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Nascimento GC, Escobar-Espinal D, Bálico GG, Silva NR, Del-Bel E. Cannabidiol and pain. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 177:29-63. [PMID: 39029988 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Chronic pain presents significant personal, psychological, and socioeconomic hurdles, impacting over 30% of adults worldwide and substantially contributing to disability. Unfortunately, current pharmacotherapy often proves inadequate, leaving fewer than 70% of patients with relief. This shortfall has sparked a drive to seek alternative treatments offering superior safety and efficacy profiles. Cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals, notably cannabidiol (CBD), hold promise in pain management, driven by their natural origins, versatility, and reduced risk of addiction. As we navigate the opioid crisis, ongoing research plunges into CBD's therapeutic potential, buoyed by animal studies revealing its pain-relieving prowess through various system tweaks. However, the efficacy of cannabis in chronic pain management remains a contentious and stigmatized issue. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) presently refrains from endorsing cannabinoid use for pain relief. Nevertheless, evidence indicates their potential in alleviating cancer-related, neuropathic, arthritis, and musculoskeletal pain, necessitating further investigation. Crucially, our comprehension of CBD's role in pain management is a journey still unfolding, with animal studies illustrating its analgesic effects through interactions with the endocannabinoid, inflammatory, and nociceptive systems. As the plot thickens, it's clear: the saga of chronic pain and CBD's potential offers a compelling narrative ripe for further exploration and understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauce Crivelaro Nascimento
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Escobar-Espinal
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Gonçalves Bálico
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Elaine Del-Bel
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; National Institute for Science and Technology, Translational Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Center for Cannabinoid Research, Mental Health Building, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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2
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Topsakal S, Ozmen O, Karakuyu NF, Bedir M, Sancer O. Cannabidiol Mitigates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pancreatic Pathology: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:809-818. [PMID: 37903028 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are a component of certain types of bacteria and can induce an inflammatory response in the body, including in the pancreas. Cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive compound found in cannabis, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and may offer potential therapeutic benefits for conditions involving inflammation and damage. The aim of this study was to investigate any potential preventative effects of CBD on experimental LPS-induced pancreatic pathology in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups as control, LPS (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]), LPS+CBD, and CBD (5 mg/kg, i.p.) groups. Six hours after administering LPS, the rats were euthanized, and blood and pancreatic tissue samples were taken for biochemical, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), histopathological, and immunohistochemical examinations. Results: The results indicated that LPS decreased serum glucose levels and increased lipase levels. It also caused severe hyperemia, increased vacuolization in endocrine cells, edema, and slight inflammatory cell infiltrations at the histopathological examination. Insulin and amylin expressions decreased during immunohistochemical analyses. At the PCR analysis, Silent Information Regulator 2 homolog 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha expressions decreased and tumor protein p53 expressions increased in the LPS group. CBD improved the biochemical, PCR, histopathological, and immunohistochemical results. Conclusions: The findings of the current investigation demonstrated that LPS damages both the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. However, CBD demonstrated marked ameliorative effects in the pancreas in LPS induced rat model pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senay Topsakal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ozmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Nasif Fatih Karakuyu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bedir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Okan Sancer
- Genetic Research Unit, Innovative Technologies Application and Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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3
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Guo Z, Wang M, Pan Y, Lu H, Pan S. Ecological assessment of stream water polluted by phosphorus chemical plant: Physiological, biochemical, and molecular effects on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118173. [PMID: 38224935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of the phosphorus chemical industry has caused serious pollution problems in the regional eco-environment. However, understanding of their ecotoxic effects remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the developmental toxicity of a stream polluted by a phosphorus chemical plant (PCP) on zebrafish embryos. For this, zebrafish embryos were exposed to stream water (0, 25, 50, and 100% v/v) for 96 h, and developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage were assessed. Stream water-treated embryos exhibited decreased hatching rates, heart rates, and body lengths, as well as increased mortality and malformation rates. The general morphology score system indicated that the swim bladder and pigmentation were the main abnormal morphological endpoints. Stream water promoted antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. It also triggered apoptosis in the embryos' heads, hearts, and spines by activating apoptotic enzymes (Caspase-3 and Caspase-9). Additionally, stream water influenced growth, oxidative stress, and apoptosis-related 19 gene expression. Notably, tyr, sod (Mn), and caspase9 were the most sensitive indicators of growth, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, respectively. The current trial concluded that PCP-polluted stream water exhibited significant developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryos, which was regulated by the oxidative stress-mediated activation of endogenous apoptotic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Guo
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China.
| | - Min Wang
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China.
| | - Yuwei Pan
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Hongliang Lu
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China.
| | - Sha Pan
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China.
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4
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Alshaarawy O, Balasubramanian G, Venkatesan T. Cannabis use in the United States and its impact on gastrointestinal health. Nutr Clin Pract 2024; 39:281-292. [PMID: 38142306 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.11111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the legalization and social acceptability of cannabis use have increased in the United States. Concurrently, the prevalence of cannabis use has continued to rise, and cannabis products have diversified. There are growing concerns regarding the health effects of regular and high-potency cannabis use, and new research has shed light on its potentially negative effects. Here, we review evidence of the gastrointestinal (GI) effects of cannabis and cannabinoids. Dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system might contribute to various GI disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome and cyclic vomiting syndrome, and endocannabinoids have been found to regulate visceral sensation, nausea, vomiting, and the gut microbiome. Cannabis has been shown to have antiemetic properties, and the US Food and Drug Administration has approved cannabis-based medications for treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Yet, chronic heavy cannabis use has been linked to recurrent episodes of severe nausea and intractable vomiting (cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome). Given the considerable heterogeneity in the scientific literature, it is unclear if cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome is truly a distinct entity or a subtype of cyclic vomiting that is unmasked by heavy cannabis use and the associated dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system. The changes in cannabis legalization, availability, and public risk perceptions have outpaced research in this area and there is a need for robust, prospective, large-scale studies to understand the effects of cannabis use on GI health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayma Alshaarawy
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Gokulakrishnan Balasubramanian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Thangam Venkatesan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Han X, Zhang M, Yan L, Fu Y, Kou H, Shang C, Wang J, Liu H, Jiang C, Wang J, Cheng T. Role of dendritic cells in spinal cord injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14593. [PMID: 38528832 PMCID: PMC10964036 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation can worsen spinal cord injury (SCI), with dendritic cells (DCs) playing a crucial role in the inflammatory response. They mediate T lymphocyte differentiation, activate microglia, and release cytokines like NT-3. Moreover, DCs can promote neural stem cell survival and guide them toward neuron differentiation, positively impacting SCI outcomes. OBJECTIVE This review aims to summarize the role of DCs in SCI-related inflammation and identify potential therapeutic targets for treating SCI. METHODS Literature in PubMed and Web of Science was reviewed using critical terms related to DCs and SCI. RESULTS The study indicates that DCs can activate microglia and astrocytes, promote T-cell differentiation, increase neurotrophin release at the injury site, and subsequently reduce secondary brain injury and enhance functional recovery in the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the repair mechanisms of DCs and their potential therapeutic potential for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Han
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Mingkang Zhang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Liyan Yan
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yikun Fu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Hongwei Kou
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Chunfeng Shang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Hongjian Liu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
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Barnes RC, Banjara S, McHann MC, Almodovar S, Henderson-Redmond AN, Morgan DJ, Castro-Piedras I, Guindon J. Assessing Dose- and Sex-Dependent Antinociceptive Effects of Cannabidiol and Amitriptyline, Alone and in Combination, and Exploring Mechanism of Action Involving Serotonin 1A Receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:655-669. [PMID: 38129125 PMCID: PMC10801786 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory pain is caused by tissue hypersensitization and is a component of rheumatic diseases, frequently causing chronic pain. Current guidelines use a multimodal approach to pain and sociocultural changes have renewed interest in cannabinoid use, particularly cannabidiol (CBD), for pain. The tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline (AT) is approved for use in pain-related syndromes, alone and within a multimodal approach. Therefore, we investigated sex- and dose-dependent effects of CBD and AT antinociception in the 2.5% formalin inflammatory pain model. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with either vehicle, CBD (0.3-100 mg/kg), or AT (0.1-30 mg/kg) prior to formalin testing. In the acute phase, CBD induced antinociception after administration of 30-100 mg/kg in males and 100 mg/kg in females and in the inflammatory phase at doses of 2.5-100 mg/kg in males and 10-100 mg/kg in females. In the acute phase, AT induced antinociception at 10 mg/kg for all mice, and at 0.3 mg/kg in males and 3 mg/kg in female mice in the inflammatory phase. Combining the calculated median effective doses of CBD and AT produced additive effects for all mice in the acute phase and for males only in the inflammatory phase. Use of selective serotonin 1A receptor antagonist N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1 piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridinylcyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY-100635) maleate (0.1 mg/kg) before co-administration of CBD and AT reversed antinociception in the acute and partially reversed antinociception in the inflammatory phase. Administration of AT was found to enhance cannabinoid receptor type 1mRNA expression only in female mice. These results suggest a role for serotonin and sex in mediating cannabidiol and amitriptyline-induced antinociception in inflammatory pain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Inflammatory pain is an important component of both acute and chronic pain. We have found that cannabidiol (CBD) and amitriptyline (AT) show dose-dependent, and that AT additionally shows sex-dependent, antinociceptive effects in an inflammatory pain model. Additionally, the combination of CBD and AT was found to have enhanced antinociceptive effects that is partially reliant of serotonin 1A receptors and supports the use of CBD within a multimodal approach to pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Satish Banjara
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Melissa C McHann
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Angela N Henderson-Redmond
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Daniel J Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Isabel Castro-Piedras
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Josée Guindon
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (R.C.B., S.B., M.C.M., I.C.-P., J.G.), Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology (S.A.), and Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics (J.G.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.N.H.-R., D.J.M.), Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
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7
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Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the most interesting constituents of cannabis, garnering significant attention in the medical community in recent years due to its proven benefit for reducing refractory seizures in pediatric patients. Recent legislative changes in the United States have made CBD readily available to the general public, with up to 14% of adults in the United States having tried it in 2019. CBD is used to manage a myriad of symptoms, including anxiety, pain, and sleep disturbances, although rigorous evidence for these indications is lacking. A significant advantage of CBD over the other more well-known cannabinoid delta-9-tetrahydroncannabinol (THC) is that CBD does not produce a "high." As patients increasingly self-report its use to manage their medical conditions, and as the opioid epidemic continues to drive the quest for alternative pain management approaches, the aims of this narrative review are to provide a broad overview of the discovery, pharmacology, and molecular targets of CBD, its purported and approved neurologic indications, evidence for its analgesic potential, regulatory implications for patients and providers, and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sideris
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- HSS Research Institute, New York, New York
| | - Lisa V Doan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Benamar K. IUPHAR review- Preclinical models of neuropathic pain: Evaluating multifunctional properties of natural cannabinoid receptors ligands. Pharmacol Res 2024; 199:107013. [PMID: 38008135 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain remains prevalent and challenging to manage and is often comorbid with depression and anxiety. The new approach that simultaneously targets neuropathic pain and the associated comorbidities, such as depression and anxiety, is timely and critical, given the high prevalence and severity of neuropathic pain and the lack of effective analgesics. In this review, we focus on the animal models of neuropathic pain that researchers have used to investigate the analgesic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) and Beta-Caryophyllene (BCP) individually and in combination while addressing the impact of these compounds on the major comorbidity (e.g., depression, anxiety) associated with neuropathic pain. We also addressed the potential targets/mechanisms by which CBD and BCP produce analgesic effects in neuropathic pain models. The preclinical studies examined in this review support CBD and BCP individually and combined as potential alternative analgesics for neuropathic pain while showing beneficial effects on depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Benamar
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neuro-behavioral Health, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, School of Medicine, Biomedical building, McAllen, TX 78504, USA.
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9
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Jiang T, Li S, Xu B, Liu K, Qiu T, Dai H. IKVAV peptide-containing hydrogel decreases fibrous scar after spinal cord injury by inhibiting fibroblast migration and activation. Behav Brain Res 2023; 455:114683. [PMID: 37751807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Fibrous scar is one of the major factors that hinder functional recovery in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Studies have shown that the laminin α1 peptide chain ile-les-val-ala-Val (IKVAV) promoted axonal growth and motor function recovery in rats after SCI. However, whether IKVAV could ameliorate SCI via reducing the formation of fibrous scar was not clear. A SCI model was constructed by transecting the rat spinal cord with a scalpel and implanting poly (N-propan-2-ylprop-2-enamide) (PNIPAM)-b-poly (AC-PEG-COOH) (PNPP) or PNIPAM-b-poly (AC-PEG-IKVAV) (PNPP-IKVAV) hydrogel. 14 days later hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to assess the effect of PNPP-IKVAV on scar formation. The effect of PNPP-IKVAV on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was investigated by immunohistochemical staining. NIH-3T3 cells were used for in vitro scratching experiments and a transforming growth factor 1 (TGF-β1) activation model was constructed to assess the role of PNPP-IKVAV. In this study, PNPP-IKVAV inhibited fibroblast migration and suppressed TGF-β1 activation and ER stress (ERS) to reduce the extracellular matrix secretion by fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shitong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Benchang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Institut WUT-AWU, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Institut WUT-AWU, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Honglian Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan 528200, China.
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10
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Sokolaj E, Assareh N, Anderson K, Aubrey KR, Vaughan CW. Cannabis constituents for chronic neuropathic pain; reconciling the clinical and animal evidence. J Neurochem 2023. [PMID: 37747128 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain is a debilitating pain syndrome caused by damage to the nervous system that is poorly served by current medications. Given these problems, clinical studies have pursued extracts of the plant Cannabis sativa as alternative treatments for this condition. The vast majority of these studies have examined cannabinoids which contain the psychoactive constituent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). While there have been some positive findings, meta-analyses of this clinical work indicates that this effectiveness is limited and hampered by side-effects. This review focuses on how recent preclinical studies have predicted the clinical limitations of THC-containing cannabis extracts, and importantly, point to how they might be improved. This work highlights the importance of targeting channels and receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 receptors which mediate many of the side-effects of cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Sokolaj
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Neda Assareh
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristen Anderson
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karin R Aubrey
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher W Vaughan
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Silva-Cardoso GK, Lazarini-Lopes W, Primini EO, Hallak JE, Crippa JA, Zuardi AW, Garcia-Cairasco N, Leite-Panissi CRA. Cannabidiol modulates chronic neuropathic pain aversion behavior by attenuation of neuroinflammation markers and neuronal activity in the corticolimbic circuit in male Wistar rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114588. [PMID: 37474023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain (CNP) is a vast world health problem often associated with the somatosensory domain. This conceptualization is problematic because, unlike most other sensations that are usually affectively neutral and may present emotional, affective, and cognitive impairments. Neuronal circuits that modulate pain can increase or decrease painful sensitivity based on several factors, including context and expectation. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether subchronic treatment with Cannabidiol (CBD; 0.3, 3, and 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal route - i.p., once a day for 3 days) could promote pain-conditioned reversal, in the conditioned place preference (CPP) test, in male Wistar rats submitted to chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Then, we evaluated the expression of astrocytes and microglia in animals treated with CBD through the immunofluorescence technique. Our results demonstrated that CBD promoted the reversal of CPP at 3 and 10 mg/kg. In CCI animals, CBD was able to attenuate the increase in neuronal hyperactivity, measured by FosB protein expression, in the regions of the corticolimbic circuit: anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), complex basolateral amygdala (BLA), granular layer of the dentate gyrus (GrDG), and dorsal hippocampus (DH) - adjacent to subiculum (CA1). CBD also prevented the increased expression of GFAP and IBA-1 in CCI animals. We concluded that CBD effects on CNP are linked to the modulation of the aversive component of pain. These effects decrease chronic neuronal activation and inflammatory markers in regions of the corticolimbic circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleice K Silva-Cardoso
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM; CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian Lazarini-Lopes
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Octaviano Primini
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaime E Hallak
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM; CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A Crippa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM; CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio W Zuardi
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM; CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christie R A Leite-Panissi
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM; CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Martinez Naya N, Kelly J, Corna G, Golino M, Abbate A, Toldo S. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Action of Cannabidiol. Molecules 2023; 28:5980. [PMID: 37630232 PMCID: PMC10458707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the primary non-psychoactive chemical from Cannabis Sativa, a plant used for centuries for both recreational and medicinal purposes. CBD lacks the psychotropic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and has shown great therapeutic potential. CBD exerts a wide spectrum of effects at a molecular, cellular, and organ level, affecting inflammation, oxidative damage, cell survival, pain, vasodilation, and excitability, among others, modifying many physiological and pathophysiological processes. There is evidence that CBD may be effective in treating several human disorders, like anxiety, chronic pain, psychiatric pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, and even cancer. Multiple cellular and pre-clinical studies using animal models of disease and several human trials have shown that CBD has an overall safe profile. In this review article, we summarize the pharmacokinetics data, the putative mechanisms of action of CBD, and the physiological effects reported in pre-clinical studies to give a comprehensive list of the findings and major effects attributed to this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Martinez Naya
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Jazmin Kelly
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Giuliana Corna
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 22903, USA; (G.C.); (M.G.)
- Interventional Cardiology Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1199, Argentina
| | - Michele Golino
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 22903, USA; (G.C.); (M.G.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 2110 Varese, Italy
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.A.)
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 22903, USA; (G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Stefano Toldo
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.A.)
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13
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Wu C, Wang L, Chen S, Shi L, Liu M, Tu P, Sun J, Zhao R, Zhang Y, Wang J, Pan Y, Ma Y, Guo Y. Iron induces B cell pyroptosis through Tom20-Bax-caspase-gasdermin E signaling to promote inflammation post-spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:171. [PMID: 37480037 PMCID: PMC10362643 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02848-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune inflammatory responses play an important role in spinal cord injury (SCI); however, the beneficial and detrimental effects remain controversial. Many studies have described the role of neutrophils, macrophages, and T lymphocytes in immune inflammatory responses after SCI, although little is known about the role of B lymphocytes, and immunosuppression can easily occur after SCI. METHODS A mouse model of SCI was established, and HE staining and Nissl staining were performed to observe the pathological changes. The size and morphology of the spleen were examined, and the effects of SCI on spleen function and B cell levels were detected by flow cytometry and ELISA. To explore the specific mechanism of immunosuppression after SCI, B cells from the spleens of SCI model mice were isolated using magnetic beads and analyzed by 4D label-free quantitative proteomics. The level of inflammatory cytokines and iron ions were measured, and the expression of proteins related to the Tom20 pathway was quantified by western blotting. To clarify the relationship between iron ions and B cell pyroptosis after SCI, we used FeSO4 and CCCP, which induce oxidative stress to stimulate SCI, to interfere with B cell processes. siRNA transfection to knock down Tom20 (Tom20-KD) in B cells and human B lymphocytoma cell was used to verify the key role of Tom20. To further explore the effect of iron ions on SCI, we used deferoxamine (DFO) and iron dextran (ID) to interfere with SCI processes in mice. The level of iron ions in splenic B cells and the expression of proteins related to the Tom20-Bax-caspase-gasdermin E (GSDME) pathway were analyzed. RESULTS SCI could damage spleen function and lead to a decrease in B cell levels; SCI upregulated the expression of Tom20 protein in the mitochondria of B cells; SCI could regulate the concentration of iron ions and activate the Tom20-Bax-caspase-GSDME pathway to induce B cell pyroptosis. Iron ions aggravated CCCP-induced B cell pyroptosis and human B lymphocytoma pyroptosis by activating the Tom20-Bax-caspase-GSDME pathway. DFO could reduce inflammation and promote repair after SCI by inhibiting Tom20-Bax-caspase-GSDME-induced B cell pyroptosis. CONCLUSIONS Iron overload activates the Tom20-Bax-caspase-GSDME pathway after SCI, induces B cell pyroptosis, promotes inflammation, and aggravates the changes caused by SCI. This may represent a novel mechanism through which the immune inflammatory response is induced after SCI and may provide a new key target for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Wu
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lining Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Sixian Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengmin Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengcheng Tu
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruihua Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone and Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone and Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Yalan Pan
- Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Nursing Intervention for Chronic Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone and Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China.
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone and Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China.
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14
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Laks EY, Li H, Ward SJ. Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Modulation of Nociception and Inflammation Associated with a Rat Model of Pulpitis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050846. [PMID: 37238715 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in dental pain management, one of the most common reasons for emergency dental care is orofacial pain. Our study aimed to determine the effects of non-psychoactive Cannabis constituents in the treatment of dental pain and related inflammation. We tested the therapeutic potential of two non-psychoactive Cannabis constituents, cannabidiol (CBD) and β-caryophyllene (β-CP), in a rodent model of orofacial pain associated with pulp exposure. Sham or left mandibular molar pulp exposures were performed on Sprague Dawley rats treated with either vehicle, the phytocannabinoid CBD (5 mg/kg i.p.) or the sesquiterpene β-CP (30 mg/kg i.p.) administered 1 h pre-exposure and on days 1, 3, 7, and 10 post-exposure. Orofacial mechanical allodynia was evaluated at baseline and post-pulp exposure. Trigeminal ganglia were harvested for histological evaluation at day 15. Pulp exposure was associated with significant orofacial sensitivity and neuroinflammation in the ipsilateral orofacial region and trigeminal ganglion. β-CP but not CBD produced a significant reduction in orofacial sensitivity. β-CP also significantly reduced the expression of the inflammatory markers AIF and CCL2, while CBD only decreased AIF expression. These data represent the first preclinical evidence that non-psychoactive cannabinoid-based pharmacotherapy may provide a therapeutic benefit for the treatment of orofacial pain associated with pulp exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana Y Laks
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hongbo Li
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sara Jane Ward
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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15
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Tripson M, Litwa K, Soderstrom K. Cannabidiol inhibits neuroinflammatory responses and circuit-associated synaptic loss following damage to a songbird vocal pre-motor cortical-like region. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7907. [PMID: 37193782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34924-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-euphorigenic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) has been used successfully to treat childhood-onset epilepsies. These conditions are associated with developmental delays that often include vocal learning. Zebra finch song, like language, is a complex behavior learned during a sensitive period of development. Song quality is maintained through continuous sensorimotor refinement involving circuits that control learning and production. Within the vocal motor circuit, HVC is a cortical-like region that when partially lesioned temporarily disrupts song structure. We previously found CBD (10 mg/kg/day) improves post-lesion vocal recovery. The present studies were done to begin to understand mechanisms possibly responsible for CBD vocal protection. We found CBD markedly reduced expression of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers. These effects were associated with regionally-reduced expression of the microglial marker TMEM119. As microglia are key regulators of synaptic reorganization, we measured synapse densities, finding significant lesion-induced circuit-wide decreases that were largely reversed by CBD. Synaptic protection was accompanied by NRF2 activation and BDNF/ARC/ARG3.1/MSK1 expression implicating mechanisms important to song circuit node mitigation of oxidative stress and promotion of synaptic homeostasis. Our findings demonstrate that CBD promotes an array of neuroprotective processes consistent with modulation of multiple cell signaling systems, and suggest these mechanisms are important to post-lesion recovery of a complex learned behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Tripson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Karen Litwa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Ken Soderstrom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
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16
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Aliya S, Farani MR, Kim E, Kim S, Gupta VK, Kumar K, Huh YS. Therapeutic targeting of the tumor microenvironments with cannabinoids and their analogs: Update on clinical trials. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:115862. [PMID: 37146933 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major global public health concern that affects both industrialized and developing nations. Current cancer chemotherapeutic options are limited by side effects, but plant-derived alternatives and their derivatives offer the possibilities of enhanced treatment response and reduced side effects. A plethora of recently published articles have focused on treatments based on cannabinoids and cannabinoid analogs and reported that they positively affect healthy cell growth and reverse cancer-related abnormalities by targeting aberrant tumor microenvironments (TMEs), lowering tumorigenesis, preventing metastasis, and/or boosting the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Furthermore, TME modulating systems are receiving much interest in the cancer immunotherapy field because it has been shown that TMEs have significant impacts on tumor progression, angiogenesis, invasion, migration, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, metastasis and development of drug resistance. Here, we have reviewed the effective role of cannabinoids, their analogs and cannabinoid nano formulations on the cellular components of TME (endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblast and immune cells) and how efficiently it retards the progression of carcinogenesis is discussed. The article summarizes the existing research on the molecular mechanisms of cannabinoids regulation of the TME and finally highlights the human studies on cannabinoids' active interventional clinical trials. The conclusion outlines the need for future research involving clinical trials of cannabinoids to demonstrate their efficacy and activity as a treatment/prevention for various types of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheik Aliya
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Eunsu Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Suheon Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Lins BR, Anyaegbu CC, Hellewell SC, Papini M, McGonigle T, De Prato L, Shales M, Fitzgerald M. Cannabinoids in traumatic brain injury and related neuropathologies: preclinical and clinical research on endogenous, plant-derived, and synthetic compounds. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:77. [PMID: 36935484 PMCID: PMC10026409 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is common, and often results in debilitating consequences. Even mild traumatic brain injury leaves approximately 20% of patients with symptoms that persist for months. Despite great clinical need there are currently no approved pharmaceutical interventions that improve outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Increased understanding of the endocannabinoid system in health and disease has accompanied growing evidence for therapeutic benefits of Cannabis sativa. This has driven research of Cannabis' active chemical constituents (phytocannabinoids), alongside endogenous and synthetic counterparts, collectively known as cannabinoids. Also of therapeutic interest are other Cannabis constituents, such as terpenes. Cannabinoids interact with neurons, microglia, and astrocytes, and exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects which are highly desirable for the management of traumatic brain injury. In this review, we comprehensively appraised the relevant scientific literature, where major and minor phytocannabinoids, terpenes, synthetic cannabinoids, and endogenous cannabinoids were assessed in TBI, or other neurological conditions with pathology and symptomology relevant to TBI, as well as recent studies in preclinical TBI models and clinical TBI populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney R Lins
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia.
| | - Chidozie C Anyaegbu
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
| | - Sarah C Hellewell
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
| | - Melissa Papini
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
| | - Terence McGonigle
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
| | - Luca De Prato
- MediCann Health Aust Pty Ltd, Osborne Park, 6017, Australia
| | - Matthew Shales
- MediCann Health Aust Pty Ltd, Osborne Park, 6017, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
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18
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Dumbraveanu C, Strommer K, Wonnemann M, Choconta JL, Neumann A, Kress M, Kalpachidou T, Kummer KK. Pharmacokinetics of Orally Applied Cannabinoids and Medical Marijuana Extracts in Mouse Nervous Tissue and Plasma: Relevance for Pain Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:853. [PMID: 36986714 PMCID: PMC10057980 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa plants contain a multitude of bioactive substances, which show broad variability between different plant strains. Of the more than a hundred naturally occurring phytocannabinoids, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have been the most extensively studied, but whether and how the lesser investigated compounds in plant extracts affect bioavailability or biological effects of Δ9-THC or CBD is not known. We therefore performed a first pilot study to assess THC concentrations in plasma, spinal cord and brain after oral administration of THC compared to medical marijuana extracts rich in THC or depleted of THC. Δ9-THC levels were higher in mice receiving the THC-rich extract. Surprisingly, only orally applied CBD but not THC alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity in the mouse spared nerve injury model, favoring CBD as an analgesic compound for which fewer unwanted psychoactive effects are to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Dumbraveanu
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Bionorica Research GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Jeiny Luna Choconta
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Theodora Kalpachidou
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai K. Kummer
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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Corsato Alvarenga I, Panickar KS, Hess H, McGrath S. Scientific Validation of Cannabidiol for Management of Dog and Cat Diseases. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2023; 11:227-246. [PMID: 36790884 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-081122-070236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid of the plant Cannabis sativa L. CBD is increasingly being explored as an alternative to conventional therapies to treat health disorders in dogs and cats. Mechanisms of action of CBD have been investigated mostly in rodents and in vitro and include modulation of CB1, CB2, 5-HT, GPR, and opioid receptors. In companion animals, CBD appears to have good bioavailability and safety profile with few side effects at physiological doses. Some dog studies have found CBD to improve clinical signs associated with osteoarthritis, pruritus, and epilepsy. However, further studies are needed to conclude a therapeutic action of CBD for each of these conditions, as well as for decreasing anxiety and aggression in dogs and cats. Herein, we summarize the available scientific evidence associated with the mechanisms of action of CBD, including pharmacokinetics, safety, regulation, and efficacy in ameliorating various health conditions in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Corsato Alvarenga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;
| | - Kiran S Panickar
- Science & Technology Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, Kansas, USA
| | - Hannah Hess
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;
| | - Stephanie McGrath
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;
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20
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Smegal LF, Vedmurthy P, Ryan M, Eagen M, Andrejow NW, Sweeney K, Reidy TG, Yeom S, Lin DD, Suskauer SJ, Kalb LG, Salpekar JA, Zabel TA, Comi AM. Cannabidiol Treatment for Neurological, Cognitive, and Psychiatric Symptoms in Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 139:24-34. [PMID: 36508880 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prior drug trial of cannabidiol for treatment-resistant epilepsy in patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), a rare neurovascular condition, implicated improvements in neurological, quality of life (QOL), neuropsychologic, psychiatric, and motor outcomes. METHODS Ten subjects with SWS brain involvement, controlled seizures, and cognitive impairments received study drug in this Johns Hopkins institutional review board-approved, open-label, prospective drug trial. Oral cannabidiol was taken for six months (dose ranged from 5 to 20 mg/kg/day). SWS neuroscore, port-wine birthmark score, QOL, and adverse events were recorded every four to 12 weeks. Neuropsychologic, psychiatric, and motor assessments were administered at baseline and six months' follow-up. Most evaluations were conducted virtually due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. RESULTS Cannabidiol was generally well tolerated. Six subjects reported mild to moderate side effects related to study drug and continued on drug; one subject withdrew early due to moderate side effects. No seizures were reported. Significant improvements in SWS neuroscore, patient-reported QOL, anxiety and emotional regulation, and report of bimanual ability use were noted. Migraine QOL scores were high at baseline in these subjects, and remained high. Neuropsychologic and other QOL and motor outcomes remained stable, with some within-subject improvements noted. CONCLUSIONS Further studies are needed to determine whether Epidiolex can improve quality of life and be beneficial for neurological, anxiety, and motor impairments in SWS independent of seizure control. Large multicentered studies are needed to extend these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay F Smegal
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Hugo Moser Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pooja Vedmurthy
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Hugo Moser Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew Ryan
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Melissa Eagen
- Fairmount Rehabilitation Programs, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Kristie Sweeney
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Teressa Garcia Reidy
- Fairmount Rehabilitation Programs, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - SangEun Yeom
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Hugo Moser Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Doris D Lin
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stacy J Suskauer
- Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Luther G Kalb
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jay A Salpekar
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - T Andrew Zabel
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anne M Comi
- Department of Neurology, Hugo Moser Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Synergistic effect of cannabidiol and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on neuropathic and inflammatory pain in mice. Neuroreport 2023; 34:165-169. [PMID: 36719831 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pain is the most common cause of seeking healthcare and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Although cannabidiol and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) are effective and safe strategies for treating chronic pain, the combined effect of these interventions remains overlooked. To compare the isolated and combined effect of cannabidiol and TENS in the treatment of experimental neuropathic and inflammatory pain. METHODS Swiss mice were subjected to chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic or carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain models. Cannabidiol or TENS alone and the combination of these therapies were administered once. The nociceptive threshold was measured by the von Frey test. IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 cytokine levels were measured by ELISA from spinal cord samples. RESULTS Combined, cannabidiol and TENS potentiate antinociception only in neuropathic pain. IL-1β and TNF-α levels were similarly reduced when TENS or cannabidiol were administered alone or in combination. However, only cannabidiol and TENS combined increased IL-10 levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated TENS and cannabidiol combined were effective in potentiating antinociception in a neuropathic pain model, an effect potentially associated with spinal IL-10 upregulation.
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Combined non-psychoactive Cannabis components cannabidiol and β-caryophyllene reduce chronic pain via CB1 interaction in a rat spinal cord injury model. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282920. [PMID: 36913400 PMCID: PMC10010563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The most frequently reported use of medical marijuana is for pain relief. However, its psychoactive component Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) causes significant side effects. Cannabidiol (CBD) and β-caryophyllene (BCP), two other cannabis constituents, possess more benign side effect profiles and are also reported to reduce neuropathic and inflammatory pain. We evaluated the analgesic potential of CBD and BCP individually and in combination in a rat spinal cord injury (SCI) clip compression chronic pain model. Individually, both phytocannabinoids produced dose-dependent reduction in tactile and cold hypersensitivity in male and female rats with SCI. When co-administered at fixed ratios based on individual A50s, CBD and BCP produced enhanced dose-dependent reduction in allodynic responses with synergistic effects observed for cold hypersensitivity in both sexes and additive effects for tactile hypersensitivity in males. Antinociceptive effects of both individual and combined treatment were generally less robust in females than males. CBD:BCP co-administration also partially reduced morphine-seeking behavior in a conditioned place preference (CPP) test. Minimal cannabinoidergic side effects were observed with high doses of the combination. The antinociceptive effects of the CBD:BCP co-administration were not altered by either CB2 or μ-opioid receptor antagonist pretreatment but, were nearly completely blocked by CB1 antagonist AM251. Since neither CBD or BCP are thought to mediate antinociception via CB1 activity, these findings suggest a novel CB1 interactive mechanism between these two phytocannabinoids in the SCI pain state. Together, these findings suggest that CBD:BCP co-administration may provide a safe and effective treatment option for the management of chronic SCI pain.
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Singh C, Rao K, Yadav N, Vashist Y, Chugh P, Bansal N, Minocha N. Current Cannabidiol Safety: A Review. Curr Drug Saf 2023; 18:465-473. [PMID: 36056846 DOI: 10.2174/1574886317666220902100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marijuana, also known as cannabis, is the second most widely used illegal psychoactive substance smoked worldwide after tobacco, mainly due to the psychoactive effects induced by D-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC). Cannabidiol (CBD) is extracted from cannabis and may be used as an anti-inflammatory agent. Some patents on cannabidiol are discussed in this review. The cannabinoid is a non-psychoactive isomer of the more infamous tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); and is available in several administration modes, most known as CBD oil. OBJECTIVES This study aims to provide an enhanced review of cannabidiol properties used in treating inflammation. This review also emphasises the current safety profile of cannabidiol. METHODS Cannabis is also called Marijuana. It is the second most commonly used illegal psychoactive substance in the universe after tobacco. D-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC) present in cannabis produces psychoactive effects. Cannabidiol (CBD) extracted from cannabis is used for antiinflammatory purposes. Cannabis smoking causes various types of cancer, such as lung, tongue, and jaw. The current review took literature from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Google Patents. Many clinical investigations are included in this review. RESULT After analysing the literature on cannabis, it has been suggested that although cannabis is banned in some countries, it may be included in the treatment and mitigation of some diseases and symptoms like pain management, epilepsy, cancer, and anxiety disorder. Mild side effects were frequently observed in cannabis medications, which included infertility in females, liver damage, etc. Conclusion: Cannabis contains chemical compounds such as the cannabinoids delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a psychoactive substance, and non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabidiol has been confirmed as an efficient treatment of epilepsy in several clinical trials, with one pure CBD product named Epidiolex. It is also used in treating anxiety and acne, as a pain reliever, and has anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chander Singh
- School of Medical & Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram- 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Komal Rao
- School of Medical & Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram- 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Nikita Yadav
- School of Medical & Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram- 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Yogesh Vashist
- School of Medical & Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram- 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Palak Chugh
- School of Medical & Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram- 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- School of Medical & Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram- 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Neha Minocha
- School of Medical & Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram- 122103, Haryana, India
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Silva-Cardoso GK, Leite-Panissi CRA. Chronic Pain and Cannabidiol in Animal Models: Behavioral Pharmacology and Future Perspectives. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 8:241-253. [PMID: 36355044 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of chronic pain is around 8% in the general population, and its impact on quality of life, mood, and sleep exceeds the burden of its causal pathology. Chronic pain is a complex and multifaceted problem with few effective and safe treatment options. It can be associated with neurological diseases, peripheral injuries or central trauma, or some maladaptation to traumatic or emotional events. In this perspective, animal models are used to assess the manifestations of neuropathy, such as allodynia and hyperalgesia, through nociceptive tests, such as von Frey, Hargreaves, hot plate, tail-flick, Randall & Selitto, and others. Cannabidiol (CBD) has been considered a promising strategy for treating chronic pain and diseases that have pain as a consequence of neuropathy. However, despite the growing body of evidence linking the efficacy of CBD on pain management in clinical and basic research, there is a lack of reviews focusing on chronic pain assessments, especially when considering pre-clinical studies, which assess chronic pain as a disease by itself or as a consequence of trauma or peripheral or central disease. Therefore, this review focused only on studies that fit our inclusion criteria: (1) used treatment with CBD extract; (2) used tests to assess mechanical or thermal nociception in at least one of the following most commonly used tests (von Frey, hot plate, acetone, Hargreaves, tail-flick, Randall & Selitto, and others); and (3) studies that assessed pain sensitivity in chronic pain induction models. The current literature points out that CBD is a well-tolerated and safe natural compound that exerts analgesic effects, decreasing hyperalgesia, and mechanical/thermal allodynia in several animal models of pain and patients. In addition, CBD presents several molecular and cellular mechanisms of action involved in its positive effects on chronic pain. In conclusion, using CBD seems to be a promising strategy to overcome the lack of efficacy of conventional treatment for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleice Kelli Silva-Cardoso
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Fallahi S, Bobak Ł, Opaliński S. Hemp in Animal Diets—Cannabidiol. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192541. [PMID: 36230282 PMCID: PMC9559627 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, interest in hemp use has grown owing to its chemical and medicinal properties. Several parts of this plant, such as seeds, leaves, flowers, and stems are used in medicine, industry, and environmental preservation. Although there were legal restrictions on hemp exploitation in some countries due to the trace presence of THC as a psychoactive element, many countries have legalized it in recent years. Cannabidiol or CBD is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid that can activate the endocannabinoid system and its receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system in bodies of different species. Cannabidiol has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, analgesic, and anti-depressant effects. This review investigates various aspects of cannabidiol use and its potential in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Fallahi
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Łukasz Bobak
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sebastian Opaliński
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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Neuroprotection of Cannabidiol, Its Synthetic Derivatives and Combination Preparations against Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Neurological Disorders. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154961. [PMID: 35956911 PMCID: PMC9370304 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of effective treatment for neurological disorders has encouraged the search for novel therapeutic strategies. Remarkably, neuroinflammation provoked by the activated microglia is emerging as an important therapeutic target for neurological dysfunction in the central nervous system. In the pathological context, the hyperactivation of microglia leads to neuroinflammation through the release of neurotoxic molecules, such as reactive oxygen species, proteinases, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major pharmacologically active phytocannabinoids derived from Cannabis sativa L. CBD has promising therapeutic effects based on mounting clinical and preclinical studies of neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, ischemic brain injuries, neuropathic pain, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. A number of preclinical studies suggested that CBD exhibited potent inhibitory effects of neurotoxic molecules and inflammatory modulators, highlighting its remarkable therapeutic potential for the treatment of numerous neurological disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms of action underpinning CBD’s effects on neuroinflammation appear to be complex and are poorly understood. This review summarises the anti-neuroinflammatory activities of CBD against various neurological disorders with a particular focus on their main molecular mechanisms of action, which were related to the downregulation of NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS, TLR4-NFκB and IFN-β-JAK-STAT pathways. We also illustrate the pharmacological action of CBD’s derivatives focusing on their anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects for neurological disorders. We included the studies that demonstrated synergistic enhanced anti-neuroinflammatory activity using CBD and other biomolecules. The studies that are summarised in the review shed light on the development of CBD, including its derivatives and combination preparations as novel therapeutic options for the prevention and/or treatment of neurological disorders where neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathological components.
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Santiago-Castañeda C, Huerta de la Cruz S, Martínez-Aguirre C, Orozco-Suárez SA, Rocha L. Cannabidiol Reduces Short- and Long-Term High Glutamate Release after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury and Improves Functional Recovery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081609. [PMID: 36015236 PMCID: PMC9414526 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if orally administered cannabidiol (CBD) lessens the cortical over-release of glutamate induced by a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and facilitates functional recovery. The short-term experiment focused on identifying the optimal oral pretreatment of CBD. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with oral administration of CBD (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) daily for 7 days. Then, extracellular glutamate concentration was estimated by cortical microdialysis before and immediately after a severe TBI. The long-term experiment focused on evaluating the effect of the optimal treatment of CBD (pre- vs. pre- and post-TBI) 30 days after trauma. Sensorimotor function, body weight, and mortality rate were evaluated. In the short term, TBI induced a high release of glutamate (738% ± 173%; p < 0.001 vs. basal). Oral pretreatment with CBD at all doses tested reduced glutamate concentration but with higher potency at when animals received 100 mg/kg (222 ± 33%, p < 0.01 vs. TBI), an effect associated with a lower mortality rate (22%, p < 0.001 vs. TBI). In the long-term experiment, the TBI group showed a high glutamate concentration (149% p < 0.01 vs. SHAM). In contrast, animals receiving the optimal treatment of CBD (pre- and pre/post-TBI) showed glutamate concentrations like the SHAM group (p > 0.05). This effect was associated with high sensorimotor function improvement. CBD pretreatment, but not pre-/post-treatment, induced a higher body weight gain (39% ± 2.7%, p < 0.01 vs. TBI) and lower mortality rate (22%, p < 0.01 vs. TBI). These results support that orally administered CBD reduces short- and long-term TBI-induced excitotoxicity and facilitated functional recovery. Indeed, pretreatment with CBD was sufficient to lessen the adverse sequelae of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Santiago-Castañeda
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Mexico City 14330, Mexico; (C.S.-C.); (S.H.d.l.C.); (C.M.-A.)
| | - Saúl Huerta de la Cruz
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Mexico City 14330, Mexico; (C.S.-C.); (S.H.d.l.C.); (C.M.-A.)
| | - Christopher Martínez-Aguirre
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Mexico City 14330, Mexico; (C.S.-C.); (S.H.d.l.C.); (C.M.-A.)
| | - Sandra Adela Orozco-Suárez
- Unit for Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center SXXI (CMN-SXXI), Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Luisa Rocha
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Mexico City 14330, Mexico; (C.S.-C.); (S.H.d.l.C.); (C.M.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5483-2800
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Cannabidiol for Functional Dyspepsia With Normal Gastric Emptying: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117:1296-1304. [PMID: 35537858 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabidiol (CBD), a CBR2 agonist with limited psychic effects, antagonizes CB1/CB2 receptors. Allelic variation CNR1 (gene for CBR1) rs806378 and FAAH rs324420 were associated with altered gut motility and sensation. This study aimed to compare the pharmacodynamics and clinical effects of a 4-week treatment with pharmaceutical-grade CBD vs placebo and assess the interactions of FAAH and CNR1 gene variants on the effects of CBD in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). METHODS We performed a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled (1:1 ratio) study of CBD b.i.d. (20 mg/kg/d according to the US Food and Drug Administration escalation guidance) in FD patients with nondelayed gastric emptying (GE) at baseline. Symptoms were assessed by validated daily symptom diary (0-4 scale for upper abdominal pain, nausea, and bloating), weekly assessment of adequate relief, Leuven Postprandial Distress Scale (8 symptoms, adjectival scores rated 0-4 for severity), and quality of life (Short-Form Nepean Dyspepsia Index [average of 10 dimensions each on a 5-point scale]). After the 4-week treatment, all patients underwent measurements of GE of solids, gastric volumes, and Ensure nutrient satiation test. Statistical analysis compared 2 treatments for all endpoints and the effects of CBD in association with FAAH rs324420 and CNR1 rs806378. RESULTS CBD and placebo effects on physiological functions and patient response outcomes were not significantly different. There were borderline CBD treatment-by-genotype interactions: rs806378 CNR1 with Leuven Postprandial Distress Scale ( P = 0.06) and GE solids ( P = 0.12). DISCUSSION Approved doses of CBD used off-label do not relieve FD with normal baseline GE of solids or alter gastric motor functions and satiation. CBD treatment-by-gene interactions suggest potential benefits for postprandial distress with CNR1 rs806378 T allele.
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Janisset NRLL, Romariz SAA, Hashiguchi D, Quintella ML, Gimenes C, Yokoyama T, Filev R, Carlini E, Barbosa da Silva R, Faber J, Longo BM. Partial protective effects of cannabidiol against PTZ-induced acute seizures in female rats during the proestrus-estrus transition. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 129:108615. [PMID: 35217387 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 70% of women with epilepsy experience additional challenges in seizure exacerbation due to hormonal changes, particularly during fluctuations of estrogen-progesterone levels in the menstrual cycle, which is known as catamenial epilepsy. In animal models of epilepsy, a sustained increase in seizure frequency has been observed in female rats during the proestrus-estrus transition when estrogen levels are high and progesterone levels are low resembling catamenial epilepsy. Cannabidiol (CBD) has been proposed to have anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory effects, able to decrease seizure duration and increase seizure threshold in rats with epilepsy. However, most studies have used males to investigate the pharmacological effects of CBD on seizures, and the neuroprotective effects of CBD against seizures exacerbated by hormonal fluctuations in females are still little explored. Given this scenario, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether CBD would protect against acute seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in female rats during a pro-convulsant hormonal phase. Therefore, CBD (50 mg/kg) or saline was administered during the proestrus-estrus transition phase, 1 h prior to induction of seizures with PTZ (60 mg/kg), and the following parameters were recorded: duration, latency to first seizure, as well as percentage of convulsing animals (incidence), mortality, and severity of seizures. Brains were processed for immunohistochemistry for microglial cells (Iba-1), and blood was collected for the analysis of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α). Cannabidiol pre-treated rats showed a significant reduction in duration and severity of seizures, and IL-1β levels, although the latency, incidence of seizures, and mortality rate remained unchanged as well the quantification of microglia in the selected areas. Therefore, acute administration of CBD in a single dose prior to seizure induction showed a partial neuroprotective effect against seizure severity and inflammation, suggesting that female rats in the proconvulsant phase of proestrus-estrus have a low seizure threshold and are more resistant to the anticonvulsant effects of CBD. It appears that other doses or administration windows of CBD may be required to achieve a full protective effect against seizures, suggesting that CBD could be used as an adjunctive therapy during fluctuations of estrogen-progesterone levels. In this sense, considering the hormonal fluctuation as a seizure-potentiating factor, our study contributes to understand the anticonvulsant activity of CBD in females in a pro-convulsant hormonal phase, similar to catamenial seizures in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilma R L L Janisset
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Simone A A Romariz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Debora Hashiguchi
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Miguel L Quintella
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Christiane Gimenes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Thais Yokoyama
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Renato Filev
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Elisaldo Carlini
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Regina Barbosa da Silva
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP Baixada Santista, Brazil
| | - Jean Faber
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Laboratório de Neuroengenharia e Neurocognição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Longo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil.
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Bhatti FI, Mowforth OD, Butler MB, Bhatti AI, Adeeko S, Akhbari M, Dilworth R, Grodzinski B, Osunronbi T, Ottewell L, Teh JQ, Robinson S, Suresh G, Waheed U, Walker B, Kuhn I, Smith L, Bartlett RD, Davies BM, Kotter MRN. Systematic review of the impact of cannabinoids on neurobehavioral outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic and nontraumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2021; 59:1221-1239. [PMID: 34392312 PMCID: PMC8629762 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-021-00680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of cannabinoids on neurobehavioral outcomes in preclinical models of nontraumatic and traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), with the aim of determining suitability for clinical trials involving SCI patients. METHODS A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE and Embase databases, following registration with PROPSERO (CRD42019149671). Studies evaluating the impact of cannabinoids (agonists or antagonists) on neurobehavioral outcomes in preclinical models of nontraumatic and traumatic SCI were included. Data extracted from relevant studies, included sample characteristics, injury model, neurobehavioural outcomes assessed and study results. PRISMA guidelines were followed and the SYRCLE checklist was used to assess risk of bias. RESULTS The search returned 8714 studies, 19 of which met our inclusion criteria. Sample sizes ranged from 23 to 390 animals. WIN 55,212-2 (n = 6) and AM 630 (n = 8) were the most used cannabinoid receptor agonist and antagonist respectively. Acute SCI models included traumatic injury (n = 16), ischaemia/reperfusion injury (n = 2), spinal cord cryoinjury (n = 1) and spinal cord ischaemia (n = 1). Assessment tools used assessed locomotor function, pain and anxiety. Cannabinoid receptor agonists resulted in statistically significant improvement in locomotor function in 9 out of 10 studies and pain outcomes in 6 out of 6 studies. CONCLUSION Modulation of the endo-cannabinoid system has demonstrated significant improvement in both pain and locomotor function in pre-clinical SCI models; however, the risk of bias is unclear in all studies. These results may help to contextualise future translational clinical trials investigating whether cannabinoids can improve pain and locomotor function in SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem I Bhatti
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver D Mowforth
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Max B Butler
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aniqah I Bhatti
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ben Grodzinski
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Jye Quan Teh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Isla Kuhn
- Cambridge University Medical Library, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Richard D Bartlett
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin M Davies
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Mark R N Kotter
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Li Z, Yu S, Hu X, Li Y, You X, Tian D, Cheng L, Zheng M, Jing J. Fibrotic Scar After Spinal Cord Injury: Crosstalk With Other Cells, Cellular Origin, Function, and Mechanism. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:720938. [PMID: 34539350 PMCID: PMC8441597 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.720938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) results in permanent loss of sensorimotor function. The persistent presence of scar tissue, mainly fibrotic scar and astrocytic scar, is a critical cause of axonal regeneration failure and is widely accepted as a treatment target for SCI. Astrocytic scar has been widely investigated, while fibrotic scar has received less attention. Here, we review recent advances in fibrotic scar formation and its crosstalk with other main cellular components in the injured core after SCI, as well as its cellular origin, function, and mechanism. This study is expected to provide an important basis and novel insights into fibrotic scar as a treatment target for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuisheng Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuyang Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yiteng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingyu You
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dasheng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Meige Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juehua Jing
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Maselli DB, Camilleri M. Pharmacology, Clinical Effects, and Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:1748-1758.e2. [PMID: 32673642 PMCID: PMC7854774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis and cannabinoids (such as tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol) are frequently used to relieve gastrointestinal symptoms. Cannabinoids have effects on the immune system and inflammatory responses, as well as neuromuscular and sensory functions of digestive organs, including pancreas and liver. Cannabinoids can cause hyperemesis and cyclic vomiting syndrome, but they might also be used to reduce gastrointestinal, pancreatic, or hepatic inflammation, as well as to treat motility, pain, and functional disorders. Cannabinoids activate cannabinoid receptors, which inhibit release of transmitters from presynaptic neurons and also inhibit diacylglycerol lipase alpha, to prevent synthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. However, randomized trials are needed to clarify their effects in patients; these compounds can have adverse effects on the central nervous system (such as somnolence and psychosis) or the developing fetus, when used for nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Cannabinoid-based therapies can also hide symptoms and disease processes, such as in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. It is important for gastroenterologists and hepatologists to understand cannabinoid mechanisms, effects, and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Maselli
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Yu CHJ, Rupasinghe HPV. Cannabidiol-based natural health products for companion animals: Recent advances in the management of anxiety, pain, and inflammation. Res Vet Sci 2021; 140:38-46. [PMID: 34391060 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cannabidiol (CBD) use in canines and felines for anxiety management, pain management, and anti-inflammatory effects were reviewed using a literature search conducted with the following keywords: CBD, anxiety, inflammation, pain, dogs, cats, and companion animals. For decades, research on CBD has been hindered due to the status of cannabis (C. sativa L.) as an illicit drug. Limited safety data show that CBD is well-tolerated in dogs, with insufficient information on the safety profile of CBD in cats. Upon oral supplementation of CBD, elevation in liver enzymes was observed for both dogs and cats, and pharmacokinetics of CBD are different in the two species. There is a significant gap in the literature on the therapeutic use of CBD in cats, with no feline data on anxiety, pain, and inflammation management. There is evidence that chronic osteoarthritic pain in dogs can be reduced by supplementation with CBD. Furthermore, experiments are required to better understand whether CBD has an influence on noise-induced fear and anxiolytic response. Preliminary evidence exists to support the analgesic properties of CBD in treating chronic canine osteoarthritis; however, there are inter- and intra-species differences in pharmacokinetics, tolerance, dosage, and safety of CBD. Therefore, to validate the anxiety management, pain management, and anti-inflammatory efficacy of CBD, it is essential to conduct systematic, randomized, and controlled trials. Further, the safety and efficacious dose of CBD in companion animals warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy H J Yu
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Foss JD, Farkas DJ, Huynh LM, Kinney WA, Brenneman DE, Ward SJ. Behavioural and pharmacological effects of cannabidiol (CBD) and the cannabidiol analogue KLS-13019 in mouse models of pain and reinforcement. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3067-3078. [PMID: 33822373 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-euphorigenic component of Cannabis sativa that prevents the development of paclitaxel-induced mechanical sensitivity in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). We recently reported that the CBD structural analogue KLS-13019 shows efficacy in an in vitro model of CIPN. The present study was to characterize the behavioural effects of KLS-13019 compared to CBD and morphine in mouse models of CIPN, nociceptive pain and reinforcement. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Prevention or reversal of paclitaxel-induced mechanical sensitivity were assessed following intraperitoneal or oral administration of CBD, KLS-13019 or morphine. Antinociceptive activity using acetic acid-induced stretching and hot plate assay, anti-reinforcing effects on palatable food or morphine self-administration and binding to human opioid receptors were also determined. KEY RESULTS Like CBD, KLS-13019 prevented the development of mechanical sensitivity associated with paclitaxel administration. In contrast to CBD, KLS-13019 was also effective at reversing established mechanical sensitivity. KLS-13019 significantly attenuated acetic acid-induced stretching and produced modest effects in the hot plate assay. KLS-13019 was devoid of activity at μ-, δ- or κ-opioid receptors. Lastly, KLS-13019, but not CBD, attenuated the reinforcing effects of palatable food or morphine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS KLS-13019 like CBD, prevented the development of CIPN, while KLS-13019 uniquely attenuated established CIPN. Because KLS-13019 binds to fewer biological targets, this will help to identifying molecular mechanisms shared by these two compounds and those unique to KLS-13019. Lastly, KLS-13019 may possess the ability to attenuate reinforced behaviour, an effect not observed in the present study with CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery D Foss
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J Farkas
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lana M Huynh
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William A Kinney
- KannaLife Sciences Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas E Brenneman
- KannaLife Sciences Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara Jane Ward
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wang F, Multhoff G. Repurposing Cannabidiol as a Potential Drug Candidate for Anti-Tumor Therapies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040582. [PMID: 33921049 PMCID: PMC8071421 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, evidence has accumulated that cannabinoids-especially the non-psychoactive compound, cannabidiol (CBD)-possess promising medical and pharmacological activities that might qualify them as potential anti-tumor drugs. This review is based on multiple studies summarizing different mechanisms for how CBD can target tumor cells including cannabinoid receptors or other constituents of the endocannabinoid system, and their complex activation of biological systems that results in the inhibition of tumor growth. CBD also participates in anti-inflammatory activities which are related to tumor progression, as demonstrated in preclinical models. Although the numbers of clinical trials and tested tumor entities are limited, there is clear evidence that CBD has anti-tumor efficacy and is well tolerated in human cancer patients. In summary, it appears that CBD has potential as a neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant drug in therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Radiation-Immuno Oncology Group, TranslaTUM—Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-4514; Fax: +49-89-4140-4299
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation-Immuno Oncology Group, TranslaTUM—Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Yokubaitis CG, Jessani HN, Li H, Amodea AK, Ward SJ. Effects of Cannabidiol and Beta-Caryophyllene Alone or in Combination in a Mouse Model of Permanent Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2866. [PMID: 33799861 PMCID: PMC7999270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for stroke, which account for 6.5 million global deaths annually, remain insufficient for treatment of disability and mortality. One targetable hallmark of stroke is the inflammatory response following infarct, which leads to significant damage post-infarct. Cannabinoids and their endogenous targets within the CNS have emerged as potential treatments for neuroinflammatory indications. We and others have previously shown that synthetic agonists of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor reduce infarct size and microglial activation in rodent models of stroke. The non-cannabinoid receptor mediated effects of the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) have also shown effectiveness in these models. The present aim was to determine the single and combined effects of the cannabis-derived sesquiterpene and putative CB2 receptor agonist β-caryophyllene (BCP) and CBD on permanent ischemia without reperfusion using a mouse model of photothrombosis. Because BCP and CBD likely work through different sites of action but share common mechanisms of action, we sought to determine whether combinations of BCP and CBD were more potent than either compound alone. Therefore we determined the effect of BCP (3-30 mg/kg IP) and CBD (3-30 mg/kg IP), given alone or in combination (30:3, 30:10, and 30:30 BCP:CBD), on infarct size, microglial activation, and motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara Jane Ward
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (C.G.Y.); (H.N.J.); (H.L.); (A.K.A.)
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Bannerman CA, Douchant K, Sheth PM, Ghasemlou N. The gut-brain axis and beyond: Microbiome control of spinal cord injury pain in humans and rodents. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2021; 9:100059. [PMID: 33426367 PMCID: PMC7779861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2020.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating injury to the central nervous system in which 60 to 80% of patients experience chronic pain. Unfortunately, this pain is notoriously difficult to treat, with few effective options currently available. Patients are also commonly faced with various compounding injuries and medical challenges, often requiring frequent hospitalization and antibiotic treatment. Change in the gut microbiome from the "normal" state to one of imbalance, referred to as gut dysbiosis, has been found in both patients and rodent models following SCI. Similarities exist in the bacterial changes observed after SCI and other diseases with chronic pain as an outcome. These changes cause a shift in the regulation of inflammation, causing immune cell activation and secretion of inflammatory mediators that likely contribute to the generation/maintenance of SCI pain. Therefore, correcting gut dysbiosis may be used as a tool towards providing patients with effective pain management and improved quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A. Bannerman
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katya Douchant
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit, Kingston Health Sciences Center, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prameet M. Sheth
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit, Kingston Health Sciences Center, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Wang S, Jia Y, Cao X, Feng S, Na L, Dong H, Gao J, Zhang L. HUCMSCs transplantation combined with ultrashort wave therapy attenuates neuroinflammation in spinal cord injury through NUR77/ NF-κB pathway. Life Sci 2020; 267:118958. [PMID: 33383054 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of long-term physical impairment. Currently, treatment for SCI is limited to supportive measures, which can lead to permanent disability, representing a serious social burden. The present study aimed to evaluate the inflammatory microenvironment effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs)+ Ultrashort Wave (USW) therapy on SCI and reveal possible mechanisms. MAIN METHODS Low-dose USW was treated one day after SCI, and HUCMSCs suspension was transferred to the lesion using a micro-syringe 7 days after SCI. The functional effects of HUCMSCs and USW, separately and combinedly, were measured, together with the infiltration of CD3+ cells, formation of A1 astrocytes and activation of NUR77/ NF-κB pathway. KEY FINDINGS Our results showed that HUCMSCs+USW therapy improved motor function of SCI rat, together with decreased infiltration of CD3+ T cells, and decreased induction of microglia and A1 astrocytes. And also USW treatment played a very important role on decreasing the infiltration of CD3+ T cells and IBA-1+ cells. Reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 was also observed in rats receiving HUCMSCs+USW therapy, medicated by NUR77/NF-κB pathway. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicated that HUCMSCs+USW therapy could attenuate inflammatory microenvironment through NUR77/NF-κB signaling pathway, which might contribute to its better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China; Department of Rehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiying Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyan Cao
- Kidney internal medicine, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Sining Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Na
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxuan Dong
- Technology Department, Liaoning Qifu Stem Cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110136, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- Technology Department, Liaoning Qifu Stem Cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110136, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.
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Gazendam A, Nucci N, Gouveia K, Abdel Khalik H, Rubinger L, Johal H. Cannabinoids in the Management of Acute Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2020; 5:290-297. [PMID: 33381643 PMCID: PMC7759255 DOI: 10.1089/can.2019.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To synthesize the best evidence surrounding the efficacy of cannabinoids for acute pain in the clinical setting based on subjective pain scores and observed adverse effects. Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Databases, and Google Scholar. Eligibility Criteria: English-language randomized-controlled clinical trials comparing cannabinoids with placebo in patients with acute pain. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. All stages were conducted independently by a team of three reviewers. Data were pooled through meta-analysis and stratified by route of administration. Primary Outcomes and Measures: Patient-reported pain and adverse events (AEs). Results: Six trials (678 participants) were included examining oral (5 trials) and intramuscular (1 trial) cannabinoids. Overall, there was a small but statistically significant treatment effect favoring the use of cannabinoids over placebo (-0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.69 to -0.1, i 2=65%, p=0.03). When stratified by route of administration, intramuscular cannabinoids were found to have a significant reduction in pain relative to placebo (-2.98, 95% CI -4.09 to -1.87, i 2=0%, p<0.0001). No difference in effect was observed between oral cannabinoids and placebo (-0.21, 95% CI -0.64 to 0.22, i 2=3%, p=0.34). Serious AEs were rare, and similar across the cannabinoid (14/374, 3.7%) and placebo groups (8/304, 2.6%). Conclusions: There is low-quality evidence indicating that cannabinoids may be a safe alternative for a small but significant reduction in subjective pain score when treating acute pain, with intramuscular administration resulting in a greater reduction relative to oral. Higher quality, long-term randomized-controlled trials examining whether there may be a role for cannabinoids in treating acute pain are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gazendam
- Center for Evidence-Based Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Nicholas Nucci
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
| | - Kyle Gouveia
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Hassaan Abdel Khalik
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Luc Rubinger
- Center for Evidence-Based Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Herman Johal
- Center for Evidence-Based Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Mlost J, Bryk M, Starowicz K. Cannabidiol for Pain Treatment: Focus on Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228870. [PMID: 33238607 PMCID: PMC7700528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has a long history of medical use. Although there are many cannabinoids present in cannabis, Δ9tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the two components found in the highest concentrations. CBD itself does not produce typical behavioral cannabimimetic effects and was thought not to be responsible for psychotropic effects of cannabis. Numerous anecdotal findings testify to the therapeutic effects of CBD, which in some cases were further supported by research findings. However, data regarding CBD’s mechanism of action and therapeutic potential are abundant and omnifarious. Therefore, we review the basic research regarding molecular mechanism of CBD’s action with particular focus on its analgesic potential. Moreover, this article describes the detailed analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of CBD in various models, including neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, osteoarthritis and others. The dose and route of the administration-dependent effect of CBD, on the reduction in pain, hyperalgesia or allodynia, as well as the production of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, were described depending on the disease model. The clinical applications of CBD-containing drugs are also mentioned. The data presented herein unravel what is known about CBD’s pharmacodynamics and analgesic effects to provide the reader with current state-of-art knowledge regarding CBD’s action and future perspectives for research.
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McCartney D, Benson MJ, Desbrow B, Irwin C, Suraev A, McGregor IS. Cannabidiol and Sports Performance: a Narrative Review of Relevant Evidence and Recommendations for Future Research. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2020; 6:27. [PMID: 32632671 PMCID: PMC7338332 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa. CBD initially drew scientific interest due to its anticonvulsant properties but increasing evidence of other therapeutic effects has attracted the attention of additional clinical and non-clinical populations, including athletes. Unlike the intoxicating cannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), CBD is no longer prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency and appears to be safe and well-tolerated in humans. It has also become readily available in many countries with the introduction of over-the-counter "nutraceutical" products. The aim of this narrative review was to explore various physiological and psychological effects of CBD that may be relevant to the sport and/or exercise context and to identify key areas for future research. As direct studies of CBD and sports performance are is currently lacking, evidence for this narrative review was sourced from preclinical studies and a limited number of clinical trials in non-athlete populations. Preclinical studies have observed robust anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and analgesic effects of CBD in animal models. Preliminary preclinical evidence also suggests that CBD may protect against gastrointestinal damage associated with inflammation and promote healing of traumatic skeletal injuries. However, further research is required to confirm these observations. Early stage clinical studies suggest that CBD may be anxiolytic in "stress-inducing" situations and in individuals with anxiety disorders. While some case reports indicate that CBD improves sleep, robust evidence is currently lacking. Cognitive function and thermoregulation appear to be unaffected by CBD while effects on food intake, metabolic function, cardiovascular function, and infection require further study. CBD may exert a number of physiological, biochemical, and psychological effects with the potential to benefit athletes. However, well controlled, studies in athlete populations are required before definitive conclusions can be reached regarding the utility of CBD in supporting athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McCartney
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia.
- The University of Sydney, Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Melissa J Benson
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Desbrow
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher Irwin
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anastasia Suraev
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iain S McGregor
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Abraham AD, Leung EJY, Wong BA, Rivera ZMG, Kruse LC, Clark JJ, Land BB. Orally consumed cannabinoids provide long-lasting relief of allodynia in a mouse model of chronic neuropathic pain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1105-1114. [PMID: 31812152 PMCID: PMC7235274 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain affects a significant percentage of the United States population, and available pain medications like opioids have drawbacks that make long-term use untenable. Cannabinoids show promise in the management of pain, but long-term treatment of pain with cannabinoids has been challenging to implement in preclinical models. We developed a voluntary, gelatin oral self-administration paradigm that allowed male and female mice to consume ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, or morphine ad libitum. Mice stably consumed these gelatins over 3 weeks, with detectable serum levels. Using a real-time gelatin measurement system, we observed that mice consumed gelatin throughout the light and dark cycles, with animals consuming less THC-gelatin than the other gelatin groups. Consumption of all three gelatins reduced measures of allodynia in a chronic, neuropathic sciatic nerve injury model, but tolerance to morphine developed after 1 week while THC or CBD reduced allodynia over three weeks. Hyperalgesia gradually developed after sciatic nerve injury, and by the last day of testing, THC significantly reduced hyperalgesia, with a trend effect of CBD, and no effect of morphine. Mouse vocalizations were recorded throughout the experiment, and mice showed a large increase in ultrasonic, broadband clicks after sciatic nerve injury, which was reversed by THC, CBD, and morphine. This study demonstrates that mice voluntarily consume both cannabinoids and opioids via gelatin, and that cannabinoids provide long-term relief of chronic pain states. In addition, ultrasonic clicks may objectively represent mouse pain status and could be integrated into future pain models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony D Abraham
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Edward J Y Leung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Brenden A Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Zeena M G Rivera
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lauren C Kruse
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jeremy J Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Abstract
Introduction: Cannabidiol (CBD) as Epidiolex® (GW Pharmaceuticals) was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat rare forms of epilepsy in patients 2 years of age and older. Together with the increased societal acceptance of recreational cannabis and CBD oil for putative medical use in many states, the exposure to CBD is increasing, even though all of its biological effects are not understood. Once such example is the ability of CBD to be anti-inflammatory and immune suppressive, so the purpose of this review is to summarize effects and mechanisms of CBD in the immune system. It includes a consideration of reports identifying receptors through which CBD acts, since the “CBD receptor,” if a single one exists, has not been definitively identified for the myriad immune system effects. The review then provides a summary of in vivo and in vitro effects in the immune system, in autoimmune models, with a focus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and ends with identification of knowledge gaps. Conclusion: Overall, the data overwhelmingly support the notion that CBD is immune suppressive and that the mechanisms involve direct suppression of activation of various immune cell types, induction of apoptosis, and promotion of regulatory cells, which, in turn, control other immune cell targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Nichols
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Barbara L F Kaplan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
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Abstract
ABSTRACT:Cannabidiol (CBD) has been generating increasing interest in medicine due to its therapeutic properties and an apparent lack of negative side effects. Research has suggested that high dosages of CBD can be taken acutely and chronically with little to no risk. This review focuses on the neuroprotective effects of a CBD, with an emphasis on its implications for recovering from a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) or concussion. CBD has been shown to influence the endocannabinoid system, both by affecting cannabinoid receptors and other receptors involved in the endocannabinoid system such as vanilloid receptor 1, adenosine receptors, and 5-hydroxytryptamine via cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanisms. Concussions can result in many physiological consequences, potentially resulting in post-concussion syndrome. While impairments in cerebrovascular and cardiovascular physiology following concussion have been shown, there is unfortunately still no single treatment available to enhance recovery. CBD has been shown to influence the blood brain barrier, brain-derived neurotrophic factors, cognitive capacity, the cerebrovasculature, cardiovascular physiology, and neurogenesis, all of which have been shown to be altered by concussion. CBD can therefore potentially provide treatment to enhance neuroprotection by reducing inflammation, regulating cerebral blood flow, enhancing neurogenesis, and protecting the brain against reactive oxygen species. Double-blind randomized controlled trials are still required to validate the use of CBD as medication following mild TBIs, such as concussion.
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Kis B, Ifrim FC, Buda V, Avram S, Pavel IZ, Antal D, Paunescu V, Dehelean CA, Ardelean F, Diaconeasa Z, Soica C, Danciu C. Cannabidiol-from Plant to Human Body: A Promising Bioactive Molecule with Multi-Target Effects in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5905. [PMID: 31775230 PMCID: PMC6928757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a plant long used for its textile fibers, seed oil, and oleoresin with medicinal and psychoactive properties. It is the main source of phytocannabinoids, with over 100 compounds detected so far. In recent years, a lot of attention has been given to the main phytochemicals present in Cannabis sativa L., namely, cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Compared to THC, CBD has non-psychoactive effects, an advantage for clinical applications of anti-tumor benefits. The review is designed to provide an update regarding the multi-target effects of CBD in different types of cancer. The main focus is on the latest in vitro and in vivo studies that present data regarding the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, cytotoxic, anti-invasive, anti-antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties of CBD together with their mechanisms of action. The latest clinical evidence of the anticancer effects of CBD is also outlined. Moreover, the main aspects of the pharmacological and toxicological profiles are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Kis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (C.D.)
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer- OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital of Timişoara, Liviu Rebreanu Blvd. 156, 300736 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Feng Chen Ifrim
- Department of Marketing, medical technology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina Buda
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefana Avram
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Ioana Zinuca Pavel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Diana Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (D.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Virgil Paunescu
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer- OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital of Timişoara, Liviu Rebreanu Blvd. 156, 300736 Timişoara, Romania;
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology, “Victor Babeş“University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Florina Ardelean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (D.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Zorita Diaconeasa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Manastur, 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Codruta Soica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş“, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (C.D.)
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The Differences in the Proteome Profile of Cannabidiol-Treated Skin Fibroblasts following UVA or UVB Irradiation in 2D and 3D Cell Cultures. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090995. [PMID: 31466340 PMCID: PMC6770406 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), as the only phytocannabinoid that has no psychoactive effect, has both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and thus might be suggested as a cytoprotective compound against UV-induced metabolic changes in skin cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the level of protective CBD activity by evaluating the proteomic profile of 2D and 3D cultured skin fibroblasts models following exposure to UVA and UVB radiation. The CBD cytoprotective effect against UV-induced damage in 2D and 3D cultured fibroblasts were different. The main alterations focus on the range of cell reaction and involved different proteins associated with various molecular functions. In the 2D cultured cells, following UV radiation, the major changes were associated with proteins involved in antioxidant response and inflammation, while, in the 3D cultured fibroblasts, CBD action against UV induced changes were mainly associated with the activation of signalling pathways. Therefore, the knowledge of the CBD action in a multilayer skin cells model allowed for the prediction of changes in cell-cell interactions and skin cell metabolism. Knowledge about the lower protective effect of CBD in 3D cultured fibroblasts should be taken into account during the design of UV light protection.
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Abstract
Cannabis users have long reported therapeutic properties of the plant for a variety of conditions, some of which include nausea, emesis, seizures, cancer, neurogenic diseases and pain control. Research has elucidated many cannabinoid pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, expanding the potential use of cannabinoids as a medical therapy. Due to the inconsistent delivery and control of the active components involved with smoking, pharmaceutical companies are investigating and prioritizing routes other than smoke inhalation for therapeutic use of cannabinoids. In this relatively new field of pharmaceutical development, ongoing drug development promises great benefit from targeted endocannabinoid receptor agonism. Available in Canada and Europe, nabiximols, a specific extract from the Cannabis plant, has demonstrated great benefit in the treatment of pain related to spasticity in multiple sclerosis, cancer and otherwise chronic pain conditions. The cannabidiol oral solution Epidiolex®, which is available in the USA, is indicated for management of refractory epilepsy but may offer therapeutic relief to chronic pain conditions as well. Current investigative drugs, such as those developed by Cara Therapeutics and Zynerba Pharmaceuticals, are synthetic cannabinoids which show promise to specifically target neuropsychiatric conditions and chronic pain symptoms such as neuropathy and allodynia. The objective of this review is to provide clinicians with an update of currently available and promising developmental cannabis pharmaceutical derivatives which may stand to greatly benefit patients with otherwise difficult-to-treat chronic conditions.
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