK, Beilin LJ. Features of the metabolic syndrome in late adolescence are associated with impaired testicular function at 20 years of age. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:389-402. [PMID: 30576537 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are early signs of metabolic disorder in late adolescence associated with features of impaired testicular function many years before the majority seek parenthood? SUMMARY ANSWER Adolescents with features of metabolic disorder at 17 years, or insulin resistance (IR) at 20 years of age, show impaired testicular function and altered hormone levels compared to those without metabolic disorder. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Controversial evidence suggests a recent decline in sperm production potentially linked to environmental influences, but its cause remains unclear. Concomitant increases in obesity and diabetes suggest that lifestyle factors may contribute to this decline in testicular function. Although obesity has been associated with adverse testicular function in some studies, it remains unclear whether poor testicular function merely reflects, or causes, poor metabolic health. If metabolic disorder were present in adolescence, prior to the onset of obesity, this may suggest that metabolic disorder maybe a precursor of impaired testicular function. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study is a longitudinal study of children born in 1989-1991 who have undergone detailed physical assessments since birth (1454 male infants born). At 17 years of age, 490 boys underwent a hepatic ultrasound examination, serum cytokine assessment (n = 520) and a metabolic assessment (n = 544). A further metabolic assessment was performed at 20 years (n = 608). Testicular assessment was performed at 20 years; 609 had reproductive hormones measured, 404 underwent a testicular ultrasound and 365 produced a semen sample. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Testicular volume was estimated by ultrasonography, and semen analysis was performed according to World Health Organization guidelines. Concentrations of LH, FSH and inhibin B (inhB) in serum were measured by immunoassay and total testosterone by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.At 17 years of age, a liver ultrasound examination was performed to determine the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and serum analysed for the cytokines interleukin-18 and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 and 2 (sTNFR1, sTNFR2).At 17 and 20 years of age, fasting blood samples were analysed for serum liver enzymes, insulin, glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high sensitivity C-reactive protein and uric acid. The homoeostatic model assessment (HOMA) was calculated and approximated IR was defined by a HOMA >4. Anthropometric data was collected and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement performed for lean and total fat mass. As at this young age the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was expected to be low, a two-step cluster analysis was used using waist circumference, TGs, insulin, and systolic blood pressure to derive a distinct high-risk group with features consistent with the metabolic syndrome and increased cardiometabolic risk. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Men at age 17 years with increased cardiometabolic risk had lower concentrations of serum testosterone (medians: 4.0 versus 4.9 ng/mL) and inhB (193.2 versus 221.9 pg/mL) (P < 0.001 for both) compared to those within the low risk metabolic cluster. Men with ultrasound evidence of NAFLD (n = 45, 9.8%) had reduced total sperm output (medians: 68.0 versus 126.00 million, P = 0.044), testosterone (4.0 versus 4.7 ng/mL, P = 0.005) and inhB (209.1 versus 218.4 pg/mL, P = 0.032) compared to men without NAFLD.Men with higher concentrations of sTNFR1 at 17 years of age had a lower sperm output and serum concentration of inhB, with an increase in LH and FSH (all P < 0.05 after adjustment for age, BMI, abstinence and a history of cryptorchidism, varicocele, cigarette smoking, alcohol and drug use), compared to those without an elevated sTNFR1. Multivariable regression analysis, adjusting for confounders, demonstrated that men in the high-risk metabolic cluster at 20 years had a lower serum testosterone and inhB (P = 0.003 and P = 0.001, respectively). A HOMA-IR > 4 was associated with a lower serum testosterone (P = <0.001) and inhB (P = 0.010) and an increase in serum FSH (P = 0.015). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study is limited by the sample size and multiple comparisons, and causality cannot be proven from an observational study. Due to a 3-year interval between some metabolic assessments and assessment of testicular function, we cannot exclude the introduction of a bias into the study, as some of the participants and their testicular function will not have been fully mature at the 17-year assessment. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Irrespective of a proven causation, our study findings are important in that a significant minority of the men, prior to seeking parenthood, presented co-existent features of metabolic disorder and signs of testicular impairment. Of particular note is that the presence of NAFLD at 17 years of age, although only present in a minority of men, was associated with an almost 50% reduction in sperm output at 20 years of age, and that the presence of IR at 20 years was associated with a 20% reduction in testicular volume. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by Australian NHMRC (Grant Numbers 634457, 35351417 and 403981) and received support from the Raine Medical Research Foundation, The Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Women and Infants Research Foundation, Curtin University and Edith Cowan University. D.A.D., J.E.D., N.M., L.A.A., R.-C.H., T.A.M., J.K.O., L.J.B. have nothing to declare. R.J.H. is Medical Director of Fertility Specialists of Western Australia, has equity interests in Western IVF, and has received grant support from MSD, Merck-Serono and Ferring Pharmaceuticals. RMcL has equity interests in the Monash IVF Group. R.J.N. has equity interests in FertilitySA, and has received grant support from Merck Serono and Ferring Pharmaceuticals. D.J.H. has received institutional grant funding (but no personal income) for investigator-initiated testosterone pharmacology studies from Lawley and Besins Healthcare and has provided expert testimony to anti-doping tribunals and for testosterone litigation.This abstract was awarded the Fertility Society of Australia clinical exchange award for the oral presentation at ESHRE, Barcelona, in 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hart
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Fertility Specialists of Western Australia, Claremont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - D A Doherty
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Women and Infants Research Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - T A Mori
- Medical School, UWA, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
| | - L A Adams
- Medical School, UWA, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R-C Huang
- Telethon Kids Institute, UWA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - N Minaee
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - D J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R McLachlan
- Hudson Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R J Norman
- Robinson Institute, Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide & Fertility SA, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J E Dickinson
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J K Olynyk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fiona Stanley and Fremantle Hospital and School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - L J Beilin
- Medical School, UWA, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
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Shankara-Narayana N, Yu C, Savkovic S, Desai R, Fennell C, Turner L, Jayadev V, Conway AJ, Kockx M, Ridley L, Kritharides L, Handelsman DJ. Rate and Extent of Recovery from Reproductive and Cardiac Dysfunction Due to Androgen Abuse in Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5729047. [PMID: 32030409 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Androgen abuse impairs male reproductive and cardiac function, but the rate, extent, and determinants of recovery are not understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate recovery of male reproductive and cardiac function after ceasing androgen intake in current and past androgen abusers compared with healthy non-users. METHODS Cross-sectional, observational study recruited via social media 41 current and 31 past users (≥3 months since last use, median 300 days since last use) with 21 healthy, eugonadal non-users. Each provided a history, examination, and serum and semen sample and underwent testicular ultrasound, body composition analysis, and cardiac function evaluation. RESULTS Current abusers had suppressed reproductive function and impaired cardiac systolic function and lipoprotein parameters compared with non- or past users. Past users did not differ from non-users, suggesting full recovery of suppressed reproductive and cardiac functions after ceasing androgen abuse, other than residual reduced testicular volume. Mean time to recovery was faster for reproductive hormones (anti-Mullerian hormone [AMH], 7.3 months; luteinizing hormone [LH], 10.7 months) than for sperm variables (output, 14.1 months) whereas spermatogenesis (serum follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], inhibin B, inhibin) took longer. The duration of androgen abuse was the only other variable associated with slower recovery of sperm output (but not hormones). CONCLUSION Suppressed testicular and cardiac function due to androgen abuse is effectively fully reversible (apart from testis volume and serum sex hormone binding globulin) with recovery taking between 6 to 18 months after ceasing androgen intake with possible cumulative effects on spermatogenesis. Suppressed serum AMH, LH, and FSH represent convenient, useful, and underutilized markers of recovery from androgen abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Shankara-Narayana
- Department of Andrology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Sasha Savkovic
- Department of Andrology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- Department of Andrology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn Fennell
- Department of Andrology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Leo Turner
- Department of Andrology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Veena Jayadev
- Department of Andrology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Ann J Conway
- Department of Andrology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Maaike Kockx
- Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Lloyd Ridley
- Department of Radiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Len Kritharides
- Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- Department of Andrology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
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Yeap BB, Alfonso H, Chubb SAP, Center JR, Beilin J, Hankey GJ, Almeida OP, Golledge J, Norman PE, Flicker L. U-Shaped Association of Plasma Testosterone, and no Association of Plasma Estradiol, with Incidence of Fractures in Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5802679. [PMID: 32155267 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Whether androgens, distinct from estrogen, maintain bone health during male aging has implications for understanding osteoporosis. We assessed associations of different sex hormones with incidence of any bone fracture or hip fracture in older men. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Analysis of 3307 community-dwelling men aged 76.8 ± 3.5 years, median follow-up period of 10.6 years. Plasma testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and estradiol (E2) assayed by mass spectrometry, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and luteinizing hormone (LH) using immunoassay. Incident fractures determined via data linkage. We analyzed probability of fracture and performed Cox regression adjusted for age, medical comorbidities, and frailty. RESULTS Incident fractures occurred in 330 men, including 144 hip fractures. Probability plots suggested nonlinear relationships between hormones and risk of any fracture and hip fracture, with higher risk at lower and higher plasma T, lower E2, higher SHBG, and higher LH. In fully adjusted models, there was a U-shaped association of plasma T with incidence of any fracture (Quartile 2 [Q2] versus Q1: fully adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51-0.94, P = .020; Q3: HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.42-0.83, P = .002) and hip fracture (Q2 versus Q1: HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.37-0.93, P = .043; Q3: HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.31-0.88, P = .015). DHT, E2, and LH were not associated with fracture. Higher SHBG was associated with hip fracture (Q4 versus Q1: HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.05-2.96, P = .033). CONCLUSIONS Midrange plasma T was associated with lower incidence of any fracture and hip fracture, and higher SHBG with increased risk of hip fracture. Circulating androgen rather than estrogen represents a biomarker for hormone effects on bone driving fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Helman Alfonso
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - S A Paul Chubb
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Jacqueline R Center
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Jonathan Beilin
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Graeme J Hankey
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Osvaldo P Almeida
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, James Cook University, and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul E Norman
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Leon Flicker
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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Mezzullo M, Pelusi C, Fazzini A, Repaci A, Di Dalmazi G, Gambineri A, Pagotto U, Fanelli F. Female and male serum reference intervals for challenging sex and precursor steroids by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105538. [PMID: 31734493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Measuring some sex and precursor steroids is still challenging even by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and few normal values are available. We developed a LC-MS/MS method for estradiol, estrone, dihydrotestosterone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone measurement, compared it with direct immunoassays, and generated sex, age, menopausal and menstrual status specific reference intervals. Liquid-liquid extraction was optimized on 300 μL serum spiked with isotopic internal standards. A 2D-LC system allowed on-line purification and separation in 11 min run. Electrospray ionization was enhanced by ammonium fluoride. MS-detection was obtained by multiple reaction monitoring. Direct ECLIA for estradiol (n = 80) and RIA for estrone (n = 41) were compared with LC-MS/MS. Reference values were estimated in healthy, lean women in reproductive age (n = 118), menopausal women (n = 33) and men (n = 159). The assay showed satisfying imprecision, trueness, recovery and selectivity. Adequate functional sensitivity was achieved for measuring estrone (18.1 pmol/L) and 17-hydroxypregnenolone (117 pmol/L) in all subjects, and estradiol (35.9 pmol/L) and dihydrotestosterone (134 pmol/L) in women in reproductive age and men, but not in menopausal women. Compared with LC-MS/MS, immunoassays showed good agreement for estradiol but severe disagreement for estrone. Estrogens exhibited sex, menopausal and menstrual variations. Dihydrotestosterone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone depended on sex and menopause, the latter also declining with age in men. Strictly defined reference intervals in the adult female and male population were generated for challenging steroids such as estrogens, dihydrotestosterone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone by a novel LC-MS/MS method. Our achievement can be used to deepen the comprehension of several endocrine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mezzullo
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Carla Pelusi
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessia Fazzini
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Repaci
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Guido Di Dalmazi
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gambineri
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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45
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Handelsman DJ, Desai R, Seibel MJ, Le Couteur DG, Cumming RG. Circulating Sex Steroid Measurements of Men by Mass Spectrometry Are Highly Reproducible after Prolonged Frozen Storage. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105528. [PMID: 31712118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Long-term studies investigating hormone-dependent cancers and reproductive health often require prolonged frozen storage of serum which assumes that the steroid molecules and measurements are stable over that time. Previous studies of reproducibility of circulating steroids have relied upon flawed historical rather than contemporaneous controls. We measured serum testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) in 150 randomly selected serum samples by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) from men 70 years or older (mean age 77 years) in the CHAMP study. The original measurements in 2009 were repeated 10 years later using the identical serum aliquot (having undergone 2-4 freeze-thaw cycles in the interim) in 2019 together with another never-thawed aliquot of the same serum sample. The results of all three sets of measurements were evaluated by Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman difference analysis. Serum androgens (T, DHT) and estrogens (E2, E1) measured by LC-MS display excellent reproducibility when stored for 10 years at -80 C without thawing. Serum T and DHT displayed high level of reproducibility across all three sets of measurements. Multiple freeze-thaw cycles over those storage conditions do not significantly affect serum T, DHT and E1 concentrations but produce a modest increase (21%) in serum E2 measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Handelsman
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - R Desai
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - M J Seibel
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - D G Le Couteur
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - R G Cumming
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
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46
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Steinbeck KS, Garden FL, Cheng HL, Luscombe GM, Handelsman DJ. Bumpy and Smoother Pathways of Puberty Hormone Change: A Novel Way to Define Gonadal Hormone Trajectories in Adolescents. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvz014. [PMID: 32016164 PMCID: PMC6989013 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The study of gonadal hormone effects on adolescent wellbeing has been limited by logistical challenges. Urine hormone profiling offers new opportunities to understand the health and behavioral implications of puberty hormones. OBJECTIVE To characterize pubertal change in urinary testosterone and estradiol among male and female adolescents, respectively. DESIGN Three-year prospective cohort study. SETTING Australian regional community. PARTICIPANTS 282 (163 male) normally developing adolescents aged 11.8 ± 1.0 years at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Quarterly urine measurements of testosterone and estradiol (mass spectrometry); annual anthropometric assessment and Tanner stage (TS) self-report. RESULTS Two-class sigmoidal and quadratic growth mixture models (centered on age at TS3) were identified as best-fit for describing testosterone (male) and estradiol (female) change. Classes 1 (male: 63%; female: 82%) and 2 (male: 37%; female: 18%) were respectively named the "stable" and "unstable" trajectories, characterized by different standard deviation of quarterly hormone change and magnitude of hormone peaks and troughs (all P < 0.001). Compared with class 1 (stable), class 2 males were taller at baseline (154 vs 151 cm), reported earlier and faster TS progression (P < 0.01), and showed higher serum testosterone levels at baseline and 3 years (P ≤ 0.01). Class 2 females exhibited smaller height and weight gains over the 3 years and had higher baseline serum estradiol (249 vs 98 pmol/L; P = 0.002) than class 1. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents showed 2 distinct urinary gonadal hormone trajectories, characterized by stability of change over time, which were not associated with consistent anthropometric differences. Results provide a methodology for studying gonadal hormone impacts on other aspects of biopsychosocial wellbeing. Identification of potential "at-risk" hormone groups would be important for planning supportive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine S Steinbeck
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Academic Department of Adolescent Medicine, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Frances L Garden
- University of New South Wales, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Respiratory Medicine Research Stream, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Hoi Lun Cheng
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Academic Department of Adolescent Medicine, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgina M Luscombe
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Rural Health, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- The University of Sydney, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia
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47
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Chan YX, Alfonso H, Fegan PG, Flicker L, Yeap BB. Neither Hormonal Factors Nor AGEs Explain Lower Prostate Cancer Risk in Older Men With Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:6017-6024. [PMID: 31504635 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diabetes mellitus is conventionally associated with an increased risk of cancer; however, inverse associations of diabetes with prostate cancer are well described. Mechanisms are unclear, although hormonal factors, including alterations in sex hormone and IGF1 concentrations due to metabolic disturbances, have been hypothesized to play a role. OBJECTIVE To assess sex hormones, IGF1, glucose, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) as potential mediators of the association between diabetes mellitus and prostate cancer. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Longitudinal cohort study. The association of baseline diabetes with prostate cancer incidence was assessed using proportional hazards competing risks analysis in 3149 men followed for 12 years. Baseline hormone, glucose, and carboxymethyllysine (CML) levels were examined as potential mediators of this association. RESULTS Diabetes was associated with a lower prostate cancer risk (fully adjusted subhazard ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.92; P = 0.017). This association was unchanged after accounting for testosterone, DHT, estradiol, or SHBG. Similarly, the addition of IGF1 or its binding proteins 1 and 3, or glucose, did not alter this association. CML was not associated with the risk of prostate cancer, and additional correction for CML in the fully adjusted model did not alter the inverse association of diabetes and prostate cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS In this study, alterations in sex hormone, IGF1, glucose, and CML levels did not account for the inverse association of diabetes and prostate cancer risk. Further studies are required to provide more insight into underlying causes of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi X Chan
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helman Alfonso
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Western Australia
| | - P Gerry Fegan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leon Flicker
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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48
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Davis SR, Bell RJ, Robinson PJ, Handelsman DJ, Gilbert T, Phung J, Desai R, Lockery JE, Woods RL, Wolfe RS, Reid CM, Nelson MR, Murray AM, McNeil JJ. Testosterone and Estrone Increase From the Age of 70 Years: Findings From the Sex Hormones in Older Women Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:6291-6300. [PMID: 31408149 PMCID: PMC6830527 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is a lack of understanding of what is normal in terms of sex steroid levels in older women. OBJECTIVE To determine whether sex steroid levels vary with age in and establish reference ranges for women >70 years of age. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional, community-based study. PARTICIPANTS Included 6392 women ≥70 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sex steroids measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A reference group, to establish sex steroid age-specific reference ranges, excluded women using systemic or topical sex steroid, antiandrogen or glucocorticoid therapy, or an antiglycemic agent. RESULTS The reference group of 5326 women had a mean age of 75.1 (±4.2) years, range of 70 to 94.7 years. Median values (range) were 181.2 pmol/L (3.7 to 5768.9) for estrone (E1), 0.38 nmol/L (0.035 to 8.56) for testosterone (T), 2.60 nmol/L (0.07 to 46.85) for dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and 41.6 nmol/L (2.4 to 176.6) for SHBG. Estradiol and DHT were below method sensitivity in 66.1% and 72.7% of the samples, respectively. Compared with women aged 70 to 74 years, women aged ≥85 years had higher median levels of E1 (11.7%, P = 0.01), T (11.3%, P = 0.02), and SHBG (22.7%, P < 0.001) and lower DHEA (30% less, P < 0.001). Women with overweight and obesity had higher E1 (P < 0.001) and T (P < 0.03) and lower SHBG (P < 0.001) than did women with normal body mass index. Smokers had 17.2% higher median T levels (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION From the age of 70 years, T and E1 increase with age, despite a steady decline in DHEA. Whether E1 and T are biomarkers for longevity or contribute to healthy aging merits investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Davis
- Women’s Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Robin J Bell
- Women’s Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Penelope J Robinson
- Women’s Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tom Gilbert
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Phung
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica E Lockery
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn L Woods
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rory S Wolfe
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher M Reid
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark R Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anne M Murray
- Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John J McNeil
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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49
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Birzniece V, McLean M, Reddy N, Ho KKY. Disparate Effect of Aromatization on the Central Regulation of GH Secretion by Estrogens in Men and Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2978-2984. [PMID: 30920620 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Estrogen receptor antagonism by tamoxifen inhibits GH secretion in both men and postmenopausal women, suggesting that estrogen, albeit at low concentration, stimulates GH secretion. However, systemic estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women does not enhance GH secretion. To clarify the role of estrogen in mediating GH secretion, we investigated the effect of estrogen deprivation by using aromatase inhibitors. AIM To determine whether estrogens mediate GH secretion in men and postmenopausal women. DESIGN The effects of letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, and tamoxifen were compared in an open-label crossover study. Eight men and 14 women received tamoxifen (20 mg/d) and letrozole (2.5 mg/d) for 2 weeks each. The primary endpoints were GH response to arginine stimulation and gonadal steroid levels. RESULTS In men, letrozole significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the peak GH response to arginine (mean ± SEM; Δ -49.4% ± 18.1%). Tamoxifen also reduced the mean peak GH, but this did not reach statistical significance. In postmenopausal women, letrozole did not affect peak GH, whereas tamoxifen significantly (P < 0.05) reduced peak GH (Δ -47.3% ± 10%). In men, letrozole reduced circulating estradiol (from 43.1 ± 2.8 to 12.7 ± 1.3 pmol/L; P < 0.001), whereas in women estradiol was undetectable (<11 pmol/L) at baseline and throughout letrozole therapy. CONCLUSION Because estrogen deprivation reduced circulating GH, we conclude that estrogens regulate GH secretion in men. In postmenopausal women, the neutral effect of aromatase inhibition is likely explained by pre-existing estrogen deficiency. The inhibition of GH secretion by tamoxifen in menopause suggests a non-estrogen receptor-mediated mechanism of action. In contrast to men, estrogen is unlikely to mediate GH secretion in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Birzniece
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark McLean
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Navneeta Reddy
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ken K Y Ho
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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50
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Turner L, Ly LP, Desai R, Singh GKS, Handelsman TD, Savkovic S, Fennell C, Jayadev V, Conway A, Handelsman DJ. Pharmacokinetics and Acceptability of Subcutaneous Injection of Testosterone Undecanoate. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1531-1540. [PMID: 31384715 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Can injectable testosterone undecanoate (TU) be administered effectively and acceptably by the subcutaneous (SC) route? Objective To investigate the acceptability and pharmacokinetics (PK) of SC injection of TU. Design Randomized sequence, crossover clinical study of SC vs IM TU injections. Setting Ambulatory clinic of an academic andrology center. Participants Twenty men (11 hypogonadal, 9 transgender men) who were long-term users of TU. injections. Intervention: Injection of 1000 mg TU (in 4 mL castor oil vehicle) by SC or IM route. Main Outcome Measures: Patient-reported pain, acceptability, and preference scales. PK by measurement of serum testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and estradiol (E2) concentrations with application of population PK methods and dried blood spot (DBS) sampling. Results Pain was greater after SC compared with IM injection 24 hours (but not immediately) after injection but both routes were equally acceptable. Ultimately 11 preferred IM, 6 preferred SC, and 3 had no preference. The DBS-based PK analysis of serum testosterone revealed a later time of peak testosterone concentration after SC vs IM injection (8.0 vs 3.3 days) but no significant route differences in model-predicted peak testosterone concentration (8.4 vs 9.6 ng/mL) or mean resident time (183 vs 110 days). The PK of venous serum testosterone, DHT, and E2 did not differ according to route of injection. Conclusions We conclude that SC TU injection is acceptable but produces greater pain 24 hours after injection that may contribute to the overall majority preference for the IM injection. The PK of testosterone, DHT, or E2 did not differ substantially between SC and IM routes. Hence whereas further studies are required, the SC route represents an alternative to IM injections without a need to change dose for men for whom IM injection is not desired or recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Turner
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lam P Ly
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gurmeet K S Singh
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Timothy D Handelsman
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sasha Savkovic
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn Fennell
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Veena Jayadev
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ann Conway
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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