1
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Sotomayor-Lugo F, Iglesias-Barrameda N, Castillo-Aleman YM, Casado-Hernandez I, Villegas-Valverde CA, Bencomo-Hernandez AA, Ventura-Carmenate Y, Rivero-Jimenez RA. The Dynamics of Histone Modifications during Mammalian Zygotic Genome Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1459. [PMID: 38338738 PMCID: PMC10855761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian fertilization initiates the reprogramming of oocytes and sperm, forming a totipotent zygote. During this intricate process, the zygotic genome undergoes a maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) and subsequent zygotic genome activation (ZGA), marking the initiation of transcriptional control and gene expression post-fertilization. Histone modifications are pivotal in shaping cellular identity and gene expression in many mammals. Recent advances in chromatin analysis have enabled detailed explorations of histone modifications during ZGA. This review delves into conserved and unique regulatory strategies, providing essential insights into the dynamic changes in histone modifications and their variants during ZGA in mammals. The objective is to explore recent advancements in leading mechanisms related to histone modifications governing this embryonic development phase in depth. These considerations will be useful for informing future therapeutic approaches that target epigenetic regulation in diverse biological contexts. It will also contribute to the extensive areas of evolutionary and developmental biology and possibly lay the foundation for future research and discussion on this seminal topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rene Antonio Rivero-Jimenez
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 4600, United Arab Emirates; (F.S.-L.); (N.I.-B.); (Y.M.C.-A.); (I.C.-H.); (C.A.V.-V.); (A.A.B.-H.); (Y.V.-C.)
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2
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Nakatani T, Schauer T, Altamirano-Pacheco L, Klein KN, Ettinger A, Pal M, Gilbert DM, Torres-Padilla ME. Emergence of replication timing during early mammalian development. Nature 2024; 625:401-409. [PMID: 38123678 PMCID: PMC10781638 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
DNA replication enables genetic inheritance across the kingdoms of life. Replication occurs with a defined temporal order known as the replication timing (RT) programme, leading to organization of the genome into early- or late-replicating regions. RT is cell-type specific, is tightly linked to the three-dimensional nuclear organization of the genome1,2 and is considered an epigenetic fingerprint3. In spite of its importance in maintaining the epigenome4, the developmental regulation of RT in mammals in vivo has not been explored. Here, using single-cell Repli-seq5, we generated genome-wide RT maps of mouse embryos from the zygote to the blastocyst stage. Our data show that RT is initially not well defined but becomes defined progressively from the 4-cell stage, coinciding with strengthening of the A and B compartments. We show that transcription contributes to the precision of the RT programme and that the difference in RT between the A and B compartments depends on RNA polymerase II at zygotic genome activation. Our data indicate that the establishment of nuclear organization precedes the acquisition of defined RT features and primes the partitioning of the genome into early- and late-replicating domains. Our work sheds light on the establishment of the epigenome at the beginning of mammalian development and reveals the organizing principles of genome organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamas Schauer
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Kyle N Klein
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Andreas Ettinger
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mrinmoy Pal
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David M Gilbert
- Laboratory of Chromosome Replication and Epigenome Regulation, San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Maria-Elena Torres-Padilla
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany.
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3
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Ju LF, Xu HJ, Yang YG, Yang Y. Omics Views of Mechanisms for Cell Fate Determination in Early Mammalian Development. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 21:950-961. [PMID: 37075831 PMCID: PMC10928378 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian preimplantation development, a totipotent zygote undergoes several cell cleavages and two rounds of cell fate determination, ultimately forming a mature blastocyst. Along with compaction, the establishment of apicobasal cell polarity breaks the symmetry of an embryo and guides subsequent cell fate choice. Although the lineage segregation of the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) is the first symbol of cell differentiation, several molecules have been shown to bias the early cell fate through their inter-cellular variations at much earlier stages, including the 2- and 4-cell stages. The underlying mechanisms of early cell fate determination have long been an important research topic. In this review, we summarize the molecular events that occur during early embryogenesis, as well as the current understanding of their regulatory roles in cell fate decisions. Moreover, as powerful tools for early embryogenesis research, single-cell omics techniques have been applied to both mouse and human preimplantation embryos and have contributed to the discovery of cell fate regulators. Here, we summarize their applications in the research of preimplantation embryos, and provide new insights and perspectives on cell fate regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Fang Ju
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Heng-Ji Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Ying Yang
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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4
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Fang T, Wang F, Zhang R, Du ZQ, Yang CX. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals blastomere heterogeneity of 2-cell embryos in pigs. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:1393-1403. [PMID: 37568261 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, single blastomeres from as early as 2-cell embryos demonstrate heterogeneous developmental capacity and fate decision into different cell lineages. However, mechanisms underlying blastomere heterogeneity of 2-cell embryos remain largely unresolved. Here, we analysed the molecular heterogeneity of full-length mRNAs and their 3'UTR regions, based on the single-cell RNA-seq data of pig 2-cell embryos generated from in vivo fertilization (in vivo), in vitro fertilization (in vitro) and parthenogenetic activation (PA), respectively. First, unsupervised clustering helped discover two different groups of blastomeres for 2-cell pig embryos. Between these two groups of blastomeres in pig 2-cell embryos, 35, 301 and 428 full-length mRNAs respectively in in vivo, in vitro and PA embryo types were identified to be differentially expressed (padj ≤ .05 and |log2 [fold change]| ≥1) (DE mRNAs), while 92, 89 and 42 mRNAs were shown to be with significantly different 3'UTR lengths (3'UTR DE) (padj ≤ .05). Gene enrichment for both DE mRNAs and 3'UTR DE mRNAs found multiple signalling pathways, including cell cycle, RNA processing. Few numbers of common DE mRNAs and 3'UTR DE mRNAs existed between in vitro and in vivo blastomeres derived from 2-cell embryos, indicating the larger differences between in vitro and in vivo fertilized embryos. Integrative genomics viewer analysis further identified that 3'UTRs of HSDL2 and SGTA (in vivo), FAM204A and phosphoserine phosphatase (in vitro), PRPF40A and RPIA (PA) had >100 nt average length changes. Moreover, numbers and locations of regulatory elements (polyadenylation site, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element and microRNA binding sites) within 3'UTRs of these DE mRNAs were predicted. These results indicate that molecular heterogeneity existed among blastomeres from different types of pig 2-cell embryos, providing useful information and novel insights into future functional investigation on its relationship with the subsequent embryo development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Du
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Cai-Xia Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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5
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Guthmann M, Qian C, Gialdini I, Nakatani T, Ettinger A, Schauer T, Kukhtevich I, Schneider R, Lamb DC, Burton A, Torres-Padilla ME. A change in biophysical properties accompanies heterochromatin formation in mouse embryos. Genes Dev 2023; 37:336-350. [PMID: 37072228 PMCID: PMC10153458 DOI: 10.1101/gad.350353.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The majority of our genome is composed of repeated DNA sequences that assemble into heterochromatin, a highly compacted structure that constrains their mutational potential. How heterochromatin forms during development and how its structure is maintained are not fully understood. Here, we show that mouse heterochromatin phase-separates after fertilization, during the earliest stages of mammalian embryogenesis. Using high-resolution quantitative imaging and molecular biology approaches, we show that pericentromeric heterochromatin displays properties consistent with a liquid-like state at the two-cell stage, which change at the four-cell stage, when chromocenters mature and heterochromatin becomes silent. Disrupting the condensates results in altered transcript levels of pericentromeric heterochromatin, suggesting a functional role for phase separation in heterochromatin function. Thus, our work shows that mouse heterochromatin forms membrane-less compartments with biophysical properties that change during development and provides new insights into the self-organization of chromatin domains during mammalian embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Guthmann
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Irene Gialdini
- Department of Chemistry, Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Tsunetoshi Nakatani
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Andreas Ettinger
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Tamas Schauer
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Igor Kukhtevich
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics (IFE), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert Schneider
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics (IFE), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Don C Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Adam Burton
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Maria-Elena Torres-Padilla
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377 München, Germany;
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, 82152 Planegg, Germany
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6
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Goissis MD, Cibelli JB. Early Cell Specification in Mammalian Fertilized and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2647:59-81. [PMID: 37041329 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3064-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Early cell specification in mammalian preimplantation embryos is an intricate cellular process that leads to coordinated spatial and temporal expression of specific genes. Proper segregation into the first two cell lineages, the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophectoderm (TE), is imperative for developing the embryo proper and the placenta, respectively. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) allows the formation of a blastocyst containing both ICM and TE from a differentiated cell nucleus, which means that this differentiated genome must be reprogrammed to a totipotent state. Although blastocysts can be generated efficiently through SCNT, the full-term development of SCNT embryos is impaired mostly due to placental defects. In this review, we examine the early cell fate decisions in fertilized embryos and compare them to observations in SCNT-derived embryos, in order to understand if these processes are affected by SCNT and could be responsible for the low success of reproductive cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo D Goissis
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jose B Cibelli
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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7
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Lamba A, Zernicka-Goetz M. The role of polarization and early heterogeneities in the mammalian first cell fate decision. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:169-196. [PMID: 37100517 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The first cell fate decision is the process by which cells of an embryo take on distinct lineage identities for the first time, representing the beginning of patterning during development. In mammals, this process separates an embryonic inner cell mass lineage (future new organism) from an extra-embryonic trophectoderm lineage (future placenta), and in the mouse, this is classically attributed to the consequences of apical-basal polarity. The mouse embryo acquires this polarity at the 8-cell stage, indicated by cap-like protein domains on the apical surface of each cell; those cells which retain polarity over subsequent divisions are specified as trophectoderm, and the rest as inner cell mass. Recent research has advanced our knowledge of this process - this review will discuss mechanisms behind the establishment of polarity and distribution of the apical domain, different factors affecting the first cell fate decision including heterogeneities between cells of the very early embryo, and the conservation of developmental mechanisms across species, including human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiyant Lamba
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
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8
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Yu Y, Liu T, Yu G, Wang H, Du Z, Chen Y, Yang N, Cao K, Liu C, Wan Z, Shen H, Gao F, Yang Y, Zhang W. PRDM15 interacts with DNA-PK-Ku complex to promote radioresistance in rectal cancer by facilitating DNA damage repair. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:978. [PMID: 36402747 PMCID: PMC9675803 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant radiotherapy is a standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer, however, resistance to chemoradiotherapy is one of the main obstacles to improving treatment outcomes. The goal of this study was to explore the role of PRDM15 involved in the radioresistance of colorectal cancer and to clarify the underlying mechanism. In present study, we demonstrated that, after DNA damage, PRDM15 was upregulated and localized to DNA damage sites, co-localizing with γ-H2AX. Knockdown of PRDM15 inhibited DNA damage repair and increased radiosensitivity in colorectal cancer cells. Mechanistically, PRDM15 promoted DNA repair by interacting with DNA-PKcs and Ku70/Ku80 complex. In preclinical models of rectal cancer, knockdown of PRDM15 sensitized cell derived xenograft and patient derived xenograft to radiotherapy. In 80 rectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, higher PRDM15 expression was observed associated with weaker tumor regression and poorer prognosis. Our findings revealed that inhibiting PRDM15 was potent to overcome radioresistance through abrogating DNA repair in colorectal cancer cells. Additionally, the expression level of PRDM15 could be applied to predict radiotherapy responsiveness and the outcome of neoadjuvant radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanyu Yu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Wang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Du
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Pharmacy Department, Qingdao Special Servicemen Recuperation Center of CPLA Navy, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Kun Cao
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlei Liu
- grid.512114.20000 0004 8512 7501Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, 024000 China
| | - Zhijie Wan
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Shen
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Gao
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyong Yang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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9
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New insights into the epitranscriptomic control of pluripotent stem cell fate. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1643-1651. [PMID: 36266446 PMCID: PMC9636187 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Each cell in the human body has a distinguishable fate. Pluripotent stem cells are challenged with a myriad of lineage differentiation options. Defects are more likely to be fatal to stem cells than to somatic cells due to the broad impact of the former on early development. Hence, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms that determine the fate of stem cells is needed. The mechanisms by which human pluripotent stem cells, although not fully equipped with complex chromatin structures or epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, accurately control gene expression and are important to the stem cell field. In this review, we examine the events driving pluripotent stem cell fate and the underlying changes in gene expression during early development. In addition, we highlight the role played by the epitranscriptome in the regulation of gene expression that is necessary for each fate-related event.
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10
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Cheng H, Shang D, Zhou R. Germline stem cells in human. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:345. [PMID: 36184610 PMCID: PMC9527259 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The germline cells are essential for the propagation of human beings, thus essential for the survival of mankind. The germline stem cells, as a unique cell type, generate various states of germ stem cells and then differentiate into specialized cells, spermatozoa and ova, for producing offspring, while self-renew to generate more stem cells. Abnormal development of germline stem cells often causes severe diseases in humans, including infertility and cancer. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) first emerge during early embryonic development, migrate into the gentile ridge, and then join in the formation of gonads. In males, they differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells, which give rise to spermatozoa via meiosis from the onset of puberty, while in females, the female germline stem cells (FGSCs) retain stemness in the ovary and initiate meiosis to generate oocytes. Primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) can be induced in vitro from embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we focus on current advances in these embryonic and adult germline stem cells, and the induced PGCLCs in humans, provide an overview of molecular mechanisms underlying the development and differentiation of the germline stem cells and outline their physiological functions, pathological implications, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhua Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dantong Shang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongjia Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.
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11
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Off the Clock: the Non-canonical Roles of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Neural and Glioma Stem Cell Self-Renewal. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6805-6816. [PMID: 36042143 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are thought to drive growth and therapy resistance in glioblastoma (GBM) by "hijacking" at least a subset of signaling pathways active in normal neural stem cells (NSCs). Though the origins of GSCs still remain elusive, uncovering the mechanisms of self-renewing division and cell differentiation in normal NSCs has shed light on their dysfunction in GSCs. However, the distinction between self-renewing division pathways utilized by NSC and GSC becomes critical when considering options for therapeutically targeting signaling pathways that are specifically active or altered in GSCs. It is well-established that cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate the cell cycle, yet more recent studies have shown that CDKs also play important roles in the regulation of neuronal survival, metabolism, differentiation, and self-renewal. The intimate relationship between cell cycle regulation and the cellular programs that determine self-renewing division versus cell differentiation is only beginning to be understood, yet seems to suggest potential differential vulnerabilities in GSCs. In this timely review, we focus on the role of CDKs in regulating the self-renewal properties of normal NSCs and GSCs, highlighting novel opportunities to therapeutically target self-renewing signaling pathways specifically in GBM.
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12
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Allègre N, Chauveau S, Dennis C, Renaud Y, Meistermann D, Estrella LV, Pouchin P, Cohen-Tannoudji M, David L, Chazaud C. NANOG initiates epiblast fate through the coordination of pluripotency genes expression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3550. [PMID: 35729116 PMCID: PMC9213552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epiblast is the source of all mammalian embryonic tissues and of pluripotent embryonic stem cells. It differentiates alongside the primitive endoderm in a “salt and pepper” pattern from inner cell mass (ICM) progenitors during the preimplantation stages through the activity of NANOG, GATA6 and the FGF pathway. When and how epiblast lineage specification is initiated is still unclear. Here, we show that the coordinated expression of pluripotency markers defines epiblast identity. Conversely, ICM progenitor cells display random cell-to-cell variability in expression of various pluripotency markers, remarkably dissimilar from the epiblast signature and independently from NANOG, GATA6 and FGF activities. Coordination of pluripotency markers expression fails in Nanog and Gata6 double KO (DKO) embryos. Collectively, our data suggest that NANOG triggers epiblast specification by ensuring the coordinated expression of pluripotency markers in a subset of cells, implying a stochastic mechanism. These features are likely conserved, as suggested by analysis of human embryos. Pluripotent epiblast cells segregate from primitive endoderm in the blastocyst inner cell mass (ICM). Here the authors show that mosaic epiblast differentiation during mouse and human preimplantation development initiates stochastically in ICM progenitors, independently of the FGF pathway, and requires NANOG activity
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Allègre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD Institute, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sabine Chauveau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD Institute, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cynthia Dennis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD Institute, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yoan Renaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD Institute, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Byonet, 19 rue du courait, F-63200, Riom, France
| | - Dimitri Meistermann
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, INSERM, CR2TI, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, CNRS, LS2N, CNRS UMR 6004, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Lorena Valverde Estrella
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD Institute, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Pouchin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD Institute, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Michel Cohen-Tannoudji
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Epigenomics, Proliferation, and the Identity of Cells, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Laurent David
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, INSERM, CR2TI, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, INSERM, CNRS, UMS Biocore, INSERM UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Claire Chazaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD Institute, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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13
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Al-Mousawi J, Boskovic A. Transcriptional and epigenetic control of early life cell fate decisions. Curr Opin Oncol 2022; 34:148-154. [PMID: 35025815 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Global epigenetic reprogramming of the parental genomes after fertilization ensures the establishment of genome organization permissive for cell specialization and differentiation during development. In this review, we highlight selected, well-characterized relationships between epigenetic factors and transcriptional cell fate regulators during the initial stages of mouse development. RECENT FINDINGS Blastomeres of the mouse embryo are characterized by atypical and dynamic histone modification arrangements, noncoding RNAs and DNA methylation profiles. Moreover, asymmetries in epigenomic patterning between embryonic cells arise as early as the first cleavage, with potentially instructive roles during the first lineage allocations in the mouse embryo. Although it is widely appreciated that transcription factors and developmental signaling pathways play a crucial role in cell fate specification at the onset of development, it is increasingly clear that their function is tightly connected to the underlying epigenetic status of the embryonic cells in which they act. SUMMARY Findings on the interplay between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during reprogramming and differentiation in the embryo are crucial for understanding the molecular underpinnings of disease processes, particularly tumorigenesis, which is characterized by global epigenetic rewiring and progressive loss of cellular identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Al-Mousawi
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo, Italy
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14
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WATANABE H, ITO H, SHINTOME A, SUZUKI H. Effects of oxygen tension and humidity on the preimplantation development of mouse embryos produced by <i>in vitro</i> fertilization: analysis using a non-humidifying incubator with time-lapse cinematography. Exp Anim 2022; 71:338-346. [PMID: 35249913 PMCID: PMC9388340 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.21-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the effects of oxygen tension and humidity on early embryonic development, the preimplantation development of mouse embryos produced by in vitro fertilization
was assessed by time-lapse cinematography to evaluate morphokinetic development with higher precision. Zygotes were produced from spermatozoa and oocytes from ICR mice and cultured in KSOM
under low or high oxygen tension in a non-humidified incubator with time-lapse cinematography (CCM-iBIS). The developmental rates of embryos to the 4-cell and blastocyst stages under lower
oxygen tension in CCM-iBIS were significantly higher than those under higher oxygen tension in CCM-iBIS. Ninety-six hours after insemination, a large number of embryos cultured under low
oxygen tension developed to the hatching blastocyst stage. Embryonic development was more synchronized under lower oxygen tension. Non-humidified cultures did not affect embryonic
development. On average, mouse embryos cultured at lower oxygen tension reached 2-cell at 18 h, 3-cell at 39 h, 4-cell at 40 h, initiation of compaction at 58 h, morula at 69 h, and
blastocyst at 82 h after insemination. In conclusion, lower oxygen tension better supports preimplantation development of mouse embryos fertilized in vitro, and
non-humidified culture conditions do not influence the embryonic development in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haruka ITO
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Ayumi SHINTOME
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Hiroshi SUZUKI
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
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15
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Li Z, Lin F, Zhong CH, Wang S, Xue X, Shao Y. Single-Cell Sequencing to Unveil the Mystery of Embryonic Development. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 6:e2101151. [PMID: 34939365 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development is a fundamental physiological process that can provide tremendous insights into stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. In this process, cell fate decision is highly heterogeneous and dynamic, and investigations at the single-cell level can greatly facilitate the understanding of the molecular roadmap of embryonic development. Rapid advances in the technology of single-cell sequencing offer a perfectly useful tool to fulfill this purpose. Despite its great promise, single-cell sequencing is highly interdisciplinary, and successful applications in specific biological contexts require a general understanding of its diversity as well as the advantage versus limitations for each of its variants. Here, the technological principles of single-cell sequencing are consolidated and its applications in the study of embryonic development are summarized. First, the technology basics are presented and the available tools for each step including cell isolation, library construction, sequencing, and data analysis are discussed. Then, the works that employed single-cell sequencing are reviewed to investigate the specific processes of embryonic development, including preimplantation, peri-implantation, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Further, insights are provided on existing challenges and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zida Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chu-Han Zhong
- International Center for Applied Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shue Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical, and Biomedical Engineering, Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06561, USA
| | - Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yue Shao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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16
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Krawczyk K, Kosyl E, Częścik-Łysyszyn K, Wyszomirski T, Maleszewski M. Developmental capacity is unevenly distributed among single blastomeres of 2-cell and 4-cell stage mouse embryos. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21422. [PMID: 34728646 PMCID: PMC8563712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During preimplantation development, mammalian embryo cells (blastomeres) cleave, gradually losing their potencies and differentiating into three primary cell lineages: epiblast (EPI), trophectoderm (TE), and primitive endoderm (PE). The exact moment at which cells begin to vary in their potency for multilineage differentiation still remains unknown. We sought to answer the question of whether single cells isolated from 2- and 4-cell embryos differ in their ability to generate the progenitors and cells of blastocyst lineages. We revealed that twins were often able to develop into blastocysts containing inner cell masses (ICMs) with PE and EPI cells. Despite their capacity to create a blastocyst, the twins differed in their ability to produce EPI, PE, and TE cell lineages. In contrast, quadruplets rarely formed normal blastocysts, but instead developed into blastocysts with ICMs composed of only one cell lineage or completely devoid of an ICM altogether. We also showed that quadruplets have unequal capacities to differentiate into TE, PE, and EPI lineages. These findings could explain the difficulty of creating monozygotic twins and quadruplets from 2- and 4-cell stage mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Krawczyk
- Department of Embryology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kosyl
- Department of Embryology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Częścik-Łysyszyn
- Department of Embryology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wyszomirski
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Maleszewski
- Department of Embryology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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17
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Zhang M, Ji J, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wang X, Li X, Ban Q, Ye SD. The transcription factor Tfcp2l1 promotes primordial germ cell-like cell specification of pluripotent stem cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101217. [PMID: 34555410 PMCID: PMC8517209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are common ancestors of all germline cells. However, mechanistic understanding of how PGC specification occurs is limited. Here, we identified transcription factor CP2-like 1 (Tfcp2l1), an important pluripotency factor, as a pivotal factor for PGC-like cell (PGCLC) specification. High-throughput sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that Tfcp2l1 expression is gradually increased during mouse and human epiblast differentiation into PGCLCs in vivo and in vitro. Consequently, overexpression of Tfcp2l1 can enhance the specification efficiency even without inductive cytokines in mouse epiblast-like cells derived from embryonic stem cells, while knockdown of Tfcp2l1 significantly inhibits PGCLC generation. Mechanistic studies revealed that Tfcp2l1 exerts its function partially through the direct induction of PR domain zinc finger protein 14, a key PGC marker, as downregulation of the PR domain zinc finger protein 14 transcript can impair the ability of Tfcp2l1 to direct PGCLC commitment. Importantly, we finally demonstrated that the crucial role of the human homolog Tfcp2l1 in promoting PGCLC specification is conserved in human pluripotent stem cells. Together, our data uncover a novel function of Tfcp2l1 in PGCLC fate determination and facilitate a better understanding of germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Junxiang Ji
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xinbao Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qian Ban
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shou-Dong Ye
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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18
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Guo S, Cui X, Jiang X, Duo S, Li S, Gao F, Wang H. Tracing the origin of the placental trophoblast cells in mouse embryo development†. Biol Reprod 2021; 102:598-606. [PMID: 31621828 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta, which originates from the trophectoderm (TE), is the first organ to form during mammalian embryogenesis. Recent studies based on bioinformatics analysis have revealed that heterogeneous gene expression initiates cell-fate decisions and directs two distinct cell fates by modulating the balance of pluripotency and differentiation as early as the four-cell stage. However, direct developmental evidence to support this is still lacking. To address at which stage the cell fate of the TE and inner cell mass (ICM) is determined, in this study, we administered a microinjection of Cre mRNA into a single blastomere of the mTmG mouse at different cleavage stages before implantation to examine the distributions of the descendants of the single-labeled cell in the mouse fetus and the placenta at E12.5. We found that the descendants of the labeled cells at the two-cell stage contributed to both the placenta and the fetus. Notably, the derivatives of the labeled cells at the four-cell stage fell into three categories: (1) distributed in both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages, (2) distributed only in mouse placental trophoblast layers, or (3) distributed only in the lineage derived from the ICM. In addition, these results fell in line with single-cell studies focusing on gene expression patterns that characterize particular lineages within the blastocyst. In conclusion, this study shows that the four-cell blastomeres differ in their individual developmental properties insofar as they contribute to either or both the ICM and trophoblast fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangxiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuguang Duo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Totipotency of mouse zygotes extends to single blastomeres of embryos at the four-cell stage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11167. [PMID: 34045607 PMCID: PMC8160171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, oocytes and sperm undergo fusion during fertilization and the resulting zygote gives rise to a new individual. The ability of zygotes to produce a fully formed individual from a single cell when placed in a supportive environment is known as totipotency. Given that totipotent cells are the source of all multicellular organisms, a better understanding of totipotency may have a wide-ranging impact on biology. The precise delineation of totipotent cells in mammals has remained elusive, however, although zygotes and single blastomeres of embryos at the two-cell stage have been thought to be the only totipotent cells in mice. We now show that a single blastomere of two- or four-cell mouse embryos can give rise to a fertile adult when placed in a uterus, even though blastomere isolation disturbs the transcriptome of derived embryos. Single blastomeres isolated from embryos at the eight-cell or morula stages and cultured in vitro manifested pronounced defects in the formation of epiblast and primitive endoderm by the inner cell mass and in the development of blastocysts, respectively. Our results thus indicate that totipotency of mouse zygotes extends to single blastomeres of embryos at the four-cell stage.
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20
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Tomoda K, Hu H, Sahara Y, Sanyal H, Takasato M, Kime C. Reprogramming epiblast stem cells into pre-implantation blastocyst cell-like cells. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1197-1209. [PMID: 33891866 PMCID: PMC8185450 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a new wave of synthetic embryo systems (SESs) has been established from cultured cells for efficient and ethical embryonic development research. We recently reported our epiblast stem cell (EPISC) reprogramming SES that generates numerous blastocyst (BC)-like hemispheres (BCLH) with pluripotent and extraembryonic cell features detected by microscopy. Here, we further explored the system over key time points with single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis. We found broad induction of the 2C-like reporter MERVL and RNA velocities diverging to three major cell populations with gene expression profiles resembling those of pluripotent epiblast, primitive endoderm, and trophectoderm. Enrichment of those three induced BC-like cell fates involved key gene-regulatory networks, zygotic genome activation-related genes, and specific RNA splicing, and many cells closely resembled in silico models. This analysis confirms the induction of extraembryonic cell populations during EPISC reprogramming. We anticipate that our unique BCLH SES and rich dataset may uncover new facets of cell potency, improve developmental biology, and advance biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichiro Tomoda
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Haiming Hu
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sahara
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Hashimita Sanyal
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Minoru Takasato
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Cody Kime
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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21
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Payne AC, Chiang ZD, Reginato PL, Mangiameli SM, Murray EM, Yao CC, Markoulaki S, Earl AS, Labade AS, Jaenisch R, Church GM, Boyden ES, Buenrostro JD, Chen F. In situ genome sequencing resolves DNA sequence and structure in intact biological samples. Science 2021; 371:eaay3446. [PMID: 33384301 PMCID: PMC7962746 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding genome organization requires integration of DNA sequence and three-dimensional spatial context; however, existing genome-wide methods lack either base pair sequence resolution or direct spatial localization. Here, we describe in situ genome sequencing (IGS), a method for simultaneously sequencing and imaging genomes within intact biological samples. We applied IGS to human fibroblasts and early mouse embryos, spatially localizing thousands of genomic loci in individual nuclei. Using these data, we characterized parent-specific changes in genome structure across embryonic stages, revealed single-cell chromatin domains in zygotes, and uncovered epigenetic memory of global chromosome positioning within individual embryos. These results demonstrate how IGS can directly connect sequence and structure across length scales from single base pairs to whole organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Payne
- Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zachary D Chiang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paul L Reginato
- Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Evan M Murray
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chun-Chen Yao
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Andrew S Earl
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ajay S Labade
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- McGovern Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Centers for Neurobiological Engineering and Extreme Bionics, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jason D Buenrostro
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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22
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Emerging Roles of PRDM Factors in Stem Cells and Neuronal System: Cofactor Dependent Regulation of PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2 (Novel PRDM Factors). Cells 2020; 9:cells9122603. [PMID: 33291744 PMCID: PMC7761934 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PRDI-BF1 (positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1) and RIZ1 (retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene 1) (PR) homologous domain containing (PRDM) transcription factors are expressed in neuronal and stem cell systems, and they exert multiple functions in a spatiotemporal manner. Therefore, it is believed that PRDM factors cooperate with a number of protein partners to regulate a critical set of genes required for maintenance of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent findings about the expression of PRDM factors and function in stem cell and neuronal systems with a focus on cofactor-dependent regulation of PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2. We put special attention on summarizing the effects of the PRDM proteins interaction with chromatin modulators (NuRD complex and CtBPs) on the stem cell characteristic and neuronal differentiation. Although PRDM factors are known to possess intrinsic enzyme activity, our literature analysis suggests that cofactor-dependent regulation of PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2 is also one of the important mechanisms to orchestrate bidirectional target gene regulation. Therefore, determining stem cell and neuronal-specific cofactors will help better understanding of PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2-controlled stem cell maintenance and neuronal differentiation. Finally, we discuss the clinical aspect of these PRDM factors in different diseases including cancer. Overall, this review will help further sharpen our knowledge of the function of the PRDM3/16 and FOG1/2 with hopes to open new research fields related to these factors in stem cell biology and neuroscience.
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23
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Esmkhani S, Sadeghi H, Ghasemian M, Pirjani R, Amin-Beidokhti M, Gholami M, Yassaee F, Mirfakhraie R. Contribution of long noncoding RNA HOTAIR variants to preeclampsia susceptibility in Iranian women. Hypertens Pregnancy 2020; 40:29-35. [PMID: 33264034 DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2020.1855192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the possible association of lncRNA HOTAIR rs920778 and rs874945 polymorphisms with preeclampsia risk in a sample from the Iranian population. Method: The study subjects included 250 preeclamptic women and 250 healthy women. The genotyping for rs920778 and rs874945 polymorphisms were performed using the TP-ARMS-PCR method. Results: HOTAIR rs920778 increased the risk of preeclampsia under the dominant and recessive inheritance patterns (OR = 4.84, 95% CI: 3.30-7.10, P < 0.0001; OR = 6.86, 95% CI: 3.51-13.42, P < 0.0001; respectively). Conclusion: This study confirmed the association of HOTAIR rs920778 polymorphism with preeclampsia in Iranian women. Further studies should be performed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahra Esmkhani
- Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Ghasemian
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Pirjani
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Arash Women Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Amin-Beidokhti
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Gholami
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences , Arak, Iran
| | - Fakhrolmolouk Yassaee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirfakhraie
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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24
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Fiorentino J, Torres-Padilla ME, Scialdone A. Measuring and Modeling Single-Cell Heterogeneity and Fate Decision in Mouse Embryos. Annu Rev Genet 2020; 54:167-187. [PMID: 32867543 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-021920-110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity is a property of any living system; however, its relationship with cellular fate decision remains an open question. Recent technological advances have enabled valuable insights, especially in complex systems such as the mouse embryo. In this review, we discuss recent studies that characterize cellular heterogeneity at different levels during mouse development, from the two-cell stage up to gastrulation. In addition to key experimental findings, we review mathematical modeling approaches that help researchers interpret these findings. Disentangling the role of heterogeneity in cell fate decision will likely rely on the refined integration of experiments, large-scale omics data, and mathematical modeling, complemented by the use of synthetic embryos and gastruloids as promising in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fiorentino
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377 München, Germany; .,Institute of Functional Epigenetics (IFE) and Institute of Computational Biology (ICB), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria-Elena Torres-Padilla
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377 München, Germany; .,Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Antonio Scialdone
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377 München, Germany; .,Institute of Functional Epigenetics (IFE) and Institute of Computational Biology (ICB), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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25
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Cui W, Cheong A, Wang Y, Tsuchida Y, Liu Y, Tremblay KD, Mager J. MCRS1 is essential for epiblast development during early mouse embryogenesis. Reproduction 2020; 159:1-13. [PMID: 31671403 DOI: 10.1530/rep-19-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microspherule protein 1 (MCRS1, also known as MSP58) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that has been implicated in various biological processes. Although a variety of functions have been attributed to MCRS1 in vitro, mammalian MCRS1 has not been studied in vivo. Here we report that MCRS1 is essential during early murine development. Mcrs1 mutant embryos exhibit normal morphology at the blastocyst stage but cannot be recovered at gastrulation, suggesting an implantation failure. Outgrowth (OG) assays reveal that mutant blastocysts do not form a typical inner cell mass (ICM) colony, the source of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Surprisingly, cell death and histone H4 acetylation analysis reveal that apoptosis and global H4 acetylation are normal in mutant blastocysts. However, analysis of lineage specification reveals that while the trophoblast and primitive endoderm are properly specified, the epiblast lineage is compromised and exhibits a severe reduction in cell number. In summary, our study demonstrates the indispensable role of MCRS1 in epiblast development during early mammalian embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cui
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.,Animal Models Core Facility, Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS), University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Agnes Cheong
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuran Tsuchida
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Kimberly D Tremblay
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jesse Mager
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Płusa B, Piliszek A. Common principles of early mammalian embryo self-organisation. Development 2020; 147:147/14/dev183079. [PMID: 32699138 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pre-implantation mammalian development unites extreme plasticity with a robust outcome: the formation of a blastocyst, an organised multi-layered structure ready for implantation. The process of blastocyst formation is one of the best-known examples of self-organisation. The first three cell lineages in mammalian development specify and arrange themselves during the morphogenic process based on cell-cell interactions. Despite decades of research, the unifying principles driving early mammalian development are still not fully defined. Here, we discuss the role of physical forces, and molecular and cellular mechanisms, in driving self-organisation and lineage formation that are shared between eutherian mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenika Płusa
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anna Piliszek
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
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27
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Lee J, Molley TG, Seward CH, Abdeen AA, Zhang H, Wang X, Gandhi H, Yang JL, Gaus K, Kilian KA. Geometric regulation of histone state directs melanoma reprogramming. Commun Biol 2020; 3:341. [PMID: 32620903 PMCID: PMC7334222 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma displays a high degree of cellular plasticity during disease progression. Signals in the tumor microenvironment are believed to influence melanoma plasticity through changes in the epigenetic state to guide dynamic differentiation and de-differentiation. Here we uncover a relationship between geometric features at perimeter regions of melanoma aggregates, and reprogramming to a stem cell-like state through histone marks H3K4Me2 and H3K9Ac. Using an in vitro tumor microengineering approach, we find spatial enrichment of these histone modifications with concurrent expression of stemness markers. The epigenetic modifier PRDM14 overlaps with H3K9Ac and shows elevated expression in cells along regions of perimeter curvature. siRNA knockdown of PRDM14 abolishes the MIC phenotype suggesting a role in regulating melanoma heterogeneity. Our results suggest mechanotransduction at the periphery of melanoma aggregates may orchestrate the activity of epigenetic modifiers to regulate histone state, cellular plasticity, and tumorigenicity. Junmin Lee et al. study the role of geometric features at the perimeter regions of melanoma aggregates in programming stem cell-like state through histone marks. They use a tumor microengineering approach in vitro and report a spatial enrichment of histone modifications with stemness markers. Their work uncovers a mechanotransduction signaling that regulates epigenetic modifiers to regulate tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Thomas G Molley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,School of Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher H Seward
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Amr A Abdeen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Hetvi Gandhi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jia-Lin Yang
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kristopher A Kilian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,School of Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Toyooka Y. Trophoblast lineage specification in the mammalian preimplantation embryo. Reprod Med Biol 2020; 19:209-221. [PMID: 32684820 PMCID: PMC7360972 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment of the trophectoderm (TE) and the inner cell mass (ICM) is the first cell lineage segregation that occurs in mammalian preimplantation development. TE will contribute to the placenta while ICM cells give rise to the epiblast (EPI) and primitive endoderm (PrE). There are two historical models for TE/ICM segregation: the positional (inside-outside) model and the polarity model, but both models alone cannot explain the mechanism of TE/ICM segregation. METHODS This article discusses a current possible model based on recent studies including the finding through live-cell imaging of the expression patterns of caudal type homeobox 2 (Cdx2), a key transcription factor of TE differentiation in the mouse embryo. RESULTS It was observed that a part of outer Cdx2-expressing blastomeres was internalized at the around 20- to 30-cell stage, downregulates Cdx2, ceases TE differentiation, and participates in ICM lineages. CONCLUSION The early blastomere, which starts differentiation toward the TE cell fate, still has plasticity and can change its fate. Differentiation potency of all blastomeres until approximately the 32-cell stage is presumably not irreversibly restricted even if they show heterogeneity in their epigenetic modifications or gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Toyooka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA)Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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29
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Heterochromatin establishment during early mammalian development is regulated by pericentromeric RNA and characterized by non-repressive H3K9me3. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:767-778. [PMID: 32601371 PMCID: PMC7610380 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Upon fertilization in mammals the gametes are reprogrammed to create a totipotent zygote, a process that involves de novo establishment of chromatin domains. A major feature occurring during preimplantation development is the dramatic remodeling of constitutive heterochromatin, although the functional relevance of this is unknown. Here we show that heterochromatin establishment relies on the stepwise expression and regulated activity of Suv39h enzymes. Enforcing precocious acquisition of constitutive heterochromatin results in compromised development and epigenetic reprogramming, demonstrating that heterochromatin remodeling is essential for natural reprogramming at fertilization. We find that de novo H3K9 trimethylation in the paternal pronucleus after fertilization is catalyzed by Suv39h2 and that pericentromeric RNAs inhibit Suv39h2 activity and reduce H3K9me3. De novo H3K9me3 is initially non-repressive for gene expression but instead can bookmark promoters for compaction. Overall, we uncover the functional importance for the restricted transmission of constitutive heterochromatin during reprogramming and a non-repressive role for H3K9me3.
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30
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Abstract
The blastocyst stage and the subsequent implantation are critical for a successful pregnancy, yet are challenging to study in vivo. In this issue of Stem Cell Reports, Kime et al. (2019) describe a novel way to generate blastocyst-like structures only from pluripotent stem cells. These structures mimic several aspects of the early embryo, offering a new promising tool to study this stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Pour
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Iftach Nachman
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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31
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Epigenetic regulation of mouse preimplantation embryo development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 64:13-20. [PMID: 32563750 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
After fertilization, mouse embryos go through preimplantation development to give rise to blastocyst. Two key molecular events, zygotic genome activation (ZGA) and the first cell lineage specification, are essential for the process. Recent advances in low-input epigenomics profiling techniques allow the analysis of these events at a molecular level, which revealed a critical role of epigenetic and chromatin reprogramming in ZGA and the first cell lineage specification. Additionally, the establishment of an in vitro embryonic stem cell (ESC) to two-cell embryo-like conversion system have also contributed to the molecular understanding of preimplantation development. In this review, we summarize recent advances in epigenetic regulation of mouse preimplantation development, point out the remaining questions, and propose strategies to tackle these questions.
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32
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White MD, Plachta N. Specification of the First Mammalian Cell Lineages In Vivo and In Vitro. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a035634. [PMID: 31615786 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of how the first mammalian cell lineages arise has been shaped largely by studies of the preimplantation mouse embryo. Painstaking work over many decades has begun to reveal how a single totipotent cell is transformed into a multilayered structure representing the foundations of the body plan. Here, we review how the first lineage decision is initiated by epigenetic regulation but consolidated by the integration of morphological features and transcription factor activity. The establishment of pluripotent and multipotent stem cell lines has enabled deeper analysis of molecular and epigenetic regulation of cell fate decisions. The capability to assemble these stem cells into artificial embryos is an exciting new avenue of research that offers a long-awaited window into cell fate specification in the human embryo. Together, these approaches are poised to profoundly increase our understanding of how the first lineage decisions are made during mammalian embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D White
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673
| | - Nicolas Plachta
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673
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33
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Sybirna A, Tang WWC, Pierson Smela M, Dietmann S, Gruhn WH, Brosh R, Surani MA. A critical role of PRDM14 in human primordial germ cell fate revealed by inducible degrons. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1282. [PMID: 32152282 PMCID: PMC7062732 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PRDM14 is a crucial regulator of mouse primordial germ cells (mPGCs), epigenetic reprogramming and pluripotency, but its role in the evolutionarily divergent regulatory network of human PGCs (hPGCs) remains unclear. Besides, a previous knockdown study indicated that PRDM14 might be dispensable for human germ cell fate. Here, we decided to use inducible degrons for a more rapid and comprehensive PRDM14 depletion. We show that PRDM14 loss results in significantly reduced specification efficiency and an aberrant transcriptome of hPGC-like cells (hPGCLCs) obtained in vitro from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Chromatin immunoprecipitation and transcriptomic analyses suggest that PRDM14 cooperates with TFAP2C and BLIMP1 to upregulate germ cell and pluripotency genes, while repressing WNT signalling and somatic markers. Notably, PRDM14 targets are not conserved between mouse and human, emphasising the divergent molecular mechanisms of PGC specification. The effectiveness of degrons for acute protein depletion is widely applicable in various developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Sybirna
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EL, UK
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Walfred W C Tang
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EL, UK
| | - Merrick Pierson Smela
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EL, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Wolfram H Gruhn
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EL, UK
| | - Ran Brosh
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK.
- Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EL, UK.
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
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34
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Le R, Huang Y, Zhao A, Gao S. Lessons from expanded potential of embryonic stem cells: Moving toward totipotency. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:123-130. [PMID: 32305172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells possess fascinating capacity of self-renewal and developmental potential, leading to significant progress in understanding the molecular basis of pluripotency, disease modeling, and reprogramming technology. Recently, 2-cell-like embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and expanded potential stem cells or extended pluripotent stem cells (EPSCs) generated from early-cleavage embryos display some features of totipotent embryos. These cell lines provide valuable in vitro models to study underlying principles of totipotency, cell plasticity, and lineage segregation. In this review, we summarize the current progress in this filed and highlight the application potentials of these cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Le
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yixin Huang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Anqi Zhao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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35
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Kobayashi T, Kobayashi H, Goto T, Takashima T, Oikawa M, Ikeda H, Terada R, Yoshida F, Sanbo M, Nakauchi H, Kurimoto K, Hirabayashi M. Germline development in rat revealed by visualization and deletion of Prdm14. Development 2020; 147:dev.183798. [PMID: 32001439 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs), the founder cells of the germline, are specified in pre-gastrulating embryos in mammals, and subsequently migrate towards gonads to mature into functional gametes. Here, we investigated PGC development in rats, by genetically modifying Prdm14, a unique marker and an essential PGC transcriptional regulator. We trace PGC development in rats, for the first time, from specification until the sex determination stage in fetal gonads using Prdm14 H2BVenus knock-in rats. We uncover that the crucial role of Prdm14 in PGC specification is conserved between rat and mice, by analyzing Prdm14-deficient rat embryos. Notably, loss of Prdm14 completely abrogates the PGC program, as demonstrated by failure of the maintenance and/or activation of germ cell markers and pluripotency genes. Finally, we profile the transcriptome of the post-implantation epiblast and all PGC stages in rat to reveal enrichment of distinct gene sets at each transition point, thereby providing an accurate transcriptional timeline for rat PGC development. Thus, the novel genetically modified rats and data sets obtained in this study will advance our knowledge on conserved versus species-specific features for germline development in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8787 Aichi, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Okazaki, 444-8787 Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisato Kobayashi
- Department of Embryology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, 634-0813 Nara, Japan
| | - Teppei Goto
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8787 Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takashima
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, 156-8502 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Oikawa
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8787 Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ikeda
- Department of Embryology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, 634-0813 Nara, Japan
| | - Reiko Terada
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8787 Aichi, Japan
| | - Fumika Yoshida
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8787 Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8787 Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, 108-8639 Tokyo, Japan.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kazuki Kurimoto
- Department of Embryology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, 634-0813 Nara, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8787 Aichi, Japan .,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Okazaki, 444-8787 Aichi, Japan
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Han X, Xiang J, Li C, Wang J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Li Z, Lu Z, Yue Y, Li X. MLL1 combined with GSK3 and MAP2K inhibition improves the development of in vitro-fertilized embryos. Theriogenology 2020; 146:58-70. [PMID: 32059151 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The MM-102 compound prevents the interaction between mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) and WD Trp-Asp repeat domain 5 (WDR5) and results in the inhibition of MLL1 H3K4 histone methyltransferase (HMT) activity. The inhibition of the FGFR signaling pathway and activation of the WNT pathway by small molecule inhibitors (known as 2i) improves blastocyst development. However, studies on the effects of MLL1 combined with GSK3 and MAP2K inhibition (3i) on the development of embryos have not been reported. Our results show that 3i improves bovine and mouse IVF development only when added at the appropriate time point and affects ICM-related gene (OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG) expression in a concentration-dependent manner. 3i increases the expression of blastocyst-related genes such as PRDM14, KLF4 and KLF17 and decreases the expression of the de novo DNA methyltransferase genes DNMT3L and DNMT1 in bovines, but increases Prdm14, Stella, Klf2 and Klf4 expression and significantly decreases Dnmt3l, Dnmt3b, and Dnmt1 expression in mice. The analysis of transcription data showed that the expression of DNMTs increases slightly later than that of PRDM14 during embryo development, which indicates that PRDM14 is the upstream regulator. 3i upregulates PRDM14 and then downregulates DNMTs to affect IVF embryo development. When 3i-treated mouse embryos were transplanted, the morphology and body weight of the offspring were not significantly different from those of the control group. These offspring were as fertile as normal mice. 3i improves the development of bovine and mouse IVF embryos but does not affect the quality of the embryos. The application of 3i provides a new method for improving IVF embryo production in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Jinzhu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Zihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Zhenyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Yongli Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Xueling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestocks, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
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37
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Guthmann M, Burton A, Torres‐Padilla M. Expression and phase separation potential of heterochromatin proteins during early mouse development. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47952. [PMID: 31701657 PMCID: PMC6893284 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In most eukaryotes, constitutive heterochromatin is associated with H3K9me3 and HP1α. The latter has been shown to play a role in heterochromatin formation through liquid-liquid phase separation. However, many other proteins are known to regulate and/or interact with constitutive heterochromatic regions in several species. We postulate that some of these heterochromatic proteins may play a role in the regulation of heterochromatin formation by liquid-liquid phase separation. Indeed, an analysis of the constitutive heterochromatin proteome shows that proteins associated with constitutive heterochromatin are significantly more disordered than a random set or a full nucleome set of proteins. Interestingly, their expression begins low and increases during preimplantation development. These observations suggest that the preimplantation embryo is a useful model to address the potential role for phase separation in heterochromatin formation, anticipating exciting research in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Guthmann
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES)Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenMünchenGermany
- Faculty of BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians UniversitätMünchenGermany
| | - Adam Burton
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES)Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenMünchenGermany
- Faculty of BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians UniversitätMünchenGermany
| | - Maria‐Elena Torres‐Padilla
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES)Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenMünchenGermany
- Faculty of BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians UniversitätMünchenGermany
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38
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Okuzaki Y, Kaneoka H, Suzuki T, Hagihara Y, Nakayama Y, Murakami S, Murase Y, Kuroiwa A, Iijima S, Nishijima KI. PRDM14 and BLIMP1 control the development of chicken primordial germ cells. Dev Biol 2019; 455:32-41. [PMID: 31271752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is a fundamental step in development. PR domain-containing protein 14 (PRDM14) and B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1) play pivotal roles in mouse PGC specification. In the present study, we assessed the roles of chicken orthologs of PRDM14 and BLIMP1 in PGC development. PRDM14 and BLIMP1 were expressed in blastodermal cells and PGCs. The in vivo knockdown of PRDM14 or BLIMP1 by introducing a replication-competent retroviral vector expressing shRNAs to the blastodermal stage of embryos reduced the number of SSEA-1 or chicken vasa homologue-positive PGCs on day 5.5-6.5. Since the inhibition of Activin receptor-like kinase 4/5/7 in cultured PGCs reduced the expression of PRDM14, BLIMP1, and NANOG, and that of MEK inhibited PRDM14 expression, the expression of these genes seems to be controlled by Activin A and FGF2 signaling. Overall, PRDM14, BLIMP1, and NANOG seem to be involved in the self-renewal of PGCs in cultured PGCs and embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Okuzaki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kaneoka
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yota Hagihara
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakayama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Seitaro Murakami
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murase
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuroiwa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shinji Iijima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nishijima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.
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39
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Kime C, Kiyonari H, Ohtsuka S, Kohbayashi E, Asahi M, Yamanaka S, Takahashi M, Tomoda K. Induced 2C Expression and Implantation-Competent Blastocyst-like Cysts from Primed Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:485-498. [PMID: 31402336 PMCID: PMC6739768 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Soon after fertilization, the few totipotent cells of mammalian embryos diverge to form a structure called the blastocyst (BC). Although numerous cell types, including germ cells and extended-pluripotency stem cells, have been developed from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in vitro, generating functional BCs only from PSCs remains elusive. Here, we describe induced self-organizing 3D BC-like cysts (iBLCs) generated from mouse PSC culture. Resembling natural BCs, iBLCs have a blastocoel-like cavity and were formed with outer cells expressing trophectoderm lineage markers and with inner cells expressing pluripotency markers. iBLCs transplanted to pseudopregnant mice uteruses implanted, induced decidualization, and exhibited growth and development before resorption, demonstrating that iBLCs are implantation competent. iBLC precursor intermediates required the transcription factor Prdm14 and concomitantly activated the totipotency-related cleavage-stage MERVL reporter and 2C genes. Thus, our system may contribute to the understanding of molecular mechanisms underpinning totipotency, embryogenesis, and implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Kime
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Lab of Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohtsuka
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Eiko Kohbayashi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Michio Asahi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Lab of Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tomoda
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
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40
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Hupalowska A, Jedrusik A, Zhu M, Bedford MT, Glover DM, Zernicka-Goetz M. CARM1 and Paraspeckles Regulate Pre-implantation Mouse Embryo Development. Cell 2019; 175:1902-1916.e13. [PMID: 30550788 PMCID: PMC6292842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear architecture has never been carefully examined during early mammalian development at the stages leading to establishment of the embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages. Heterogeneous activity of the methyltransferase CARM1 during these stages results in differential methylation of histone H3R26 to modulate establishment of these two lineages. Here we show that CARM1 accumulates in nuclear granules at the 2- to 4-cell stage transition in the mouse embryo, with the majority corresponding to paraspeckles. The paraspeckle component Neat1 and its partner p54nrb are required for CARM1's association with paraspeckles and for H3R26 methylation. Conversely, CARM1 also influences paraspeckle organization. Depletion of Neat1 or p54nrb results in arrest at the 16- to 32-cell stage, with elevated expression of transcription factor Cdx2, promoting differentiation into the extra-embryonic lineage. This developmental arrest occurs at an earlier stage than following CARM1 depletion, indicating that paraspeckles act upstream of CARM1 but also have additional earlier roles in fate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hupalowska
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Agnieszka Jedrusik
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1808 Park Road 1C, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - David M Glover
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
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41
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Tracey LJ, Justice MJ. Off to a Bad Start: Cancer Initiation by Pluripotency Regulator PRDM14. Trends Genet 2019; 35:489-500. [PMID: 31130394 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in chemotherapies that improve cancer survival, most patients who relapse succumb to the disease due to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are highly chemoresistant. The pluripotency factor PR domain 14 (PRDM14) has a key role in initiating many types of cancer. Normally, PRDM14 uses epigenetic mechanisms to establish and maintain the pluripotency of embryonic cells, and its role in cancer is similar. This important link between cancer and induced pluripotency is a key revelation for how CSCs may form: pluripotency genes, such as PRDM14, can expand stem-like cells as they promote ongoing DNA damage. PRDM14 and its protein-binding partners, the ETO/CBFA2T family, are ideal candidates for eliminating CSCs from relevant cancers, preventing relapse and improving long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Tracey
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONT, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Monica J Justice
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONT, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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42
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Sybirna A, Wong FCK, Surani MA. Genetic basis for primordial germ cells specification in mouse and human: Conserved and divergent roles of PRDM and SOX transcription factors. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 135:35-89. [PMID: 31155363 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are embryonic precursors of sperm and egg that pass on genetic and epigenetic information from one generation to the next. In mammals, they are induced from a subset of cells in peri-implantation epiblast by BMP signaling from the surrounding tissues. PGCs then initiate a unique developmental program that involves comprehensive epigenetic resetting and repression of somatic genes. This is orchestrated by a set of signaling molecules and transcription factors that promote germ cell identity. Here we review significant findings on mammalian PGC biology, in particular, the genetic basis for PGC specification in mice and human, which has revealed an evolutionary divergence between the two species. We discuss the importance and potential basis for these differences and focus on several examples to illustrate the conserved and divergent roles of critical transcription factors in mouse and human germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Sybirna
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Frederick C K Wong
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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43
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Tracey LJ, Brooke-Bisschop T, Jansen PWTC, Campos EI, Vermeulen M, Justice MJ. The Pluripotency Regulator PRDM14 Requires Hematopoietic Regulator CBFA2T3 to Initiate Leukemia in Mice. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1468-1479. [PMID: 31015254 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PR domain-containing 14 (Prdm14) is a pluripotency regulator central to embryonic stem cell identity and primordial germ cell specification. Genomic regions containing PRDM14 are often amplified leading to misexpression in human cancer. Prdm14 expression in mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) leads to progenitor cell expansion prior to the development of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), consistent with PRDM14's role in cancer initiation. Here, we demonstrate mechanistic insight into PRDM14-driven leukemias in vivo. Mass spectrometry revealed novel PRDM14-protein interactions including histone H1, RNA-binding proteins, and the master hematopoietic regulator CBFA2T3. In mouse leukemic cells, CBFA2T3 and PRDM14 associate independently of the related ETO family member CBFA2T2, PRDM14's primary protein partner in pluripotent cells. CBFA2T3 plays crucial roles in HSC self-renewal and lineage commitment, and participates in oncogenic translocations in acute myeloid leukemia. These results suggest a model whereby PRDM14 recruits CBFA2T3 to DNA, leading to gene misregulation causing progenitor cell expansion and lineage perturbations preceding T-ALL development. Strikingly, Prdm14-induced T-ALL does not occur in mice deficient for Cbfa2t3, demonstrating that Cbfa2t3 is required for leukemogenesis. Moreover, T-ALL develops in Cbfa2t3 heterozygotes with a significantly longer latency, suggesting that PRDM14-associated T-ALL is sensitive to Cbfa2t3 levels. Our study highlights how an oncogenic protein uses a native protein in progenitor cells to initiate leukemia, providing insight into PRDM14-driven oncogenesis in other cell types. IMPLICATIONS: The pluripotency regulator PRDM14 requires the master hematopoietic regulator CBFA2T3 to initiate leukemia in progenitor cells, demonstrating an oncogenic role for CBFA2T3 and providing an avenue for targeting cancer-initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Tracey
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Travis Brooke-Bisschop
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pascal W T C Jansen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric I Campos
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michiel Vermeulen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Monica J Justice
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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44
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Hashimoto H, Eto T, Yamamoto M, Yagoto M, Goto M, Kagawa T, Kojima K, Kawai K, Akimoto T, Takahashi RI. Development of blastocyst complementation technology without contributions to gametes and the brain. Exp Anim 2019; 68:361-370. [PMID: 30996149 PMCID: PMC6699975 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In Japan, it is possible to generate chimeric animals from specified embryos by combining
animal blastocysts with human pluripotent stem (PS) cells (animal-human PS chimera).
However, the production of animal-human PS chimeras has been restricted because of ethical
concerns, such as the development of human-like intelligence and formation of humanized
gametes in the animals, owing to the contributions of human PS cells to the brain and
reproductive organs. To solve these problems, we established a novel blastocyst
complementation technology that does not contribute to the gametes or the brain. First, we
established GFP-expressing mouse embryonic stem cells (G-mESCs) in which the
Prdm14 and Otx2 genes were knocked out and generated
chimeric mice by injecting them into PDX-1-deficient blastocysts. The results showed that
the G-mESCs did not contribute to the formation of gametes and the brain. Therefore, in
the PDX-1-deficient mice complemented by G-mESCs without the Prdm14 and
Otx2 genes, the germline was not transmitted to the next generations.
This approach could address concerns regarding the development of both human gametes and a
human-like brain upon mouse blastocyst complementation using human stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Hashimoto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Tomoo Eto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yamamoto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Mika Yagoto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Motohito Goto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kagawa
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kojima
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawai
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Toshio Akimoto
- Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Ri-Ichi Takahashi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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Menchero S, Rollan I, Lopez-Izquierdo A, Andreu MJ, Sainz de Aja J, Kang M, Adan J, Benedito R, Rayon T, Hadjantonakis AK, Manzanares M. Transitions in cell potency during early mouse development are driven by Notch. eLife 2019; 8:42930. [PMID: 30958266 PMCID: PMC6486152 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway plays fundamental roles in diverse developmental processes in metazoans, where it is important in driving cell fate and directing differentiation of various cell types. However, we still have limited knowledge about the role of Notch in early preimplantation stages of mammalian development, or how it interacts with other signalling pathways active at these stages such as Hippo. By using genetic and pharmacological tools in vivo, together with image analysis of single embryos and pluripotent cell culture, we have found that Notch is active from the 4-cell stage. Transcriptomic analysis in single morula identified novel Notch targets, such as early naïve pluripotency markers or transcriptional repressors such as TLE4. Our results reveal a previously undescribed role for Notch in driving transitions during the gradual loss of potency that takes place in the early mouse embryo prior to the first lineage decisions. We start life as a single cell, which immediately begins to divide to form an embryo that will eventually contain all the different kinds of cells found in the adult body. During the first few rounds of cell division, embryonic cells can become any type of adult cells, but also form the placenta, the organ that sustains the embryo while in the womb. As cells keep on dividing, they lose this ability, called potency, and they take on more specific and inflexible roles. The first choice embryonic cells must make is whether to become part of the placenta or part of the future body. These types of decisions are controlled by molecular cascades known as signalling pathways, which relay information from the cells surface to its control centre. There, specific genes get turned on or off in response to an outside signal. Previous research showed that two signalling pathways, Hippo and Notch, help separate placenta cells from those that will form the rest of the body. However, it was not known whether the two pathways worked independently, or if they were overlapping. Menchero et al. therefore wanted to find out when exactly the Notch pathway started to be active, and examine how it helped cells to either become the placenta or part of the future body. Experiments with developing mouse embryos showed that the Notch pathway was activated after the very first two cell divisions, when the embryo consists of only four cells. Genetic manipulations combined with drug treatments that changed the activity of the Notch pathway confirmed that Notch and Hippo acted independently at this stage. Further, larger-scale analysis of gene activity in these embryos also revealed that Notch signalling was working in a previously unknown way: it turned off the genes that maintain potency, pushing the cells to become more specialised. Ultimately, identifying this new mode of action for the Notch pathway in the early embryo may help to understand how the signalling cascade acts in other types of processes. This knowledge could be useful, for example, to push embryonic cells grown in the laboratory towards a desired fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Menchero
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Rollan
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria Jose Andreu
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Sainz de Aja
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Minjung Kang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Javier Adan
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rui Benedito
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Rayon
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Manzanares
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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46
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Cheng H, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang S, Ma X, An X, Man X, Zhang X, Li Z, Tang B. Effects of PRDM14 Silencing on Parthenogenetically Activated Porcine Embryos. Cell Reprogram 2018; 20:382-388. [PMID: 30325654 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2018.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yutian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Academy of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- Academy of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinglan An
- Academy of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaxia Man
- Academy of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Academy of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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47
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Zhang X, Li T, Zhang L, Jiang L, Cui T, Yuan X, Wang C, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhou Q. Individual blastomeres of 4- and 8-cell embryos have ability to develop into a full organism in mouse. J Genet Genomics 2018; 45:677-680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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48
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Asymmetric Expression of LincGET Biases Cell Fate in Two-Cell Mouse Embryos. Cell 2018; 175:1887-1901.e18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Establishing the different lineages of the early mammalian embryo takes place over several days and several rounds of cell divisions from the fertilized egg. The resulting blastocyst contains the pluripotent cells of the epiblast, from which embryonic stem cells can be derived, as well as the extraembryonic lineages required for a mammalian embryo to survive in the uterine environment. The dynamics of the cellular and genetic interactions controlling the initiation and maintenance of these lineages in the mouse embryo are increasingly well understood through application of the tools of single-cell genomics, gene editing, and in vivo imaging. Exploring the similarities and differences between mouse and human development will be essential for translation of these findings into new insights into human biology, derivation of stem cells, and improvements in fertility treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Rossant
- Program in Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Bredov D, Volodyaev I. Increasing complexity: Mechanical guidance and feedback loops as a basis for self-organization in morphogenesis. Biosystems 2018; 173:133-156. [PMID: 30292533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The article is devoted to physical views on embryo development as a combination of structurally stable dynamics and symmetry-breaking events in the general process of self-organization. The first corresponds to the deterministic aspect of embryo development. The second type of processes is associated with sudden increase of variability in the periods of symmetry-breaking, which manifests unstable dynamics. The biological basis under these considerations includes chemokinetics (a system of inductors, repressors, and interaction with their next surrounding) and morphomechanics (i.e. mechanotransduction, mechanosensing, and related feedback loops). Although the latter research area is evolving rapidly, up to this time the role of mechanical properties of embryonic tissues and mechano-dependent processes in them are integrated in the general picture of embryo development to a lesser extent than biochemical signaling. For this reason, the present article is mostly devoted to experimental data on morphomechanics in the process of embryo development, also including analysis of its limitations and possible contradictions. The general system of feedback-loops and system dynamics delineated in this review is in large part a repetition of the views of Lev Beloussov, who was one of the founders of the whole areas of morphomechanics and morphodynamics, and to whose memory this article is dedicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Bredov
- Laboratory of Developmental biophysics, Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Ilya Volodyaev
- Laboratory of Developmental biophysics, Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
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