1
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Bertino F, Mukherjee D, Bonora M, Bagowski C, Nardelli J, Metani L, Zanin Venturini DI, Chianese D, Santander N, Salaroglio IC, Hentschel A, Quarta E, Genova T, McKinney AA, Allocco AL, Fiorito V, Petrillo S, Ammirata G, De Giorgio F, Dennis E, Allington G, Maier F, Shoukier M, Gloning KP, Munaron L, Mussano F, Salsano E, Pareyson D, di Rocco M, Altruda F, Panagiotakos G, Kahle KT, Gressens P, Riganti C, Pinton PP, Roos A, Arnold T, Tolosano E, Chiabrando D. Dysregulation of FLVCR1a-dependent mitochondrial calcium handling in neural progenitors causes congenital hydrocephalus. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101647. [PMID: 39019006 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Congenital hydrocephalus (CH), occurring in approximately 1/1,000 live births, represents an important clinical challenge due to the limited knowledge of underlying molecular mechanisms. The discovery of novel CH genes is thus essential to shed light on the intricate processes responsible for ventricular dilatation in CH. Here, we identify FLVCR1 (feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor 1) as a gene responsible for a severe form of CH in humans and mice. Mechanistically, our data reveal that the full-length isoform encoded by the FLVCR1 gene, FLVCR1a, interacts with the IP3R3-VDAC complex located on mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) that controls mitochondrial calcium handling. Loss of Flvcr1a in mouse neural progenitor cells (NPCs) affects mitochondrial calcium levels and energy metabolism, leading to defective cortical neurogenesis and brain ventricle enlargement. These data point to defective NPCs calcium handling and metabolic activity as one of the pathogenetic mechanisms driving CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bertino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Dibyanti Mukherjee
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Brain Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Christoph Bagowski
- Prenatal Medicine Munich, Department of Molecular Genetics, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Livia Metani
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Diletta Isabella Zanin Venturini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Diego Chianese
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicolas Santander
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Iris Chiara Salaroglio
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andreas Hentschel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elisa Quarta
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tullio Genova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Arpana Arjun McKinney
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Seaver Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Lucia Allocco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Veronica Fiorito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgia Ammirata
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco De Giorgio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Evan Dennis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Garrett Allington
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felicitas Maier
- Prenatal Medicine Munich, Department of Molecular Genetics, Munich, Germany
| | - Moneef Shoukier
- Prenatal Medicine Munich, Department of Molecular Genetics, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Luca Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Mussano
- Bone and Dental Bioengineering Laboratory, CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ettore Salsano
- Unit of Rare Neurological Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Pareyson
- Unit of Rare Neurological Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Maja di Rocco
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Rare Diseases, Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Georgia Panagiotakos
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Seaver Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Department of Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Center for Hydrocephalus and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo P Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andreas Roos
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Brain Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Deborah Chiabrando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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2
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Adapa SR, Hunter GA, Amin NE, Marinescu C, Borsky A, Sagatys EM, Sebti SM, Reuther GW, Ferreira GC, Jiang RH. Porphyrin overdrive rewires cancer cell metabolism. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302547. [PMID: 38649187 PMCID: PMC11035860 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
All cancer cells reprogram metabolism to support aberrant growth. Here, we report that cancer cells employ and depend on imbalanced and dynamic heme metabolic pathways, to accumulate heme intermediates, that is, porphyrins. We coined this essential metabolic rewiring "porphyrin overdrive" and determined that it is cancer-essential and cancer-specific. Among the major drivers are genes encoding mid-step enzymes governing the production of heme intermediates. CRISPR/Cas9 editing to engineer leukemia cell lines with impaired heme biosynthetic steps confirmed our whole-genome data analyses that porphyrin overdrive is linked to oncogenic states and cellular differentiation. Although porphyrin overdrive is absent in differentiated cells or somatic stem cells, it is present in patient-derived tumor progenitor cells, demonstrated by single-cell RNAseq, and in early embryogenesis. In conclusion, we identified a dependence of cancer cells on non-homeostatic heme metabolism, and we targeted this cancer metabolic vulnerability with a novel "bait-and-kill" strategy to eradicate malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swamy R Adapa
- USF Genomics Program, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Global and Planetary Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gregory A Hunter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Narmin E Amin
- https://ror.org/01xf75524 Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Christopher Marinescu
- USF Genomics Program, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrew Borsky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Sagatys
- https://ror.org/01xf75524 Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Said M Sebti
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gary W Reuther
- https://ror.org/01xf75524 Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gloria C Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Global and Planetary Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rays Hy Jiang
- USF Genomics Program, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Global and Planetary Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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3
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Ciccarone F, Ciriolo MR. Reprogrammed mitochondria: a central hub of cancer cell metabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1305-1315. [PMID: 38716960 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria represent the metabolic hub of normal cells and play this role also in cancer but with different functional purposes. While cells in differentiated tissues have the prerogative of maintaining basal metabolism and support the biosynthesis of specialized products, cancer cells have to rewire the metabolic constraints imposed by the differentiation process. They need to balance the bioenergetic supply with the anabolic requirements that entail the intense proliferation rate, including nucleotide and membrane lipid biosynthesis. For this aim, mitochondrial metabolism is reprogrammed following the activation of specific oncogenic pathways or due to specific mutations of mitochondrial proteins. The main process leading to mitochondrial metabolic rewiring is the alteration of the tricarboxylic acid cycle favoring the appropriate orchestration of anaplerotic and cataplerotic reactions. According to the tumor type or the microenvironmental conditions, mitochondria may decouple glucose catabolism from mitochondrial oxidation in favor of glutaminolysis or disable oxidative phosphorylation for avoiding harmful production of free radicals. These and other metabolic settings can be also determined by the neo-production of oncometabolites that are not specific for the tissue of origin or the accumulation of metabolic intermediates able to boost pro-proliferative metabolism also impacting epigenetic/transcriptional programs. The full characterization of tumor-specific mitochondrial signatures may provide the identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic opportunities based on metabolic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ciccarone
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
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4
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Belot A, Puy H, Hamza I, Bonkovsky HL. Update on heme biosynthesis, tissue-specific regulation, heme transport, relation to iron metabolism and cellular energy. Liver Int 2024. [PMID: 38888238 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Heme is a primordial macrocycle upon which most aerobic life on Earth depends. It is essential to the survival and health of nearly all cells, functioning as a prosthetic group for oxygen-carrying proteins and enzymes involved in oxidation/reduction and electron transport reactions. Heme is essential for the function of numerous hemoproteins and has numerous other roles in the biochemistry of life. In mammals, heme is synthesised from glycine, succinyl-CoA, and ferrous iron in a series of eight steps. The first and normally rate-controlling step is catalysed by 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS), which has two forms: ALAS1 is the housekeeping form with highly variable expression, depending upon the supply of the end-product heme, which acts to repress its activity; ALAS2 is the erythroid form, which is regulated chiefly by the adequacy of iron for erythroid haemoglobin synthesis. Abnormalities in the several enzymes of the heme synthetic pathway, most of which are inherited partial enzyme deficiencies, give rise to rare diseases called porphyrias. The existence and role of heme importers and exporters in mammals have been debated. Recent evidence established the presence of heme transporters. Such transporters are important for the transfer of heme from mitochondria, where the penultimate and ultimate steps of heme synthesis occur, and for the transfer of heme from cytoplasm to other cellular organelles. Several chaperones of heme and iron are known and important for cell health. Heme and iron, although promoters of oxidative stress and potentially toxic, are essential cofactors for cellular energy production and oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Belot
- Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Herve Puy
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1149, Paris, France
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Herbert L Bonkovsky
- Section on Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Ri K, Weng TH, Claveras Cabezudo A, Jösting W, Zhang Y, Bazzone A, Leong NCP, Welsch S, Doty RT, Gursu G, Lim TJY, Schmidt SL, Abkowitz JL, Hummer G, Wu D, Nguyen LN, Safarian S. Molecular mechanism of choline and ethanolamine transport in humans. Nature 2024; 630:501-508. [PMID: 38778100 PMCID: PMC11168923 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Human feline leukaemia virus subgroup C receptor-related proteins 1 and 2 (FLVCR1 and FLVCR2) are members of the major facilitator superfamily1. Their dysfunction is linked to several clinical disorders, including PCARP, HSAN and Fowler syndrome2-7. Earlier studies concluded that FLVCR1 may function as a haem exporter8-12, whereas FLVCR2 was suggested to act as a haem importer13, yet conclusive biochemical and detailed molecular evidence remained elusive for the function of both transporters14-16. Here, we show that FLVCR1 and FLVCR2 facilitate the transport of choline and ethanolamine across the plasma membrane, using a concentration-driven substrate translocation process. Through structural and computational analyses, we have identified distinct conformational states of FLVCRs and unravelled the coordination chemistry underlying their substrate interactions. Fully conserved tryptophan and tyrosine residues form the binding pocket of both transporters and confer selectivity for choline and ethanolamine through cation-π interactions. Our findings clarify the mechanisms of choline and ethanolamine transport by FLVCR1 and FLVCR2, enhance our comprehension of disease-associated mutations that interfere with these vital processes and shed light on the conformational dynamics of these major facilitator superfamily proteins during the transport cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiken Ri
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Disease Research (CVD) Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tsai-Hsuan Weng
- Department and Emeritus Group of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ainara Claveras Cabezudo
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
- IMPRS on Cellular Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Wiebke Jösting
- Department and Emeritus Group of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Nancy C P Leong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Disease Research (CVD) Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sonja Welsch
- Central Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Raymond T Doty
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gonca Gursu
- Department and Emeritus Group of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tiffany Jia Ying Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Disease Research (CVD) Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sarah Luise Schmidt
- Department and Emeritus Group of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Janis L Abkowitz
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Di Wu
- Department and Emeritus Group of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Long N Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Cardiovascular Disease Research (CVD) Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Schara Safarian
- Department and Emeritus Group of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt, Germany.
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6
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Su M, Yin M, Zhou Y, Xiao S, Yi J, Tang R. Freeze-Thaw Microfluidic System Produces "Themis" Nanocomplex for Cleaning Persisters-Infected Macrophages and Enhancing Uninfected Macrophages. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311436. [PMID: 38181783 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages are the primary effectors against potential pathogen infections. They can be "parasitized" by intracellular bacteria, serving as "accomplices", protecting intracellular bacteria and even switching them to persisters. Here, using a freeze-thaw strategy-based microfluidic chip, a "Themis" nanocomplex (TNC) is created. The TNC consists of Lactobacillus reuteri-derived membrane vesicles, heme, and vancomycin, which cleaned infected macrophages and enhanced uninfected macrophages. In infected macrophages, TNC releases heme that led to the reconstruction of the respiratory chain complexes of intracellular persisters, forcing them to regrow. The revived bacteria produces virulence factors that destroyed host macrophages (accomplices), thereby being externalized and becoming vulnerable to immune responses. In uninfected macrophages, TNC upregulates the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), contributing to immunoenhancement. The combined effect of TNC of cleaning the accomplice (infected macrophages) and reinforcing uninfected macrophages provides a promising strategy for intracellular bacterial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Su
- School of stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mengying Yin
- School of stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yifu Zhou
- School of stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shuya Xiao
- School of stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jundan Yi
- School of stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Rongbing Tang
- School of stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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7
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Kumar A, Ye C, Nkansah A, Decoville T, Fogo GM, Sajjakulnukit P, Reynolds MB, Zhang L, Quaye O, Seo YA, Sanderson TH, Lyssiotis CA, Chang CH. Iron regulates the quiescence of naive CD4 T cells by controlling mitochondria and cellular metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318420121. [PMID: 38621136 PMCID: PMC11047099 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318420121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In response to an immune challenge, naive T cells undergo a transition from a quiescent to an activated state acquiring the effector function. Concurrently, these T cells reprogram cellular metabolism, which is regulated by iron. We and others have shown that iron homeostasis controls proliferation and mitochondrial function, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Given that iron derived from heme makes up a large portion of the cellular iron pool, we investigated iron homeostasis in T cells using mice with a T cell-specific deletion of the heme exporter, FLVCR1 [referred to as knockout (KO)]. Our finding revealed that maintaining heme and iron homeostasis is essential to keep naive T cells in a quiescent state. KO naive CD4 T cells exhibited an iron-overloaded phenotype, with increased spontaneous proliferation and hyperactive mitochondria. This was evidenced by reduced IL-7R and IL-15R levels but increased CD5 and Nur77 expression. Upon activation, however, KO CD4 T cells have defects in proliferation, IL-2 production, and mitochondrial functions. Iron-overloaded CD4 T cells failed to induce mitochondrial iron and exhibited more fragmented mitochondria after activation, making them susceptible to ferroptosis. Iron overload also led to inefficient glycolysis and glutaminolysis but heightened activity in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. Overall, these findings highlight the essential role of iron in controlling mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism in naive CD4 T cells, critical for maintaining their quiescent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Chenxian Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Afia Nkansah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, AccraG4522, Ghana
| | - Thomas Decoville
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Garrett M. Fogo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Peter Sajjakulnukit
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Mack B. Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Li Zhang
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, AccraG4522, Ghana
| | - Young-Ah Seo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Thomas H. Sanderson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Costas A. Lyssiotis
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Cheong-Hee Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48109
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8
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Fiorito V, Tolosano E. Unearthing FLVCR1a: tracing the path to a vital cellular transporter. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:166. [PMID: 38581583 PMCID: PMC10998817 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The Feline Leukemia Virus Subgroup C Receptor 1a (FLVCR1a) is a member of the SLC49 Major Facilitator Superfamily of transporters. Initially recognized as the receptor for the retrovirus responsible of pure red cell aplasia in cats, nearly two decades since its discovery, FLVCR1a remains a puzzling transporter, with ongoing discussions regarding what it transports and how its expression is regulated. Nonetheless, despite this, the substantial body of evidence accumulated over the years has provided insights into several critical processes in which this transporter plays a complex role, and the health implications stemming from its malfunction. The present review intends to offer a comprehensive overview and a critical analysis of the existing literature on FLVCR1a, with the goal of emphasising the vital importance of this transporter for the organism and elucidating the interconnections among the various functions attributed to this transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Fiorito
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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9
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Dunaway LS, Loeb SA, Petrillo S, Tolosano E, Isakson BE. Heme metabolism in nonerythroid cells. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107132. [PMID: 38432636 PMCID: PMC10988061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Heme is an iron-containing prosthetic group necessary for the function of several proteins termed "hemoproteins." Erythrocytes contain most of the body's heme in the form of hemoglobin and contain high concentrations of free heme. In nonerythroid cells, where cytosolic heme concentrations are 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower, heme plays an essential and often overlooked role in a variety of cellular processes. Indeed, hemoproteins are found in almost every subcellular compartment and are integral in cellular operations such as oxidative phosphorylation, amino acid metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism, and transcriptional regulation. Growing evidence reveals the participation of heme in dynamic processes such as circadian rhythms, NO signaling, and the modulation of enzyme activity. This dynamic view of heme biology uncovers exciting possibilities as to how hemoproteins may participate in a range of physiologic systems. Here, we discuss how heme is regulated at the level of its synthesis, availability, redox state, transport, and degradation and highlight the implications for cellular function and whole organism physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke S Dunaway
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Skylar A Loeb
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Deptartment Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Deptartment Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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10
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Mistretta M, Fiorito V, Allocco AL, Ammirata G, Hsu MY, Digiovanni S, Belicchi M, Napoli L, Ripolone M, Trombetta E, Mauri P, Farini A, Meregalli M, Villa C, Porporato PE, Miniscalco B, Crich SG, Riganti C, Torrente Y, Tolosano E. Flvcr1a deficiency promotes heme-based energy metabolism dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113854. [PMID: 38412099 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The definition of cell metabolic profile is essential to ensure skeletal muscle fiber heterogeneity and to achieve a proper equilibrium between the self-renewal and commitment of satellite stem cells. Heme sustains several biological functions, including processes profoundly implicated with cell metabolism. The skeletal muscle is a significant heme-producing body compartment, but the consequences of impaired heme homeostasis on this tissue have been poorly investigated. Here, we generate a skeletal-muscle-specific feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor 1a (FLVCR1a) knockout mouse model and show that, by sustaining heme synthesis, FLVCR1a contributes to determine the energy phenotype in skeletal muscle cells and to modulate satellite cell differentiation and muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Mistretta
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Fiorito
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Allocco
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgia Ammirata
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Myriam Y Hsu
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Digiovanni
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Marzia Belicchi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Napoli
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Ripolone
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Trombetta
- Flow Cytometry Service, Clinical Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - PierLuigi Mauri
- National Research Council of Italy, Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, ITB-CNR, 20054 Segrate, Milan, Italy; Clinical Proteomics Laboratory c/o ITB-CNR, CNR.Biomics Infrastructure, ElixirNextGenIT, 20054 Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Farini
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mirella Meregalli
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Villa
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ettore Porporato
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Miniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Simonetta Geninatti Crich
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Yvan Torrente
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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11
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Manco M, Ammirata G, Petrillo S, De Giorgio F, Fontana S, Riganti C, Provero P, Fagoonee S, Altruda F, Tolosano E. FLVCR1a Controls Cellular Cholesterol Levels through the Regulation of Heme Biosynthesis and Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Flux in Endothelial Cells. Biomolecules 2024; 14:149. [PMID: 38397386 PMCID: PMC10887198 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus C receptor 1a (FLVCR1a), initially identified as a retroviral receptor and localized on the plasma membrane, has emerged as a crucial regulator of heme homeostasis. Functioning as a positive regulator of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase 1 (ALAS1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway, FLVCR1a influences TCA cycle cataplerosis, thus impacting TCA flux and interconnected metabolic pathways. This study reveals an unexplored link between FLVCR1a, heme synthesis, and cholesterol production in endothelial cells. Using cellular models with manipulated FLVCR1a expression and inducible endothelial-specific Flvcr1a-null mice, we demonstrate that FLVCR1a-mediated control of heme synthesis regulates citrate availability for cholesterol synthesis, thereby influencing cellular cholesterol levels. Moreover, alterations in FLVCR1a expression affect membrane cholesterol content and fluidity, supporting a role for FLVCR1a in the intricate regulation of processes crucial for vascular development and endothelial function. Our results underscore FLVCR1a as a positive regulator of heme synthesis, emphasizing its integration with metabolic pathways involved in cellular energy metabolism. Furthermore, this study suggests that the dysregulation of heme metabolism may have implications for modulating lipid metabolism. We discuss these findings in the context of FLVCR1a's potential heme-independent function as a choline importer, introducing additional complexity to the interplay between heme and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Manco
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (G.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.G.); (S.F.); (C.R.); (S.F.); (F.A.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Ammirata
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (G.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.G.); (S.F.); (C.R.); (S.F.); (F.A.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (G.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.G.); (S.F.); (C.R.); (S.F.); (F.A.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco De Giorgio
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (G.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.G.); (S.F.); (C.R.); (S.F.); (F.A.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Fontana
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (G.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.G.); (S.F.); (C.R.); (S.F.); (F.A.)
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (G.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.G.); (S.F.); (C.R.); (S.F.); (F.A.)
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Torino, Corso Massimo D’Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy;
- Center for Omics Sciences, Ospedale San Raffaele IRCCS, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (G.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.G.); (S.F.); (C.R.); (S.F.); (F.A.)
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR c/o Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (G.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.G.); (S.F.); (C.R.); (S.F.); (F.A.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (G.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.G.); (S.F.); (C.R.); (S.F.); (F.A.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
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12
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Ha HTT, Sukumar VK, Chua JWB, Nguyen DT, Nguyen TQ, Lim LHK, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Nguyen LN. Mfsd7b facilitates choline transport and missense mutations affect choline transport function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 81:3. [PMID: 38055060 PMCID: PMC11072022 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
MFSD7b belongs to the Major Facilitator Superfamily of transporters that transport small molecules. Two isoforms of MFSD7b have been identified and they are reported to be heme exporters that play a crucial role in maintaining the cytosolic and mitochondrial heme levels, respectively. Mutations of MFSD7b (also known as FLVCR1) have been linked to retinitis pigmentosa, posterior column ataxia, and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Although MFSD7b functions have been linked to heme detoxification by exporting excess heme from erythroid cells, it is ubiquitously expressed with a high level in the kidney, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, liver, and brain. Here, we showed that MFSD7b functions as a facilitative choline transporter. Expression of MFSD7b slightly but significantly increased choline import, while its knockdown reduced choline influx in mammalian cells. The influx of choline transported by MFSD7b is dependent on the expression of choline metabolizing enzymes such as choline kinase (CHKA) and intracellular choline levels, but it is independent of gradient of cations. Additionally, we showed that choline transport function of Mfsd7b is conserved from fly to man. Employing our transport assays, we showed that missense mutations of MFSD7b caused reduced choline transport functions. Our results show that MFSD7b functions as a facilitative choline transporter in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Thi Thuy Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Viresh Krishnan Sukumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Wei Bao Chua
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Dat T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Toan Q Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Lina Hsiu Kim Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Long N Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
- Cardiovascular Disease Research (CVD) Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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13
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Doty RT, Lausted CG, Munday AD, Yang Z, Yan X, Meng C, Tian Q, Abkowitz JL. The transcriptomic landscape of normal and ineffective erythropoiesis at single-cell resolution. Blood Adv 2023; 7:4848-4868. [PMID: 37352261 PMCID: PMC10469080 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The anemias of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) are generally macrocytic and always reflect ineffective erythropoiesis yet result from diverse genetic mutations. To delineate shared mechanisms that lead to cell death, we studied the fate of single erythroid marrow cells from individuals with DBA or MDS-5q. We defined an unhealthy (vs healthy) differentiation trajectory using transcriptional pseudotime and cell surface proteins. The pseudotime trajectories diverge immediately after cells upregulate transferrin receptor (CD71), import iron, and initiate heme synthesis, although cell death occurs much later. Cells destined to die express high levels of heme-responsive genes, including ribosomal protein and globin genes, whereas surviving cells downregulate heme synthesis and upregulate DNA damage response, hypoxia, and HIF1 pathways. Surprisingly, 24% ± 12% of cells from control subjects follow the unhealthy trajectory, implying that heme might serve as a rheostat directing cells to live or die. When heme synthesis was inhibited with succinylacetone, more DBA cells followed the healthy trajectory and survived. We also noted high numbers of messages with retained introns that increased as erythroid cells matured, confirmed the rapid cycling of colony forming unit-erythroid, and demonstrated that cell cycle timing is an invariant property of differentiation stage. Including unspliced RNA in pseudotime determinations allowed us to reliably align independent data sets and accurately query stage-specific transcriptomic changes. MDS-5q (unlike DBA) results from somatic mutation, so many normal (unmutated) erythroid cells persist. By independently tracking erythroid differentiation of cells with and without chromosome 5q deletions, we gained insight into why 5q+ cells cannot expand to prevent anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond T. Doty
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Adam D. Munday
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Zhantao Yang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Qiang Tian
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
| | - Janis L. Abkowitz
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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14
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Petrillo S, De Giorgio F, Bertino F, Garello F, Bitonto V, Longo DL, Mercurio S, Ammirata G, Allocco AL, Fiorito V, Chiabrando D, Altruda F, Terreno E, Provero P, Munaron L, Genova T, Nóvoa A, Carlos AR, Cardoso S, Mallo M, Soares MP, Tolosano E. Endothelial cells require functional FLVCR1a during developmental and adult angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2023; 26:365-384. [PMID: 36631598 PMCID: PMC10328904 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-023-09865-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Feline Leukemia Virus Subgroup C Receptor 1a (FLVCR1a) is a transmembrane heme exporter essential for embryonic vascular development. However, the exact role of FLVCR1a during blood vessel development remains largely undefined. Here, we show that FLVCR1a is highly expressed in angiogenic endothelial cells (ECs) compared to quiescent ECs. Consistently, ECs lacking FLVCR1a give rise to structurally and functionally abnormal vascular networks in multiple models of developmental and pathologic angiogenesis. Firstly, zebrafish embryos without FLVCR1a displayed defective intersegmental vessels formation. Furthermore, endothelial-specific Flvcr1a targeting in mice led to a reduced radial expansion of the retinal vasculature associated to decreased EC proliferation. Moreover, Flvcr1a null retinas showed defective vascular organization and loose attachment of pericytes. Finally, adult neo-angiogenesis is severely affected in murine models of tumor angiogenesis. Tumor blood vessels lacking Flvcr1a were disorganized and dysfunctional. Collectively, our results demonstrate the critical role of FLVCR1a as a regulator of developmental and pathological angiogenesis identifying FLVCR1a as a potential therapeutic target in human diseases characterized by aberrant neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petrillo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - F De Giorgio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - F Bertino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - F Garello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - V Bitonto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - D L Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - S Mercurio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - G Ammirata
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - A L Allocco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - V Fiorito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - D Chiabrando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - F Altruda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - E Terreno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - P Provero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, and GenoBiToUS, Genomics and Bioinformatics Service, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - L Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - T Genova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - A Nóvoa
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - A R Carlos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - S Cardoso
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M Mallo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M P Soares
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - E Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
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15
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Kenny TC, Khan A, Son Y, Yue L, Heissel S, Sharma A, Pasolli HA, Liu Y, Gamazon ER, Alwaseem H, Hite RK, Birsoy K. Integrative genetic analysis identifies FLVCR1 as a plasma-membrane choline transporter in mammals. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1057-1071.e12. [PMID: 37100056 PMCID: PMC10367582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of serum metabolites have the potential to uncover genes that influence human metabolism. Here, we combined an integrative genetic analysis that associates serum metabolites to membrane transporters with a coessentiality map of metabolic genes. This analysis revealed a connection between feline leukemia virus subgroup C cellular receptor 1 (FLVCR1) and phosphocholine, a downstream metabolite of choline metabolism. Loss of FLVCR1 in human cells strongly impairs choline metabolism due to the inhibition of choline import. Consistently, CRISPR-based genetic screens identified phospholipid synthesis and salvage machinery as synthetic lethal with FLVCR1 loss. Cells and mice lacking FLVCR1 exhibit structural defects in mitochondria and upregulate integrated stress response (ISR) through heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) kinase. Finally, Flvcr1 knockout mice are embryonic lethal, which is partially rescued by choline supplementation. Altogether, our findings propose FLVCR1 as a major choline transporter in mammals and provide a platform to discover substrates for unknown metabolite transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Kenny
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Artem Khan
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yeeun Son
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lishu Yue
- The David Rockefeller Graduate Program in Bioscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Søren Heissel
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Amalia Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuyang Liu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric R Gamazon
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hanan Alwaseem
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard K Hite
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kıvanç Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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16
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Bahou WF, Marchenko N, Nesbitt NM. Metabolic Functions of Biliverdin IXβ Reductase in Redox-Regulated Hematopoietic Cell Fate. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051058. [PMID: 37237924 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoprotective heme oxygenases derivatize heme to generate carbon monoxide, ferrous iron, and isomeric biliverdins, followed by rapid NAD(P)H-dependent biliverdin reduction to the antioxidant bilirubin. Recent studies have implicated biliverdin IXβ reductase (BLVRB) in a redox-regulated mechanism of hematopoietic lineage fate restricted to megakaryocyte and erythroid development, a function distinct and non-overlapping from the BLVRA (biliverdin IXα reductase) homologue. In this review, we focus on recent progress in BLVRB biochemistry and genetics, highlighting human, murine, and cell-based studies that position BLVRB-regulated redox function (or ROS accumulation) as a developmentally tuned trigger that governs megakaryocyte/erythroid lineage fate arising from hematopoietic stem cells. BLVRB crystallographic and thermodynamic studies have elucidated critical determinants of substrate utilization, redox coupling and cytoprotection, and have established that inhibitors and substrates bind within the single-Rossmann fold. These advances provide unique opportunities for the development of BLVRB-selective redox inhibitors as novel cellular targets that retain potential for therapeutic applicability in hematopoietic (and other) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadie F Bahou
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Natalia Marchenko
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Natasha M Nesbitt
- Blood Cell Technologies, 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
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Obi CD, Dailey HA, Jami-Alahmadi Y, Wohlschlegel JA, Medlock AE. Proteomic Analysis of Ferrochelatase Interactome in Erythroid and Non-Erythroid Cells. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:577. [PMID: 36836934 PMCID: PMC9958551 DOI: 10.3390/life13020577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme is an essential cofactor for multiple cellular processes in most organisms. In developing erythroid cells, the demand for heme synthesis is high, but is significantly lower in non-erythroid cells. While the biosynthesis of heme in metazoans is well understood, the tissue-specific regulation of the pathway is less explored. To better understand this, we analyzed the mitochondrial heme metabolon in erythroid and non-erythroid cell lines from the perspective of ferrochelatase (FECH), the terminal enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Affinity purification of FLAG-tagged-FECH, together with mass spectrometric analysis, was carried out to identify putative protein partners in human and murine cell lines. Proteins involved in the heme biosynthetic process and mitochondrial organization were identified as the core components of the FECH interactome. Interestingly, in non-erythroid cell lines, the FECH interactome is highly enriched with proteins associated with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Overall, our study shows that the mitochondrial heme metabolon in erythroid and non-erythroid cells has similarities and differences, and suggests new roles for the mitochondrial heme metabolon and heme in regulating metabolic flux and key cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuike David Obi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Harry A. Dailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yasaman Jami-Alahmadi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James A. Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amy E. Medlock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA 30606, USA
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Lewczuk A, Boratyńska-Jasińska A, Zabłocka B. Validation of the Reference Genes for Expression Analysis in the Hippocampus after Transient Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Gerbil Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032756. [PMID: 36769080 PMCID: PMC9917415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient brain ischemia in gerbils is a common model to study the mechanisms of neuronal changes in the hippocampus. In cornu ammonnis 2-3, dentate gyrus (CA2-3,DG) regions of the hippocampus, neurons are resistant to 5-min ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) insult, while cornu ammonnis 1 (CA1) is found to be I/R-vulnerable. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is widely used to study the expression of genes involved in these phenomena. It requires stable and reliable genes for normalization, which is crucial for comparable and reproducible analyses of expression changes of the genes of interest. The aim of this study was to determine the best housekeeping gene for the I/R gerbil model in two parts of the hippocampus in controls and at 3, 48, and 72 h after recanalization. We selected and tested six reference genes frequently used in central nervous system studies: Gapdh, Actb, 18S rRNA, Hprt1, Hmbs, Ywhaz, and additionally Bud23, using RefFinder, a comprehensive tool based on four commonly used algorithms: delta cycle threshold (Ct), BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm, while Hprt1 and Hmbs were the most stable ones in CA2-3,DG. Hmbs was the most stable in the whole hippocampal formation. This indicates that the general use of Hmbs, especially in combination with Gapdh, a highly expressed reference gene, seems to be suitable for qRT-PCR normalization in all hippocampal regions in this model.
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19
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Skeletal muscle mitochondrial remodeling in heart failure: An update on mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Seok JH, Kim DH, Kim HJ, Jo HH, Kim EY, Jeong JH, Park YS, Lee SH, Kim DJ, Nam SY, Lee BJ, Lee HJ. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses hemin-aggravated colon carcinogenesis through Nrf2-inhibited mitochondrial reactive oxygen species accumulation. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e74. [PMID: 36174978 PMCID: PMC9523342 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have presented evidence to support the significant association between red meat intake and colon cancer, suggesting that heme iron plays a key role in colon carcinogenesis. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major constituent of green tea, exhibits anti-oxidative and anti-cancer effects. However, the effect of EGCG on red meat-associated colon carcinogenesis is not well understood. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of hemin and EGCG on colon carcinogenesis and the underlying mechanism of action. METHODS Hemin and EGCG were treated in Caco2 cells to perform the water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 assay, lactate dehydrogenase release assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot. We investigated the regulatory effects of hemin and EGCG on an azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colon carcinogenesis mouse model. RESULTS In Caco2 cells, hemin increased cell proliferation and the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, and ROS levels. EGCG suppressed hemin-induced cell proliferation and cell cycle regulatory protein expression as well as mitochondrial ROS accumulation. Hemin increased nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression, but decreased Keap1 expression. EGCG enhanced hemin-induced Nrf2 and antioxidant gene expression. Nrf2 inhibitor reversed EGCG reduced cell proliferation and cell cycle regulatory protein expression. In AOM/DSS mice, hemin treatment induced hyperplastic changes in colon tissues, inhibited by EGCG supplementation. EGCG reduced the hemin-induced numbers of total aberrant crypts and malondialdehyde concentration in the AOM/DSS model. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that EGCG reduced hemin-induced proliferation and colon carcinogenesis through Nrf2-inhibited mitochondrial ROS accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyung Seok
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hye Jih Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hang Hyo Jo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Korea Food Culture Promotion Association, Cheongju 28553, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwang Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Chungbuk Provincial University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Young Seok Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Departments of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31151, Korea
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea
| | - Dae Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Nam
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Beom Jun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Hyun Jik Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
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Abstract
An abundant metal in the human body, iron is essential for key biological pathways including oxygen transport, DNA metabolism, and mitochondrial function. Most iron is bound to heme but it can also be incorporated into iron-sulfur clusters or bind directly to proteins. Iron's capacity to cycle between Fe2+ and Fe3+ contributes to its biological utility but also renders it toxic in excess. Heme is an iron-containing tetrapyrrole essential for diverse biological functions including gas transport and sensing, oxidative metabolism, and xenobiotic detoxification. Like iron, heme is essential yet toxic in excess. As such, both iron and heme homeostasis are tightly regulated. Here we discuss molecular and physiologic aspects of iron and heme metabolism. We focus on dietary absorption; cellular import; utilization; and export, recycling, and elimination, emphasizing studies published in recent years. We end with a discussion on current challenges and needs in the field of iron and heme biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Dutt
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Sommer N, Theine FF, Pak O, Tello K, Richter M, Gall H, Wilhelm J, Savai R, Weissmann N, Seeger W, Ghofrani HA, Hecker M. Mitochondrial Respiration in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Negatively Correlates with Disease Severity in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144132. [PMID: 35887896 PMCID: PMC9319555 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial and immune cell dysfunction contributes to the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We thus aimed to investigate mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial gene expression patterns in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with idiopathic and hereditary PAH and their correlation to disease parameters. Mitochondrial respiration determined using high-resolution respirometry was not significantly different in PBMC when comparing an outpatient cohort of PAH patients with healthy controls. However, when directly comparing mitochondrial respiration to the hemodynamic parameters of an inpatient PAH cohort, mitochondrial respiration negatively correlated with pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and positively correlated with the cardiac index (CI). Furthermore, microarray analysis shows upregulation of mitochondrial erythroid-specific 5-aminolevulinate synthase 2 (ALAS2), as well as the regulation of genes involved in iron and heme metabolism, in the PBMC of patients with PAH, with ALAS2 upregulation in PAH patients being confirmed on the protein level. Multiple regression analysis with age and gender as confounders showed that both PVR and hemoglobin content negatively correlated with maximal respiration. Therefore, we conclude that mitochondrial function in the PBMC of PAH patients is affected by disease severity. However, further studies to investigate cell-type-specific alterations and functional consequences are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Sommer
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.F.T.); (O.P.); (K.T.); (M.R.); (H.G.); (J.W.); (R.S.); (N.W.); (W.S.); (H.A.G.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Finn Fabian Theine
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.F.T.); (O.P.); (K.T.); (M.R.); (H.G.); (J.W.); (R.S.); (N.W.); (W.S.); (H.A.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Oleg Pak
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.F.T.); (O.P.); (K.T.); (M.R.); (H.G.); (J.W.); (R.S.); (N.W.); (W.S.); (H.A.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Khodr Tello
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.F.T.); (O.P.); (K.T.); (M.R.); (H.G.); (J.W.); (R.S.); (N.W.); (W.S.); (H.A.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Manuel Richter
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.F.T.); (O.P.); (K.T.); (M.R.); (H.G.); (J.W.); (R.S.); (N.W.); (W.S.); (H.A.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Henning Gall
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.F.T.); (O.P.); (K.T.); (M.R.); (H.G.); (J.W.); (R.S.); (N.W.); (W.S.); (H.A.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.F.T.); (O.P.); (K.T.); (M.R.); (H.G.); (J.W.); (R.S.); (N.W.); (W.S.); (H.A.G.); (M.H.)
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.F.T.); (O.P.); (K.T.); (M.R.); (H.G.); (J.W.); (R.S.); (N.W.); (W.S.); (H.A.G.); (M.H.)
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.F.T.); (O.P.); (K.T.); (M.R.); (H.G.); (J.W.); (R.S.); (N.W.); (W.S.); (H.A.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Werner Seeger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.F.T.); (O.P.); (K.T.); (M.R.); (H.G.); (J.W.); (R.S.); (N.W.); (W.S.); (H.A.G.); (M.H.)
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hossein A. Ghofrani
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.F.T.); (O.P.); (K.T.); (M.R.); (H.G.); (J.W.); (R.S.); (N.W.); (W.S.); (H.A.G.); (M.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Matthias Hecker
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (F.F.T.); (O.P.); (K.T.); (M.R.); (H.G.); (J.W.); (R.S.); (N.W.); (W.S.); (H.A.G.); (M.H.)
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Peng M, Huang Y, Zhang L, Zhao X, Hou Y. Targeting Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Eradicates Acute Myeloid Leukemic Stem Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:899502. [PMID: 35574326 PMCID: PMC9100571 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.899502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy characterized by multiple cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities, with a very poor prognosis. Current treatments for AML often fail to eliminate leukemic stem cells (LSCs), which perpetuate the disease. LSCs exhibit a unique metabolic profile, especially dependent on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for energy production. Whereas, normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and leukemic blasts rely on glycolysis for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Thus, understanding the regulation of OXPHOS in LSCs may offer effective targets for developing clinical therapies in AML. This review summarizes these studies with a focus on the regulation of the electron transport chain (ETC) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in OXPHOS and discusses potential therapies for eliminating LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixi Peng
- Biology Science Institutes, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongxiu Huang
- Clinical Hematology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueya Zhao
- Biology Science Institutes, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Biology Science Institutes, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Hou,
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Allocco AL, Bertino F, Petrillo S, Chiabrando D, Riganti C, Bardelli A, Altruda F, Fiorito V, Tolosano E. Inhibition of Heme Export and/or Heme Synthesis Potentiates Metformin Anti-Proliferative Effect on Cancer Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051230. [PMID: 35267538 PMCID: PMC8908972 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor initiation and progression are sustained by the ability of the cancer cell to reshape its metabolism in a way that favors cell proliferation and survival. Recently, it was shown that heme metabolism contributes to metabolic adaptation of tumor cell and that interfering with heme homeostasis reduces tumor cell growth. Here, we show that the alteration of heme metabolism, either by RNA-interference or pharmacological approaches, increases the sensitivity of tumor cell lines to the antitumor agent metformin. These findings strengthen the concept of targeting heme metabolism to counteract tumor progression. Abstract Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Beyond standard therapeutic options, whose effectiveness is often reduced by drug resistance, repurposing of the antidiabetic drug metformin appears promising. Heme metabolism plays a pivotal role in the control of metabolic adaptations that sustain cancer cell proliferation. Recently, we demonstrated the existence of a functional axis between the heme synthetic enzyme ALAS1 and the heme exporter FLVCR1a exploited by cancer cells to down-modulate oxidative metabolism. In colorectal cancer cell lines, the inhibition of heme synthesis-export system was associated with reduced proliferation and survival. Here, we aim to assess whether the inhibition of the heme synthesis-export system affects the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to metformin. Our data demonstrate that the inhibition of this system, either by blocking heme efflux with a FLVCR1a specific shRNA or by inhibiting heme synthesis with 5-aminolevulinic acid, improves metformin anti-proliferative effect on colorectal cancer cell lines. In addition, we demonstrated that the same effect can be obtained in other kinds of cancer cell lines. Our study provides an in vitro proof of concept of the possibility to target heme metabolism in association with metformin to counteract cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lucia Allocco
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy; (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (S.P.); (D.C.); (F.A.); (E.T.)
| | - Francesca Bertino
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy; (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (S.P.); (D.C.); (F.A.); (E.T.)
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy; (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (S.P.); (D.C.); (F.A.); (E.T.)
| | - Deborah Chiabrando
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy; (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (S.P.); (D.C.); (F.A.); (E.T.)
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy;
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy;
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy; (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (S.P.); (D.C.); (F.A.); (E.T.)
| | - Veronica Fiorito
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy; (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (S.P.); (D.C.); (F.A.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-6706-423
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy; (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (S.P.); (D.C.); (F.A.); (E.T.)
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Sun Q, Li Y, Shi L, Hussain R, Mehmood K, Tang Z, Zhang H. Heavy metals induced mitochondrial dysfunction in animals: Molecular mechanism of toxicity. Toxicology 2022; 469:153136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Loh D, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: Regulation of Prion Protein Phase Separation in Cancer Multidrug Resistance. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030705. [PMID: 35163973 PMCID: PMC8839844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unique ability to adapt and thrive in inhospitable, stressful tumor microenvironments (TME) also renders cancer cells resistant to traditional chemotherapeutic treatments and/or novel pharmaceuticals. Cancer cells exhibit extensive metabolic alterations involving hypoxia, accelerated glycolysis, oxidative stress, and increased extracellular ATP that may activate ancient, conserved prion adaptive response strategies that exacerbate multidrug resistance (MDR) by exploiting cellular stress to increase cancer metastatic potential and stemness, balance proliferation and differentiation, and amplify resistance to apoptosis. The regulation of prions in MDR is further complicated by important, putative physiological functions of ligand-binding and signal transduction. Melatonin is capable of both enhancing physiological functions and inhibiting oncogenic properties of prion proteins. Through regulation of phase separation of the prion N-terminal domain which targets and interacts with lipid rafts, melatonin may prevent conformational changes that can result in aggregation and/or conversion to pathological, infectious isoforms. As a cancer therapy adjuvant, melatonin could modulate TME oxidative stress levels and hypoxia, reverse pH gradient changes, reduce lipid peroxidation, and protect lipid raft compositions to suppress prion-mediated, non-Mendelian, heritable, but often reversible epigenetic adaptations that facilitate cancer heterogeneity, stemness, metastasis, and drug resistance. This review examines some of the mechanisms that may balance physiological and pathological effects of prions and prion-like proteins achieved through the synergistic use of melatonin to ameliorate MDR, which remains a challenge in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Loh
- Independent Researcher, Marble Falls, TX 78654, USA
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (R.J.R.)
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (R.J.R.)
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Abstract
Hemopexin is the plasma protein with the highest affinity for heme. Seminal studies have highlighted its role in different kinds of heme-associated disorders, but its implication in cancer has been neglected for a long time. Considering the emerging importance of heme in tumors, the present review proposes an update of the works investigating hemopexin involvement in cancer, with the attempt to stimulate further future studies on this topic.
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Complex response to physiological and drug-induced hepatic heme demand in monoallelic ALAS1 mice. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 29:100818. [PMID: 34900592 PMCID: PMC8639769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of 5-aminolevulinate synthase 1 (ALAS1) for nonerythroid heme is critical for respiration, cell signaling mechanisms and steroid/drug metabolism. ALAS1 is induced in some genetic disorders but unlike other genes in the heme pathway, a gene variant of ALAS1 associated with inherited disease has not been reported. BALB/c mice carrying a null ALAS1 allele caused by a βGEO insert were developed and used to determine the consequences of heme demand of a semi gene copy number. Homozygous disruption of ALAS1 (−/−) was lethal for embryo development post day 6.5 but expression in heterozygotes (+/−) was sufficient for the number of offspring and survival. In both wild type (WT +/+) and +/− mice expression of ALAS1 RNA was greatest in liver and harderian gland and much lower in kidney, lung, heart, brain and spleen. The effects of one WT ALAS1 allele in +/− mice on mRNA levels in liver and harderian gland were less marked compared to brain and other organs that were examined. Many other genes were up-regulated by heterozygosity in liver and brain but to a minimal extent. Hepatic heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) mRNA expression was significantly lower in +/− mice but not in brain. No elevated translation of WT allele ALAS1 mRNA was detected in +/− liver as a compensatory mechanism for the disabled allele. Fasting induced ALAS1 mRNA in both WT and +/− mice but only in +/− was this manifest as increased ALAS1 protein. The hepatic protoporphyria-inducing drug 4-ethyl-DDC caused induction of hepatic ALAS1 mRNA and protein levels in both WT and +/− mice but markedly less in the mice with only one intact allele. The findings illustrate the complex response of ALAS1 expression for heme demand but limited evidence that upregulation of a wild type allele can compensate for a null allele.
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Key Words
- 4-ethyl-DDC, 4-ethyl-3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine
- AIP, acute intermittent porphyria
- ALAS1, aminolevulinate synthase 1
- Aminolevulinic acid synthase 1
- Compensation, complex regulation
- FECH, ferrochetalase
- HMOX1, heme oxygenase 1
- Hepatic response
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Semi null mice
- WT, wild type
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Endothelial Heme Dynamics Drive Cancer Cell Metabolism by Shaping the Tumor Microenvironment. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111557. [PMID: 34829786 PMCID: PMC8615489 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk among cancer cells (CCs) and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) has a prominent role in cancer progression. The significance of endothelial cells (ECs) in this scenario relies on multiple vascular functions. By forming new blood vessels, ECs support tumor growth. In addition to their angiogenic properties, tumor-associated ECs (TECs) establish a unique vascular niche that actively modulates cancer development by shuttling a selected pattern of factors and metabolites to the CC. The profile of secreted metabolites is strictly dependent on the metabolic status of the cell, which is markedly perturbed in TECs. Recent evidence highlights the involvement of heme metabolism in the regulation of energy metabolism in TECs. The present study shows that interfering with endothelial heme metabolism by targeting the cell membrane heme exporter Feline Leukemia Virus subgroup C Receptor 1a (FLVCR1a) in TECs, resulted in enhanced fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Moreover, FAO-derived acetyl-CoA was partly consumed through ketogenesis, resulting in ketone bodies (KBs) accumulation in FLVCR1a-deficient TECs. Finally, the results from this study also demonstrate that TECs-derived KBs can be secreted in the extracellular environment, inducing a metabolic rewiring in the CC. Taken together, these data may contribute to finding new metabolic vulnerabilities for cancer therapy.
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Wang T, Ashrafi A, Modareszadeh P, Deese AR, Chacon Castro MDC, Alemi PS, Zhang L. An Analysis of the Multifaceted Roles of Heme in the Pathogenesis of Cancer and Related Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4142. [PMID: 34439295 PMCID: PMC8393563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is an essential prosthetic group in proteins and enzymes involved in oxygen utilization and metabolism. Heme also plays versatile and fascinating roles in regulating fundamental biological processes, ranging from aerobic respiration to drug metabolism. Increasing experimental and epidemiological data have shown that altered heme homeostasis accelerates the development and progression of common diseases, including various cancers, diabetes, vascular diseases, and Alzheimer's disease. The effects of heme on the pathogenesis of these diseases may be mediated via its action on various cellular signaling and regulatory proteins, as well as its function in cellular bioenergetics, specifically, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Elevated heme levels in cancer cells intensify OXPHOS, leading to higher ATP generation and fueling tumorigenic functions. In contrast, lowered heme levels in neurons may reduce OXPHOS, leading to defects in bioenergetics and causing neurological deficits. Further, heme has been shown to modulate the activities of diverse cellular proteins influencing disease pathogenesis. These include BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1), tumor suppressor P53 protein, progesterone receptor membrane component 1 protein (PGRMC1), cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), and nitric oxide synthases (NOS). This review provides an in-depth analysis of heme function in influencing diverse molecular and cellular processes germane to disease pathogenesis and the modes by which heme modulates the activities of cellular proteins involved in the development of cancer and other common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; (T.W.); (A.A.); (P.M.); (A.R.D.); (M.D.C.C.C.); (P.S.A.)
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