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Shi FY, Wang Y, Huang D, Liang Y, Liang N, Chen XW, Gao G. Computational Assessment of the Expression-modulating Potential for Non-coding Variants. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 21:662-673. [PMID: 34890839 PMCID: PMC10787178 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) studies have identified multiple non-coding variants associated with genetic diseases by affecting gene expression. However, pinpointing causal variants effectively and efficiently remains a serious challenge. Here, we developed CARMEN, a novel algorithm to identify functional non-coding expression-modulating variants. Multiple evaluations demonstrated CARMEN's superior performance over state-of-the-art tools. Applying CARMEN to GWAS and eQTL datasets further pinpointed several causal variants other than the reported lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). CARMEN scales well with the massive datasets, and is available online as a web server at http://carmen.gao-lab.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovative Center (BIOPIC) & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Center for Bioinformatics (CBI), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovative Center (BIOPIC) & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Center for Bioinformatics (CBI), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Human Aging Research Institute, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Nan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovative Center (BIOPIC) & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Center for Bioinformatics (CBI), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ge Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovative Center (BIOPIC) & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Center for Bioinformatics (CBI), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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2
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Jeon YG, Kim YY, Lee G, Kim JB. Physiological and pathological roles of lipogenesis. Nat Metab 2023; 5:735-759. [PMID: 37142787 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are essential metabolites, which function as energy sources, structural components and signalling mediators. Most cells are able to convert carbohydrates into fatty acids, which are often converted into neutral lipids for storage in the form of lipid droplets. Accumulating evidence suggests that lipogenesis plays a crucial role not only in metabolic tissues for systemic energy homoeostasis but also in immune and nervous systems for their proliferation, differentiation and even pathophysiological roles. Thus, excessive or insufficient lipogenesis is closely associated with aberrations in lipid homoeostasis, potentially leading to pathological consequences, such as dyslipidaemia, diabetes, fatty liver, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. For systemic energy homoeostasis, multiple enzymes involved in lipogenesis are tightly controlled by transcriptional and post-translational modifications. In this Review, we discuss recent findings regarding the regulatory mechanisms, physiological roles and pathological importance of lipogenesis in multiple tissues such as adipose tissue and the liver, as well as the immune and nervous systems. Furthermore, we briefly introduce the therapeutic implications of lipogenesis modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Geun Jeon
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye Young Kim
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gung Lee
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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3
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Glunk V, Laber S, Sinnott-Armstrong N, Sobreira DR, Strobel SM, Batista TM, Kubitz P, Moud BN, Ebert H, Huang Y, Brandl B, Garbo G, Honecker J, Stirling DR, Abdennur N, Calabuig-Navarro V, Skurk T, Ocvirk S, Stemmer K, Cimini BA, Carpenter AE, Dankel SN, Lindgren CM, Hauner H, Nobrega MA, Claussnitzer M. A non-coding variant linked to metabolic obesity with normal weight affects actin remodelling in subcutaneous adipocytes. Nat Metab 2023; 5:861-879. [PMID: 37253881 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent large-scale genomic association studies found evidence for a genetic link between increased risk of type 2 diabetes and decreased risk for adiposity-related traits, reminiscent of metabolically obese normal weight (MONW) association signatures. However, the target genes and cellular mechanisms driving such MONW associations remain to be identified. Here, we systematically identify the cellular programmes of one of the top-scoring MONW risk loci, the 2q24.3 risk locus, in subcutaneous adipocytes. We identify a causal genetic variant, rs6712203, an intronic single-nucleotide polymorphism in the COBLL1 gene, which changes the conserved transcription factor motif of POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2, and leads to differential COBLL1 gene expression by altering the enhancer activity at the locus in subcutaneous adipocytes. We then establish the cellular programme under the genetic control of the 2q24.3 MONW risk locus and the effector gene COBLL1, which is characterized by impaired actin cytoskeleton remodelling in differentiating subcutaneous adipocytes and subsequent failure of these cells to accumulate lipids and develop into metabolically active and insulin-sensitive adipocytes. Finally, we show that perturbations of the effector gene Cobll1 in a mouse model result in organismal phenotypes matching the MONW association signature, including decreased subcutaneous body fat mass and body weight along with impaired glucose tolerance. Taken together, our results provide a mechanistic link between the genetic risk for insulin resistance and low adiposity, providing a potential therapeutic hypothesis and a framework for future identification of causal relationships between genome associations and cellular programmes in other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Glunk
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Samantha Laber
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Medical and Population Genetics Program & Type 2 Diabetes Systems Genomics Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Medical and Population Genetics Program & Type 2 Diabetes Systems Genomics Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Herbold Computational Biology Program, Publich Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Debora R Sobreira
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophie M Strobel
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Medical and Population Genetics Program & Type 2 Diabetes Systems Genomics Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thiago M Batista
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Medical and Population Genetics Program & Type 2 Diabetes Systems Genomics Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Phil Kubitz
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Medical and Population Genetics Program & Type 2 Diabetes Systems Genomics Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bahareh Nemati Moud
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Hannah Ebert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yi Huang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Medical and Population Genetics Program & Type 2 Diabetes Systems Genomics Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Beate Brandl
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Garrett Garbo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Medical and Population Genetics Program & Type 2 Diabetes Systems Genomics Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julius Honecker
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - David R Stirling
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nezar Abdennur
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Virtu Calabuig-Navarro
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Medical and Population Genetics Program & Type 2 Diabetes Systems Genomics Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Skurk
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Soeren Ocvirk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Intestinal Microbiology Research Group, Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Theoretical Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Beth A Cimini
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anne E Carpenter
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simon N Dankel
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Medical and Population Genetics Program & Type 2 Diabetes Systems Genomics Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hans Hauner
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Marcelo A Nobrega
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Medical and Population Genetics Program & Type 2 Diabetes Systems Genomics Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Llimos G, Gardeux V, Koch U, Kribelbauer JF, Hafner A, Alpern D, Pezoldt J, Litovchenko M, Russeil J, Dainese R, Moia R, Mahmoud AM, Rossi D, Gaidano G, Plass C, Lutsik P, Gerhauser C, Waszak SM, Boettiger A, Radtke F, Deplancke B. A leukemia-protective germline variant mediates chromatin module formation via transcription factor nucleation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2042. [PMID: 35440565 PMCID: PMC9018852 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29625-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding variants coordinate transcription factor (TF) binding and chromatin mark enrichment changes over regions spanning >100 kb. These molecularly coordinated regions are named “variable chromatin modules” (VCMs), providing a conceptual framework of how regulatory variation might shape complex traits. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying VCM formation, here, we mechanistically dissect a VCM-modulating noncoding variant that is associated with reduced chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) predisposition and disease progression. This common, germline variant constitutes a 5-bp indel that controls the activity of an AXIN2 gene-linked VCM by creating a MEF2 binding site, which, upon binding, activates a super-enhancer-like regulatory element. This triggers a large change in TF binding activity and chromatin state at an enhancer cluster spanning >150 kb, coinciding with subtle, long-range chromatin compaction and robust AXIN2 up-regulation. Our results support a model in which the indel acts as an AXIN2 VCM-activating TF nucleation event, which modulates CLL pathology. Non-coding variants can regulate transcription factor binding and gene expression at variable chromatin modules. Here, the authors show that a germline variant induces transcription factor nucleation through chromatin compaction leading to AXIN2 up-regulation and is associated to better prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Llimos
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gardeux
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ute Koch
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Judith F Kribelbauer
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonina Hafner
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Alpern
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joern Pezoldt
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Litovchenko
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, London, UK
| | - Julie Russeil
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Dainese
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Moia
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Abdurraouf Mokhtar Mahmoud
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Rossi
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavlo Lutsik
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clarissa Gerhauser
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Waszak
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pediatric Research, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alistair Boettiger
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Freddy Radtke
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bart Deplancke
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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5
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Tseng E, Underwood JG, Evans Hutzenbiler BD, Trojahn S, Kingham B, Shevchenko O, Bernberg E, Vierra M, Robbins CT, Jansen HT, Kelley JL. Long-read isoform sequencing reveals tissue-specific isoform expression between active and hibernating brown bears (Ursus arctos). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6472356. [PMID: 35100340 PMCID: PMC9210309 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding hibernation in brown bears (Ursus arctos) can provide insight into some human diseases. During hibernation, brown bears experience periods of insulin resistance, physical inactivity, extreme bradycardia, obesity, and the absence of urine production. These states closely mimic aspects of human diseases such as type 2 diabetes, muscle atrophy, as well as renal and heart failure. The reversibility of these states from hibernation to active season enables the identification of mediators with possible therapeutic value for humans. Recent studies have identified genes and pathways that are differentially expressed between active and hibernation seasons in bears. However, little is known about the role of differential expression of gene isoforms on hibernation physiology. To identify both distinct and novel mRNA isoforms, full-length RNA-sequencing (Iso-Seq) was performed on adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver from three individual bears sampled during both active and hibernation seasons. The existing reference genome annotation was improved by combining it with the Iso-Seq data. Short-read RNA-sequencing data from six individuals were mapped to the new reference annotation to quantify differential isoform usage (DIU) between tissues and seasons. We identified differentially expressed isoforms in all three tissues, to varying degrees. Adipose had a high level of DIU with isoform switching, regardless of whether the genes were differentially expressed. Our analyses revealed that DIU, even in the absence of differential gene expression, is an important mechanism for modulating genes during hibernation. These findings demonstrate the value of isoform expression studies and will serve as the basis for deeper exploration into hibernation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brandon D Evans Hutzenbiler
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Shawn Trojahn
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Brewster Kingham
- Sequencing & Genotyping Center, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Olga Shevchenko
- Sequencing & Genotyping Center, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Erin Bernberg
- Sequencing & Genotyping Center, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | | | - Charles T Robbins
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Heiko T Jansen
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Joanna L Kelley
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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6
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Gao J, Ma K, Zhang L, Li T, Zhao B, Jiang Y. Paired related homeobox 1 attenuates autophagy via acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1-regulated fatty acid metabolism in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1006-1016. [PMID: 35032368 PMCID: PMC9063443 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy can affect the invasion and metastasis of carcinoma. Our previous study has shown that invasion and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) can be promoted by the metabolic reprogramming of free fatty acids (FFAs). However, the effect of FFA metabolism on autophagy in SACC remains unknown. In this study, we showed that overexpression of paired related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) reduced the number of autophagosomes and decreased the expression of LC3 and Beclin‐1 in SACC patients and SACC‐83 cells in vitro. Moreover, PRRX1‐mediating FFA reprogramming triggered to autophagy via regulating acetyl‐CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), leading to invasion and migration in SACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Oral Implantology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Kangjie Ma
- Department of Oral Implantology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Baodong Zhao
- Department of Oral Implantology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yaping Jiang
- Department of Oral Implantology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
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7
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Claussnitzer M, Susztak K. Gaining insight into metabolic diseases from human genetic discoveries. Trends Genet 2021; 37:1081-1094. [PMID: 34315631 PMCID: PMC8578350 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human large-scale genetic association studies have identified sequence variations at thousands of genetic risk loci that are more common in patients with diverse metabolic disease compared with healthy controls. While these genetic associations have been replicated in multiple large cohorts and sometimes can explain up to 50% of heritability, the molecular and cellular mechanisms affected by common genetic variation associated with metabolic disease remains mostly unknown. A variety of new genome-wide data types, in conjunction with novel biostatistical and computational analytical methodologies and foundational experimental technologies, are paving the way for a principled approach to systematic variant-to-function (V2F) studies for metabolic diseases, turning associated regions into causal variants, cell types and states of action, effector genes, and cellular and physiological mechanisms. Identification of new target genes and cellular programs for metabolic risk loci will improve mechanistic understanding of disease biology and identification of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Claussnitzer
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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8
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Wang Y, Shi FY, Liang Y, Gao G. REVA as A Well-curated Database for Human Expression-modulating Variants. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 19:590-601. [PMID: 34224878 PMCID: PMC9040024 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
More than 90% of disease- and trait-associated human variants are noncoding. By systematically screening multiple large-scale studies, we compiled REVA, a manually curated database for over 11.8 million experimentally tested noncoding variants with expression-modulating potentials. We provided 2424 functional annotations that could be used to pinpoint the plausible regulatory mechanism of these variants. We further benchmarked multiple state-of-the-art computational tools and found their limited sensitivity remains a serious challenge for effective large-scale analysis. REVA provides high-quality experimentally tested expression-modulating variants with extensive functional annotations, which will be useful for users in the noncoding variants community. REVA is available at http://reva.gao-lab.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Center for Bioinformatics (CBI) and State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Shi
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Center for Bioinformatics (CBI) and State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Human Aging Research Institute, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Center for Bioinformatics (CBI) and State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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9
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Laber S, Forcisi S, Bentley L, Petzold J, Moritz F, Smirnov KS, Al Sadat L, Williamson I, Strobel S, Agnew T, Sengupta S, Nicol T, Grallert H, Heier M, Honecker J, Mianne J, Teboul L, Dumbell R, Long H, Simon M, Lindgren C, Bickmore WA, Hauner H, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Claussnitzer M, Cox RD. Linking the FTO obesity rs1421085 variant circuitry to cellular, metabolic, and organismal phenotypes in vivo. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg0108. [PMID: 34290091 PMCID: PMC8294759 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Variants in FTO have the strongest association with obesity; however, it is still unclear how those noncoding variants mechanistically affect whole-body physiology. We engineered a deletion of the rs1421085 conserved cis-regulatory module (CRM) in mice and confirmed in vivo that the CRM modulates Irx3 and Irx5 gene expression and mitochondrial function in adipocytes. The CRM affects molecular and cellular phenotypes in an adipose depot-dependent manner and affects organismal phenotypes that are relevant for obesity, including decreased high-fat diet-induced weight gain, decreased whole-body fat mass, and decreased skin fat thickness. Last, we connected the CRM to a genetically determined effect on steroid patterns in males that was dependent on nutritional challenge and conserved across mice and humans. Together, our data establish cross-species conservation of the rs1421085 regulatory circuitry at the molecular, cellular, metabolic, and organismal level, revealing previously unknown contextual dependence of the variant's action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Laber
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Forcisi
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Liz Bentley
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Julia Petzold
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franco Moritz
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kirill S Smirnov
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Loubna Al Sadat
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Iain Williamson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sophie Strobel
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Agnew
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Shahana Sengupta
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Tom Nicol
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Margit Heier
- KORA Study Center Augsburg, University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julius Honecker
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joffrey Mianne
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Lydia Teboul
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Rebecca Dumbell
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Helen Long
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Michelle Simon
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Cecilia Lindgren
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Wendy A Bickmore
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hans Hauner
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roger D Cox
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK.
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10
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Bosada FM, Rivaud MR, Uhm JS, Verheule S, van Duijvenboden K, Verkerk AO, Christoffels VM, Boukens BJ. A Variant Noncoding Region Regulates Prrx1 and Predisposes to Atrial Arrhythmias. Circ Res 2021; 129:420-434. [PMID: 34092116 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M Bosada
- Department of Medical Biology (F.M.B., J.-S.U., K.v.D., A.O.V., V.M.C., B.J.B.), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde R Rivaud
- Department of Experimental Cardiology (M.R.R., A.O.V., B.J.B.), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jae-Sun Uhm
- Department of Medical Biology (F.M.B., J.-S.U., K.v.D., A.O.V., V.M.C., B.J.B.), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Severance Hospital, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (J.-S.U.)
| | - Sander Verheule
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, the Netherlands (S.V.)
| | - Karel van Duijvenboden
- Department of Medical Biology (F.M.B., J.-S.U., K.v.D., A.O.V., V.M.C., B.J.B.), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Department of Medical Biology (F.M.B., J.-S.U., K.v.D., A.O.V., V.M.C., B.J.B.), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Cardiology (M.R.R., A.O.V., B.J.B.), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology (F.M.B., J.-S.U., K.v.D., A.O.V., V.M.C., B.J.B.), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J Boukens
- Department of Medical Biology (F.M.B., J.-S.U., K.v.D., A.O.V., V.M.C., B.J.B.), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Cardiology (M.R.R., A.O.V., B.J.B.), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Sobreira DR, Joslin AC, Zhang Q, Williamson I, Hansen GT, Farris KM, Sakabe NJ, Sinnott-Armstrong N, Bozek G, Jensen-Cody SO, Flippo KH, Ober C, Bickmore WA, Potthoff M, Chen M, Claussnitzer M, Aneas I, Nóbrega MA. Extensive pleiotropism and allelic heterogeneity mediate metabolic effects of IRX3 and IRX5. Science 2021; 372:1085-1091. [PMID: 34083488 PMCID: PMC8386003 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Whereas coding variants often have pleiotropic effects across multiple tissues, noncoding variants are thought to mediate their phenotypic effects by specific tissue and temporal regulation of gene expression. Here, we investigated the genetic and functional architecture of a genomic region within the FTO gene that is strongly associated with obesity risk. We show that multiple variants on a common haplotype modify the regulatory properties of several enhancers targeting IRX3 and IRX5 from megabase distances. We demonstrate that these enhancers affect gene expression in multiple tissues, including adipose and brain, and impart regulatory effects during a restricted temporal window. Our data indicate that the genetic architecture of disease-associated loci may involve extensive pleiotropy, allelic heterogeneity, shared allelic effects across tissues, and temporally restricted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora R Sobreira
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Amelia C Joslin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Iain Williamson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Grace T Hansen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kathryn M Farris
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Noboru J Sakabe
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford 94305 CA, USA
- Metabolism Program and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Grazyna Bozek
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sharon O Jensen-Cody
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kyle H Flippo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wendy A Bickmore
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Matthew Potthoff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mengjie Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Metabolism Program and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02131, USA
| | - Ivy Aneas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Marcelo A Nóbrega
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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12
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Mukha A, Kalkhoven E, van Mil SWC. Splice variants of metabolic nuclear receptors: Relevance for metabolic disease and therapeutic targeting. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166183. [PMID: 34058349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors which control a wide range of metabolic processes and signaling pathways in response to nutrients and xenobiotics. Targeting these NRs is at the forefront of our endeavours to generate novel treatment options for diabetes, metabolic syndrome and fatty liver disease. Numerous splice variants have been described for these metabolic receptors. Structural changes, as a result of alternative splicing, lead to functional differences among NR isoforms, resulting in the regulation of different metabolic pathways by these NR splice variants. In this review, we describe known splice variants of FXR, LXRs, PXR, RXR, LRH-1, CAR and PPARs. We discuss their structure and functions, and elaborate on the regulation of splice variant abundance by nutritional signals. We conclude that NR splice variants pose an intriguing new layer of complexity in metabolic signaling, which needs to be taken into account in the development of treatment strategies for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mukha
- Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia W C van Mil
- Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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13
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Tseng CC, Wong MC, Liao WT, Chen CJ, Lee SC, Yen JH, Chang SJ. Genetic Variants in Transcription Factor Binding Sites in Humans: Triggered by Natural Selection and Triggers of Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084187. [PMID: 33919522 PMCID: PMC8073710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) constitute an important part of the human genome. Current evidence demonstrates close links between nucleotides within TFBSs and gene expression. There are multiple pathways through which genomic sequences located in TFBSs regulate gene expression, and recent genome-wide association studies have shown the biological significance of TFBS variation in human phenotypes. However, numerous challenges remain in the study of TFBS polymorphisms. This article aims to cover the current state of understanding as regards the genomic features of TFBSs and TFBS variants; the mechanisms through which TFBS variants regulate gene expression; the approaches to studying the effects of nucleotide changes that create or disrupt TFBSs; the challenges faced in studies of TFBS sequence variations; the effects of natural selection on collections of TFBSs; in addition to the insights gained from the study of TFBS alleles related to gout, its associated comorbidities (increased body mass index, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, hyperuricemia, osteoporosis, and prostate cancer), and the treatment responses of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.T.); (J.-H.Y.)
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Man-Chun Wong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-T.L.); (S.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (W.-T.L.); +886-7-5916679 (S.-J.C.); Fax:+886-7-3125339 (W.-T.L.); +886-7-5919264 (S.-J.C.)
| | - Chung-Jen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan;
| | - Su-Chen Lee
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Jeng-Hsien Yen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.T.); (J.-H.Y.)
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Jen Chang
- Department of Kinesiology, Health and Leisure Studies, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-T.L.); (S.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (W.-T.L.); +886-7-5916679 (S.-J.C.); Fax:+886-7-3125339 (W.-T.L.); +886-7-5919264 (S.-J.C.)
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14
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Single-cell chromatin accessibility identifies pancreatic islet cell type- and state-specific regulatory programs of diabetes risk. Nat Genet 2021; 53:455-466. [PMID: 33795864 PMCID: PMC9037575 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (snATAC-seq) creates new opportunities to dissect cell type-specific mechanisms of complex diseases. Since pancreatic islets are central to type 2 diabetes (T2D), we profiled 15,298 islet cells by using combinatorial barcoding snATAC-seq and identified 12 clusters, including multiple alpha, beta and delta cell states. We cataloged 228,873 accessible chromatin sites and identified transcription factors underlying lineage- and state-specific regulation. We observed state-specific enrichment of fasting glucose and T2D genome-wide association studies for beta cells and enrichment for other endocrine cell types. At T2D signals localized to islet-accessible chromatin, we prioritized variants with predicted regulatory function and co-accessibility with target genes. A causal T2D variant rs231361 at the KCNQ1 locus had predicted effects on a beta cell enhancer co-accessible with INS and genome editing in embryonic stem cell-derived beta cells affected INS levels. Together our findings demonstrate the power of single-cell epigenomics for interpreting complex disease genetics.
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15
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Sinnott-Armstrong N, Sousa IS, Laber S, Rendina-Ruedy E, Nitter Dankel SE, Ferreira T, Mellgren G, Karasik D, Rivas M, Pritchard J, Guntur AR, Cox RD, Lindgren CM, Hauner H, Sallari R, Rosen CJ, Hsu YH, Lander ES, Kiel DP, Claussnitzer M. A regulatory variant at 3q21.1 confers an increased pleiotropic risk for hyperglycemia and altered bone mineral density. Cell Metab 2021; 33:615-628.e13. [PMID: 33513366 PMCID: PMC7928941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal and glycemic traits have shared etiology, but the underlying genetic factors remain largely unknown. To identify genetic loci that may have pleiotropic effects, we studied Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for bone mineral density and glycemic traits and identified a bivariate risk locus at 3q21. Using sequence and epigenetic modeling, we prioritized an adenylate cyclase 5 (ADCY5) intronic causal variant, rs56371916. This SNP changes the binding affinity of SREBP1 and leads to differential ADCY5 gene expression, altering the chromatin landscape from poised to repressed. These alterations result in bone- and type 2 diabetes-relevant cell-autonomous changes in lipid metabolism in osteoblasts and adipocytes. We validated our findings by directly manipulating the regulator SREBP1, the target gene ADCY5, and the variant rs56371916, which together imply a novel link between fatty acid oxidation and osteoblast differentiation. Our work, by systematic functional dissection of pleiotropic GWAS loci, represents a framework to uncover biological mechanisms affecting pleiotropic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Cell Circuits and Epigenomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford 94305 CA, USA
| | - Isabel S Sousa
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Samantha Laber
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Cell Circuits and Epigenomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Rendina-Ruedy
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Simon E Nitter Dankel
- University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Gunnar Mellgren
- University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA; Faculty of Medicine of the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Manuel Rivas
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Pritchard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford 94305 CA, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anyonya R Guntur
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Roger D Cox
- Medical Research Council Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group "Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes" of the German Center of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - Richard Sallari
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA
| | - Eric S Lander
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Cell Circuits and Epigenomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Cell Circuits and Epigenomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA; University of Hohenheim, Institute of Nutritional Science, Stuttgart 70599, Germany.
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16
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Geusz RJ, Wang A, Chiou J, Lancman JJ, Wetton N, Kefalopoulou S, Wang J, Qiu Y, Yan J, Aylward A, Ren B, Dong PDS, Gaulton KJ, Sander M. Pancreatic progenitor epigenome maps prioritize type 2 diabetes risk genes with roles in development. eLife 2021; 10:e59067. [PMID: 33544077 PMCID: PMC7864636 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk affect gene regulation in metabolically relevant tissues, such as pancreatic islets. Here, we investigated contributions of regulatory programs active during pancreatic development to T2D risk. Generation of chromatin maps from developmental precursors throughout pancreatic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) identifies enrichment of T2D variants in pancreatic progenitor-specific stretch enhancers that are not active in islets. Genes associated with progenitor-specific stretch enhancers are predicted to regulate developmental processes, most notably tissue morphogenesis. Through gene editing in hESCs, we demonstrate that progenitor-specific enhancers harboring T2D-associated variants regulate cell polarity genes LAMA1 and CRB2. Knockdown of lama1 or crb2 in zebrafish embryos causes a defect in pancreas morphogenesis and impairs islet cell development. Together, our findings reveal that a subset of T2D risk variants specifically affects pancreatic developmental programs, suggesting that dysregulation of developmental processes can predispose to T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Geusz
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative MedicineSan DiegoUnited States
- Biomedical Graduate Studies Program, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Allen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative MedicineSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Joshua Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Biomedical Graduate Studies Program, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Joseph J Lancman
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteSan DiegoUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Nichole Wetton
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative MedicineSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Samy Kefalopoulou
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative MedicineSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Jinzhao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative MedicineSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Yunjiang Qiu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Jian Yan
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Anthony Aylward
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Bing Ren
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer ResearchSan DiegoUnited States
| | - P Duc Si Dong
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteSan DiegoUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Kyle J Gaulton
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Maike Sander
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative MedicineSan DiegoUnited States
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17
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Yang R, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Ci H, Song C, Wu S. Low PRRX1 expression and high ZEB1 expression are significantly correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24472. [PMID: 33530259 PMCID: PMC7850718 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paired related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) have been observed to play a vital role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in different types of cancer. The microvessel density (MVD) is the most common indicator used to quantify angiogenesis. This study aimed to investigate expression of PRRX1 and ZEB1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to explore associations between these factors and tumor prognosis, EMT markers and angiogenesis. METHODS Data for a total of 111 surgically resected NSCLC cases from January 2013 to December 2014 were collected. We used an immunohistochemical method to detect expression levels of PRRX1, ZEB1, and E-cadherin, and to assess MVD (marked by CD34 staining). SPSS 26.0 was employed to evaluate the connection between these factors and clinical and histopathological features, overall survival (OS) and tumor angiogenesis. RESULTS PRRX1 expression was obviously lower in tumor samples than in control samples. Low expression of PRRX1, which was more common in the high-MVD group than in the low-MVD group (P = .009), correlated positively with E-cadherin expression (P < .001). Additionally, we showed that ZEB1 was expressed at higher levels in tumor samples than in normal samples. High expression of ZEB1 was associated negatively with E-cadherin expression (P < .001) and positively associated with high MVD (P = .001). Based on Kaplan-Meier and multivariate survival analyses, we found that PRRX1, ZEB1, E-cadherin and the MVD had predictive value for OS in NSCLC patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that PRRX1 and ZEB1 may serve as novel prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Yang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College
- Department of Pathology
| | - Yuanqun Liu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College
- Department of Pathology
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College
- Department of Pathology
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College
- Department of Pathology
| | - Hongfei Ci
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College
- Department of Pathology
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shiwu Wu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College
- Department of Pathology
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18
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Molecular and evolutionary processes generating variation in gene expression. Nat Rev Genet 2020; 22:203-215. [PMID: 33268840 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-00304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heritable variation in gene expression is common within and between species. This variation arises from mutations that alter the form or function of molecular gene regulatory networks that are then filtered by natural selection. High-throughput methods for introducing mutations and characterizing their cis- and trans-regulatory effects on gene expression (particularly, transcription) are revealing how different molecular mechanisms generate regulatory variation, and studies comparing these mutational effects with variation seen in the wild are teasing apart the role of neutral and non-neutral evolutionary processes. This integration of molecular and evolutionary biology allows us to understand how the variation in gene expression we see today came to be and to predict how it is most likely to evolve in the future.
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19
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Dankel SN, Grytten E, Bjune JI, Nielsen HJ, Dietrich A, Blüher M, Sagen JV, Mellgren G. COL6A3 expression in adipose tissue cells is associated with levels of the homeobox transcription factor PRRX1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20164. [PMID: 33214660 PMCID: PMC7678848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrillar collagen COL6α3 in adipose tissue has been associated with obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance and cancer. We here aimed to identify novel transcriptional regulators of COL6A3 expression. Based on a transcriptome dataset of adipose tissue, we identified strong correlations for 56 genes with COL6A3 mRNA, including targets of TGF-β/SMAD signaling. Among the identified candidates, the homeobox transcription factor PRRX1 showed a particularly striking co-expression with COL6A3, validated across several different cohorts, including patients with extreme obesity, insulin sensitive and resistant obesity (subcutaneous and omental), after profound fat loss (subcutaneous), and lean controls (subcutaneous). In human and mouse adipose cells, PRRX1 knockdown reduced COL6A3 mRNA and PRRX1 overexpression transactivated a reporter construct with the endogenous human COL6A3 promoter. Stable PRRX1 overexpression in 3T3-L1 cells induced Col6a3 mRNA threefold specifically after adipogenic induction, whereas TGF-β1 treatment upregulated Col6a3 mRNA also in the preadipocyte state. Interestingly, pro-inflammatory stimulus (i.e., TNF-α treatment) decreased PRRX1-mediated Col6a3 transactivation and mRNA expression, supporting a role for this mechanism in the regulation of adipose tissue inflammation. In conclusion, we identified the homeobox factor PRRX1 as a novel transcriptional regulator associated with COL6A3 expression, providing new insight into the regulatory mechanisms of altered adipose tissue function in obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Dankel
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Elise Grytten
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan-Inge Bjune
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Arne Dietrich
- Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jørn V Sagen
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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20
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Mušo M, Dumbell R, Pulit S, Sinnott-Armstrong N, Laber S, Zolkiewski L, Bentley L, Claussnitzer M, Cox RD. A lead candidate functional single nucleotide polymorphism within the WARS2 gene associated with waist-hip-ratio does not alter RNA stability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194640. [PMID: 33007465 PMCID: PMC7695619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have prioritised a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2645294 as one candidate functional SNP in the TBX15-WARS2 waist-hip-ratio locus using posterior probability analysis. This SNP is located in the 3' untranslated region of the WARS2 (tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial) gene with which it has an expression quantitative trait in subcutaneous white adipose tissue. We show that transcripts of the WARS2 gene in a human white adipose cell line, heterozygous for the rs2645294 SNP, showed allelic imbalance. We tested whether the rs2645294 SNP altered WARS2 RNA stability using three different methods: actinomycin-D inhibition and RNA decay, mature and nascent RNA analysis and luciferase reporter assays. We found no evidence of a difference in RNA stability between the rs2645294 alleles indicating that the allelic expression imbalance was likely due to transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Mušo
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Rebecca Dumbell
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Sara Pulit
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Center for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK; Program in Medical Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Samantha Laber
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Louisa Zolkiewski
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Liz Bentley
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Gerontology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roger D Cox
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK.
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21
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Wang L, Sinnott-Armstrong N, Wagschal A, Wark AR, Camporez JP, Perry RJ, Ji F, Sohn Y, Oh J, Wu S, Chery J, Moud BN, Saadat A, Dankel SN, Mellgren G, Tallapragada DSP, Strobel SM, Lee MJ, Tewhey R, Sabeti PC, Schaefer A, Petri A, Kauppinen S, Chung RT, Soukas A, Avruch J, Fried SK, Hauner H, Sadreyev RI, Shulman GI, Claussnitzer M, Näär AM. A MicroRNA Linking Human Positive Selection and Metabolic Disorders. Cell 2020; 183:684-701.e14. [PMID: 33058756 PMCID: PMC8092355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Positive selection in Europeans at the 2q21.3 locus harboring the lactase gene has been attributed to selection for the ability of adults to digest milk to survive famine in ancient times. However, the 2q21.3 locus is also associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans, raising the possibility that additional genetic elements in the locus may have contributed to evolutionary adaptation to famine by promoting energy storage, but which now confer susceptibility to metabolic diseases. We show here that the miR-128-1 microRNA, located at the center of the positively selected locus, represents a crucial metabolic regulator in mammals. Antisense targeting and genetic ablation of miR-128-1 in mouse metabolic disease models result in increased energy expenditure and amelioration of high-fat-diet-induced obesity and markedly improved glucose tolerance. A thrifty phenotype connected to miR-128-1-dependent energy storage may link ancient adaptation to famine and modern metabolic maladaptation associated with nutritional overabundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Wang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,These authors contributed equally,Present address: Cardiovascular & Metabolism, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Alexandre Wagschal
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Present address: Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - Abigail R. Wark
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joao-Paulo Camporez
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA,Present address: Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 14049-90, Brazil
| | - Rachel J. Perry
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Fei Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yoojin Sohn
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Present address: Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Justin Oh
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Present address: Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - Su Wu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Present address: Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica Chery
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Present address: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bahareh Nemati Moud
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center of Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alham Saadat
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Simon N. Dankel
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Divya Sri Priyanka Tallapragada
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sophie Madlen Strobel
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany
| | - Mi-Jeong Lee
- Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA,Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Ryan Tewhey
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA,Present address: The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Anne Schaefer
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School ofMedicine atMount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Andreas Petri
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sakari Kauppinen
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alexander Soukas
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Medicine, Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joseph Avruch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Diabetes unit, Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Susan K. Fried
- Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA,Present address: Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center of Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany,Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruslan I. Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anders M. Näär
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Present address: Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA,Lead Contact,Correspondence: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.017
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22
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Keller M, Gebhardt C, Huth S, Schleinitz D, Heyne H, Scholz M, Stumvoll M, Böttcher Y, Tönjes A, Kovacs P. Genetically programmed changes in transcription of the novel progranulin regulator. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1139-1148. [PMID: 32620998 PMCID: PMC7399677 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Progranulin is a glycoprotein marking chronic inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Previous studies suggested PSRC1 (proline and serine rich coiled-coil 1) to be a target of genetic variants associated with serum progranulin levels. We aimed to identify potentially functional variants and characterize their role in regulation of PSRC1. Phylogenetic module complexity analysis (PMCA) prioritized four polymorphisms (rs12740374, rs629301, rs660240, rs7528419) altering transcription factor binding sites with an overall score for potential regulatory function of Sall > 7.0. The effects of these variants on transcriptional activity and binding of transcription factors were tested by luciferase reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). In parallel, blood DNA promoter methylation of two regions was tested in subjects with a very high (N = 100) or a very low (N = 100) serum progranulin. Luciferase assays revealed lower activities in vectors carrying the rs629301-A compared with the C allele. Moreover, EMSA indicated a different binding pattern for the two rs629301 alleles, with an additional prominent band for the A allele, which was finally confirmed with the supershift for the Yin Yang 1 transcription factor (YY1). Subjects with high progranulin levels manifested a significantly higher mean DNA methylation (P < 1 × 10−7) in one promoter region, which was in line with a significantly lower PSRC1 mRNA expression levels in blood (P = 1 × 10−3). Consistently, rs629301-A allele was associated with lower PSRC1 mRNA expression (P < 1 × 10−7). Our data suggest that the progranulin-associated variant rs629301 modifies the transcription of PSRC1 through alteration of YY1 binding capacity. DNA methylation studies further support the role of PSRC1 in regulation of progranulin serum levels. Key messages PSRC1 (proline and serine rich coiled-coil 1) SNPs are associated with serum progranulin levels. rs629301 regulates PSRC1 expression by affecting Yin Yang 1 transcription factor (YY1) binding. PSRC1 is also epigenetically regulated in subjects with high progranulin levels.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-020-01942-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Keller
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.,Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Gebhardt
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Huth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorit Schleinitz
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henrike Heyne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus Universitetssykehus, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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23
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Dankel SN, Røst TH, Kulyté A, Fandalyuk Z, Skurk T, Hauner H, Sagen JV, Rydén M, Arner P, Mellgren G. The Rho GTPase RND3 regulates adipocyte lipolysis. Metabolism 2019; 101:153999. [PMID: 31672447 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in diet- and obesity-related insulin resistance, with implications for several metabolic diseases. Identification of novel target genes and mechanisms that regulate adipocyte function could lead to improved treatment strategies. RND3 (RhoE/Rho8), a Rho-related GTP-binding protein that inhibits Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling, has been linked to diverse diseases such as apoptotic cardiomyopathy, heart failure, cancer and type 2 diabetes, in part by regulating cytoskeleton dynamics and insulin-mediated glucose uptake. RESULTS We here investigated the expression of RND3 in adipose tissue in human obesity, and discovered a role for RND3 in regulating adipocyte metabolism. In cross-sectional and prospective studies, we observed 5-fold increased adipocyte levels of RND3 mRNA in obesity, reduced levels after surgery-induced weight loss, and positive correlations of RND3 mRNA with adipocyte size and surrogate measures of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR and circulating triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TAG/HDL-C) ratio). By screening for RND3-dependent gene expression following siRNA-mediated RND3 knockdown in differentiating human adipocytes, we found downregulation of inflammatory genes and upregulation of genes related to adipocyte ipolysis and insulin signaling. Treatment of adipocytes with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), hypoxia or cAMP analogs increased RND3 mRNA levels 1.5-2-fold. Functional assays in primary human adipocytes confirmed that RND3 knockdown reduces cAMP- and isoproterenol-induced lipolysis, which were mimicked by treating cells with ROCK inhibitor. This effect could partly be explained by reduced protein expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). CONCLUSION We here uncovered a novel differential expression of adipose RND3 in obesity and insulin resistance, which may at least partly depend on a causal effect of RND3 on adipocyte lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Dankel
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Therese H Røst
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Agné Kulyté
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, C2-94 Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zina Fandalyuk
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; Else Kroener-Fresenius Centre for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kroener-Fresenius Centre for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany; German Center of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Jørn V Sagen
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, C2-94 Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, C2-94 Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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24
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Jiang YP, Tang YL, Wang SS, Wu JS, Zhang M, Pang X, Wu JB, Chen Y, Tang YJ, Liang XH. PRRX1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma activates the metabolic reprogramming of free fatty acids to promote invasion and metastasis. Cell Prolif 2019; 53:e12705. [PMID: 31657086 PMCID: PMC6985691 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Increasing evidences demonstrate a close correlation between epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) induction and cancer lipid metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms have not been clarified. Materials and methods In our study, the relative expression level of PRRX1 was detected, its relationship with free fatty acid (FFA) and PPARG2 was analysed in 85 SACC tissues and 15 salivary glands from the benign salivary tumours. We also compared the FFAs composition and levels in these SACC cells. PPARG2 was detected in PRRX1‐induced FFAs treatment as well as Src and MMP‐9 were detected in FFAs treatment–induced invasion and migration of SACC cells, and ChIP test was performed to identify the target interactions. Results Our data showed that overexpression of PRRX1 induced EMT and facilitated the invasion and migration of SACC cells, and PRRX1 expression was closely associated with high FFAs level and poor prognosis of SACC patients. Furthermore, PRRX1 silence led to the increase of PPARG2 and the reduction of FFAs level and the migration and invasion of SACC cells. And inhibition of PPARG2 rescued FFAs level and migration and invasion capabilities of SACC cells. Free fatty acids treatment induced an increase of Stat5‐DNA binding activity via Src‐ and MMP‐9‐dependent pathway. Conclusions Collectively, our findings showed that the PRRX1/PPARG2/FFAs signalling in SACC was important for accelerating tumour metastasis through the induction of EMT and the metabolic reprogramming of FFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China.,Department of Implant, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Shun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Jing-Biao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
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25
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Yu CY, Han JX, Zhang J, Jiang P, Shen C, Guo F, Tang J, Yan T, Tian X, Zhu X, Ma D, Hu Y, Xie Y, Du W, Zhong M, Chen J, Liu Q, Sun D, Chen Y, Zou W, Hong J, Chen H, Fang JY. A 16q22.1 variant confers susceptibility to colorectal cancer as a distal regulator of ZFP90. Oncogene 2019; 39:1347-1360. [PMID: 31641208 PMCID: PMC7002302 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) implicate 16q22.1 locus in risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the underlying oncogenic mechanisms remain unknown. Here, through comprehensive filtration, we prioritized rs7198799, a common SNP in the second intron of the CDH1, as the putative causal variant. In addition, we found an association of CRC-risk allele C of rs7198799 with elevated transcript level of biological plausible candidate gene ZFP90 via expression quantitative trait loci analysis. Mechanistically, causal variant rs7198799 resides in an enhancer element and remotely regulate ZFP90 expression by targeting the transcription factor NFATC2. Remarkably, CRISPR/Cas9-guided single-nucleotide editing demonstrated the direct effect of rs7198799 on ZFP90 expression and CRC cellular malignant phenotype. Furthermore, ZFP90 affects several oncogenic pathways, including BMP4, and promotes carcinogenesis in patients and in animal models with ZFP90 specific genetic manipulation. Taken together, these findings reveal a risk SNP-mediated long-range regulation on the NFATC2-ZFP90-BMP4 pathway underlying the initiation of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Xuan Han
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
| | - Penglei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoqin Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangfang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianglong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanhong Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan Du
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China.,Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Graduate programs in Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ming Zhong
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinxian Chen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Danfeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China.,Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Graduate programs in Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yingxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Zou
- Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Graduate programs in Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jie Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China.
| | - Haoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China.
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Matejka K, Stückler F, Salomon M, Ensenauer R, Reischl E, Hoerburger L, Grallert H, Kastenmüller G, Peters A, Daniel H, Krumsiek J, Theis FJ, Hauner H, Laumen H. Dynamic modelling of an ACADS genotype in fatty acid oxidation - Application of cellular models for the analysis of common genetic variants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216110. [PMID: 31120904 PMCID: PMC6532850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies of common diseases or metabolite quantitative traits often identify common variants of small effect size, which may contribute to phenotypes by modulation of gene expression. Thus, there is growing demand for cellular models enabling to assess the impact of gene regulatory variants with moderate effects on gene expression. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation is an important energy metabolism pathway. Common noncoding acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short chain (ACADS) gene variants are associated with plasma C4-acylcarnitine levels and allele-specific modulation of ACADS expression may contribute to the observed phenotype. Methods and findings We assessed ACADS expression and intracellular acylcarnitine levels in human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) genotyped for a common ACADS variant associated with plasma C4-acylcarnitine and found a significant genotype-dependent decrease of ACADS mRNA and protein. Next, we modelled gradual decrease of ACADS expression using a tetracycline-regulated shRNA-knockdown of ACADS in Huh7 hepatocytes, a cell line with high fatty acid oxidation-(FAO)-capacity. Assessing acylcarnitine flux in both models, we found increased C4-acylcarnitine levels with decreased ACADS expression levels. Moreover, assessing time-dependent changes of acylcarnitine levels in shRNA-hepatocytes with altered ACADS expression levels revealed an unexpected effect on long- and medium-chain fatty acid intermediates. Conclusions Both, genotyped LCL and regulated shRNA-knockdown are valuable tools to model moderate, gradual gene-regulatory effects of common variants on cellular phenotypes. Decreasing ACADS expression levels modulate short and surprisingly also long/medium chain acylcarnitines, and may contribute to increased plasma acylcarnitine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Matejka
- Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Stückler
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Regina Ensenauer
- Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
- Experimental Pediatrics and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children’s Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Child Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Reischl
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lena Hoerburger
- Paediatric Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK-Munich partner site), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Chair of Physiology of Human Nutrition, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Fabian J. Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Mathematical Science, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- * E-mail: (FJT); (HL)
| | - Hans Hauner
- Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Helmut Laumen
- Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Paediatric Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (FJT); (HL)
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Broekema M, Savage D, Monajemi H, Kalkhoven E. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in lipodystrophy: Lessons learned from natural PPARγ mutants. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:715-732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Li C, Menoret A, Farragher C, Ouyang Z, Bonin C, Holvoet P, Vella AT, Zhou B. Single cell transcriptomics based-MacSpectrum reveals novel macrophage activation signatures in diseases. JCI Insight 2019; 5:126453. [PMID: 30990466 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) are crucial for maintaining adipose tissue homeostasis and mediating obesity-induced metabolic abnormalities, including prediabetic conditions and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite their key functions in regulating adipose tissue metabolic and immunologic homeostasis under normal and obese conditions, a high-resolution transcriptome annotation system that can capture ATM multifaceted activation profiles has not yet been developed. This is primarily attributed to the complexity of their differentiation/activation process in adipose tissue and their diverse activation profiles in response to microenvironmental cues. Although the concept of multifaceted macrophage action is well-accepted, no current model precisely depicts their dynamically regulated in vivo features. To address this knowledge gap, we generated single-cell transcriptome data from primary bone marrow-derived macrophages under polarizing and non-polarizing conditions to develop new high-resolution algorithms. The outcome was creation of a two-index platform, MacSpectrum (https://macspectrum.uconn.edu), that enables comprehensive high-resolution mapping of macrophage activation states from diverse mixed cell populations. MacSpectrum captured dynamic transitions of macrophage subpopulations under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Importantly, MacSpectrum revealed unique "signature" gene sets in ATMs and circulating monocytes that displayed significant correlation with BMI and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in obese human patients. Thus, MacSpectrum provides unprecedented resolution to decode macrophage heterogeneity and will open new areas of clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Antoine Menoret
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cullen Farragher
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zhengqing Ouyang
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher Bonin
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paul Holvoet
- Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Stachowiak M, Szczerbal I, Flisikowski K. Investigation of allele-specific expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism suggests complex regulatory mechanisms of PPARGC1A expression in porcine fat tissues. BMC Genet 2018; 19:107. [PMID: 30497374 PMCID: PMC6267897 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of genes involved in regulating adipogenesis and lipid metabolism may affect economically important fatness traits in pigs. Allele-specific expression (ASE) reflects imbalance between allelic transcript levels and can be used to identify underlying cis-regulatory elements. ASE has not yet been intensively studied in pigs. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the differential allelic expression of four genes, PPARA, PPARG, SREBF1, and PPARGC1A, which are involved in the regulation of fat deposition in porcine subcutaneous and visceral fat and longissimus dorsi muscle. Results Quantification of allelic proportions by pyrosequencing revealed that both alleles of PPARG and SREBF1 are expressed at similar levels. PPARGC1A showed the greatest ASE imbalance in fat deposits in Polish Large White (PLW), Polish Landrace and Pietrain pigs; and PPARA in PLW pigs. Significant deviations of mean PPARGC1A allelic transcript ratio between cDNA and genomic DNA were detected in all tissues, with the most pronounced difference (p < 0.001) in visceral fat of PLW pigs. To search for potential cis-regulatory elements affecting ASE in the PPARGC1A gene we analyzed the effects of four SNPs (rs337351686, rs340650517, rs336405906 and rs345224049) in the promoter region, but none were associated with ASE in the breeds studied. DNA methylation analysis revealed significant CpG methylation differences between samples showing balanced (allelic transcript ratio ≈1) and imbalanced allelic expression for CpG site at the genomic position in chromosome 8 (SSC8): 18527678 in visceral fat (p = 0.017) and two CpG sites (SSC8:18525215, p = 0.030; SSC8:18525237, p = 0.031) in subcutaneous fat. Conclusions Our analysis of differential allelic expression suggests that PPARGC1A is subjected to cis-regulation in porcine fat tissues. Further studies are necessary to identify other regulatory elements localized outside the PPARGC1A proximal promoter region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-018-0696-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmannstr. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
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30
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Cheng M, Mei B, Zhou Q, Zhang M, Huang H, Han L, Huang Q. Computational analyses of obesity associated loci generated by genome-wide association studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199987. [PMID: 29966015 PMCID: PMC6028139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have discovered associations of numerous SNPs and genes with obesity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms through which these SNPs and genes affect the predisposition to obesity remain not fully understood. Aims of our study are to comprehensively characterize obesity GWAS SNPs and genes through computational approaches. METHODS For obesity GWAS identified SNPs, functional annotation, effects on miRNAs binding and impact on protein phosphorylation were performed via RegulomeDB and 3DSNP, miRNASNP, and the PhosSNP 1.0 database, respectively. For obesity associated genes, protein-protein interaction network construction, gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were performed by STRING, PANTHER and STRING, respectively. RESULTS A total of 445 SNPs are significantly associated with obesity related phenotypes at threshold P < 5×10-8. A number of SNPs were eQTLs for obesity associated genes, some SNPs located at binding sites of obesity related transcription factors. SNPs that might affect miRNAs binding and protein phosphorylation were identified. Protein-protein interaction network analysis identified the highly-interconnected "hub" genes. Obesity associated genes mainly involved in metabolic process and catalytic activity, and significantly enriched in 15 signal pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our results provided the targets for follow-up experimental testing and further shed new light on obesity pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrong Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bing Mei
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Manling Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Han Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lanchun Han
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingyang Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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Briot A, Decaunes P, Volat F, Belles C, Coupaye M, Ledoux S, Bouloumié A. Senescence Alters PPARγ (Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor Gamma)-Dependent Fatty Acid Handling in Human Adipose Tissue Microvascular Endothelial Cells and Favors Inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1134-1146. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction associated with obesity or aging is a major cause for lipid redistribution and the progression of cardiometabolic disorders. Our goal is to decipher the contribution of human AT microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) in the maintenance of fatty acid (FA) fluxes and the impact of senescence on their function.
Approach and Results—
We used freshly isolated primary microvascular ECs from human AT. Our data identified the endothelial FA handling machinery including FATPs (FA transport proteins) FATP1, FATP3, FATP4, and CD36 as well as FABP4 (FA binding protein 4). We showed that PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma) regulates the expression of FATP1, CD36, and FABP4 and is a major regulator of FA uptake in human AT EC (hATEC). We provided evidence that endothelial PPARγ activity is modulated by senescence. Indeed, the positive regulation of FA transport by PPARγ agonist was abolished, whereas the emergence of an inflammatory response was favored in senescent hATEC. This was associated with the retention of nuclear FOXO1 (forkhead box protein O1), whereas nuclear PPARγ translocation was impaired.
Conclusions—
These data support the notion that PPARγ is a key regulator of primary hATEC function including FA handling and inflammatory response. However, the outcome of PPARγ activation is modulated by senescence, a phenomenon that may impact the ability of hATEC to properly respond to and handle lipid fluxes. Finally, our work highlights the role of hATEC in the regulation of FA fluxes and reveals that dysfunction of these cells with accelerated aging is likely to participate to AT dysfunction and the redistribution of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Briot
- From the Inserm, UMR1048, Team 1, I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France (A. Briot, P.D., F.V., C.B., A. Bouloumié)
| | - Pauline Decaunes
- From the Inserm, UMR1048, Team 1, I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France (A. Briot, P.D., F.V., C.B., A. Bouloumié)
| | - Fanny Volat
- From the Inserm, UMR1048, Team 1, I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France (A. Briot, P.D., F.V., C.B., A. Bouloumié)
| | - Chloé Belles
- From the Inserm, UMR1048, Team 1, I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France (A. Briot, P.D., F.V., C.B., A. Bouloumié)
| | - Muriel Coupaye
- Center Support of Obesity, Hôpital Louis Mourier (APHP), Colombes, and Faculté Paris Diderot, France (M.C., S.L.)
| | - Séverine Ledoux
- Center Support of Obesity, Hôpital Louis Mourier (APHP), Colombes, and Faculté Paris Diderot, France (M.C., S.L.)
| | - Anne Bouloumié
- From the Inserm, UMR1048, Team 1, I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France (A. Briot, P.D., F.V., C.B., A. Bouloumié)
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32
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Smith AJP, Deloukas P, Munroe PB. Emerging applications of genome-editing technology to examine functionality of GWAS-associated variants for complex traits. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:510-522. [PMID: 29652634 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00028.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have propelled the discovery of thousands of loci associated with complex diseases. The focus is now turning toward the function of these association signals, determining the causal variant(s) among those in strong linkage disequilibrium, and identifying their underlying mechanisms, such as long-range gene regulation. Genome-editing techniques utilizing zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats with Cas9 nuclease (CRISPR-Cas9) are becoming the tools of choice to establish functionality for these variants, due to the ability to assess effects of single variants in vivo. This review will discuss examples of how these technologies have begun to aid functional analysis of GWAS loci for complex traits such as cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, cancer, obesity, and autoimmune disease. We focus on analysis of variants occurring within noncoding genomic regions, as these comprise the majority of GWAS variants, providing the greatest challenges to determining functionality, and compare editing strategies that provide different levels of evidence for variant functionality. The review describes molecular insights into some of these potentially causal variants and how these may relate to the pathology of the trait and look toward future directions for these technologies in post-GWAS analysis, such as base-editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J P Smith
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary University of London , United Kingdom.,NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary University of London , United Kingdom.,NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary University of London , United Kingdom.,NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London , London , United Kingdom
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33
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Mahajan A, Wessel J, Willems SM, Zhao W, Robertson NR, Chu AY, Gan W, Kitajima H, Taliun D, Rayner NW, Guo X, Lu Y, Li M, Jensen RA, Hu Y, Huo S, Lohman KK, Zhang W, Cook JP, Prins BP, Flannick J, Grarup N, Trubetskoy VV, Kravic J, Kim YJ, Rybin DV, Yaghootkar H, Müller-Nurasyid M, Meidtner K, Li-Gao R, Varga TV, Marten J, Li J, Smith AV, An P, Ligthart S, Gustafsson S, Malerba G, Demirkan A, Tajes JF, Steinthorsdottir V, Wuttke M, Lecoeur C, Preuss M, Bielak LF, Graff M, Highland HM, Justice AE, Liu DJ, Marouli E, Peloso GM, Warren HR, Afaq S, Afzal S, Ahlqvist E, Almgren P, Amin N, Bang LB, Bertoni AG, Bombieri C, Bork-Jensen J, Brandslund I, Brody JA, Burtt NP, Canouil M, Chen YDI, Cho YS, Christensen C, Eastwood SV, Eckardt KU, Fischer K, Gambaro G, Giedraitis V, Grove ML, de Haan HG, Hackinger S, Hai Y, Han S, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Hivert MF, Isomaa B, Jäger S, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Käräjämäki A, Kim BJ, Kim SS, Koistinen HA, Kovacs P, Kriebel J, Kronenberg F, Läll K, Lange LA, Lee JJ, Lehne B, Li H, Lin KH, Linneberg A, Liu CT, Liu J, Loh M, Mägi R, Mamakou V, McKean-Cowdin R, Nadkarni G, Neville M, Nielsen SF, Ntalla I, Peyser PA, Rathmann W, Rice K, Rich SS, Rode L, Rolandsson O, Schönherr S, Selvin E, Small KS, Stančáková A, Surendran P, Taylor KD, Teslovich TM, Thorand B, Thorleifsson G, Tin A, Tönjes A, Varbo A, Witte DR, Wood AR, Yajnik P, Yao J, Yengo L, Young R, Amouyel P, Boeing H, Boerwinkle E, Bottinger EP, Chowdhury R, Collins FS, Dedoussis G, Dehghan A, Deloukas P, Ferrario MM, Ferrières J, Florez JC, Frossard P, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Heckbert SR, Howson JMM, Ingelsson M, Kathiresan S, Kee F, Kuusisto J, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Lindgren CM, Männistö S, Meitinger T, Melander O, Mohlke KL, Moitry M, Morris AD, Murray AD, de Mutsert R, Orho-Melander M, Owen KR, Perola M, Peters A, Province MA, Rasheed A, Ridker PM, Rivadineira F, Rosendaal FR, Rosengren AH, Salomaa V, Sheu WHH, Sladek R, Smith BH, Strauch K, Uitterlinden AG, Varma R, Willer CJ, Blüher M, Butterworth AS, Chambers JC, Chasman DI, Danesh J, van Duijn C, Dupuis J, Franco OH, Franks PW, Froguel P, Grallert H, Groop L, Han BG, Hansen T, Hattersley AT, Hayward C, Ingelsson E, Kardia SLR, Karpe F, Kooner JS, Köttgen A, Kuulasmaa K, Laakso M, Lin X, Lind L, Liu Y, Loos RJF, Marchini J, Metspalu A, Mook-Kanamori D, Nordestgaard BG, Palmer CNA, Pankow JS, Pedersen O, Psaty BM, Rauramaa R, Sattar N, Schulze MB, Soranzo N, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Stumvoll M, Thorsteinsdottir U, Tuomi T, Tuomilehto J, Wareham NJ, Wilson JG, Zeggini E, Scott RA, Barroso I, Frayling TM, Goodarzi MO, Meigs JB, Boehnke M, Saleheen D, Morris AP, Rotter JI, McCarthy MI. Refining the accuracy of validated target identification through coding variant fine-mapping in type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 2018; 50:559-571. [PMID: 29632382 PMCID: PMC5898373 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We aggregated coding variant data for 81,412 type 2 diabetes cases and 370,832 controls of diverse ancestry, identifying 40 coding variant association signals (P < 2.2 × 10-7); of these, 16 map outside known risk-associated loci. We make two important observations. First, only five of these signals are driven by low-frequency variants: even for these, effect sizes are modest (odds ratio ≤1.29). Second, when we used large-scale genome-wide association data to fine-map the associated variants in their regional context, accounting for the global enrichment of complex trait associations in coding sequence, compelling evidence for coding variant causality was obtained for only 16 signals. At 13 others, the associated coding variants clearly represent 'false leads' with potential to generate erroneous mechanistic inference. Coding variant associations offer a direct route to biological insight for complex diseases and identification of validated therapeutic targets; however, appropriate mechanistic inference requires careful specification of their causal contribution to disease predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Jennifer Wessel
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, Diabetes Translational Research Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sara M Willems
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neil R Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Gan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hidetoshi Kitajima
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Taliun
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N William Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Yingchang Lu
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Richard A Jensen
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yao Hu
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofeng Huo
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kurt K Lohman
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - James P Cook
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bram Peter Prins
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jason Flannick
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jasmina Kravic
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Denis V Rybin
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Karina Meidtner
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tibor V Varga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jin Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ping An
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Symen Ligthart
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Fernandez Tajes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Matthias Wuttke
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cécile Lecoeur
- CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - Michael Preuss
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marielisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Heather M Highland
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dajiang J Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Eirini Marouli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gina Marie Peloso
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen R Warren
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Saima Afaq
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shoaib Afzal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lia B Bang
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alain G Bertoni
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cristina Bombieri
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noël P Burtt
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sophie V Eastwood
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Institute of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Megan L Grove
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hugoline G de Haan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Hackinger
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Yang Hai
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Sohee Han
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Malmska Municipal Health Care Center and Hospital, Jakobstad, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanne Jäger
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marit E Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
- Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Integrated Research and Treatment (IFB) Center Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kristi Läll
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bioinformatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Huaixing Li
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Keng-Hung Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Loh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vasiliki Mamakou
- Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Girish Nadkarni
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matt Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kenneth Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Line Rode
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Schönherr
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Praveen Surendran
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Tanya M Teslovich
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Barbara Thorand
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Adrienne Tin
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Varbo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Pranav Yajnik
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Loïc Yengo
- CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - Robin Young
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1167, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francis S Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marco M Ferrario
- Research Centre on Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrières
- INSERM, UMR 1027, Toulouse, France
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Jose C Florez
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (NI), Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre For Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marie Moitry
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Public Health, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Clinical Research Centre, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
- Usher Institute to the Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alison D Murray
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Katharine R Owen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael A Province
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadineira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anders H Rosengren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wayne H-H Sheu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Defense Medical Center, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rob Sladek
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Blair H Smith
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rohit Varma
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Integrated Research and Treatment (IFB) Center Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Campbell Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Danesh
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- British Heart Foundation, Cambridge Centre of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josée Dupuis
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bok-Ghee Han
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Jaspal Singh Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Xu Lin
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Marchini
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Dennis Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health, Exercise, and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Hematology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Department of Neuroscience and Preventive Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James B Meigs
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.
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34
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Abstract
Transcription is regulated by transcription factor (TF) binding at promoters and distal regulatory elements and histone modifications that control the accessibility of these elements. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) has become the standard assay for identifying genome-wide protein-DNA interactions in vitro and in vivo. As large-scale ChIP-seq data sets have been collected for different TFs and histone modifications, their potential to predict gene expression can be used to test hypotheses about the mechanisms of gene regulation. In addition, complementary functional genomics assays provide a global view of chromatin accessibility and long-range cis-regulatory interactions that are being combined with TF binding and histone remodeling to study the regulation of gene expression. Thus, ChIP-seq analysis is now widely integrated with other functional genomics assays to better understand gene regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we discuss advances and challenges in integrating ChIP-seq data to identify context-specific chromatin states associated with gene activity. We describe the overall computational design of integrating ChIP-seq data with other functional genomics assays. We also discuss the challenges of extending these methods to low-input ChIP-seq assays and related single-cell assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Corresponding author: Ali Mortazavi, Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2300 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. Tel: (949)824-6762; E-mail:
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35
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Wohland T, Schleinitz D. Identification of Disease-Related Genes Using a Genome-Wide Association Study Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1706:113-150. [PMID: 29423796 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7471-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide a hypothesis-free approach to discover genetic variants contributing to the risk of a certain disease or disease-related trait. Ongoing efforts to annotate the human genome have helped to localize disease-causing variants and point to mechanisms by which genetic variants might exert functional effects. By integrating bioinformatics approaches with in vivo and in vitro genomic strategies to predict and subsequently validate the functional roles of GWAS-identified variants, disease-related pathways can be characterized, providing new possibilities for therapeutic intervention. Here, we describe a basic workflow, from sample preparation to data analysis, for performing a GWAS to identify disease genes. We also discuss resources for the annotation and interpretation of GWAS results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wohland
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, University of Leipzig - Medical Faculty, Liebigstrasse 19-21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorit Schleinitz
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, University of Leipzig - Medical Faculty, Liebigstrasse 19-21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Clinic and Policlinic for Endocrinology and Nephrology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
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36
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Scott RA, Scott LJ, Mägi R, Marullo L, Gaulton KJ, Kaakinen M, Pervjakova N, Pers TH, Johnson AD, Eicher JD, Jackson AU, Ferreira T, Lee Y, Ma C, Steinthorsdottir V, Thorleifsson G, Qi L, Van Zuydam NR, Mahajan A, Chen H, Almgren P, Voight BF, Grallert H, Müller-Nurasyid M, Ried JS, Rayner NW, Robertson N, Karssen LC, van Leeuwen EM, Willems SM, Fuchsberger C, Kwan P, Teslovich TM, Chanda P, Li M, Lu Y, Dina C, Thuillier D, Yengo L, Jiang L, Sparso T, Kestler HA, Chheda H, Eisele L, Gustafsson S, Frånberg M, Strawbridge RJ, Benediktsson R, Hreidarsson AB, Kong A, Sigurðsson G, Kerrison ND, Luan J, Liang L, Meitinger T, Roden M, Thorand B, Esko T, Mihailov E, Fox C, Liu CT, Rybin D, Isomaa B, Lyssenko V, Tuomi T, Couper DJ, Pankow JS, Grarup N, Have CT, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Linneberg A, Cornelis MC, van Dam RM, Hunter DJ, Kraft P, Sun Q, Edkins S, Owen KR, Perry JRB, Wood AR, Zeggini E, Tajes-Fernandes J, Abecasis GR, Bonnycastle LL, Chines PS, Stringham HM, Koistinen HA, Kinnunen L, Sennblad B, Mühleisen TW, Nöthen MM, Pechlivanis S, Baldassarre D, Gertow K, Humphries SE, Tremoli E, Klopp N, Meyer J, Steinbach G, Wennauer R, Eriksson JG, Mӓnnistö S, Peltonen L, Tikkanen E, Charpentier G, Eury E, Lobbens S, Gigante B, Leander K, McLeod O, Bottinger EP, Gottesman O, Ruderfer D, Blüher M, Kovacs P, Tonjes A, Maruthur NM, Scapoli C, Erbel R, Jöckel KH, Moebus S, de Faire U, Hamsten A, Stumvoll M, Deloukas P, Donnelly PJ, Frayling TM, Hattersley AT, Ripatti S, Salomaa V, Pedersen NL, Boehm BO, Bergman RN, Collins FS, Mohlke KL, Tuomilehto J, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Barroso I, Lannfelt L, Ingelsson E, Lind L, Lindgren CM, Cauchi S, Froguel P, Loos RJF, Balkau B, Boeing H, Franks PW, Barricarte Gurrea A, Palli D, van der Schouw YT, Altshuler D, Groop LC, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Sijbrands E, van Duijn CM, Florez JC, Meigs JB, Boerwinkle E, Gieger C, Strauch K, Metspalu A, Morris AD, Palmer CNA, Hu FB, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K, Dupuis J, Morris AP, Boehnke M, McCarthy MI, Prokopenko I. An Expanded Genome-Wide Association Study of Type 2 Diabetes in Europeans. Diabetes 2017; 66:2888-2902. [PMID: 28566273 PMCID: PMC5652602 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To characterize type 2 diabetes (T2D)-associated variation across the allele frequency spectrum, we conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association data from 26,676 T2D case and 132,532 control subjects of European ancestry after imputation using the 1000 Genomes multiethnic reference panel. Promising association signals were followed up in additional data sets (of 14,545 or 7,397 T2D case and 38,994 or 71,604 control subjects). We identified 13 novel T2D-associated loci (P < 5 × 10-8), including variants near the GLP2R, GIP, and HLA-DQA1 genes. Our analysis brought the total number of independent T2D associations to 128 distinct signals at 113 loci. Despite substantially increased sample size and more complete coverage of low-frequency variation, all novel associations were driven by common single nucleotide variants. Credible sets of potentially causal variants were generally larger than those based on imputation with earlier reference panels, consistent with resolution of causal signals to common risk haplotypes. Stratification of T2D-associated loci based on T2D-related quantitative trait associations revealed tissue-specific enrichment of regulatory annotations in pancreatic islet enhancers for loci influencing insulin secretion and in adipocytes, monocytes, and hepatocytes for insulin action-associated loci. These findings highlight the predominant role played by common variants of modest effect and the diversity of biological mechanisms influencing T2D pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Letizia Marullo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Kyle J Gaulton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | | | - Tune H Pers
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- Framingham Heart Study, Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA
| | - John D Eicher
- Framingham Heart Study, Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Yeji Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Clement Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Natalie R Van Zuydam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics and Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Han Chen
- Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
- Center for Precision Health, School Biomedical Informatics, and School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Peter Almgren
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, University Hospital Scania, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ben F Voight
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, German Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Munich, Germany
| | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
| | - Neil Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Lennart C Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- PolyOmica, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sara M Willems
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Phoenix Kwan
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Tanya M Teslovich
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Pritam Chanda
- High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Christian Dina
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Dorothee Thuillier
- Lille Institute of Biology, European Genomics Institute of Diabetes, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Loic Yengo
- Lille Institute of Biology, European Genomics Institute of Diabetes, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Longda Jiang
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Thomas Sparso
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans A Kestler
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Himanshu Chheda
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lewin Eisele
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Frånberg
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department for Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rafn Benediktsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Landspítali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Gunnar Sigurðsson
- Landspítali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur, Iceland
| | | | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Munich Heart Alliance, German Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Division of Genetics and Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Caroline Fox
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Denis Rybin
- Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Social Services and Health Care, Jakobstad, Finland
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, University Hospital Scania, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David J Couper
- Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian T Have
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marilyn C Cornelis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David J Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Katharine R Owen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | | | | | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Peter S Chines
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonali Pechlivanis
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Karl Gertow
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Cardiovascular Genetics, BHF Laboratories, Institute Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Norman Klopp
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Meyer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerald Steinbach
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Central Laboratory, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Roman Wennauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Mӓnnistö
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Elodie Eury
- CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Lobbens
- CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Leander
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga McLeod
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Omri Gottesman
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Douglas Ruderfer
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Matthias Blüher
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tonjes
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nisa M Maruthur
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, U.K
| | - Peter J Donnelly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard O Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Francis S Collins
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Lars Lind
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Stephane Cauchi
- Lille Institute of Biology, European Genomics Institute of Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Lille Institute of Biology, European Genomics Institute of Diabetes, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Beverley Balkau
- INSERM, CESP, UMR 1018, Villejuif, France
- University of Paris-Sud, UMR 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Paul W Franks
- Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aurelio Barricarte Gurrea
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy
| | | | - David Altshuler
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Leif C Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, University Hospital Scania, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Eric Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing and Center for Medical Systems Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jose C Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - James B Meigs
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics and Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
- Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics, Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics, Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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Pulit SL, Laber S, Glastonbury CA, Lindgren CM. The genetic underpinnings of body fat distribution. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:417-427. [PMID: 30063432 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1390427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, has reached epidemic proportions; people who are overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2) or obese now comprise more than 25% of the world's population. Obese individuals have a higher risk of comorbidity development including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and fertility complications. Areas covered: The study of monogenic and syndromic forms of obesity have revealed a small number of genes key to metabolic perturbations. Further, obesity and body shape in the general population are highly heritable phenotypes. Study of obesity at the population level, through genome-wide association studies of BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), have revealed > 150 genomic loci that associate with these traits, and highlight the role of adipose tissue and the central nervous system in obesity-related traits. Studies in animal models and cell lines have helped further elucidate the potential biological mechanisms underlying obesity. In particular, these studies implicate adipogenesis and expansion of adipose tissue as key biological pathways in obesity and weight gain. Expert commentary: Further work, including a focus on integrating genetic and additional genomic data types, as well as modeling obesity-like features in vitro, will be crucial in translating genome-wide association signals to the causal mechanisms driving disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Pulit
- a Big Data Institute , Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
- b Department of Genetics , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
- f Program in Medical and Population Genetics , Broad Institute , Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Samantha Laber
- a Big Data Institute , Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
- c MRC Harwell Institute , Mammalian Genetics Unit , Harwell , Oxford , UK
- d Department of Physiology , Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford , Oxford , U.K
| | - Craig A Glastonbury
- a Big Data Institute , Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
- e Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- a Big Data Institute , Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
- e Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
- f Program in Medical and Population Genetics , Broad Institute , Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA
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38
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk have identified a large number of genetic loci associated with disease susceptibility. However, progress moving from association signals through causal genes to functional understanding has so far been slow, hindering clinical translation. This review discusses the benefits and limitations of emerging, unbiased approaches for prioritising causal genes at T2D risk loci. RECENT FINDINGS Candidate causal genes can be identified by a number of different strategies that rely on genetic data, genomic annotations, and functional screening of selected genes. To overcome the limitations of each particular method, integration of multiple data sets is proving essential for establishing confidence in the prioritised genes. Previous studies have also highlighted the need to support these efforts through identification of causal variants and disease-relevant tissues. Prioritisation of causal genes at T2D risk loci by integrating complementary lines of evidence promises to accelerate our understanding of disease pathology and promote translation into new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje K Grotz
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Soren K Thomsen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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39
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Deciphering the mechanisms of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) risk loci can greatly inform on disease pathology. This review discusses current knowledge of mechanisms through which genetic variants influence T2DM risk and considerations for future studies. RECENT FINDINGS Over 100 T2DM risk loci to date have been identified. Candidate causal variants at risk loci map predominantly to non-coding sequence. Physiological, epigenomic and gene expression data suggest that variants at many known T2DM risk loci affect pancreatic islet regulation, although variants at other loci also affect protein function and regulatory processes in adipose, pre-adipose, liver, skeletal muscle and brain. The effects of T2DM variants on regulatory activity in these tissues appear largely, but not exclusively, due to altered transcription factor binding. Putative target genes of T2DM variants have been defined at an increasing number of loci and some, such as FTO, may entail several genes and multiple tissues. Gene networks in islets and adipocytes have been implicated in T2DM risk, although the molecular pathways of risk genes remain largely undefined. Efforts to fully define the mechanisms of T2DM risk loci are just beginning. Continued identification of risk mechanisms will benefit from combining genetic fine-mapping with detailed phenotypic association data, high-throughput epigenomics data from diabetes-relevant tissue, functional screening of candidate genes and genome editing of cellular and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Gaulton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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40
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Lee H, Qian K, von Toerne C, Hoerburger L, Claussnitzer M, Hoffmann C, Glunk V, Wahl S, Breier M, Eck F, Jafari L, Molnos S, Grallert H, Dahlman I, Arner P, Brunner C, Hauner H, Hauck SM, Laumen H. Allele-specific quantitative proteomics unravels molecular mechanisms modulated by cis-regulatory PPARG locus variation. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:3266-3279. [PMID: 28334807 PMCID: PMC5389726 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies identified numerous disease risk loci. Delineating molecular mechanisms influenced by cis-regulatory variants is essential to understand gene regulation and ultimately disease pathophysiology. Combining bioinformatics and public domain chromatin information with quantitative proteomics supports prediction of cis-regulatory variants and enabled identification of allele-dependent binding of both, transcription factors and coregulators at the type 2 diabetes associated PPARG locus. We found rs7647481A nonrisk allele binding of Yin Yang 1 (YY1), confirmed by allele-specific chromatin immunoprecipitation in primary adipocytes. Quantitative proteomics also found the coregulator RING1 and YY1 binding protein (RYBP) whose mRNA levels correlate with improved insulin sensitivity in primary adipose cells carrying the rs7647481A nonrisk allele. Our findings support a concept with diverse cis-regulatory variants contributing to disease pathophysiology at one locus. Proteome-wide identification of both, transcription factors and coregulators, can profoundly improve understanding of mechanisms underlying genetic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyoung Lee
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
| | - Kun Qian
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany.,Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christine von Toerne
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany.,Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lena Hoerburger
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Paediatric Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany.,Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA
| | - Christoph Hoffmann
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Viktoria Glunk
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
| | - Simone Wahl
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Breier
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Eck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Leili Jafari
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sophie Molnos
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Dahlman
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinik Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany.,Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany.,Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Laumen
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany.,Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Paediatric Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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41
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Anderson WD, DeCicco D, Schwaber JS, Vadigepalli R. A data-driven modeling approach to identify disease-specific multi-organ networks driving physiological dysregulation. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005627. [PMID: 28732007 PMCID: PMC5521738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple physiological systems interact throughout the development of a complex disease. Knowledge of the dynamics and connectivity of interactions across physiological systems could facilitate the prevention or mitigation of organ damage underlying complex diseases, many of which are currently refractory to available therapeutics (e.g., hypertension). We studied the regulatory interactions operating within and across organs throughout disease development by integrating in vivo analysis of gene expression dynamics with a reverse engineering approach to infer data-driven dynamic network models of multi-organ gene regulatory influences. We obtained experimental data on the expression of 22 genes across five organs, over a time span that encompassed the development of autonomic nervous system dysfunction and hypertension. We pursued a unique approach for identification of continuous-time models that jointly described the dynamics and structure of multi-organ networks by estimating a sparse subset of ∼12,000 possible gene regulatory interactions. Our analyses revealed that an autonomic dysfunction-specific multi-organ sequence of gene expression activation patterns was associated with a distinct gene regulatory network. We analyzed the model structures for adaptation motifs, and identified disease-specific network motifs involving genes that exhibited aberrant temporal dynamics. Bioinformatic analyses identified disease-specific single nucleotide variants within or near transcription factor binding sites upstream of key genes implicated in maintaining physiological homeostasis. Our approach illustrates a novel framework for investigating the pathogenesis through model-based analysis of multi-organ system dynamics and network properties. Our results yielded novel candidate molecular targets driving the development of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and immune dysfunction. Complex diseases such as hypertension often involve maladaptive autonomic nervous system control over the cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, immune, and endocrine systems. We studied the pathogenesis of physiological homeostasis by examining the temporal dynamics of gene expression levels from multiple organs in an animal model of autonomic dysfunction characterized by cardiovascular disease, metabolic dysregulation, and immune system aberrations. We employed a data-driven modeling approach to jointly predict continuous gene expression dynamics and gene regulatory interactions across organs in the disease and control phenotypes. We combined our analyses of multi-organ gene regulatory network dynamics and connectivity with bioinformatic analyses of genetic mutations that could regulate gene expression. Our multi-organ modeling approach to investigate the mechanisms of complex disease pathogenesis revealed novel candidates for therapeutic interventions against the development and progression of complex diseases involving autonomic nervous system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren D. Anderson
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Danielle DeCicco
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James S. Schwaber
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- * E-mail:
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42
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Visscher PM, Wray NR, Zhang Q, Sklar P, McCarthy MI, Brown MA, Yang J. 10 Years of GWAS Discovery: Biology, Function, and Translation. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 101:5-22. [PMID: 28686856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1883] [Impact Index Per Article: 269.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of the experimental design of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) is now 10 years old (young), and here we review the remarkable range of discoveries it has facilitated in population and complex-trait genetics, the biology of diseases, and translation toward new therapeutics. We predict the likely discoveries in the next 10 years, when GWASs will be based on millions of samples with array data imputed to a large fully sequenced reference panel and on hundreds of thousands of samples with whole-genome sequencing data.
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43
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Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) discovered a number of SNPs and genes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, how these SNPs and genes influence the liability to AD is not fully understood. We deployed computational approaches to explore the function and action mechanisms of AD -related SNPs and genes identified by GWASs, including the effects of 195 GWAS lead SNPs and 338 proxy SNPs on miRNAs binding and protein phosphorylation, their RegulomeDB and 3DSNP scores, and gene ontology, pathway enrichment and protein-protein interaction network of 126 AD-associated genes. Our computational analysis identified 6 lead SNPs (rs10119, rs1048699, rs148763909, rs610932, rs6857 and rs714948) and 2 proxy SNPs (rs12539172 and rs2847655) that potentially impacted the miRNA binding. Lead SNP rs2296160 and proxy SNPs rs679620 and rs2228145 were identified as PhosSNPs potentially influencing protein phosphorylation. AD-associated genes showed enrichment of “regulation of beta-amyloid formation”, “regulation of neurofibrillary tangle assembly”, “leukocyte mediated immunity” and “protein-lipid complex assembly” signaling pathway. Protein-protein interaction network and functional module analyses identified highly-interconnected “hub” genes (APOE, PICALM, BIN1, ABCA7, CD2AP, CLU, CR1, MS4A4E and MS4A6A) and bottleneck genes (APOE, TOMM40, NME8, PICALM, CD2AP, ZCWPW1, FAM180B, GAB2 and PTK2B) that created three tight subnetworks. Our results provided the targets for further experimental assessment and further insight on AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengpeng Han
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingyang Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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44
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Cheng M, Liu X, Yang M, Han L, Xu A, Huang Q. Computational analyses of type 2 diabetes-associated loci identified by genome-wide association studies. J Diabetes 2017; 9:362-377. [PMID: 27121852 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of type 2 diabetes (T2D) have discovered a number of loci that contribute to susceptibility to the disease. Future challenges include elucidation of functional mechanisms through which these GWAS-identified loci modulate T2D disease risk. The aim of the present study was to comprehensively characterize T2D associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes through computational approaches. METHODS Computational biology approaches used in the present study included comparative genomic analyses and functional annotation using GWAS3D and RegulomeDB, investigation of the effects of T2D-associated SNPs on miRNA binding and protein phosphorylation, and gene ontology, pathway enrichment, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and functional module analysis of T2D-associated genes from previously published GWAS. RESULTS Computational analysis identified a number of T2D GWAS-associated SNPs that were located at protein binding sites, including CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), E1A binding protein p300 (EP300), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF4A), transcription factor 7 like 2 (TCF7L2), forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) and A2 (FOXA2), and potentially affected the binding of miRNAs and protein phosphorylation. Pathway enrichment analysis confirmed two well-known maturity onset diabetes of the young and T2D pathways, whereas PPI network analysis identified highly interconnected "hub" genes, such as TCF7L2, melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B), and solute carrier family 30 (zinc transporter), member 8 (SLC30A8), that created two tight subnetworks. CONCLUSIONS The results provide objectives and clues for future experimental studies and further insights into the molecular pathogenesis of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrong Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinhong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanchun Han
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Public Health and Molecular Medicine Analysis, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- Li Cha Chung Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingyang Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Public Health and Molecular Medicine Analysis, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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45
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Connecting genetic risk to disease end points through the human blood plasma proteome. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14357. [PMID: 28240269 PMCID: PMC5333359 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with intermediate phenotypes, like changes in metabolite and protein levels, provide functional evidence to map disease associations and translate them into clinical applications. However, although hundreds of genetic variants have been associated with complex disorders, the underlying molecular pathways often remain elusive. Associations with intermediate traits are key in establishing functional links between GWAS-identified risk-variants and disease end points. Here we describe a GWAS using a highly multiplexed aptamer-based affinity proteomics platform. We quantify 539 associations between protein levels and gene variants (pQTLs) in a German cohort and replicate over half of them in an Arab and Asian cohort. Fifty-five of the replicated pQTLs are located in trans. Our associations overlap with 57 genetic risk loci for 42 unique disease end points. We integrate this information into a genome-proteome network and provide an interactive web-tool for interrogations. Our results provide a basis for novel approaches to pharmaceutical and diagnostic applications. Individual genetic variation can affect the levels of protein in blood, but detailed data sets linking these two types of data are rare. Here, the authors carry out a genome-wide association study of levels of over a thousand different proteins, and describe many new SNP-protein interactions.
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46
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Laber S, Cox RD. Mouse Models of Human GWAS Hits for Obesity and Diabetes in the Post Genomic Era: Time for Reevaluation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:11. [PMID: 28223964 PMCID: PMC5294391 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Laber
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- *Correspondence: Samantha Laber, ; Roger D. Cox,
| | - Roger D. Cox
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, UK
- *Correspondence: Samantha Laber, ; Roger D. Cox,
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47
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Soldner F, Jaenisch R. In Vitro Modeling of Complex Neurological Diseases. RESEARCH AND PERSPECTIVES IN NEUROSCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60192-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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48
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Deplancke B, Alpern D, Gardeux V. The Genetics of Transcription Factor DNA Binding Variation. Cell 2016; 166:538-554. [PMID: 27471964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Most complex trait-associated variants are located in non-coding regulatory regions of the genome, where they have been shown to disrupt transcription factor (TF)-DNA binding motifs. Variable TF-DNA interactions are therefore increasingly considered as key drivers of phenotypic variation. However, recent genome-wide studies revealed that the majority of variable TF-DNA binding events are not driven by sequence alterations in the motif of the studied TF. This observation implies that the molecular mechanisms underlying TF-DNA binding variation and, by extrapolation, inter-individual phenotypic variation are more complex than originally anticipated. Here, we summarize the findings that led to this important paradigm shift and review proposed mechanisms for local, proximal, or distal genetic variation-driven variable TF-DNA binding. In addition, we discuss the biomedical implications of these findings for our ability to dissect the molecular role(s) of non-coding genetic variants in complex traits, including disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Deplancke
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Alpern
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gardeux
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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49
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Majithia AR, Tsuda B, Agostini M, Gnanapradeepan K, Rice R, Peloso G, Patel KA, Zhang X, Broekema MF, Patterson N, Duby M, Sharpe T, Kalkhoven E, Rosen ED, Barroso I, Ellard S, Kathiresan S, O’Rahilly S, Chatterjee K, Florez JC, Mikkelsen T, Savage DB, Altshuler D. Prospective functional classification of all possible missense variants in PPARG. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1570-1575. [PMID: 27749844 PMCID: PMC5131844 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical exome sequencing routinely identifies missense variants in disease-related genes, but functional characterization is rarely undertaken, leading to diagnostic uncertainty. For example, mutations in PPARG cause Mendelian lipodystrophy and increase risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although approximately 1 in 500 people harbor missense variants in PPARG, most are of unknown consequence. To prospectively characterize PPARγ variants, we used highly parallel oligonucleotide synthesis to construct a library encoding all 9,595 possible single-amino acid substitutions. We developed a pooled functional assay in human macrophages, experimentally evaluated all protein variants, and used the experimental data to train a variant classifier by supervised machine learning. When applied to 55 new missense variants identified in population-based and clinical sequencing, the classifier annotated 6 variants as pathogenic; these were subsequently validated by single-variant assays. Saturation mutagenesis and prospective experimental characterization can support immediate diagnostic interpretation of newly discovered missense variants in disease-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit R. Majithia
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ben Tsuda
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maura Agostini
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Keerthana Gnanapradeepan
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert Rice
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gina Peloso
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kashyap A. Patel
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marjoleine F. Broekema
- Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Patterson
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marc Duby
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ted Sharpe
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evan D. Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Inês Barroso
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Ellard
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Krishna Chatterjee
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tarjei Mikkelsen
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David B. Savage
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Abstract
Insulin resistance is one of the defining features of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome and accompanies many other clinical conditions, ranging from obesity to lipodystrophy to glucocorticoid excess. Extraordinary efforts have gone into defining the mechanisms that underlie insulin resistance, with most attention focused on altered signalling as well as mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Here, nuclear mechanisms of insulin resistance, including transcriptional and epigenomic effects, will be discussed. Three levels of control involving transcription factors, transcriptional cofactors, and chromatin-modifying enzymes will be considered. Well-studied examples of the first include PPAR-γ in adipose tissue and the glucocorticoid receptor and FoxO1 in a variety of insulin-sensitive tissues. These proteins work in concert with cofactors such as PGC-1α and CRTC2, and chromatin-modifying enzymes including DNA methyltransferases and histone acetyltransferases, to regulate key genes that promote insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, gluconeogenesis or other pathways that affect systemic insulin action. Furthermore, genetic variation associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes is often related to altered transcription factor binding, either by affecting the transcription factor itself, or more commonly by changing the binding affinity of a noncoding regulatory region. Finally, several avenues for therapeutic exploitation in the battle against metabolic disease will be discussed, including small-molecule inhibitors and activators of these factors and their related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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