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Liu X, Huan P, Liu B. The small GTPase Cdc42 regulates shell field morphogenesis in a gastropod mollusk. Dev Biol 2024; 515:7-17. [PMID: 38942110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
In most mollusks (conchiferans), the early tissue responsible for shell development, namely, the shell field, shows a common process of invagination during morphogenesis. Moreover, lines of evidence indicated that shell field invagination is not an independent event, but an integrated output reflecting the overall state of shell field morphogenesis. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of this conserved process remain largely unknown. We previously found that actomyosin networks (regularly organized filamentous actin (F-actin) and myosin) may play essential roles in this process by revealing the evident aggregation of F-actin in the invaginated region and demonstrating that nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) is required for invagination in the gastropod Lottia peitaihoensis (= Lottia goshimai). Here, we investigated the roles of the Rho family of small GTPases (RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42) to explore the upstream regulators of actomyosin networks. Functional assays using small molecule inhibitors suggested that Cdc42 modulates key events of shell field morphogenesis, including invagination and cell rearrangements, while the roles of RhoA and Rac1 may be nonspecific or negligible. Further investigations revealed that the Cdc42 protein was concentrated on the apical side of shell field cells and colocalized with F-actin aggregation. The aggregation of these two molecules could be prevented by treatment with Cdc42 inhibitors. These findings suggest a possible regulatory cascade of shell field morphogenesis in which Cdc42 recruits F-actin (actomyosin networks) on the apical side of shell field cells, which then generates resultant mechanical forces that mediate correct shell field morphogenesis (cell shape changes, invagination and cell rearrangement). Our results emphasize the roles of the cytoskeleton in early shell development and provide new insights into molluscan shell evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pin Huan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Baozhong Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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2
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Gillard G, Röper K. β-H-Spectrin is a key component of an apical-medial hub of proteins during cell wedging in tube morphogenesis. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261946. [PMID: 38988298 PMCID: PMC11361641 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Coordinated cell shape changes are a major driver of tissue morphogenesis, with apical constriction of epithelial cells leading to tissue bending. We previously identified that interplay between the apical-medial actomyosin, which drives apical constriction, and the underlying longitudinal microtubule array has a key role during tube budding of salivary glands in the Drosophila embryo. At this microtubule-actomyosin interface, a hub of proteins accumulates, and we have shown before that this hub includes the microtubule-actin crosslinker Shot and the microtubule minus-end-binding protein Patronin. Here, we identify two actin-crosslinkers, β-heavy (H)-Spectrin (also known as Karst) and Filamin (also known as Cheerio), and the multi-PDZ-domain protein Big bang as components of the protein hub. We show that tissue-specific degradation of β-H-Spectrin leads to reduction of apical-medial F-actin, Shot, Patronin and Big bang, as well as concomitant defects in apical constriction, but that residual Patronin is still sufficient to assist microtubule reorganisation. We find that, unlike Patronin and Shot, neither β-H-Spectrin nor Big bang require microtubules for their localisation. β-H-Spectrin is instead recruited via binding to apical-medial phosphoinositides, and overexpression of the C-terminal pleckstrin homology domain-containing region of β-H-Spectrin (β-H-33) displaces endogenous β-H-Spectrin and leads to strong morphogenetic defects. This protein hub therefore requires the synergy and coincidence of membrane- and microtubule-associated components for its assembly and function in sustaining apical constriction during tubulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislain Gillard
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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3
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Malin J, Rosa-Birriel C, Hatini V. Pten, PI3K, and PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 dynamics control pulsatile actin branching in Drosophila retina morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1593-1608.e6. [PMID: 38640926 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial remodeling of the Drosophila retina depends on the pulsatile contraction and expansion of apical contacts between the cells that form its hexagonal lattice. Phosphoinositide PI(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) accumulates around tricellular adherens junctions (tAJs) during contact expansion and dissipates during contraction, but with unknown function. Here, we found that manipulations of Pten or PI3-kinase (PI3K) that either decreased or increased PIP3 resulted in shortened contacts and a disordered lattice, indicating a requirement for PIP3 dynamics and turnover. These phenotypes are caused by a loss of branched actin, resulting from impaired activity of the Rac1 Rho GTPase and the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). We additionally found that during contact expansion, PI3K moves into tAJs to promote the cyclical increase of PIP3 in a spatially and temporally precise manner. Thus, dynamic control of PIP3 by Pten and PI3K governs the protrusive phase of junctional remodeling, which is essential for planar epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Malin
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Christian Rosa-Birriel
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Victor Hatini
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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4
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Packer J, Gubieda AG, Brooks A, Deutz LN, Squires I, Ellison S, Schneider C, Naganathan SR, Wollman AJ, Dickinson DJ, Rodriguez J. Atypical Protein Kinase C Promotes its own Asymmetric Localisation by Phosphorylating Cdc42 in the C. elegans zygote. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.27.563985. [PMID: 38009101 PMCID: PMC10675845 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.27.563985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) is a major regulator of cell polarity. Acting in conjunction with Par6, Par3 and the small GTPase Cdc42, aPKC becomes asymmetrically localised and drives the polarisation of cells. aPKC activity is crucial for its own asymmetric localisation, suggesting a hitherto unknown feedback mechanism contributing to polarisation. Here we show in the C. elegans zygote that the feedback relies on aPKC phosphorylation of Cdc42 at serine 71. The turnover of CDC-42 phosphorylation ensures optimal aPKC asymmetry and activity throughout polarisation by tuning Par6/aPKC association with Par3 and Cdc42. Moreover, turnover of Cdc42 phosphorylation regulates actomyosin cortex dynamics that are known to drive aPKC asymmetry. Given the widespread role of aPKC and Cdc42 in cell polarity, this form of self-regulation of aPKC may be vital for the robust control of polarisation in many cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Packer
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Alicia G. Gubieda
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Aaron Brooks
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Lars N. Deutz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Iolo Squires
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- These authors contributed equally
| | | | | | - Sundar Ram Naganathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Adam J.M. Wollman
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel J. Dickinson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Josana Rodriguez
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Lead contact
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5
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Gamblin CL, Alende C, Corriveau F, Jetté A, Parent-Prévost F, Biehler C, Majeau N, Laurin M, Laprise P. The polarity protein Yurt associates with the plasma membrane via basic and hydrophobic motifs embedded in its FERM domain. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261691. [PMID: 38682269 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The subcellular distribution of the polarity protein Yurt (Yrt) is subjected to a spatio-temporal regulation in Drosophila melanogaster embryonic epithelia. After cellularization, Yrt binds to the lateral membrane of ectodermal cells and maintains this localization throughout embryogenesis. During terminal differentiation of the epidermis, Yrt accumulates at septate junctions and is also recruited to the apical domain. Although the mechanisms through which Yrt associates with septate junctions and the apical domain have been deciphered, how Yrt binds to the lateral membrane remains as an outstanding puzzle. Here, we show that the FERM domain of Yrt is necessary and sufficient for membrane localization. Our data also establish that the FERM domain of Yrt directly binds negatively charged phospholipids. Moreover, we demonstrate that positively charged amino acid motifs embedded within the FERM domain mediates Yrt membrane association. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that Yrt membrane association is functionally important. Overall, our study highlights the molecular basis of how Yrt associates with the lateral membrane during the developmental time window where it is required for segregation of lateral and apical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence L Gamblin
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Quebec City, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
- axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-UL, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Charles Alende
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Quebec City, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
- axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-UL, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - François Corriveau
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Quebec City, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
- axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-UL, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Alexandra Jetté
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Quebec City, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
- axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-UL, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Frédérique Parent-Prévost
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Quebec City, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
- axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-UL, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Cornélia Biehler
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Quebec City, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
- axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-UL, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Nathalie Majeau
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Quebec City, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
- axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-UL, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Mélanie Laurin
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Quebec City, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
- axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-UL, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
- Département de biologie moléculaire, de biochimie médicale et de pathologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Patrick Laprise
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Quebec City, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
- axe Oncologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-UL, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
- Département de biologie moléculaire, de biochimie médicale et de pathologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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6
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Yonesi A, Tomihara K, Takatsuka D, Tachinami H, Yamazaki M, Jadidi ARY, Takaichi M, Imaue S, Fujiwara K, Yamada SI, Tanuma JI, Noguchi M. Rapamycin Induces Phenotypic Alterations in Oral Cancer Cells That May Facilitate Antitumor T Cell Responses. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1078. [PMID: 38791040 PMCID: PMC11117524 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the antitumor immunomodulatory effects of rapamycin in oral cancer. STUDY DESIGN We examined the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of cancer cells and investigated the cell surface expression levels of immune accessory molecules and T cell immune responses in vitro. We investigated the effect of in vivo administration of rapamycin on immune cell distribution and T cell immune responses in oral tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS Rapamycin treatment significantly inhibited OSCC cell proliferation and migration, increased apoptotic cell death, and upregulated cell surface expression of several immune accessory and adhesion molecules, including CD40, CD83, PD-L1, PD-L2, MHC class I, P-selectin, and VCAM-1. These cancer cells augmented T cell proliferation. In vivo rapamycin administration significantly attenuated mouse tumor growth with an increased proportion of immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and dendritic cells (DCs); decreased the proportion of immune suppressive cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells; enhanced DC maturation and upregulated the surface expression of CD40, CD86, and ICAM-1. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the therapeutic effect of mTOR inhibition in oral cancer can cause direct antitumor and immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirmoezz Yonesi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan (A.R.Y.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Kei Tomihara
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Danki Takatsuka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan (A.R.Y.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Hidetake Tachinami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan (A.R.Y.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Manabu Yamazaki
- Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan (J.-I.T.)
| | - Amir Reza Younesi Jadidi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan (A.R.Y.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Mayu Takaichi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan (A.R.Y.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Shuichi Imaue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan (A.R.Y.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Kumiko Fujiwara
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan;
| | - Shin-Ichi Yamada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan (A.R.Y.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Jun-Ichi Tanuma
- Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan (J.-I.T.)
| | - Makoto Noguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan (A.R.Y.J.); (M.N.)
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7
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Hagelaars MJ, Nikolic M, Vermeulen M, Dekker S, Bouten CVC, Loerakker S. A computational analysis of the role of integrins and Rho-GTPases in the emergence and disruption of apical-basal polarization in renal epithelial cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012140. [PMID: 38768266 PMCID: PMC11142725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Apical-basal polarization in renal epithelial cells is crucial to renal function and an important trigger for tubule formation in kidney development. Loss of polarity can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which can lead to kidney pathologies. Understanding the relative and combined roles of the involved proteins and their interactions that govern epithelial polarity may provide insights for controlling the process of polarization via chemical or mechanical manipulations in an in vitro or in vivo setting. Here, we developed a computational framework that integrates several known interactions between integrins, Rho-GTPases Rho, Rac and Cdc42, and polarity complexes Par and Scribble, to study their mutual roles in the emergence of polarization. The modeled protein interactions were shown to induce the emergence of polarized distributions of Rho-GTPases, which in turn led to the accumulation of apical and basal polarity complexes Par and Scribble at their respective poles, effectively recapitulating polarization. Our multiparametric sensitivity analysis suggested that polarization depends foremost on the mutual inhibition between Rac and Rho. Next, we used the computational framework to investigate the role of integrins and GTPases in the generation and disruption of polarization. We found that a minimum concentration of integrins is required to catalyze the process of polarization. Furthermore, loss of polarization was found to be only inducible via complete degradation of the Rho-GTPases Rho and Cdc42, suggesting that polarization is fairly stable once it is established. Comparison of our computational predictions against data from in vitro experiments in which we induced EMT in renal epithelial cells while quantifying the relative Rho-GTPase levels, displayed that EMT coincides with a large reduction in the Rho-GTPase Rho. Collectively, these results demonstrate the essential roles of integrins and Rho-GTPases in the establishment and disruption of apical-basal polarity and thereby provide handles for the in vitro or in vivo regulation of polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Hagelaars
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Milica Nikolic
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maud Vermeulen
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Dekker
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V. C. Bouten
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Loerakker
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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8
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Su Q, Zhang J, Lin W, Zhang JF, Newton AC, Mehta S, Yang J, Zhang J. Sensitive Fluorescent Biosensor Reveals Differential Subcellular Regulation of PKC. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.29.587373. [PMID: 38586003 PMCID: PMC10996667 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.29.587373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases, which consist of three distinctly regulated subfamilies, have long been established as critical for a variety of cellular functions. However, how PKC enzymes are regulated at different subcellular locations, particularly at emerging signaling hubs such as the ER, lysosome, and Par signaling complexes, is unclear. Here, we present a sensitive Excitation Ratiometric (ExRai) C Kinase Activity Reporter (ExRai-CKAR2) that enables the detection of minute changes in subcellular PKC activity. Using ExRai-CKAR2 in conjunction with an enhanced diacylglycerol (DAG) biosensor capable of detecting intracellular DAG dynamics, we uncover the differential regulation of PKC isoforms at distinct subcellular locations. We find that G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) stimulation triggers sustained PKC activity at the ER and lysosomes, primarily mediated by Ca2+ sensitive conventional PKC (cPKC) and novel PKC (nPKC), respectively, with nPKC showing high basal activity due to elevated basal DAG levels on lysosome membranes. The high sensitivity of ExRai-CKAR2, targeted to either the cytosol or Par-complexes, further enabled us to detect previously inaccessible endogenous atypical PKC (aPKC) activity in 3D organoids. Taken together, ExRai-CKAR2 is a powerful tool for interrogating PKC regulation in response to physiological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin-Fan Zhang
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sohum Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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9
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Pasquier N, Jaulin F, Peglion F. Inverted apicobasal polarity in health and disease. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261659. [PMID: 38465512 PMCID: PMC10984280 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Apicobasal epithelial polarity controls the functional properties of most organs. Thus, there has been extensive research on the molecular intricacies governing the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. Whereas loss of apicobasal polarity is a well-documented phenomenon associated with multiple diseases, less is known regarding another type of apicobasal polarity alteration - the inversion of polarity. In this Review, we provide a unifying definition of inverted polarity and discuss multiple scenarios in mammalian systems and human health and disease in which apical and basolateral membrane domains are interchanged. This includes mammalian embryo implantation, monogenic diseases and dissemination of cancer cell clusters. For each example, the functional consequences of polarity inversion are assessed, revealing shared outcomes, including modifications in immune surveillance, altered drug sensitivity and changes in adhesions to neighboring cells. Finally, we highlight the molecular alterations associated with inverted apicobasal polarity and provide a molecular framework to connect these changes with the core cell polarity machinery and to explain roles of polarity inversion in health and disease. Based on the current state of the field, failure to respond to extracellular matrix (ECM) cues, increased cellular contractility and membrane trafficking defects are likely to account for most cases of inverted apicobasal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pasquier
- Collective Invasion Team, Inserm U-1279, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif F-94805, France
- Cell Adhesion and Cancer lab, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Fanny Jaulin
- Collective Invasion Team, Inserm U-1279, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif F-94805, France
| | - Florent Peglion
- Collective Invasion Team, Inserm U-1279, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif F-94805, France
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10
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Gerke V, Gavins FNE, Geisow M, Grewal T, Jaiswal JK, Nylandsted J, Rescher U. Annexins-a family of proteins with distinctive tastes for cell signaling and membrane dynamics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1574. [PMID: 38383560 PMCID: PMC10882027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Annexins are cytosolic proteins with conserved three-dimensional structures that bind acidic phospholipids in cellular membranes at elevated Ca2+ levels. Through this they act as Ca2+-regulated membrane binding modules that organize membrane lipids, facilitating cellular membrane transport but also displaying extracellular activities. Recent discoveries highlight annexins as sensors and regulators of cellular and organismal stress, controlling inflammatory reactions in mammals, environmental stress in plants, and cellular responses to plasma membrane rupture. Here, we describe the role of annexins as Ca2+-regulated membrane binding modules that sense and respond to cellular stress and share our view on future research directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, Münster, Germany.
| | - Felicity N E Gavins
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation Research and Translational Medicine (CIRTM), Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Michael Geisow
- The National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
- Delta Biotechnology Ltd, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Research and Innovation Campus, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jesper Nylandsted
- Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 21-25, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Research Group Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, Münster, Germany.
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11
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Ninomiya K, Ohta K, Kawasaki U, Chiba S, Inoue T, Kuranaga E, Ohashi K, Mizuno K. Calcium influx promotes PLEKHG4B localization to cell-cell junctions and regulates the integrity of junctional actin filaments. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar24. [PMID: 38088892 PMCID: PMC10881155 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-05-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
PLEKHG4B is a Cdc42-targeting guanine-nucleotide exchange factor implicated in forming epithelial cell-cell junctions. Here we explored the mechanism regulating PLEKHG4B localization. PLEKHG4B localized to the basal membrane in normal Ca2+ medium but accumulated at cell-cell junctions upon ionomycin treatment. Ionomycin-induced junctional localization of PLEKHG4B was suppressed upon disrupting its annexin-A2 (ANXA2)-binding ability. Thus, Ca2+ influx and ANXA2 binding are crucial for PLEKHG4B localization to cell-cell junctions. Treatments with low Ca2+ or BAPTA-AM (an intracellular Ca2+ chelator) suppressed PLEKHG4B localization to the basal membrane. Mutations of the phosphoinositide-binding motif in the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of PLEKHG4B or masking of membrane phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] suppressed PLEKHG4B localization to the basal membrane, indicating that basal membrane localization of PLEKHG4B requires suitable intracellular Ca2+ levels and PI(4,5)P2 binding of the PH domain. Activation of mechanosensitive ion channels (MSCs) promoted PLEKHG4B localization to cell-cell junctions, and their inhibition suppressed it. Moreover, similar to the PLEKHG4B knockdown phenotypes, inhibition of MSCs or treatment with BAPTA-AM disturbed the integrity of actin filaments at cell-cell junctions. Taken together, our results suggest that Ca2+ influx plays crucial roles in PLEKHG4B localization to cell-cell junctions and the integrity of junctional actin organization, with MSCs contributing to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komaki Ninomiya
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kai Ohta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ukyo Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shuhei Chiba
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606‑8304, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ohashi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kensaku Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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12
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Tibarewal P, Spinelli L, Maccario H, Leslie NR. Proteomic and yeast 2-hybrid screens to identify PTEN binding partners. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 91:100989. [PMID: 37839992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
PTEN is a phosphoinositide lipid phosphatase and an important tumour suppressor protein. PTEN function is reduced or lost in around a third of all human cancers through diverse mechanisms, from gene deletion to changes in the function of proteins which regulate PTEN through direct protein binding. Here we present data from SILAC (Stable Isotope Labelling by Amino acids in Cell culture) proteomic screens to identify proteins which bind to PTEN. These experiments using untransformed epithelial cells and glioma cells identified several novel candidate proteins in addition to many previously identified PTEN binding partners and many proteins which are recognised as common false positives using these methods. From subsequent co-expression pull-down experiments we provide further evidence supporting the physical interaction of PTEN with MMP1, Myosin 18A and SHROOM3. We also performed yeast two-hybrid screens which identify the previously recognised PTEN binding partner MSP58 in addition to the nuclear import export receptor TNPO3. These experiments identify several novel candidate binding partners of PTEN and provide further data addressing the set of proteins that interact with this important tumour suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Tibarewal
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; UCL Cancer Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Spinelli
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Helene Maccario
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, UK
| | - Nick R Leslie
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
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13
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Cobbaut M, Parker PJ, McDonald NQ. Into the fold: advances in understanding aPKC membrane dynamics. Biochem J 2023; 480:2037-2044. [PMID: 38100320 PMCID: PMC10754278 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase Cs (aPKCs) are part of the PKC family of protein kinases and are atypical because they don't respond to the canonical PKC activators diacylglycerol (DAG) and Ca2+. They are central to the organization of polarized cells and are deregulated in several cancers. aPKC recruitment to the plasma membrane compartment is crucial to their encounter with substrates associated with polarizing functions. However, in contrast with other PKCs, the mechanism by which atypical PKCs are recruited there has remained elusive until recently. Here, we bring aPKC into the fold, summarizing recent reports on the direct recruitment of aPKC to membranes, providing insight into seemingly discrepant findings and integrating them with existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J. Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, U.K
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - Neil Q. McDonald
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, U.K
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, U.K
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14
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Fowler EW, Witt RL, Jia X. Basement Membrane Mimetic Hydrogel Cooperates with Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Inhibitor to Promote the Development of Acini-Like Salivary Gland Spheroids. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2023; 3:2300088. [PMID: 38645834 PMCID: PMC11031203 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202300088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful engineering of functional salivary glands necessitates the creation of cell-instructive environments for ex vivo expansion and lineage specification of primary human salivary gland stem cells (hS/PCs). Herein, basement membrane mimetic hydrogels were prepared using hyaluronic acid, cell adhesive peptides, and hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG), with or without sulfate groups, to produce "hyperGel+" or "hyperGel", respectively. Differential scanning fluorescence experiments confirmed the ability of the sulphated HPG precursor to stabilize fibroblast growth factor 10. The hydrogels were nanoporous, cytocompatibile and cell-permissive, enabling the development of multicellular hS/PC spheroids in 14 days. Incorporation of sulfated HPG species in the hydrogel enhanced cell proliferation. Culture of hS/PCs in hyperGel+ in the presence of a Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632 (Y-27), led to the development of spheroids with a central lumen, increased the expression of acinar marker aquaporin-3 at the transcript level (AQP3), and decreased the expression of ductal marker keratin 7 at both the transcript (KRT7) and the protein levels (K7). Reduced expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) targets SMAD2/3 was also observed in Y27-treated cultures, suggesting attenuation of TGF-β signaling. Thus, hyperGel+ cooperates with the ROCK inhibitor to promote the development of lumened spheroids with enhanced expression of acinar markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Fowler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Robert L. Witt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care, Newark, Delaware, 19713, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA
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15
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Ertay A, Ewing RM, Wang Y. Synthetic lethal approaches to target cancers with loss of PTEN function. Genes Dis 2023; 10:2511-2527. [PMID: 37533462 PMCID: PMC7614861 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumour suppressor gene and has a role in inhibiting the oncogenic AKT signalling pathway by dephosphorylating phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) into phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). The function of PTEN is regulated by different mechanisms and inactive PTEN results in aggressive tumour phenotype and tumorigenesis. Identifying targeted therapies for inactive tumour suppressor genes such as PTEN has been challenging as it is difficult to restore the tumour suppressor functions. Therefore, focusing on the downstream signalling pathways to discover a targeted therapy for inactive tumour suppressor genes has highlighted the importance of synthetic lethality studies. This review focuses on the potential synthetic lethality genes discovered in PTEN-inactive cancer types. These discovered genes could be potential targeted therapies for PTEN-inactive cancer types and may improve the treatment response rates for aggressive types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Ertay
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Rob M. Ewing
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Yihua Wang
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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16
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Tomasin R, Rodrigues AM, Manucci AC, Bruni-Cardoso A. A molecular landscape of quiescence and proliferation highlights the role of Pten in mammary gland acinogenesis. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261178. [PMID: 37712332 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell context is key for cell state. Using physiologically relevant models of laminin-rich extracellular matrix (lrECM) induction of mammary epithelial cell quiescence and differentiation, we provide a landscape of the key molecules for the proliferation-quiescence decision, identifying multiple layers of regulation at the mRNA and protein levels. Quiescence occurred despite activity of Fak (also known as PTK2), Src and phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), suggesting the existence of a disconnecting node between upstream and downstream proliferative signalling. Pten, a lipid and protein phosphatase, fulfils this role, because its inhibition increased proliferation and restored signalling via the Akt, mTORC1, mTORC2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Pten and laminin levels were positively correlated in developing murine mammary epithelia, and Pten localized apicolaterally in luminal cells in ducts and near the nascent lumen in terminal end buds. Consistently, in three-dimensional acinogenesis models, Pten was required for triggering and sustaining quiescence, polarity and architecture. The multilayered regulatory circuitry that we uncovered provides an explanation for the robustness of quiescence within a growth-suppressive microenvironment, which could nonetheless be disrupted by perturbations in master regulators such as Pten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Tomasin
- E-signal lab, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Rodrigues
- E-signal lab, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Manucci
- E-signal lab, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Bruni-Cardoso
- E-signal lab, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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17
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Thapa N, Wen T, Cryns VL, Anderson RA. Regulation of Cell Adhesion and Migration via Microtubule Cytoskeleton Organization, Cell Polarity, and Phosphoinositide Signaling. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1430. [PMID: 37892112 PMCID: PMC10604632 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity for cancer cells to metastasize to distant organs depends on their ability to execute the carefully choreographed processes of cell adhesion and migration. As most human cancers are of epithelial origin (carcinoma), the transcriptional downregulation of adherent/tight junction proteins (e.g., E-cadherin, Claudin and Occludin) with the concomitant gain of adhesive and migratory phenotypes has been extensively studied. Most research and reviews on cell adhesion and migration focus on the actin cytoskeleton and its reorganization. However, metastasizing cancer cells undergo the extensive reorganization of their cytoskeletal system, specifically in originating/nucleation sites of microtubules and their orientation (e.g., from non-centrosomal to centrosomal microtubule organizing centers). The precise mechanisms by which the spatial and temporal reorganization of microtubules are linked functionally with the acquisition of an adhesive and migratory phenotype as epithelial cells reversibly transition into mesenchymal cells during metastasis remains poorly understood. In this Special Issue of "Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Cell Adhesion and Migration", we highlight cell adhesion and migration from the perspectives of microtubule cytoskeletal reorganization, cell polarity and phosphoinositide signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Thapa
- The Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.W.); (V.L.C.)
| | - Tianmu Wen
- The Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.W.); (V.L.C.)
| | - Vincent L. Cryns
- The Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.W.); (V.L.C.)
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- The Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.W.); (V.L.C.)
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18
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Nikolatou K, Sandilands E, Román‐Fernández A, Cumming EM, Freckmann E, Lilla S, Buetow L, McGarry L, Neilson M, Shaw R, Strachan D, Miller C, Huang DT, McNeish IA, Norman JC, Zanivan S, Bryant DM. PTEN deficiency exposes a requirement for an ARF GTPase module for integrin-dependent invasion in ovarian cancer. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113987. [PMID: 37577760 PMCID: PMC10505920 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway is a common occurrence in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC), with the loss of the tumour suppressor PTEN in HGSOC being associated with poor prognosis. The cellular mechanisms of how PTEN loss contributes to HGSOC are largely unknown. We here utilise time-lapse imaging of HGSOC spheroids coupled to a machine learning approach to classify the phenotype of PTEN loss. PTEN deficiency induces PI(3,4,5)P3 -rich and -dependent membrane protrusions into the extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in a collective invasion phenotype. We identify the small GTPase ARF6 as a crucial vulnerability of HGSOC cells upon PTEN loss. Through a functional proteomic CRISPR screen of ARF6 interactors, we identify the ARF GTPase-activating protein (GAP) AGAP1 and the ECM receptor β1-integrin (ITGB1) as key ARF6 interactors in HGSOC regulating PTEN loss-associated invasion. ARF6 functions to promote invasion by controlling the recycling of internalised, active β1-integrin to maintain invasive activity into the ECM. The expression of the CYTH2-ARF6-AGAP1 complex in HGSOC patients is inversely associated with outcome, allowing the identification of patient groups with improved versus poor outcome. ARF6 may represent a therapeutic vulnerability in PTEN-depleted HGSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Nikolatou
- School of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- The CRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Emma Sandilands
- School of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- The CRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Alvaro Román‐Fernández
- School of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- The CRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Erin M Cumming
- School of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- The CRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Eva Freckmann
- School of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- The CRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Danny T Huang
- School of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- The CRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Iain A McNeish
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research CentreImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - James C Norman
- School of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- The CRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Sara Zanivan
- School of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- The CRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - David M Bryant
- School of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- The CRUK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
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19
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Nikolatou K, Bryant DM, Sandilands E. The ARF GTPase regulatory network in collective invasion and metastasis. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1559-1569. [PMID: 37622523 PMCID: PMC10586773 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability to remodel and move cellular membranes, and the cargoes regulated by these membranes, allows for specialised functions to occur in distinct regions of the cell in a process known as cellular polarisation. The ability to collectively co-ordinate such polarisation between cells allows for the genesis of multicellularity, such as the formation of organs. During tumourigenesis, the rules for such tissue polarisation become dysregulated, allowing for collective polarity rearrangements that can drive metastasis. In this review, we focus on how membrane trafficking underpins collective cell invasion and metastasis in cancer. We examine this through the lens of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) subfamily of small GTPases, focusing on how the ARF regulatory network - ARF activators, inactivators, effectors, and modifications - controls ARF GTPase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Nikolatou
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1HQ, U.K
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K
| | - David M. Bryant
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1HQ, U.K
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K
| | - Emma Sandilands
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1HQ, U.K
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K
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20
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Camacho-Gomez D, Sorzabal-Bellido I, Ortiz-de-Solorzano C, Garcia-Aznar JM, Gomez-Benito MJ. A hybrid physics-based and data-driven framework for cellular biological systems: Application to the morphogenesis of organoids. iScience 2023; 26:107164. [PMID: 37485358 PMCID: PMC10359941 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
How cells orchestrate their cellular functions remains a crucial question to unravel how they organize in different patterns. We present a framework based on artificial intelligence to advance the understanding of how cell functions are coordinated spatially and temporally in biological systems. It consists of a hybrid physics-based model that integrates both mechanical interactions and cell functions with a data-driven model that regulates the cellular decision-making process through a deep learning algorithm trained on image data metrics. To illustrate our approach, we used data from 3D cultures of murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (PDAC) grown in Matrigel as tumor organoids. Our approach allowed us to find the underlying principles through which cells activate different cell processes to self-organize in different patterns according to the specific microenvironmental conditions. The framework proposed here expands the tools for simulating biological systems at the cellular level, providing a novel perspective to unravel morphogenetic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Camacho-Gomez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ioritz Sorzabal-Bellido
- Solid Tumors and Biomarkers Program, IDISNA, and CIBERONC, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Ortiz-de-Solorzano
- Solid Tumors and Biomarkers Program, IDISNA, and CIBERONC, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Aznar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Gomez-Benito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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21
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Cobbaut M, McDonald NQ, Parker PJ. Control of atypical PKCι membrane dissociation by tyrosine phosphorylation within a PB1-C1 interdomain interface. J Biol Chem 2023:104847. [PMID: 37211093 PMCID: PMC10333572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical PKCs are cell polarity kinases that operate at the plasma membrane where they function within multiple molecular complexes to contribute to the establishment and maintenance of polarity. In contrast to the classical and novel PKCs, atypical PKCs do not respond to diacylglycerol cues to bind the membrane compartment. Until recently it was not clear how aPKCs are recruited; whether aPKCs can directly interact with membranes or whether they are dependent on other protein interactors to do so. Two recent studies identified the pseudo-substrate region and the C1 domain as direct membrane interaction modules, however their relative importance and coupling are unknown. We combined molecular modelling and functional assays to show that the regulatory module of aPKCι, comprising the PB1 pseudo-substrate and C1 domains, forms a cooperative and spatially continuous invariant membrane interaction platform. Furthermore, we show the coordinated orientation of membrane-binding elements within the regulatory module requires a key PB1-C1 interfacial β-strand (BSL). We show this element contains a highly conserved Tyr residue that can be phosphorylated and that negatively regulates the integrity of the regulatory module, leading to membrane release. We thus expose a hitherto unknown regulatory mechanism of aPKCι membrane binding and release during cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Cobbaut
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Neil Q McDonald
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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22
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Gredler ML, Zallen JA. Multicellular rosettes link mesenchymal-epithelial transition to radial intercalation in the mouse axial mesoderm. Dev Cell 2023:S1534-5807(23)00134-X. [PMID: 37080203 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal-epithelial transitions are fundamental drivers of development and disease, but how these behaviors generate epithelial structure is not well understood. Here, we show that mesenchymal-epithelial transitions promote epithelial organization in the mouse node and notochordal plate through the assembly and radial intercalation of three-dimensional rosettes. Axial mesoderm rosettes acquire junctional and apical polarity, develop a central lumen, and dynamically expand, coalesce, and radially intercalate into the surface epithelium, converting mesenchymal-epithelial transitions into higher-order tissue structure. In mouse Par3 mutants, axial mesoderm rosettes establish central tight junction polarity but fail to form an expanded apical domain and lumen. These defects are associated with altered rosette dynamics, delayed radial intercalation, and formation of a small, fragmented surface epithelial structure. These results demonstrate that three-dimensional rosette behaviors translate mesenchymal-epithelial transitions into collective radial intercalation and epithelial formation, providing a strategy for building epithelial sheets from individual self-organizing units in the mammalian embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Gredler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer A Zallen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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23
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Malin J, Rosa Birriel C, Hatini V. Pten, Pi3K and PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 dynamics modulate pulsatile actin branching in Drosophila retina morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.17.533017. [PMID: 36993510 PMCID: PMC10055149 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.533017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial remodeling of the Drosophila retina depends on the pulsatile contraction and expansion of apical contacts between the cells that form its hexagonal lattice. Phosphoinositide PI(3,4,5)P 3 (PIP 3 ) accumulates around tricellular adherens junctions (tAJs) during contact expansion and dissipates during contraction, but with unknown function. Here we found that manipulations of Pten or Pi3K that either decreased or increased PIP 3 resulted in shortened contacts and a disordered lattice, indicating a requirement for PIP 3 dynamics and turnover. These phenotypes are caused by a loss of protrusive branched actin, resulting from impaired activity of the Rac1 Rho GTPase and the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). We additionally found that during contact expansion, Pi3K moves into tAJs to promote the cyclical increase of PIP 3 in a spatially and temporally precise manner. Thus, dynamic regulation of PIP 3 by Pten and Pi3K controls the protrusive phase of junctional remodeling, which is essential for planar epithelial morphogenesis.
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24
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Morales EA, Gaeta I, Tyska MJ. Building the brush border, one microvillus at a time. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 80:102153. [PMID: 36827850 PMCID: PMC10033394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Microvilli are actin bundle-supported surface protrusions assembled by diverse cell types to mediate biochemical and physical interactions with the external environment. Found on the surface of some of the earliest animal cells, primordial microvilli likely contributed to bacterial entrapment and feeding. Although millions of years of evolution have repurposed these protrusions to fulfill diverse roles such as detection of mechanical or visual stimuli in inner ear hair cells or retinal pigmented epithelial cells, respectively, solute uptake remains a key essential function linked to these structures. In this mini review, we offer a brief overview of the composition and structure of epithelial microvilli, highlight recent discoveries on the growth of these protrusions early in differentiation, and point to fundamental questions surrounding microvilli biogenesis that remain open for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Angelo Morales
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Isabella Gaeta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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25
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Klee KMC, Hess MW, Lohmüller M, Herzog S, Pfaller K, Müller T, Vogel GF, Huber LA. A CRISPR screen in intestinal epithelial cells identifies novel factors for polarity and apical transport. eLife 2023; 12:e80135. [PMID: 36661306 PMCID: PMC9889089 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial polarization and polarized cargo transport are highly coordinated and interdependent processes. In our search for novel regulators of epithelial polarization and protein secretion, we used a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen and combined it with an assay based on fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to measure the secretion of the apical brush-border hydrolase dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). In this way, we performed the first CRISPR screen to date in human polarized epithelial cells. Using high-resolution microscopy, we detected polarization defects and mislocalization of DPP4 to late endosomes/lysosomes after knockout of TM9SF4, anoctamin 8, and ARHGAP33, confirming the identification of novel factors for epithelial polarization and apical cargo secretion. Thus, we provide a powerful tool suitable for studying polarization and cargo secretion in epithelial cells. In addition, we provide a dataset that serves as a resource for the study of novel mechanisms for epithelial polarization and polarized transport and facilitates the investigation of novel congenital diseases associated with these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina MC Klee
- Institute of Cell Biology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Michael W Hess
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Michael Lohmüller
- Institute of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- Institute of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Kristian Pfaller
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Georg F Vogel
- Institute of Cell Biology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Institute of Cell Biology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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26
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Levic DS, Bagnat M. Polarized transport of membrane and secreted proteins during lumen morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:65-73. [PMID: 35307284 PMCID: PMC9481742 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A ubiquitous feature of animal development is the formation of fluid-filled cavities or lumina, which transport gases and fluids across tissues and organs. Among different species, lumina vary drastically in size, scale, and complexity. However, all lumen formation processes share key morphogenetic principles that underly their development. Fundamentally, a lumen simply consists of epithelial cells that encapsulate a continuous internal space, and a common way of building a lumen is via opening and enlarging by filling it with fluid and/or macromolecules. Here, we discuss how polarized targeting of membrane and secreted proteins regulates lumen formation, mainly focusing on ion transporters in vertebrate model systems. We also discuss mechanistic differences observed among invertebrates and vertebrates and describe how the unique properties of the Na+/K+-ATPase and junctional proteins can promote polarization of immature epithelia to build lumina de novo in developing organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Levic
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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27
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Crellin HA, Buckley CE. Using Optogenetics to Investigate the Shared Mechanisms of Apical-Basal Polarity and Mitosis. Cells Tissues Organs 2023; 213:161-180. [PMID: 36599311 DOI: 10.1159/000528796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation of apical-basal (AB) polarity and the process of mitotic cell division are both characterised by the generation of specialised plasma membrane and cortical domains. These are generated using shared mechanisms, such as asymmetric protein accumulation, Rho GTPase signalling, cytoskeletal reorganisation, vesicle trafficking, and asymmetric phosphoinositide distribution. In epithelial tissue, the coordination of AB polarity and mitosis in space and time is important both during initial epithelial development and to maintain tissue integrity and ensure appropriate cell differentiation at later stages. Whilst significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying cell division and AB polarity, it has so far been challenging to fully unpick the complex interrelationship between polarity, signalling, morphogenesis, and cell division. However, the recent emergence of optogenetic protein localisation techniques is now allowing researchers to reversibly control protein activation, localisation, and signalling with high spatiotemporal resolution. This has the potential to revolutionise our understanding of how subcellular processes such as AB polarity are integrated with cell behaviours such as mitosis and how these processes impact whole tissue morphogenesis. So far, these techniques have been used to investigate processes such as cleavage furrow ingression, mitotic spindle positioning, and in vivo epithelial morphogenesis. This review describes some of the key shared mechanisms of cell division and AB polarity establishment, how they are coordinated during development and how the advance of optogenetic techniques is furthering this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena A Crellin
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clare E Buckley
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Chan CH, Lin P, Yang TY, Bao BY, Jhong JY, Weng YP, Lee TH, Cheng HF, Lu TL. Epithelial polarization in the 3D matrix requires MST3 signaling to regulate ZO-1 position. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285217. [PMID: 37155619 PMCID: PMC10166550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical-basal cell polarity must be tightly controlled for epithelial cyst and tubule formation, and these are important functional units in various epithelial organs. Polarization is achieved through the coordination of several molecules that divide cells into an apical domain and a basolateral domain, which are separated from tight and adherens junctions. Cdc42 regulates cytoskeletal organization and the tight junction protein ZO-1 at the apical margin of epithelial cell junctions. MST kinases control organ size through the regulation of cell proliferation and cell polarity. For example, MST1 relays the Rap1 signal to induce cell polarity and adhesion of lymphocytes. Our previous study showed that MST3 was involved in E-cadherin regulation and migration in MCF7 cells. In vivo, MST3 knockout mice exhibited higher ENaC expression at the apical site of renal tubules, resulting in hypertension. However, it was not clear whether MST3 was involved in cell polarity. Here, control MDCK cells, HA-MST3 and HA-MST3 kinase-dead (HA-MST3-KD) overexpressing MDCK cells were cultured in collagen or Matrigel. We found that the cysts of HA-MST3 cells were fewer and smaller than those of control MDCK cells; ZO-1 was delayed to the apical site of cysts and in cell-cell contact in the Ca2+ switch assay. However, HA-MST3-KD cells exhibited multilumen cysts. Intensive F-actin stress fibers were observed in HA-MST3 cells with higher Cdc42 activity; in contrast, HA-MST3-KD cells had lower Cdc42 activity and weaker F-actin staining. In this study, we identified a new MST3 function in the establishment of cell polarity through Cdc42 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Hong Chan
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Pei Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Yen Yang
- Molecular and Genomic Epidemiology Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Ying Bao
- College of School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jhen-Yang Jhong
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Sin-Lau Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yui-Ping Weng
- Department of Acupressure Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Te-Hsiu Lee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fen Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Te-Ling Lu
- College of School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
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29
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Sveeggen TM, Abbey CA, Smith RL, Salinas ML, Chapkin RS, Bayless KJ. Annexin A2 modulates phospholipid membrane composition upstream of Arp2 to control angiogenic sprout initiation. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22715. [PMID: 36527391 PMCID: PMC10586062 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201088r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The intersection of protein and lipid biology is of growing importance for understanding how cells address structural challenges during adhesion and migration. While protein complexes engaged with the cytoskeleton play a vital role, support from the phospholipid membrane is crucial for directing localization and assembly of key protein complexes. During angiogenesis, dramatic cellular remodeling is necessary for endothelial cells to shift from a stable monolayer to invasive structures. However, the molecular dynamics between lipids and proteins during endothelial invasion are not defined. Here, we utilized cell culture, immunofluorescence, and lipidomic analyses to identify a novel role for the membrane binding protein Annexin A2 (ANXA2) in modulating the composition of specific membrane lipids necessary for cortical F-actin organization and adherens junction stabilization. In the absence of ANXA2, there is disorganized cortical F-actin, reduced junctional Arp2, excess sprout initiation, and ultimately failed sprout maturation. Furthermore, we observed reduced filipin III labeling of membrane cholesterol in cells with reduced ANXA2, suggesting there is an alteration in phospholipid membrane dynamics. Lipidomic analyses revealed that 42 lipid species were altered with loss of ANXA2, including an accumulation of phosphatidylcholine (16:0_16:0). We found that supplementation of phosphatidylcholine (16:0_16:0) in wild-type endothelial cells mimicked the ANXA2 knock-down phenotype, indicating that ANXA2 regulated the phospholipid membrane upstream of Arp2 recruitment and organization of cortical F-actin. Altogether, these data indicate a novel role for ANXA2 in coordinating events at endothelial junctions needed to initiate sprouting and show that proper lipid modulation is a critical component of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Sveeggen
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas, Bryan, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Michael L. Salinas
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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30
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Enrich C, Lu A, Tebar F, Rentero C, Grewal T. Ca 2+ and Annexins - Emerging Players for Sensing and Transferring Cholesterol and Phosphoinositides via Membrane Contact Sites. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:393-438. [PMID: 36988890 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining lipid composition diversity in membranes from different organelles is critical for numerous cellular processes. However, many lipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and require delivery to other organelles. In this scenario, formation of membrane contact sites (MCS) between neighbouring organelles has emerged as a novel non-vesicular lipid transport mechanism. Dissecting the molecular composition of MCS identified phosphoinositides (PIs), cholesterol, scaffolding/tethering proteins as well as Ca2+ and Ca2+-binding proteins contributing to MCS functioning. Compelling evidence now exists for the shuttling of PIs and cholesterol across MCS, affecting their concentrations in distinct membrane domains and diverse roles in membrane trafficking. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) at the plasma membrane (PM) not only controls endo-/exocytic membrane dynamics but is also critical in autophagy. Cholesterol is highly concentrated at the PM and enriched in recycling endosomes and Golgi membranes. MCS-mediated cholesterol transfer is intensely researched, identifying MCS dysfunction or altered MCS partnerships to correlate with de-regulated cellular cholesterol homeostasis and pathologies. Annexins, a conserved family of Ca2+-dependent phospholipid binding proteins, contribute to tethering and untethering events at MCS. In this chapter, we will discuss how Ca2+ homeostasis and annexins in the endocytic compartment affect the sensing and transfer of cholesterol and PIs across MCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Lu
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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31
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Koetemann A, Wollscheid B. Apicobasal Surfaceome Architecture Encodes for Polarized Epithelial Functionality and Depends on Tumor Suppressor PTEN. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416193. [PMID: 36555834 PMCID: PMC9788433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of apicobasal polarity during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a hallmark of cancer and metastasis. The key feature of this polarity in epithelial cells is the subdivision of the plasma membrane into apical and basolateral domains, with each orchestrating specific intra- and extracellular functions. Epithelial transport and signaling capacities are thought to be determined largely by the quality, quantity, and nanoscale organization of proteins residing in these membrane domains, the apicobasal surfaceomes. Despite its implications for cancer, drug uptake, and infection, our current knowledge of how the polarized surfaceome is organized and maintained is limited. Here, we used chemoproteomic surfaceome scanning to establish proteotype maps of apicobasal surfaceomes and reveal quantitative distributions of, i.e., surface proteases, phosphatases, and tetraspanins as potential key regulators of polarized cell functionality. We show further that the tumor suppressor PTEN regulates polarized surfaceome architecture and uncover a potential role in collective cell migration. Our differential surfaceome analysis provides a molecular framework to elucidate polarized protein networks regulating epithelial functions and PTEN-associated cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Koetemann
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, ETH Zurich, 8049 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, ETH Zurich, 8049 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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32
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Rodrigues MA, Gomes DA, Fiorotto R, Guerra MT, Weerachayaphorn J, Bo T, Sessa WC, Strazzabosco M, Nathanson MH. Molecular determinants of peri-apical targeting of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 in cholangiocytes. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2748-2764. [PMID: 35852334 PMCID: PMC9512452 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid and bicarbonate secretion is a principal function of cholangiocytes, and impaired secretion results in cholestasis. Cholangiocyte secretion depends on peri-apical expression of the type 3 inositol trisphosphate receptor (ITPR3), and loss of this intracellular Ca2+ release channel is a final common event in most cholangiopathies. Here we investigated the mechanism by which ITPR3 localizes to the apical region to regulate secretion. Isolated bile duct units, primary mouse cholangiocytes, and polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were examined using a combination of biochemical and fluorescence microscopy techniques to investigate the mechanism of ITPR3 targeting to the apical region. Apical localization of ITPR3 depended on the presence of intact lipid rafts as well as interactions with both caveolin 1 (CAV1) and myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9). Chemical disruption of lipid rafts or knockdown of CAV1 or MYH9 redistributed ITPR3 away from the apical region. MYH9 interacted with the five c-terminal amino acids of the ITPR3 peptide. Disruption of lipid rafts impaired Ca2+ signaling, and absence of CAV1 impaired both Ca2+ signaling and fluid secretion. Conclusion: A cooperative mechanism involving MYH9, CAV1, and apical lipid rafts localize ITPR3 to the apical region to regulate Ca2+ signaling and secretion in cholangiocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A. Rodrigues
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and ImmunologyFederal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG)Belo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Dawidson A. Gomes
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and ImmunologyFederal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG)Belo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Mateus T. Guerra
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | | | - Tao Bo
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Cell Signaling and TherapeuticsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - William C. Sessa
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Cell Signaling and TherapeuticsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Michael H. Nathanson
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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33
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Chung GHC, Lorvellec M, Gissen P, Pichaud F, Burden JJ, Stefan CJ. The ultrastructural organization of endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contacts is conserved in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar113. [PMID: 35947498 PMCID: PMC9635291 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-11-0534-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Contacts between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane (ER-PM contacts) have important roles in membrane lipid and calcium dynamics, yet their organization in polarized epithelial cells has not been thoroughly described. Here we examine ER-PM contacts in hepatocytes in mouse liver using electron microscopy, providing the first comprehensive ultrastructural study of ER-PM contacts in a mammalian epithelial tissue. Our quantitative analyses reveal strikingly distinct ER-PM contact architectures spatially linked to apical, lateral, and basal PM domains. Notably, we find that an extensive network of ER-PM contacts exists at lateral PM domains that form intercellular junctions between hepatocytes. Moreover, the spatial organization of ER-PM contacts is conserved in epithelial spheroids, suggesting that ER-PM contacts may serve conserved roles in epithelial cell architecture. Consistent with this notion, we show that ORP5 activity at ER-PM contacts modulates the apical-basolateral aspect ratio in HepG2 cells. Thus ER-PM contacts have a conserved distribution and crucial roles in PM domain architecture across epithelial cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Hong Chun Chung
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maëlle Lorvellec
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Franck Pichaud
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jemima J Burden
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christopher J Stefan
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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34
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Freckmann EC, Sandilands E, Cumming E, Neilson M, Román-Fernández A, Nikolatou K, Nacke M, Lannagan TRM, Hedley A, Strachan D, Salji M, Morton JP, McGarry L, Leung HY, Sansom OJ, Miller CJ, Bryant DM. Traject3d allows label-free identification of distinct co-occurring phenotypes within 3D culture by live imaging. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5317. [PMID: 36085324 PMCID: PMC9463449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cell profiling by genetic, proteomic and imaging methods has expanded the ability to identify programmes regulating distinct cell states. The 3-dimensional (3D) culture of cells or tissue fragments provides a system to study how such states contribute to multicellular morphogenesis. Whether cells plated into 3D cultures give rise to a singular phenotype or whether multiple biologically distinct phenotypes arise in parallel is largely unknown due to a lack of tools to detect such heterogeneity. Here we develop Traject3d (Trajectory identification in 3D), a method for identifying heterogeneous states in 3D culture and how these give rise to distinct phenotypes over time, from label-free multi-day time-lapse imaging. We use this to characterise the temporal landscape of morphological states of cancer cell lines, varying in metastatic potential and drug resistance, and use this information to identify drug combinations that inhibit such heterogeneity. Traject3d is therefore an important companion to other single-cell technologies by facilitating real-time identification via live imaging of how distinct states can lead to alternate phenotypes that occur in parallel in 3D culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Freckmann
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1HQ, United Kingdom
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Sandilands
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1HQ, United Kingdom
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Cumming
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1HQ, United Kingdom
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Neilson
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro Román-Fernández
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1HQ, United Kingdom
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantina Nikolatou
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1HQ, United Kingdom
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Marisa Nacke
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1HQ, United Kingdom
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ann Hedley
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - David Strachan
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Salji
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1HQ, United Kingdom
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn McGarry
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1HQ, United Kingdom
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1HQ, United Kingdom
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Crispin J Miller
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1HQ, United Kingdom
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - David M Bryant
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1HQ, United Kingdom.
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom.
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Apical-basal polarity and the control of epithelial form and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:559-577. [PMID: 35440694 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are the most common cell type in all animals, forming the sheets and tubes that compose most organs and tissues. Apical-basal polarity is essential for epithelial cell form and function, as it determines the localization of the adhesion molecules that hold the cells together laterally and the occluding junctions that act as barriers to paracellular diffusion. Polarity must also target the secretion of specific cargoes to the apical, lateral or basal membranes and organize the cytoskeleton and internal architecture of the cell. Apical-basal polarity in many cells is established by conserved polarity factors that define the apical (Crumbs, Stardust/PALS1, aPKC, PAR-6 and CDC42), junctional (PAR-3) and lateral (Scribble, DLG, LGL, Yurt and RhoGAP19D) domains, although recent evidence indicates that not all epithelia polarize by the same mechanism. Research has begun to reveal the dynamic interactions between polarity factors and how they contribute to polarity establishment and maintenance. Elucidating these mechanisms is essential to better understand the roles of apical-basal polarity in morphogenesis and how defects in polarity contribute to diseases such as cancer.
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Ebnet K, Gerke V. Rho and Rab Family Small GTPases in the Regulation of Membrane Polarity in Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:948013. [PMID: 35859901 PMCID: PMC9289151 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.948013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane polarity, defined as the asymmetric distribution of lipids and proteins in the plasma membrane, is a critical prerequisite for the development of multicellular tissues, such as epithelia and endothelia. Membrane polarity is regulated by polarized trafficking of membrane components to specific membrane domains and requires the presence of intramembrane diffusion barriers that prevent the intermixing of asymmetrically distributed membrane components. This intramembrane diffusion barrier is localized at the tight junctions (TJs) in these cells. Both the formation of cell-cell junctions and the polarized traffic of membrane proteins and lipids are regulated by Rho and Rab family small GTPases. In this review article, we will summarize the recent developments in the regulation of apico-basal membrane polarity by polarized membrane traffic and the formation of the intramembrane diffusion barrier in epithelial cells with a particular focus on the role of Rho and Rab family small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Klaus Ebnet, ; Volker Gerke,
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Klaus Ebnet, ; Volker Gerke,
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Tip-end fusion of a rod-shaped secretory organelle. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:344. [PMID: 35660980 PMCID: PMC9167223 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWeibel–Palade bodies (WPB) are elongated, rod-like secretory organelles unique to endothelial cells that store the pro-coagulant von-Willebrand factor (VWF) and undergo regulated exocytosis upon stimulation with Ca2+- or cAMP-raising agonists. We show here that WPB preferentially initiate fusion with the plasma membrane at their tips and identify synaptotagmin-like protein 2-a (Slp2-a) as a positive regulator of VWF secretion most likely mediating this topological selectivity. Following secretagogue stimulation, Slp2-a accumulates at one WPB tip before fusion occurs at this site. Depletion of Slp2-a reduces Ca2+-dependent secretion of highly multimeric VWF and interferes with the formation of actin rings at WPB–plasma membrane fusion sites that support the expulsion of the VWF multimers and most likely require a tip-end fusion topology. Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] binding via the C2A domain of Slp2-a is required for accumulation of Slp2-a at the tip ends of fusing WPB, suggesting that Slp2-a mediates polar exocytosis by initiating contacts between WPB tips and plasma membrane PI(4,5)P2.
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Plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate is critical for determination of epithelial characteristics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2347. [PMID: 35534464 PMCID: PMC9085759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells provide cell-cell adhesion that is essential to maintain the integrity of multicellular organisms. Epithelial cell-characterizing proteins, such as epithelial junctional proteins and transcription factors are well defined. However, the role of lipids in epithelial characterization remains poorly understood. Here we show that the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] is enriched in the plasma membrane (PM) of epithelial cells. Epithelial cells lose their characteristics upon depletion of PM PI(4,5)P2, and synthesis of PI(4,5)P2 in the PM results in the development of epithelial-like morphology in osteosarcoma cells. PM localization of PARD3 is impaired by depletion of PM PI(4,5)P2 in epithelial cells, whereas expression of the PM-targeting exocyst-docking region of PARD3 induces osteosarcoma cells to show epithelial-like morphological changes, suggesting that PI(4,5)P2 regulates epithelial characteristics by recruiting PARD3 to the PM. These results indicate that a high level of PM PI(4,5)P2 plays a crucial role in the maintenance of epithelial characteristics. Epithelial cells provide cell-cell adhesion to maintain the integrity of multicellular organisms. Here the authors show that phospholipid phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate is critical for the maintenance of epithelial characteristics.
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Camacho-Gómez D, García-Aznar JM, Gómez-Benito MJ. A 3D multi-agent-based model for lumen morphogenesis: the role of the biophysical properties of the extracellular matrix. ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS 2022; 38:4135-4149. [PMID: 36397878 PMCID: PMC9653332 DOI: 10.1007/s00366-022-01654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The correct function of many organs depends on proper lumen morphogenesis, which requires the orchestration of both biological and mechanical aspects. However, how these factors coordinate is not yet fully understood. Here, we focus on the development of a mechanistic model for computationally simulating lumen morphogenesis. In particular, we consider the hydrostatic pressure generated by the cells' fluid secretion as the driving force and the density of the extracellular matrix as regulators of the process. For this purpose, we develop a 3D agent-based-model for lumen morphogenesis that includes cells' fluid secretion and the density of the extracellular matrix. Moreover, this computer-based model considers the variation in the biological behavior of cells in response to the mechanical forces that they sense. Then, we study the formation of the lumen under different-mechanical scenarios and conclude that an increase in the matrix density reduces the lumen volume and hinders lumen morphogenesis. Finally, we show that the model successfully predicts normal lumen morphogenesis when the matrix density is physiological and aberrant multilumen formation when the matrix density is excessive. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00366-022-01654-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Camacho-Gómez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Aznar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María José Gómez-Benito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Kadri S, Nakada-Tsukui K, Watanabe N, Jeelani G, Nozaki T. PTEN differentially regulates endocytosis, migration, and proliferation in the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010147. [PMID: 35500038 PMCID: PMC9122207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is a lipid phosphatase that is highly conserved and involved in a broad range of biological processes including cytoskeletal reorganization, endocytosis, signal transduction, and cell migration in all eukaryotes. Although regulation of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] signaling via PTEN has been well established in model organisms and mammals, it remains elusive in the parasitic protist E. histolytica, which heavily relies on PtdIns phosphate(s)-dependent membrane traffic, migration, and phago- and trogocytosis for its pathogenesis. In this study, we characterized the major PTEN from E. histolytica, EhPTEN1, which shows the highest expression at the transcript level in the trophozoite stage among 6 possible PTENs, to understand the significance of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 signaling in this parasite. Live imaging of GFP-EhPTEN1 expressing amebic trophozoites showed localization mainly in the cytosol with a higher concentration at pseudopods and the extending edge of the phago- and trogocytic cups. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of phago- and trogocytosis using a confocal image cytometer showed that overexpression of EhPTEN1 caused reduction in trogo- and phagocytosis while transcriptional gene silencing of EhPTEN1 gene caused opposite phenotypes. These data suggest that EhPTEN1 has an inhibitory role in these biological processes. Conversely, EhPTEN1 acts as a positive regulator for fluid-phase and receptor-mediated endocytosis in E. histolytica trophozoites. Moreover, we showed that EhPTEN1 was required for optimal growth and migration of this parasite. Finally, the phosphatase activity of EhPTEN1 towards PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 was demonstrated, suggesting that the biological roles of EhPTEN1 are likely linked to its catalytic function. Taken together, these results indicate that EhPTEN1 differentially regulates multiple cellular activities essential for proliferation and pathogenesis of the organism, via PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 signaling. Elucidation of biological roles of PTEN and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 signaling at the molecular levels promotes our understanding of the pathogenesis of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Kadri
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ghulam Jeelani
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Al‐Qahtani SM, Gadalla SE, Guo M, Ericsson C, Hägerstrand D, Nistér M. The association between Annexin A2 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule in breast cancer cells. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2022; 5:e1498. [PMID: 34240826 PMCID: PMC9124509 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a type I transmembrane and glycosylated protein, which is overexpressed in many neoplasms. However, EpCAM has no known ligand partners and the mechanisms by which it functions are not fully understood. AIM This study was performed to discover novel partners of EpCAM, which may provide a better understanding of its functions. METHODS The membrane fraction of the ERα+ noninvasive breast cancer cell line ZR-75-1 and MCF-7 was extracted and followed by co-immunoprecipitation of EpCAM using C-10, a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against amino acids 24-93 of the EpCAM molecule. As a negative control, MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T were used since they express a negligible amount of EpCAM and are known as EpCAM-/low ERα-/low invasive and tumorigenic breast cancer cell lines. RESULTS Annexin A2 (ANXA2) was found to be selectively and differentially co-immunoprecipitated with EpCAM in the ERα+ breast cancer cells MCF-7 and ZR-75-1. ANXA2 is a multifunctional protein and known to act as a co-receptor for tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) on the surface of endothelial and cancer cells, thereby affecting fibrinolytic activity and neoangiogenesis as well as invasive and metastatic properties. In this study, the association between EpCAM and ANXA2 was found to affect the activity of tPA. CONCLUSION This study concludes that ANXA2 co-localizes with EpCAM at the plasma membrane, and the co-localization may have functional implications. Data suggest that EpCAM supports ANXA2 to function as a co-receptor for the tPA, and that EpCAM has a regulatory function on the expression and subcellular localization of ANXA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Misfer Al‐Qahtani
- Department of Oncology‐PathologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Najran University HospitalNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Min Guo
- Department of Oncology‐PathologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | | | - Monica Nistér
- Department of Oncology‐PathologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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PI(4,5)P2 controls slit diaphragm formation and endocytosis in Drosophila nephrocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:248. [PMID: 35437696 PMCID: PMC9016003 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila nephrocytes are an emerging model system for mammalian podocytes and proximal tubules as well as for the investigation of kidney diseases. Like podocytes, nephrocytes exhibit characteristics of epithelial cells, but the role of phospholipids in polarization of these cells is yet unclear. In epithelia, phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) and phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) are asymmetrically distributed in the plasma membrane and determine apical–basal polarity. Here, we demonstrate that both phospholipids are present in the plasma membrane of nephrocytes, but only PI(4,5)P2 accumulates at slit diaphragms. Knockdown of Skittles, a phosphatidylinositol(4)phosphate 5-kinase, which produces PI(4,5)P2, abolished slit diaphragm formation and led to strongly reduced endocytosis. Notably, reduction in PI(3,4,5)P3 by overexpression of PTEN or expression of a dominant-negative phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase did not affect nephrocyte function, whereas enhanced formation of PI(3,4,5)P3 by constitutively active phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase resulted in strong slit diaphragm and endocytosis defects by ectopic activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Thus, PI(4,5)P2 but not PI(3,4,5)P3 is essential for slit diaphragm formation and nephrocyte function. However, PI(3,4,5)P3 has to be tightly controlled to ensure nephrocyte development.
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Ono Y, Matsuzawa K, Ikenouchi J. mTORC2 suppresses cell death induced by hypo-osmotic stress by promoting sphingomyelin transport. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213090. [PMID: 35319770 PMCID: PMC8952684 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202106160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are constantly exposed to osmotic stress. The influx of water molecules into the cell in a hypo-osmotic environment increases plasma membrane tension as it rapidly expands. Therefore, the plasma membrane must be supplied with membrane lipids since expansion beyond its elastic limit will cause the cell to rupture. However, the molecular mechanism to maintain a constant plasma membrane tension is not known. In this study, we found that the apical membrane selectively expands when epithelial cells are exposed to hypo-osmotic stress. This requires the activation of mTORC2, which enhances the transport of secretory vesicles containing sphingomyelin, the major lipid of the apical membrane. We further show that the mTORC2–Rab35 axis plays an essential role in the defense against hypotonic stress by promoting the degradation of the actin cortex through the up-regulation of PI(4,5)P2 metabolism, which facilitates the apical tethering of sphingomyelin-loaded vesicles to relieve plasma membrane tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Ono
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuzawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Ikenouchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Rathbun LI, Everett CA, Bergstralh DT. Emerging Cnidarian Models for the Study of Epithelial Polarity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:854373. [PMID: 35433674 PMCID: PMC9012326 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.854373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are vital to the function of most organs, providing critical functions such as secretion, protection, and absorption. Cells within an epithelial layer must coordinate to create functionally distinct apical, lateral, and basal surfaces in order to maintain proper organ function and organism viability. This is accomplished through the careful targeting of polarity factors to their respective locations within the cell, as well as the strategic placement of post-mitotic cells within the epithelium during tissue morphogenesis. The process of establishing and maintaining epithelial tissue integrity is conserved across many species, as important polarity factors and spindle orientation mechanisms can be found in many phyla. However, most of the information gathered about these processes and players has been investigated in bilaterian organisms such as C. elegans, Drosophila, and vertebrate species. This review discusses the advances made in the field of epithelial polarity establishment from more basal organisms, and the advantages to utilizing these simpler models. An increasing number of cnidarian model organisms have been sequenced in recent years, such as Hydra vulgaris and Nematostella vectensis. It is now feasible to investigate how polarity is established and maintained in basal organisms to gain an understanding of the most basal requirements for epithelial tissue morphogenesis.
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Pascal A, Gallaud E, Giet R, Benaud C. Annexin A2 and Ahnak control cortical NuMA-dynein localization and mitotic spindle orientation. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274948. [PMID: 35362526 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper mitotic spindle orientation depends on the correct anchorage of astral microtubules to the cortex. It relies on the remodeling of the cell cortex, a process not fully understood. Annexin A2 (Anx2) is a protein known to be involved in cortical domain remodeling. Here, we report that in early mitosis, Anx2 recruits the scaffold protein Ahnak at the cell cortex facing spindle poles, and the distribution of both proteins is controlled by cell adhesion. Depletion of either protein or impaired cortical Ahnak localization result in delayed anaphase onset and unstable spindle anchoring, which leads to altered spindle orientation. We find that Ahnak is present in a complex with dynein-dynactin. Furthermore, Ahnak and Anx2 are required for dynein and NuMA proper cortical localization and dynamics. We propose that the Ahnak/Anx2 complex influences the cortical organization of the astral microtubule anchoring complex, and thereby mitotic spindle positioning in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Pascal
- University Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, ERL U1305, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuel Gallaud
- University Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, ERL U1305, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Regis Giet
- University Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, ERL U1305, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christelle Benaud
- University Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, ERL U1305, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Agnetti J, Desterke C, Gassama-Diagne A. Impact of HCV Infection on Hepatocyte Polarity and Plasticity. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030337. [PMID: 35335661 PMCID: PMC8955246 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an oncogenic virus that alters the cell polarization machinery in order to enter the hepatocyte and replicate. While these alterations are relatively well defined, their consequences in the evolution of the disease remain poorly documented. Since 2012, HCV infection can be effectively cured with the advent of direct acting antivirals (DAA). Nevertheless, patients cured of their HCV infection still have a high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Importantly, it has been shown that some of the deregulations induced by HCV are maintained despite a sustained virologic response (SVR), including the down-regulation of some hepatocyte functions such as bile acid metabolism, exemplifying cell dedifferentiation, and the up-regulation of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a process by which epithelial cells lose their differentiation and their specific polarity to acquire mesenchymal cell properties, including migration and extracellular matrix remodeling capabilities. Of note, epithelial cell polarity acts as a gatekeeper against EMT. Thus, it remains important to elucidate the mechanisms by which HCV alters polarity and promotes EMT that could participate in viral-induced hepatic carcinogenesis. In this review, we define the main steps involved in the polarization process of epithelial cells and recall the essential cellular actors involved. We also highlight the particularities of hepatocyte polarity, responsible for their unique morphology. We then focus on the alterations by HCV of epithelial cell polarity and the consequences of the transformation of hepatocytes involved in the carcinogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Agnetti
- INSERM, UMR-S 1193, Université Paris-Sud, F-94800 Villejuif, France;
| | | | - Ama Gassama-Diagne
- INSERM, UMR-S 1193, Université Paris-Sud, F-94800 Villejuif, France;
- Correspondence:
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Roles and regulation of Haspin kinase and its impact on carcinogenesis. Cell Signal 2022; 93:110303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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48
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Pavic K, Chippalkatti R, Abankwa D. Drug targeting opportunities en route to Ras nanoclusters. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 153:63-99. [PMID: 35101236 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the native membrane organization of Ras by the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in the late 1990s constituted the first indirect approach to drug target Ras. Since then, our understanding of how dynamically Ras shuttles between subcellular locations has changed significantly. Ras proteins have to arrive at the plasma membrane for efficient MAPK-signal propagation. On the plasma membrane Ras proteins are organized into isoform specific proteo-lipid assemblies called nanocluster. Recent evidence suggests that Ras nanocluster have a specific lipid composition, which supports the recruitment of effectors such as Raf. Conversely, effectors possess lipid-recognition motifs, which appear to serve as co-incidence detectors for the lipid domain of a given Ras isoform. Evidence suggests that dimeric Raf proteins then co-assemble dimeric Ras in an immobile complex, thus forming the minimal unit of an active nanocluster. Here we review established and novel trafficking chaperones and trafficking factors of Ras, along with the set of lipid and protein modulators of Ras nanoclustering. We highlight drug targeting approaches and opportunities against these determinants of functional Ras membrane organization. Finally, we reflect on implications for Ras signaling in polarized cells, such as epithelia, which are a common origin of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pavic
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rohan Chippalkatti
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Chapuy-Regaud S, Allioux C, Capelli N, Migueres M, Lhomme S, Izopet J. Vectorial Release of Human RNA Viruses from Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:231. [PMID: 35215825 PMCID: PMC8875463 DOI: 10.3390/v14020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are apico-basolateral polarized cells that line all tubular organs and are often targets for infectious agents. This review focuses on the release of human RNA virus particles from both sides of polarized human cells grown on transwells. Most viruses that infect the mucosa leave their host cells mainly via the apical side while basolateral release is linked to virus propagation within the host. Viruses do this by hijacking the cellular factors involved in polarization and trafficking. Thus, understanding epithelial polarization is essential for a clear understanding of virus pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Chapuy-Regaud
- Department of Virology, CHU Purpan, F-31059 Toulouse, France; (N.C.); (M.M.); (S.L.); (J.I.)
- INFINITy (Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Université Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Claire Allioux
- INFINITy (Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Université Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Nicolas Capelli
- Department of Virology, CHU Purpan, F-31059 Toulouse, France; (N.C.); (M.M.); (S.L.); (J.I.)
- INFINITy (Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Université Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Marion Migueres
- Department of Virology, CHU Purpan, F-31059 Toulouse, France; (N.C.); (M.M.); (S.L.); (J.I.)
- INFINITy (Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Université Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- Department of Virology, CHU Purpan, F-31059 Toulouse, France; (N.C.); (M.M.); (S.L.); (J.I.)
- INFINITy (Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Université Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Department of Virology, CHU Purpan, F-31059 Toulouse, France; (N.C.); (M.M.); (S.L.); (J.I.)
- INFINITy (Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Université Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
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Zhang Z, Zhang F, Davis AK, Xin M, Walz G, Tian W, Zheng Y. CDC42 controlled apical-basal polarity regulates intestinal stem cell to transit amplifying cell fate transition via YAP-EGF-mTOR signaling. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110009. [PMID: 35021092 PMCID: PMC8826493 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial polarity is controlled by a polarity machinery that includes Rho GTPase CDC42 and Scribble/PAR. By using intestinal stem cell (ISC)-specific deletion of CDC42 in olfactomedin-4 (Olfm4)-internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-EGFP/CreERT2;CDC42flox/flox mice, we find that CDC42 loss initiated in the ISCs causes a drastic hyperproliferation of transit amplifying (TA) cells and disrupts epithelial polarity. CDC42-null crypts display expanded TA cell and diminished ISC populations, accompanied by elevated Hippo signaling via YAP/TAZ-Ereg (yes-associated protein/WW domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1-epiregulin) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation, independent from canonical Wnt signaling. YAP/TAZ conditional knockout (KO) restores the balance of ISC/TA cell populations and crypt proliferation but does not rescue the polarity in CDC42-null small intestine. mTOR or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor treatment of CDC42 KO mice exhibits similar rescuing effects without affecting YAP/TAZ signaling. Inducible ablation of Scribble in intestinal epithelial cells mimics that of CDC42 KO defects, including crypt hyperplasia and Hippo signaling activation. Mammalian epithelial polarity regulates ISC/TA cell fate and proliferation via a Hippo-Ereg-mTOR cascade. Zhang et al. discover that CDC42-dependent polarity signaling regulates ISC and TA cell fate and proliferation via a YAP-Ereg-mTOR cascade in the small intestine. This study shows that mammalian epithelial polarity-controlled Hippo signaling is central to cell fate balance between ISC and TA cells and intestinal crypt proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ashley Kuenzi Davis
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mei Xin
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, University Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Weidong Tian
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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