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Cortisol modulates calcium release-activated calcium channel gating in fish hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9621. [PMID: 33953236 PMCID: PMC8100157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are rapidly released in response to stress and play an important role in the physiological adjustments to re-establish homeostasis. The mode of action of GCs for stress coping is mediated largely by the steroid binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ligand-bound transcription factor, and modulating the expression of target genes. However, GCs also exert rapid actions that are independent of transcriptional regulation by modulating second messenger signaling. However, a membrane-specific protein that transduces rapid GCs signal is yet to be characterized. Here, using freshly isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and fura2 fluorescence microscopy, we report that stressed levels of cortisol rapidly stimulate the rise in cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i). Pharmacological manipulations using specific extra- and intra-cellular calcium chelators, plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum channel blockers and receptors, indicated extracellular Ca2+ entry is required for the cortisol-mediated rise in ([Ca2+]i). Particularly, the calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel gating appears to be a key target for the rapid action of cortisol in the ([Ca2+]i) rise in trout hepatocytes. To test this further, we carried out in silico molecular docking studies using the Drosophila CRAC channel modulator 1 (ORAI1) protein, the pore forming subunit of CRAC channel that is highly conserved. The result predicts a putative binding site on CRAC for cortisol to modulate channel gating, suggesting a direct, as well as an indirect regulation (by other membrane receptors) of CRAC channel gating by cortisol. Altogether, CRAC channel may be a novel cortisol-gated Ca2+ channel transducing rapid nongenomic signalling in hepatocytes during acute stress.
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2
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Gulyaeva NV. Biochemical Mechanisms and Translational Relevance of Hippocampal Vulnerability to Distant Focal Brain Injury: The Price of Stress Response. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:1306-1328. [PMID: 31760920 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919110087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Focal brain injuries (in particular, stroke and traumatic brain injury) induce with high probability the development of delayed (months, years) cognitive and depressive disturbances which are frequently comorbid. The association of these complications with hippocampal alterations (in spite of the lack of a primary injury of this structure), as well as the lack of a clear dependence between the probability of depression and dementia development and primary damage severity and localization served as the basis for a new hypothesis on the distant hippocampal damage as a key link in the pathogenesis of cognitive and psychiatric disturbances. According to this hypothesis, the excess of corticosteroids secreted after a focal brain damage, in particular in patients with abnormal stress-response due to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) dysfunction, interacts with corticosteroid receptors in the hippocampus inducing signaling pathways which stimulate neuroinflammation and subsequent events including disturbances in neurogenesis and hippocampal neurodegeneration. In this article, the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the regulatory role of the HPAA and multiple functions of brain corticosteroid receptors in the hippocampus are analyzed. Functional and structural damage to the hippocampus, a brain region selectively vulnerable to external factors and responding to them by increased cytokine secretion, forms the basis for cognitive function disturbances and psychopathology development. This concept is confirmed by our own experimental data, results of other groups and by prospective clinical studies of post-stroke complications. Clinically relevant biochemical approaches to predict the risks and probability of post-stroke/post-trauma cognitive and depressive disturbances are suggested using the evaluation of biochemical markers of patients' individual stress-response. Pathogenetically justified ways for preventing these consequences of focal brain damage are proposed by targeting key molecular mechanisms underlying hippocampal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia. .,Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Healthcare Department of Moscow, Moscow, 115419, Russia
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3
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Zhang B, Zhu X, Wang L, Hou Z, Hao S, Yang M, Gao F, Liu B. Inadequate Expression and Activation of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Aggravates Spatial Memory Impairment after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroscience 2019; 424:1-11. [PMID: 31734415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The administration of glucocorticoids (GCs) for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is controversial. Both protective and deleterious effects of GCs on the brain have been reported in previous studies, while the mechanisms are unclear. Most experimental studies have reported glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated deleterious effects after TBI. Sufficient mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation was reported to be indispensable for normal function and survival of hippocampal neurons, but changes in MR expression and activation and the roles of MRs in the survival of neurons after TBI remain unclear. We hypothesized that inadequate MR expression and activation caused by TBI aggravates posttraumatic hippocampal apoptosis but that restoration by restoring MRs promotes the survival of neurons. Using a rat controlled cortical impact model, we examined plasma corticosterone, MR expression and activation, neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus, and spatial memory on day 3 after injury with and without fludrocortisone (1 mg/kg) treatment. Plasma corticosterone levels were significantly reduced after TBI. In addition, both MR expression and activation were inhibited. Fludrocortisone treatment significantly increased both the expression and activation of MRs, reduced the number of apoptotic neurons and cell loss in the ipsilateral hippocampus, and subsequently improved spatial memory. Its protective effects were counteracted by the MR antagonist spironolactone. The results suggest that adequate expression and activation of MRs is crucial for the survival of neurons after TBI and that fludrocortisone protects hippocampal neurons via promoting MR expression and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueli Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Fifth Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zonggang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyu Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengshi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baiyun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
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4
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Ong ML, Tuan TA, Poh J, Teh AL, Chen L, Pan H, MacIsaac JL, Kobor MS, Chong YS, Kwek K, Saw SM, Godfrey KM, Gluckman PD, Fortier MV, Karnani N, Meaney MJ, Qiu A, Holbrook JD. Neonatal amygdalae and hippocampi are influenced by genotype and prenatal environment, and reflected in the neonatal DNA methylome. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 18:e12576. [PMID: 31020763 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala and hippocampus undergo rapid development in early life. The relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the establishment of their developmental trajectories has yet to be examined. We performed imaging on neonates and examined how the observed variation in volume and microstructure of the amygdala and hippocampus varied by genotype, and compared with prenatal maternal mental health and socioeconomic status. Gene × Environment models outcompeted models containing genotype or environment only to best explain the majority of measures but some, especially of the amygdaloid microstructure, were best explained by genotype only. Models including DNA methylation measured in the neonate umbilical cords outcompeted the Gene and Gene × Environment models for the majority of amygdaloid measures and minority of hippocampal measures. This study identified brain region-specific gene networks associated with individual differences in fetal brain development. In particular, genetic and epigenetic variation within CUX1 was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lyn Ong
- Singapore Institute of Clinical sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore
| | - Ta A Tuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Imaging research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joann Poh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Imaging research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ai L Teh
- Singapore Institute of Clinical sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore
| | - Li Chen
- Singapore Institute of Clinical sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore
| | - Hong Pan
- Singapore Institute of Clinical sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore.,School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
| | - Julia L MacIsaac
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yap S Chong
- Singapore Institute of Clinical sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Kwek
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Duke National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang M Saw
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute of Clinical sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore.,Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marielle V Fortier
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Duke National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute of Clinical sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Singapore Institute of Clinical sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore.,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology at McGill University, Douglas University Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Imaging research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute of Clinical sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore
| | - Joanna D Holbrook
- Singapore Institute of Clinical sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore
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5
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de Kloet ER, de Kloet SF, de Kloet CS, de Kloet AD. Top-down and bottom-up control of stress-coping. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12675. [PMID: 30578574 PMCID: PMC6519262 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this 30th anniversary issue review, we focus on the glucocorticoid modulation of limbic-prefrontocortical circuitry during stress-coping. This action of the stress hormone is mediated by mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) that are co-expressed abundantly in these higher brain regions. Via both receptor types, the glucocorticoids demonstrate, in various contexts, rapid nongenomic and slower genomic actions that coordinate consecutive stages of information processing. MR-mediated action optimises stress-coping, whereas, in a complementary fashion, the memory storage of the selected coping strategy is promoted via GR. We highlight the involvement of adipose tissue in the allocation of energy resources to central regulation of stress reactions, point to still poorly understood neuronal ensembles in the prefrontal cortex that underlie cognitive flexibility critical for effective coping, and evaluate the role of cortisol as a pleiotropic regulator in vulnerability to, and treatment of, trauma-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edo R. de Kloet
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Sybren F. de Kloet
- Department of Integrative NeurophysiologyCenter for Neurogenomics and Cognitive ResearchVU‐University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Annette D. de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Functional GenomicsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
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6
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Mitra R. Neuronal Plasticity in the Amygdala Following Predator Stress Exposure. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:25. [PMID: 30842731 PMCID: PMC6391327 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation causes robust long-term stress-related effects on prey individuals even if they do not get consumed by the predator. Here I review the role of basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons in the mediation of non-consumptive effects of predation. This brain region is critical for the generation and maintenance of fear response across many phylogenetic groups. The exposure to cues of predator presence activates neurons within the BLA. Hormones secreted during stressful episodes cause long-lasting structural changes in BLA neurons, causing facilitation of endocrine response during subsequent exposure to stressful episodes like later predator exposure. Some studies also suggest that BLA is involved in creating anticipatory defensive behavior in response to the expectation of change in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupshi Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Abstract
Cognitive impairments reported across psychiatric conditions (ie, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and posttraumatic stress disorder) strongly impair the quality of life of patients and the recovery of those conditions. There is therefore a great need for consideration for cognitive dysfunction in the management of psychiatric disorders. The redundant pattern of cognitive impairments across such conditions suggests possible shared mechanisms potentially leading to their development. Here, we review for the first time the possible role of inflammation in cognitive dysfunctions across psychiatric disorders. Raised inflammatory processes (microglia activation and elevated cytokine levels) across diagnoses could therefore disrupt neurobiological mechanisms regulating cognition, including Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity, neurogenesis, neurotrophic factor, the HPA axis, and the kynurenine pathway. This redundant association between elevated inflammation and cognitive alterations across psychiatric disorders hence suggests that a cross-disorder approach using pharmacological and nonpharmacological (ie, physical activity and nutrition) anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory strategies should be considered in the management of cognition in psychiatry.
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8
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Ehlinger DG, Commons KG. Cav1.2 L-type calcium channels regulate stress coping behavior via serotonin neurons. Neuropharmacology 2018; 144:282-290. [PMID: 30176250 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human genetic variation in the gene CACNA1C, which codes for the alpha-1c subunit of Cav1.2 L-type calcium channels (LTCCs), has been broadly associated with enhanced risk for neuropsychiatric disorders including major depression, bipolar and schizophrenia. Little is known about the specific neural circuits through which CACNA1C and Cav1.2 LTCCs impact disease etiology. However, serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission has been consistently implicated in these neuropsychiatric disorders and Cav1.2 LTCCs may influence 5-HT neuron activity during relevant behavioral states such as stress. We utilized a temporally controlled and 5-HT neuron specific Cacna1c knockout mouse model to assess stress-coping behavior using the forced swim test and dorsal raphe (DR) 5-HT neuron Fos activation. Furthermore, we assessed 5-HT1A receptor function and feedback inhibition of the DR following administration of the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635. We find that 5-HT neuron Cacna1c knockout disrupts active-coping behavior in the forced swim test and that this behavioral effect is rescued by blocking 5-HT1A receptors. Moreover, Cacna1c knockout mice display enhanced Fos expression in caudal DR 5-HT neurons and an enhanced response to a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist in rostral DR 5-HT neurons, indicating that loss of Cacna1c disrupts both 5-HT neuron activation and 5-HT1A dependent feedback inhibition across the caudal to rostral DR. Collectively, these results reveal an important role for 5-HT neuron Cav1.2 LTCCs in stress-coping behavior and 5-HT1A receptor function. This suggests that alterations in CACNA1C function or expression could influence the development or treatment of neuropsychiatric disorder through serotonergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Ehlinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kathryn G Commons
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Glucocorticoid receptors in the basolateral amygdala mediated the restraint stress-induced reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behaviors in rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 348:150-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Wilson MO, McNeill BA, Barrell GK, Prickett TCR, Espiner EA. Dexamethasone increases production of C-type natriuretic peptide in the sheep brain. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:15-25. [PMID: 28676526 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) has high abundance in brain tissues and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the source and possible factors regulating its secretion within the central nervous system (CNS) are unknown. Here we report the dynamic effects of a single IV bolus of dexamethasone or saline solution on plasma, CSF, CNS and pituitary tissue content of CNP products in adult sheep, along with changes in CNP gene expression in selected tissues. Both CNP and NTproCNP (the amino-terminal product of proCNP) in plasma and CSF showed dose-responsive increases lasting 12-16 h after dexamethasone, whereas other natriuretic peptides were unaffected. CNS tissue concentrations of CNP and NTproCNP were increased by dexamethasone in all of the 12 regions examined. Abundance was highest in limbic tissues, pons and medulla oblongata. Relative to controls, CNP gene expression (NPPC) was upregulated by dexamethasone in 5 of 7 brain tissues examined. Patterns of responses differed in pituitary tissue. Whereas the abundance of CNP in both lobes of the pituitary gland greatly exceeded that of brain tissues, neither CNP nor NTproCNP concentration was affected by dexamethasone, despite an increase in NPPC expression. This is the first report of enhanced production and secretion of CNP in brain tissues in response to a corticosteroid. Activation of CNP secretion within CNS tissues by dexamethasone, not exhibited by other natriuretic peptides, suggests an important role for CNP in settings of acute stress. Differential findings in pituitary tissues likely relate to altered processing of proCNP storage and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele O Wilson
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life SciencesLincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Bryony A McNeill
- Faculty of HealthSchool of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham K Barrell
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life SciencesLincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Eric A Espiner
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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11
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Stringfield SJ, Higginbotham JA, Wang R, Berger AL, McLaughlin RJ, Fuchs RA. Role of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated mechanisms in cocaine memory enhancement. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:349-358. [PMID: 28549664 PMCID: PMC5526334 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a critical site for the reconsolidation of labile contextual cocaine memories following retrieval-induced reactivation/destabilization. Here, we examined whether glucocorticoid receptors (GR), which are abundant in the BLA, mediate this phenomenon. Rats were trained to lever press for cocaine reinforcement in a distinct environmental context, followed by extinction training in a different context. Rats were then briefly exposed to the cocaine-paired context (to elicit memory reactivation and reconsolidation) or their home cages (no reactivation control). Exposure to the cocaine-paired context elicited greater serum corticosterone concentrations than home cage stay. Interestingly, the GR antagonist, mifepristone (3-10 ng/hemisphere), administered into the BLA after memory reactivation produced a further, dose-dependent increase in serum corticosterone concentrations during the putative time of cocaine-memory reconsolidation but produced an inverted U-shaped dose-effect curve on subsequent cocaine-seeking behavior 72 h later. This effect was anatomically selective, dependent on memory reactivation (i.e., not observed after home cage exposure), and did not reflect protracted hyperactivity. However, the effect was also observed when mifepristone was administered after novelty stress that mimics drug context-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation without explicit memory reactivation. Together, these findings suggest that, similar to explicit memory retrieval, a stressful event is sufficient to destabilize cocaine memories and permit their manipulation. Furthermore, BLA GR stimulation exerts inhibitory feedback upon HPA axis activation and thus suppresses cocaine-memory reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Stringfield
- Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J A Higginbotham
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - R Wang
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - A L Berger
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - R J McLaughlin
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - R A Fuchs
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA.
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12
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The role of glucocorticoids in emotional memory reconsolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:126-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Meir Drexler S, Wolf OT. Stress disrupts the reconsolidation of fear memories in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 77:95-104. [PMID: 28024275 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reconsolidation is a post-retrieval process of restabilization of the memory trace. Previous findings from our group suggest that cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone secreted in response to stress, enhances the reconsolidation of fear memories in healthy men. Cortisol effect was found to be very specific, enhancing only the fear memory that was reactivated (i.e. retrieved), but not the non-reactivated memory. In the current study we aimed to investigate the effects of psychosocial stress, a more ecologically valid intervention, on fear memory reconsolidation in men. Using a similar design, we expected stress induction to have comparable effects to those of cortisol intake. During the three testing days, the participants went through (1) fear acquisition, (2) stress induction and memory reactivation (or the corresponding control conditions), (3) fear extinction, reinstatement and reinstatement test. Salivary cortisol, blood pressure measures and subjective ratings confirmed the success of the stress induction. Skin conductance response, serving as a measure of conditioned fear, confirmed acquisition, fear retrieval, and extinction in all groups. In the three control groups (where either reactivation, stress, or both components were missing) reinstatement effects were seen as expected. Yet in contrast to the hypothesis, the target group (i.e. combining reactivation and stress) showed no reinstatement to any of the stimuli. Stress induction is thus suggested to have a general impairing effect on the reconsolidation of fear memories. The unique characteristic of the stress response and experience compared to a pharmacological intervention are proposed as possible explanations to the findings. This disruptive effect of stress on fear memory reconsolidation may have potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Meir Drexler
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum 44801, Germany.
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14
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Stringfield SJ, Higginbotham JA, Fuchs RA. Requisite Role of Basolateral Amygdala Glucocorticoid Receptor Stimulation in Drug Context-Induced Cocaine-Seeking Behavior. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw073. [PMID: 27521756 PMCID: PMC5203759 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to cocaine-associated stimuli triggers a robust rise in circulating glucocorticoid levels. Glucocorticoid receptors are richly expressed in the basolateral amygdala, a brain region that controls the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior upon exposure to a previously cocaine-paired environmental context. In the present study, we investigated whether glucocorticoid receptor stimulation in the basolateral amygdala is integral to drug context-induced motivation to seek cocaine in a rat model of drug relapse. METHODS Rats were trained to lever press for cocaine reinforcement in a distinct environmental context and were then given daily extinction training sessions in a different context. At test, the rats received bilateral glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (mifepristone; 3 or 10ng/hemisphere) or vehicle microinfusions into either the basolateral amygdala or the overlying posterior caudate-putamen (anatomical control region). Immediately thereafter, drug-seeking behavior (i.e., nonreinforced lever presses) was assessed in the previously cocaine-paired context and locomotor activity was assessed in a novel context. RESULTS Intra-basolateral amygdala, but not intra-posterior caudate-putamen, mifepristone dose-dependently attenuated drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior relative to vehicle, such that responding was similar to that observed in the extinction context. In contrast, mifepristone treatment did not alter locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that basolateral amygdala glucocorticoid receptor stimulation is necessary for drug context-induced motivation to seek cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra J Stringfield
- Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA (Ms Higginbotham and Dr Fuchs); Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (Ms Stringfield)
| | - Jessica A Higginbotham
- Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA (Ms Higginbotham and Dr Fuchs); Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (Ms Stringfield)
| | - Rita A Fuchs
- Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA (Ms Higginbotham and Dr Fuchs); Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (Ms Stringfield).
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15
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Limon A, Mamdani F, Hjelm BE, Vawter MP, Sequeira A. Targets of polyamine dysregulation in major depression and suicide: Activity-dependent feedback, excitability, and neurotransmission. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 66:80-91. [PMID: 27108532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide characterized by altered neuronal activity in brain regions involved in the control of stress and emotion. Although multiple lines of evidence suggest that altered stress-coping mechanisms underlie the etiology of MDD, the homeostatic control of neuronal excitability in MDD at the molecular level is not well established. In this review, we examine past and current evidence implicating dysregulation of the polyamine system as a central factor in the homeostatic response to stress and the etiology of MDD. We discuss the cellular effects of abnormal metabolism of polyamines in the context of their role in sensing and modulation of neuronal, electrical, and synaptic activity. Finally, we discuss evidence supporting an allostatic model of depression based on a chronic elevation in polyamine levels resulting in self-sustained stress response mechanisms maintained by maladaptive homeostatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agenor Limon
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
| | - Firoza Mamdani
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
| | - Brooke E Hjelm
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA.
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Bitencourt RM, Alpár A, Cinquina V, Ferreira SG, Pinheiro BS, Lemos C, Ledent C, Takahashi RN, Sialana FJ, Lubec G, Cunha RA, Harkany T, Köfalvi A. Lack of presynaptic interaction between glucocorticoid and CB1 cannabinoid receptors in GABA- and glutamatergic terminals in the frontal cortex of laboratory rodents. Neurochem Int 2015. [PMID: 26196379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroid and endocannabinoid actions converge on prefrontocortical circuits associated with neuropsychiatric illnesses. Corticosteroids can also modulate forebrain synapses by using endocannabinoid effector systems. Here, we determined whether corticosteroids can modulate transmitter release directly in the frontal cortex and, in doing so, whether they affect presynaptic CB1 cannabinoid receptor- (CB1R) mediated neuromodulation. By Western blotting of purified subcellular fractions of the rat frontal cortex, we found glucocorticoid receptors (GcRs) and CB1Rs enriched in isolated frontocortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes). CB1Rs were predominantly presynaptically located while GcRs showed preference for the post-synaptic fraction. Additional confocal microscopy analysis of cortical and hippocampal regions revealed vesicular GABA transporter-positive and vesicular glutamate transporter 1-positive nerve terminals endowed with CB1R immunoreactivity, apposing GcR-positive post-synaptic compartments. In functional transmitter release assay, corticosteroids, corticosterone (0.1-10 microM) and dexamethasone (0.1-10 microM) did not significantly affect the evoked release of [(3)H]GABA and [(14)C]glutamate in superfused synaptosomes, isolated from both rats and mice. In contrast, the synthetic cannabinoid, WIN55212-2 (1 microM) diminished the release of both [(3)H]GABA and [(14)C]glutamate, evoked with various depolarization paradigms. This effect of WIN55212-2 was abolished by the CB1R neutral antagonist, O-2050 (1 microM), and was absent in the CB1R KO mice. CB2R-selective agonists did not affect the release of either neurotransmitter. The lack of robust presynaptic neuromodulation by corticosteroids was unchanged upon either CB1R activation or genetic inactivation. Altogether, corticosteroids are unlikely to exert direct non-genomic presynaptic neuromodulation in the frontal cortex, but they may do so indirectly, via the stimulation of trans-synaptic endocannabinoid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Bitencourt
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Dept. Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Alán Alpár
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentina Cinquina
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; University of Insubria, Via Ravasi, 2, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Samira G Ferreira
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara S Pinheiro
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Lemos
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Reinaldo N Takahashi
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Dept. Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando J Sialana
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Science, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Attila Köfalvi
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal.
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17
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Erk S, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Schmierer P, Mohnke S, Grimm O, Garbusow M, Haddad L, Poehland L, Mühleisen TW, Witt SH, Tost H, Kirsch P, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Schott BH, Cichon S, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Heinz A, Walter H. Hippocampal and frontolimbic function as intermediate phenotype for psychosis: evidence from healthy relatives and a common risk variant in CACNA1C. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:466-75. [PMID: 24411473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in CACNA1C has consistently been associated with psychiatric disease in genome-wide association studies. We have previously shown that healthy carriers of the CACNA1C rs1006737 risk variant exhibit hippocampal and perigenual anterior cingulate (pgACC) dysfunction during episodic memory recall. To test whether this brain systems-level abnormality is a potential intermediate phenotype for psychiatric disorder, we studied unaffected relatives of patients with bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia. METHODS The study population comprised 188 healthy first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder (n=59), major depression (n=73), and schizophrenia (n=56) and 110 comparison subjects from our discovery study who were genotyped for rs1006737 and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing an episodic memory task and psychological testing. Group comparisons were analyzed using SPM8 and PASW Statistics 20. RESULTS Similar to risk allele carriers in the discovery sample, relatives of index patients exhibited hippocampal and pgACC dysfunction as well as increased scores in depression and anxiety measures, correlating negatively with hippocampal activation. Carrying the rs1006737 risk variant resulted in a stronger decrease of hippocampal and pgACC activation in relatives, indicating an additive effect of CACNA1C variation on familial risk. CONCLUSIONS Our findings implicate abnormal perigenual and hippocampal activation as a promising intermediate phenotype for psychiatric disease and suggest a pathophysiologic mechanism conferred by a CACNA1C variant being implicated in risk for symptom dimensions shared among bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Erk
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte.
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim
| | - Phöbe Schmierer
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin
| | - Sebastian Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim
| | - Maria Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte
| | - Leila Haddad
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim
| | - Lydia Poehland
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim
| | | | - Björn H Schott
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin; Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn
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18
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Batandier C, Poulet L, Hininger I, Couturier K, Fontaine E, Roussel AM, Canini F. Acute stress delays brain mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. J Neurochem 2014; 131:314-22. [PMID: 24989320 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since emotional stress elicits brain activation, mitochondria should be a key component of stressed brain response. However, few studies have focused on mitochondria functioning in these conditions. In this work, we aimed to determine the effects of an acute restraint stress on rat brain mitochondrial functions, with a focus on permeability transition pore (PTP) functioning. Rats were divided into two groups, submitted or not to an acute 30-min restraint stress (Stress, S-group, vs. Control, C-group). Brain was removed immediately after stress. Mitochondrial respiration and enzymatic activities (complex I, complex II, hexokinase) were measured. Changes in PTP opening were assessed by the Ca(2+) retention capacity. Cell signaling pathways relevant to the coupling between mitochondria and cell function (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, MAPK, and cGMP/NO) were measured. The effect of glucocorticoids was also assessed in vitro. Stress delayed (43%) the opening of PTP and resulted in a mild inhibition of complex I respiratory chain. This inhibition was associated with significant stress-induced changes in adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway without changes in brain cGMP level. In contrast, glucocorticoids did not modify PTP opening. These data suggest a rapid adaptive mechanism of brain mitochondria in stressed conditions, with a special focus on PTP regulation. In a rat model of acute restraint stress, we observed substantial changes in brain mitochondria functioning. Stress significantly (i) delays (43%) the opening of permeability transition pore (PTP) by the calcium (Ca(2+) ), its main inductor and (ii) results in an inhibition of complex I in electron transport chain associated with change in AMPK signaling pathway. These data suggest an adaptive mechanism of brain mitochondria in stressed condition, with a special focus on PTP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Batandier
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; U1055 - INSERM, Grenoble, France
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19
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Erk S, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Linden DE, Lancaster T, Mohnke S, Grimm O, Degenhardt F, Holmans P, Pocklington A, Schmierer P, Haddad L, Mühleisen TW, Mattheisen M, Witt SH, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Tost H, Schott BH, Cichon S, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Heinz A, Walter H. Replication of brain function effects of a genome-wide supported psychiatric risk variant in the CACNA1C gene and new multi-locus effects. Neuroimage 2014; 94:147-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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20
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Takeda A, Fujii H, Minamino T, Tamano H. Intracellular Zn(2+) signaling in cognition. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:819-24. [PMID: 24723300 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain zinc homeostasis is strictly controlled under healthy conditions, indicating the importance of zinc for physiological function in the brain. A part of zinc in the brain exists in the synaptic vesicles, is released from a subclass of glutamatergic neurons (i.e., zincergic neurons), and serves as a signal factor (Zn(2+) signal) in the intracellular (cytosol) compartment as well as in the extracellular compartment. Zn(2+) signaling is dynamically linked to glutamate signaling and may be involved in synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiaion and cognitive activity. In zincergic synapses, intracellular Zn(2+) signaling in the postsynaptic neurons, which is linked to Zn(2+) release from zincergic neuron terminals, plays a role in cognitive activity. When nonzincergic synapses participate in cognition, on the other hand, it is possible that intracellular Zn(2+) signaling, which is due mainly to Zn(2+) release from the internal stores and/or metallothioneins, also is involved in cognitive activity, because zinc-dependent system such as zinc-binding proteins is usually required for cognitive process. Intracellular Zn(2+) dynamics may be modified via an endocrine system activity, glucocorticoid secretion in both zincergic and nonzincergic neurons, which is linked to a long-lasting change in synaptic efficacy. On the basis of the evidence of cognitive decline caused by the lack and/or the blockade of synaptic Zn(2+) signaling, this article summarizes the involvement of intracellular Zn(2+) signaling in zincergic synapses in cognition and a hypothetical involvement of that in nonzincergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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21
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Handa RJ, Weiser MJ. Gonadal steroid hormones and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:197-220. [PMID: 24246855 PMCID: PMC5802971 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis represents a complex neuroendocrine feedback loop controlling the secretion of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones. Central to its function is the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) where neurons expressing corticotropin releasing factor reside. These HPA motor neurons are a primary site of integration leading to graded endocrine responses to physical and psychological stressors. An important regulatory factor that must be considered, prior to generating an appropriate response is the animal's reproductive status. Thus, PVN neurons express androgen and estrogen receptors and receive input from sites that also express these receptors. Consequently, changes in reproduction and gonadal steroid levels modulate the stress response and this underlies sex differences in HPA axis function. This review examines the make up of the HPA axis and hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and the interactions between the two that should be considered when exploring normal and pathological responses to environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Handa
- Department of Basic Medical Science, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States.
| | - Michael J Weiser
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Boulder, CO 80301, United States
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22
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McKlveen JM, Myers B, Flak JN, Bundzikova J, Solomon MB, Seroogy KB, Herman JP. Role of prefrontal cortex glucocorticoid receptors in stress and emotion. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:672-9. [PMID: 23683655 PMCID: PMC3797253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress-related disorders (e.g., depression) are associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis dysregulation and prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction, suggesting a functional link between aberrant prefrontal corticosteroid signaling and mood regulation. METHODS We used a virally mediated knockdown strategy (short hairpin RNA targeting the glucocorticoid receptor [GR]) to attenuate PFC GR signaling in the rat PFC. Adult male rats received bilateral microinjections of vector control or short hairpin RNA targeting the GR into the prelimbic (n = 44) or infralimbic (n = 52) cortices. Half of the animals from each injection group underwent chronic variable stress, and all were subjected to novel restraint. The first 2 days of chronic variable stress were used to assess depression- and anxiety-like behavior in the forced swim test and open field. RESULTS The GR knockdown confined to the infralimbic PFC caused acute stress hyper-responsiveness, sensitization of stress responses after chronic variable stress, and induced depression-like behavior (increased immobility in the forced swim test). Knockdown of GR in the neighboring prelimbic PFC increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis responses to acute stress and caused hyperlocomotion in the open field, but did not affect stress sensitization or helplessness behavior. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate a marked functional heterogeneity of glucocorticoid action in the PFC and highlight a prominent role for the infralimbic GR in appropriate stress adaptation, emotional control, and mood regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M McKlveen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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23
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Finsterwald C, Alberini CM. Stress and glucocorticoid receptor-dependent mechanisms in long-term memory: from adaptive responses to psychopathologies. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 112:17-29. [PMID: 24113652 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A proper response against stressors is critical for survival. In mammals, the stress response is primarily mediated by secretion of glucocorticoids via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and release of catecholamines through adrenergic neurotransmission. Activation of these pathways results in a quick physical response to the stress and, in adaptive conditions, mediates long-term changes in the brain that lead to the formation of long-term memories of the experience. These long-term memories are an essential adaptive mechanism that allows an animal to effectively face similar demands again. Indeed, a moderate stress level has a strong positive effect on memory and cognition, as a single arousing or moderately stressful event can be remembered for up to a lifetime. Conversely, exposure to extreme, traumatic, or chronic stress can have the opposite effect and cause memory loss, cognitive impairments, and stress-related psychopathologies such as anxiety disorders, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While more effort has been devoted to the understanding of the negative effects of chronic stress, much less has been done thus far on the identification of the mechanisms engaged in the brain when stress promotes long-term memory formation. Understanding these mechanisms will provide critical information for use in ameliorating memory processes in both normal and pathological conditions. Here, we will review the role of glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in memory formation and modulation. Furthermore, we will discuss recent findings on the molecular cascade of events underlying the effect of GR activation in adaptive levels of stress that leads to strong, long-lasting memories. Our recent data indicate that the positive effects of GR activation on memory consolidation critically engage the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway. We propose and will discuss the hypothesis that stress promotes the formation of strong long-term memories because the activation of hippocampal GRs after learning is coupled to the recruitment of the growth and pro-survival BDNF/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway, which is well-know to be a general mechanism required for long-term memory formation. We will then speculate about how these results may explain the negative effects of traumatic or chronic stress on memory and cognitive functions.
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24
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Bali A, Gupta S, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Implicating the role of plasma membrane localized calcium channels and exchangers in stress-induced deleterious effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:229-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Joëls M, Pasricha N, Karst H. The interplay between rapid and slow corticosteroid actions in brain. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719:44-52. [PMID: 23886619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Stress causes the release of many transmitters and hormones, including corticosteroids. These molecules enter the brain and exert their effects through the mineralo- and glucocorticoid receptor. The former receptor plays an important role in neuronal stability. However, it also mediates rapid non-genomic corticosteroid effects that in synergy with other stress mediators activate limbic cells and promote behavioral choices allowing the organism to quickly respond to the imminent danger. Glucocorticoid receptors primarily mediate slow genomic effects, for instance in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, which are thought to contribute to contextual and higher cognitive aspects of behavioral performance several hours after stress. Rapid and slow effects interact and collectively contribute to successful behavioral adaptation. Long-term disturbances in the release pattern of corticosteroid hormones and in the responsiveness of their receptors give rise to structural and functional changes in neuronal properties which may contribute to the expression of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Joëls
- Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Natasha Pasricha
- Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Karst
- Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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26
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Jeanneteau F, Chao MV. Are BDNF and glucocorticoid activities calibrated? Neuroscience 2013; 239:173-95. [PMID: 23022538 PMCID: PMC3581703 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One hypothesis to account for the onset and severity of neurological disorders is the loss of trophic support. Indeed, changes in the levels and activities of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) occur in numerous neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. A deficit promotes vulnerability whereas a gain of function facilitates recovery by enhancing survival, synapse formation and synaptic plasticity. Implementation of 'BDNF therapies', however, faces numerous methodological and pharmacokinetic issues. Identifying BDNF mimetics that activate the BDNF receptor or downstream targets of BDNF signaling represent an alternative approach. One mechanism that shows great promise is to study the interplay of BDNF and glucocorticoid hormones, a major class of natural steroid secreted during stress reactions and in synchrony with circadian rhythms. While small amounts of glucocorticoids support normal brain function, excess stimulation by these steroid hormones precipitates stress-related affective disorders. To date, however, because of the paucity of knowledge of underlying cellular mechanisms, deleterious effects of glucocorticoids are not prevented following extreme stress. In the present review, we will discuss the complementary roles shared by BDNF and glucocorticoids in synaptic plasticity, and delineate possible signaling mechanisms mediating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jeanneteau
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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27
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Good P. Does infectious fever relieve autistic behavior by releasing glutamine from skeletal muscles as provisional fuel? Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Toescu EC, Dayanithi G. Neuroendocrine signalling: natural variations on a Ca2+ theme. Cell Calcium 2012; 51:207-11. [PMID: 22385835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This special issue on Ca(2+) signalling in neuroendocrine cells is an opportunity to assess, through a range of first-class review articles, the complex world of endocrine signalling, a complexity that is probably best captured by calling it "diversity in unity". The unity comes from the fact that all the endocrine cells are excitable cells, able to generate action potentials and are using Ca(2+) as an essential informational molecule, coupling cell stimulation with the activation of secretion, through the exocytotic process. The 'diversity' element, illustrated by almost all the reviews, stems from the modalities employed to achieve the increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) signal, the balance between the participation of Ca(2+) entry through the plasma membrane voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels and the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular Ca(2+) stores, and the cross-talk between the Ca(2+) and cyclic AMP signalling pathways.
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