1
|
Marsili G, Pallotto C, Fortuna C, Amendola A, Fiorentini C, Esperti S, Blanc P, Suardi LR, Giulietta V, Argentini C. Fifty years after the first identification of Toscana virus in Italy: Genomic characterization of viral isolates within lineage A and aminoacidic markers of evolution. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 122:105601. [PMID: 38830443 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Toscana Virus (TosV) was firstly isolated from phlebotomine in our Institute about fifty years ago. Later, in 1984-1985, TosV infection, although asymptomatic in most cases, was shown to cause disease in humans, mainly fever and meningitis. By means of genetic analysis of part of M segment, we describe 3 new viral isolates obtained directly from cerebrospinal fluid or sera samples of patients diagnosed with TosV infection in July 2020 in Tuscany region. Phylogenesis was used to propose the clustering of TosV lineage A strains in 3 main groups, whereas deep mutational analysis based on 12 amino acid positions, allowed the identification of 9 putative strains. We discuss deep mutational analysis as a method to identify molecular signature of host adaptation and/or pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marsili
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Pallotto
- SOC Malattie Infettive 1, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Bagno a Ripoli, Firenze, Italy; Clinica delle Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria della Misericordia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Fortuna
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonello Amendola
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Sara Esperti
- SOC Malattie Infettive 1, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Bagno a Ripoli, Firenze, Italy; Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Policlinico di Modena, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Blanc
- SOC Malattie Infettive 1, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Bagno a Ripoli, Firenze, Italy; SOC Malattie Infettive 2, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Pistoia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Roberto Suardi
- SOC Malattie Infettive 1, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Bagno a Ripoli, Firenze, Italy; UO Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Venturi Giulietta
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio Argentini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adesoji TO, George UE, Sulayman TA, Uwanibe JN, Olawoye IB, Igbokwe JO, Olanipekun TG, Adeleke RA, Akindoyin AI, Famakinwa TJ, Adamu AM, Terkuma CA, Ezekiel GO, Eromon PE, Happi AN, Fadare TO, Shittu AO, Happi CT. Molecular characterization of non-aureus staphylococci and Mammaliicoccus from Hipposideros bats in Southwest Nigeria. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6899. [PMID: 38519524 PMCID: PMC10960025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats are not only ecologically valuable mammals but also reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens. Their vast population, ability to fly, and inhabit diverse ecological niches could play some role in the spread of antibiotic resistance. This study investigated non-aureus staphylococci and Mammaliicoccus colonization in the Hipposideros bats at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Pharyngeal samples (n = 23) of the insectivorous bats were analyzed, and the presumptive non-aureus staphylococcal and Mammaliicoccus isolates were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The isolates were characterized based on antibiotic susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Six bacterial genomes were assembled, and three species were identified, including Mammaliicoccus sciuri (n = 4), Staphylococcus gallinarum (n = 1), and Staphylococcus nepalensis (n = 1). All the isolates were resistant to clindamycin, while the M. sciuri and S. gallinarum isolates were also resistant to fusidic acid. WGS analysis revealed that the M. sciuri and S. gallinarum isolates were mecA-positive. In addition, the M. sciuri isolates possessed some virulence (icaA, icaB, icaC, and sspA) genes. Multi-locus sequence typing identified two new M. sciuri sequence types (STs) 233 and ST234. The identification of these new STs in a migratory mammal deserves close monitoring because previously known ST57, ST60, and ST65 sharing ack (8), ftsZ (13), glpK (14), gmk (6), and tpiA (10) alleles with ST233 and ST234 have been linked to mastitis in animals. Moreover, the broad host range of M. sciuri could facilitate the dispersal of antibiotic resistance genes. This study provides evidence of the importance of including migratory animals in monitoring the development and spread of antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomiwa O Adesoji
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Uwem E George
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Taofiq A Sulayman
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Jessica N Uwanibe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Idowu B Olawoye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Joseph O Igbokwe
- Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Tobi G Olanipekun
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Richard A Adeleke
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Temitope J Famakinwa
- Natural History Museum, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Andrew M Adamu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, 900105, Nigeria
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Bebegu Yumba Campus, Douglas, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Christabel A Terkuma
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Grace O Ezekiel
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Philomena E Eromon
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Anise N Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo O Fadare
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Adebayo O Shittu
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Christian T Happi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cao L, Song X, Qian Y, Li Y, Xu J, Chen X, Wang X, Chen J. Identification of a novel adenovirus in liver tissue sample of the Great Himalayan leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros armiger). Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:117-123. [PMID: 38261263 PMCID: PMC10920538 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats are important reservoirs for many zoonotic viruses. To explore and monitor potential novel viruses carried by bats, 21 liver samples of bats (Hipposideros armiger) were collected from Yunnan Province in southern China. Only one (4.8%) of all models was detected with adenovirus. The whole genome strain obtained by the viral metagenomics method combined with PCR was temporarily named YN01. The complete genome of YN01 was 37,676 bp, with a G + C content of 55.20% and 28 open reading frames. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the strain YN01 can be classified as genus Mastadenovirus and was the most similar to the adenovirus isolated from Rhinolophus sinicus in China in 2016. The analysis is needed to verify the possibility of cross-species transmission. This virological investigation has increased our understanding of the ecology of bat-borne viruses in this area and provided a reference for possible future infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xulai Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
| | - Xurong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Choudhary OP. One health and bat-borne henipaviruses. New Microbes New Infect 2024; 56:101195. [PMID: 38035121 PMCID: PMC10684794 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda, 151103, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Weber MN, da Silva MS. Corona- and Paramyxoviruses in Bats from Brazil: A Matter of Concern? Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:88. [PMID: 38200819 PMCID: PMC10778288 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chiroptera are one of the most diverse mammal orders. They are considered reservoirs of main human pathogens, where coronaviruses (CoVs) and paramyxoviruses (PMVs) may be highlighted. Moreover, the growing number of publications on CoVs and PMVs in wildlife reinforces the scientific community's interest in eco-vigilance, especially because of the emergence of important human pathogens such as the SARS-CoV-2 and Nipha viruses. Considering that Brazil presents continental dimensions, is biologically rich containing one of the most diverse continental biotas and presents a rich biodiversity of animals classified in the order Chiroptera, the mapping of CoV and PMV genetics related to human pathogens is important and the aim of the present work. CoVs can be classified into four genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus and Gammacoronavirus. Delta- and gammacoronaviruses infect mainly birds, while alpha- and betacoronaviruses contain important animal and human pathogens. Almost 60% of alpha- and betacoronaviruses are related to bats, which are considered natural hosts of these viral genera members. The studies on CoV presence in bats from Brazil have mainly assayed phyllostomid, molossid and vespertilionid bats in the South, Southeast and North territories. Despite Brazil not hosting rhinophilid or pteropodid bats, which are natural reservoirs of SARS-related CoVs and henipaviruses, respectively, CoVs and PMVs reported in Brazilian bats are genetically closely related to some human pathogens. Most works performed with Brazilian bats reported alpha-CoVs that were closely related to other bat-CoVs, despite a few reports of beta-CoVs grouped in the Merbecovirus and Embecovirus subgenera. The family Paramyxoviridae includes four subfamilies (Avulavirinae, Metaparamyxovirinae, Orthoparamyxovirinae and Rubulavirinae), and bats are significant drivers of PMV cross-species viral transmission. Additionally, the studies that have evaluated PMV presence in Brazilian bats have mainly found sequences classified in the Jeilongvirus and Morbillivirus genera that belong to the Orthoparamyxovirinae subfamily. Despite the increasing amount of research on Brazilian bats, studies analyzing these samples are still scarce. When surveying the representativeness of the CoVs and PMVs found and the available genomic sequences, it can be perceived that there may be gaps in the knowledge. The continuous monitoring of viral sequences that are closely related to human pathogens may be helpful in mapping and predicting future hotspots in the emergence of zoonotic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Nunes Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade FEEVALE, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil;
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Agrawal V, Khulbe Y, Jaiswal V, Paudel K. The abstraction of potentially zoonotic SARS-like coronavirus (BtSY2): A threat to global health. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1590. [PMID: 37779662 PMCID: PMC10539676 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This article highlights the discovery of a new virus lurking in bats in Yunnan province of China. The virus shows phylogenetic and genomic similarity to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, which was the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. The virus, named Bat SARS-like virus BtSY2, along with four other viruses, has been named a "virus of concern." Recombination events in the viral genome due to coinfection by multiple viruses in related animal hosts can lead to disease emergence, a process that has repeated itself innumerable times throughout history and has given rise to some major viral pandemics. Zoonotic infections, if not contained at the right time, can cause significant harm to the public health sector as well as the global economy. Studies like this are required to acquire a good understanding of the phylogeny of the virus, mechanisms of its transmission, carriers, probable clinical picture, and similarity to previous outbreaks. This will help to devise preventive strategies and, in case of higher probability and hazardous potential of the disease, develop prototype vaccines and drugs to face the outbreak with adequate preparedness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vibhor Agrawal
- King George's Medical UniversityLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Yashita Khulbe
- King George's Medical UniversityLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Vikash Jaiswal
- Department of Cardiovascular ResearchLarkin Community HospitalSouth MiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Kusum Paudel
- Institute of MedicineTribhuvan University Teaching HospitalKathmanduNepal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Y, Chen D, Wang Y, Li X, Qiu Y, Zheng M, Song Y, Li G, Song C, Liu T, Zhang Y, Guo JT, Lin H, Zhao X. Characterization of CCoV-HuPn-2018 spike protein-mediated viral entry. J Virol 2023; 97:e0060123. [PMID: 37676001 PMCID: PMC10537617 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00601-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine coronavirus-human pneumonia-2018 (CCoV-HuPn-2018) was recently isolated from a child with pneumonia. This novel human pathogen resulted from cross-species transmission of a canine coronavirus. It has been known that CCoV-HuPn-2018 uses aminopeptidase N (APN) from canines, felines, and porcines, but not humans, as functional receptors for cell entry. The molecular mechanism of cell entry in CCoV-HuPn-2018 remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that among the nine APN orthologs tested, the APN of the Mexican free-tailed bat could also efficiently support CCoV-HuPn-2018 spike (S) protein-mediated entry, raising the possibility that bats may also be an alternative host epidemiologically important for the transmission of this virus. The glycosylation at residue N747 of canine APN is critical for its receptor activity. The gain of glycosylation at the corresponding residues in human and rabbit APNs converted them to functional receptors for CCoV-HuPn-2018. Interestingly, the CCoV-HuPn-2018 spike protein pseudotyped virus infected multiple human cancer cell lines in a human APN-independent manner, whereas sialic acid appeared to facilitate the entry of the pseudotyped virus into human cancer cells. Moreover, while host cell surface proteases trypsin and TMPRSS2 did not promote the entry of CCoV-HuPn-2018, endosomal proteases cathepsin L and B are required for the entry of CCoV-HuPn-2018 in a pH-dependent manner. IFITMs and LY6E are host restriction factors for the CCoV-HuPn-2018 entry. Our results thus suggest that CCoV-HuPn-2018 has not yet evolved to be an efficient human pathogen. Collectively, this study helps us understand the cell tropism, receptor usage, cross-species transmission, natural reservoir, and pathogenesis of this potential human coronavirus. IMPORTANCE Viral entry is driven by the interaction between the viral spike protein and its specific cellular receptor, which determines cell tropism and host range and is the major constraint to interspecies transmission of coronaviruses. Aminopeptidase N (APN; also called CD13) is a cellular receptor for HCoV-229E, the newly discovered canine coronavirus-human pneumonia-2018 (CCoV-HuPn-2018), and many other animal alphacoronaviruses. We examined the receptor activity of nine APN orthologs and found that CCoV-HuPn-2018 utilizes APN from a broad range of animal species, including bats but not humans, to enter host cells. To our surprise, we found that CCoV-HuPn-2018 spike protein pseudotyped viral particles successfully infected multiple human hepatoma-derived cell lines and a lung cancer cell line, which is independent of the expression of human APN. Our findings thus provide mechanistic insight into the natural hosts and interspecies transmission of CCoV-HuPn-2018-like coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Danying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinglin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yaruo Qiu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guoli Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hanxin Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xuesen Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mihalič F, Benz C, Kassa E, Lindqvist R, Simonetti L, Inturi R, Aronsson H, Andersson E, Chi CN, Davey NE, Överby AK, Jemth P, Ivarsson Y. Identification of motif-based interactions between SARS-CoV-2 protein domains and human peptide ligands pinpoint antiviral targets. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5636. [PMID: 37704626 PMCID: PMC10499821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The virus life cycle depends on host-virus protein-protein interactions, which often involve a disordered protein region binding to a folded protein domain. Here, we used proteomic peptide phage display (ProP-PD) to identify peptides from the intrinsically disordered regions of the human proteome that bind to folded protein domains encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Eleven folded domains of SARS-CoV-2 proteins were found to bind 281 peptides from human proteins, and affinities of 31 interactions involving eight SARS-CoV-2 protein domains were determined (KD ∼ 7-300 μM). Key specificity residues of the peptides were established for six of the interactions. Two of the peptides, binding Nsp9 and Nsp16, respectively, inhibited viral replication. Our findings demonstrate how high-throughput peptide binding screens simultaneously identify potential host-virus interactions and peptides with antiviral properties. Furthermore, the high number of low-affinity interactions suggest that overexpression of viral proteins during infection may perturb multiple cellular pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Mihalič
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Benz
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eszter Kassa
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leandro Simonetti
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Raviteja Inturi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Aronsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Celestine N Chi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Norman E Davey
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Anna K Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Jemth
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ylva Ivarsson
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Temmam S, Tu TC, Regnault B, Bonomi M, Chrétien D, Vendramini L, Duong TN, Phong TV, Yen NT, Anh HN, Son TH, Anh PT, Amara F, Bigot T, Munier S, Thong VD, van der Werf S, Nam VS, Eloit M. Genotype and Phenotype Characterization of Rhinolophus sp. Sarbecoviruses from Vietnam: Implications for Coronavirus Emergence. Viruses 2023; 15:1897. [PMID: 37766303 PMCID: PMC10536463 DOI: 10.3390/v15091897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are a major reservoir of zoonotic viruses, including coronaviruses. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV in 2002/2003 in Asia, important efforts have been made to describe the diversity of Coronaviridae circulating in bats worldwide, leading to the discovery of the precursors of epidemic and pandemic sarbecoviruses in horseshoe bats. We investigated the viral communities infecting horseshoe bats living in Northern Vietnam, and report here the first identification of sarbecoviruses in Rhinolophus thomasi and Rhinolophus siamensis bats. Phylogenetic characterization of seven strains of Vietnamese sarbecoviruses identified at least three clusters of viruses. Recombination and cross-species transmission between bats seemed to constitute major drivers of virus evolution. Vietnamese sarbecoviruses were mainly enteric, therefore constituting a risk of spillover for guano collectors or people visiting caves. To evaluate the zoonotic potential of these viruses, we analyzed in silico and in vitro the ability of their RBDs to bind to mammalian ACE2s and concluded that these viruses are likely restricted to their bat hosts. The workflow applied here to characterize the spillover potential of novel sarbecoviruses is of major interest for each time a new virus is discovered, in order to concentrate surveillance efforts on high-risk interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Temmam
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Tran Cong Tu
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Béatrice Regnault
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Massimiliano Bonomi
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Chrétien
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Léa Vendramini
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Tran Nhu Duong
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Tran Vu Phong
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Yen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Ngoc Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Tran Hai Son
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Pham Tuan Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Faustine Amara
- Institut Pasteur, G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bigot
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sandie Munier
- Institut Pasteur, G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vu Dinh Thong
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 70072, Vietnam
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vu Sinh Nam
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Marc Eloit
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, University of Paris-Est, 77420 Maisons-Alfort, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Silva LA, Souza MFS, Torquetti CG, Freitas DCO, Moreira LGA, Carvalho TP, Santana CH, Thompson JR, Rosa DCO, Jesus TR, Paixão TA, Santos RL. Antigenic and molecular evidence of Brucella sp.-associated epididymo-orchitis in frugivorous ( Artibeus lituratus) and nectarivorous ( Glossophaga soricina) bats in Brazil. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1235299. [PMID: 37701528 PMCID: PMC10493303 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1235299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study included 47 free-ranging bats from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Six bats (12.8%) had genital inflammatory lesions, and two of them (one Artibeus lituratus and one Glossophaga soricina, a frugivorous and a nectarivorous, respectively) were diagnosed with Brucella sp. infection through PCR, and antigens in intralesional macrophages were detected using immunohistochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laice A. Silva
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Monique F. S. Souza
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila G. Torquetti
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniele C. O. Freitas
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Larissa G. A. Moreira
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaynara P. Carvalho
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clarissa H. Santana
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Julia R. Thompson
- Sete Soluções e Tecnologia Ambiental, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela C. O. Rosa
- Sete Soluções e Tecnologia Ambiental, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tatiana R. Jesus
- Sete Soluções e Tecnologia Ambiental, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tatiane A. Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renato L. Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim PY, Kim AY, Newman JJ, Cella E, Bishop TC, Huwe PJ, Uchakina ON, McKallip RJ, Mack VL, Hill MP, Ogungbe IV, Adeyinka O, Jones S, Ware G, Carroll J, Sawyer JF, Densmore KH, Foster M, Valmond L, Thomas J, Azarian T, Queen K, Kamil JP. A collaborative approach to improving representation in viral genomic surveillance. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001935. [PMID: 37467165 PMCID: PMC10355392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The lack of routine viral genomic surveillance delayed the initial detection of SARS-CoV-2, allowing the virus to spread unfettered at the outset of the U.S. epidemic. Over subsequent months, poor surveillance enabled variants to emerge unnoticed. Against this backdrop, long-standing social and racial inequities have contributed to a greater burden of cases and deaths among minority groups. To begin to address these problems, we developed a new variant surveillance model geared toward building 'next generation' genome sequencing capacity at universities in or near rural areas and engaging the participation of their local communities. The resulting genomic surveillance network has generated more than 1,000 SARS-CoV-2 genomes to date, including the first confirmed case in northeast Louisiana of Omicron, and the first and sixth confirmed cases in Georgia of the emergent BA.2.75 and BQ.1.1 variants, respectively. In agreement with other studies, significantly higher viral gene copy numbers were observed in Delta variant samples compared to those from Omicron BA.1 variant infections, and lower copy numbers were seen in asymptomatic infections relative to symptomatic ones. Collectively, the results and outcomes from our collaborative work demonstrate that establishing genomic surveillance capacity at smaller academic institutions in rural areas and fostering relationships between academic teams and local health clinics represent a robust pathway to improve pandemic readiness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Y. Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA, United States of America
| | - Audrey Y. Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA, United States of America
| | - Jamie J. Newman
- School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States of America
| | - Eleonora Cella
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Bishop
- Physics and Chemistry Programs, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Huwe
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States of America
| | - Olga N. Uchakina
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States of America
| | - Robert J. McKallip
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States of America
| | - Vance L. Mack
- Mercer Medicine, Macon, GA, United States of America
| | | | - Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Olawale Adeyinka
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Samuel Jones
- Health Services Center, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Gregory Ware
- Center of Excellence for Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Carroll
- Center of Excellence for Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
| | - Jarrod F. Sawyer
- Center of Excellence for Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
| | - Kenneth H. Densmore
- Center of Excellence for Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
| | - Michael Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States of America
| | - Lescia Valmond
- Department of Biological Sciences, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA, United States of America
| | - John Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA, United States of America
| | - Taj Azarian
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Krista Queen
- Center of Excellence for Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
| | - Jeremy P. Kamil
- Center of Excellence for Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li H, Kim JYV, Pickering BS. Henipavirus zoonosis: outbreaks, animal hosts and potential new emergence. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1167085. [PMID: 37529329 PMCID: PMC10387552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1167085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are biosafety level 4 zoonotic pathogens causing severe and often fatal neurological and respiratory disease. These agents have been recognized by the World Health Organization as top priority pathogens expected to result in severe future outbreaks. HeV has caused sporadic infections in horses and a small number of human cases in Australia since 1994. The NiV Malaysia genotype (NiV-M) was responsible for the 1998-1999 epizootic outbreak in pigs with spillover to humans in Malaysia and Singapore. Since 2001, the NiV Bangladesh genotype (NiV-B) has been the predominant strain leading to outbreaks almost every year in Bangladesh and India, with hundreds of infections in humans. The natural reservoir hosts of HeV and NiV are fruit bats, which carry the viruses without clinical manifestation. The transmission pathways of henipaviruses from bats to humans remain poorly understood. Transmissions are often bridged by an intermediate animal host, which amplifies and spreads the viruses to humans. Horses and pigs are known intermediate hosts for the HeV outbreaks in Australia and NiV-M epidemic in Malaysia and Singapore, respectively. During the NiV-B outbreaks in Bangladesh, following initial spillover thought to be through the consumption of date palm sap, the spread of infection was largely human-to-human transmission. Spillover of NiV-B in recent outbreaks in India is less understood, with the primary route of transmission from bat reservoir to the initial human infection case(s) unknown and no intermediate host established. This review aims to provide a concise update on the epidemiology of henipaviruses covering their previous and current outbreaks with emphasis on the known and potential role of livestock as intermediate hosts in disease transmission. Also included is an up-to-date summary of newly emerging henipa-like viruses and animal hosts. In these contexts we discuss knowledge gaps and new challenges in the field and propose potential future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhao Li
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ji-Young V. Kim
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bradley S. Pickering
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ahmed I, Salsabil L, Hossain MJ, Shahriar M, Bhuiyan MA, Islam MR. The recent outbreaks of Marburg virus disease in African countries are indicating potential threat to the global public health: Future prediction from historical data. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1395. [PMID: 37404452 PMCID: PMC10316122 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus disease (MVD) caused by the Marburg virus has a high mortality rate. Rousettus aegyptiacus fruit bats act as the natural reservoir host of the virus. But it can also potentially be transmitted from person to person through direct contact with body secretions. The recent outbreaks have already killed seven people out of nine confirmed cases in Equatorial Guinea and five patients out of eight confirmed cases in Tanzania. In the recent past, Ghana reported three MVD cases and two associated deaths in 2022. Specific treatments or vaccines are unavailable for MVD, and supportive care is the primary treatment option. The history of MVD outbreaks and the current scenario show its potential to become an emerging threat to global public health. The recent outbreaks in Tanzania and Equatorial Guinea have already caused a high fatality rate. The absence of effective treatment and vaccines raises concerns about the potential to cause widespread harm. Besides, its capacity for human-to-human transmission and potential to cross the country's border could result in a multicountry outbreak. Therefore, we recommend intensive surveillance of MVD, preventative measures, and early detection to limit the spread of the disease and prevent another pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iftekhar Ahmed
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Asia PacificDhakaBangladesh
| | - Lubaba Salsabil
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Asia PacificDhakaBangladesh
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang Y, Guo L, Lu H. Emerging infectious diseases never end: The fight continues. Biosci Trends 2023:2023.01104. [PMID: 37331800 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2023.01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases have accompanied the development of human society while causing great harm to humans, and SARS-CoV-2 was only one in the long list of microbial threats. Many viruses have existed in their natural reservoirs for a very long time, and the spillover of viruses from natural hosts to humans via interspecies transmission serves as the main source of emerging infectious diseases. Widely existing viruses capable of utilizing human receptors to infect human cells in animals signal the possible outbreak of another viral infection in the near future. Extensive and close collaborative surveillance across nations, more effective wildlife trade legislation, and robust investment into applied and basic research will help to combat the possible pandemics of new emerging infectious diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated with the Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated with the Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated with the Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Massengo NRB, Tinto B, Simonin Y. One Health Approach to Arbovirus Control in Africa: Interests, Challenges, and Difficulties. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1496. [PMID: 37374998 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The "One Health" concept considers that human and animal health, and ecosystems are closely related and aims to make a link between ecology and human and veterinary medicine. Due to the explosion in population growth along with the geographic and climatic conditions (equatorial and/or tropical climate), Africa is becoming a major hotspot for various socio-health issues associated with infectious diseases, including arboviruses. The incontestable advantages of a One Health approach in Africa lie in the fight against pathogens, such as arboviruses, and in the preservation of environmental, animal, and human health to ensure that the increasing high needs of this population are met as well as their protection against potential epidemics. The One Health strategy gives us a glimpse of the difficulties and challenges that the African continent faces. The importance of this approach in Africa is to establish guidelines and strategies for effective solutions and changes in behavior and harmful activities. Overall, the establishment of high-quality global health policies in the framework of the global health standards program would provide healthy and sustainable human-animal-environmental interactions for the welfare of all.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norvi Rigobert Bienvenu Massengo
- Formation Doctorale de Santé et Biologie Humaine, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
| | - Bachirou Tinto
- Centre MURAZ, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34394 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Animal reservoirs for hepatitis E virus within the Paslahepevirus genus. Vet Microbiol 2023; 278:109618. [PMID: 36640568 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for acute hepatitis in humans. It is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Hepeviridae family. The majority of concerning HEV genotypes belong to the Paslahepevirus genus and are subsequently divided into eight genotypes. HEV genotypes 1 and 2 exclusively infect humans and primates while genotypes 3 and 4 infect both humans and other mammals. Whereas HEV genotypes 5 and 6 are isolated from wild boars and genotypes 7 and 8 were identified from camels in the United Arab Emirates and China, respectively. HEV mainly spreads from humans to humans via the fecal-oral route. However, some genotypes with the capability of zoonotic transmissions, such as 3 and 4 transmit from animals to humans through feces, direct contact, and ingestion of contaminated meat products. As we further continue to uncover novel HEV strains in various animal species, it is becoming clear that HEV has a broad host range. Therefore, understanding the potential animal reservoirs for this virus will allow for better risk management and risk mitigation of infection with HEV. In this review, we mainly focused on animal reservoirs for the members of the species Paslahepevirus balayani and provided a comprehensive list of the host animals identified to date.
Collapse
|
17
|
Pedenko B, Sulbaran G, Guilligay D, Effantin G, Weissenhorn W. SARS-CoV-2 S Glycoprotein Stabilization Strategies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020558. [PMID: 36851772 PMCID: PMC9960574 DOI: 10.3390/v15020558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has again shown that structural biology plays an important role in understanding biological mechanisms and exploiting structural data for therapeutic interventions. Notably, previous work on SARS-related glycoproteins has paved the way for the rapid structural determination of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein, which is the main target for neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, all vaccine approaches aimed to employ S as an immunogen to induce neutralizing antibodies. Like all enveloped virus glycoproteins, SARS-CoV-2 S native prefusion trimers are in a metastable conformation, which primes the glycoprotein for the entry process via membrane fusion. S-mediated entry is associated with major conformational changes in S, which can expose many off-target epitopes that deviate vaccination approaches from the major aim of inducing neutralizing antibodies, which mainly target the native prefusion trimer conformation. Here, we review the viral glycoprotein stabilization methods developed prior to SARS-CoV-2, and applied to SARS-CoV-2 S, in order to stabilize S in the prefusion conformation. The importance of structure-based approaches is highlighted by the benefits of employing stabilized S trimers versus non-stabilized S in vaccines with respect to their protective efficacy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Eckhart L, Sipos W. Differential Loss of OAS Genes Indicates Diversification of Antiviral Immunity in Mammals. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020419. [PMID: 36851296 PMCID: PMC9964502 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main mechanisms of inducing an antiviral response depends on 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS), which sense double-stranded RNA in the cytoplasm and activate RNase L. Mutations leading to the loss of functional OAS1 and OAS2 genes have been identified as important modifiers of the human immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we performed comparative genomics to search for inactivating mutations of OAS genes in other species of mammals and to establish a model for the diversifying evolution of the OAS gene family. We found that a recombination of the OAS and OAS-like (OASL) loci has led to the loss of OAS2 in camelids, which also lack OAS3. Both paralogs of OASL and OAS3 are absent in Asian pangolins. An evolutionarily ancient OAS paralog, which we tentatively name OAS4, has been lost in pangolins, bats and humans. A previously unknown OAS gene, tentatively named OAS5, is present in Yangochiroptera, a suborder of bats. These differences in the OAS gene repertoire may affect innate immune responses to coronaviruses and other RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Wolfgang Sipos
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Identification of a novel linear B-cell epitope in porcine deltacoronavirus nucleocapsid protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:651-661. [PMID: 36602561 PMCID: PMC9813470 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that caused diarrhea and/or vomiting in neonatal piglets worldwide. Coronaviruses nucleocapsid (N) protein is the most conserved structural protein for viral replication and possesses good antigenicity. In this study, three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 3B4, 4D3, and 4E3 identified as subclass IgG2aκ were prepared using the lymphocytic hybridoma technology against PDCoV N protein. Furthermore, the B-cell epitope recognized by mAb 4D3 was mapped by dozens of overlapping truncated recombinant proteins based on the western blotting. The polypeptide 28QFRGNGVPLNSAIKPVE44 (EP-4D3) in the N-terminal of PDCoV N protein was identified as the minimal linear epitope for binding mAb 4D3. And the EP-4D3 epitope's amino acid sequence homology study revealed that PDCoV strains are substantially conserved, with the exception of the Alanine43 substitution Valine43 in the China lineage, the Early China lineage, and the Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos lineage. The epitope sequences shared high similarity (94.1%) with porcine coronavirus HKU15-155 (PorCoV HKU15), Asian leopard cats coronavirus (ALCCoV), sparrow coronavirus HKU17 (SpCoV HKU17), and sparrow deltacoronavirus. In contrast, the epitope sequences shared a very low homology (11.8 to 29.4%) with other porcine CoVs (PEDV, TGEV, PRCV, SADS-CoV, PHEV). Overall, the study will enrich the biological function of PDCoV N protein and provide foundational data for further development of diagnostic applications. KEY POINTS: • Three monoclonal antibodies against PDCoV N protein were prepared. • Discovery of a novel B-cell liner epitope (28QFRGNGVPLNSAIKPVE44) of PDCoV N protein. • The epitope EP-4D3 was conserved among PDCoV strains.
Collapse
|
20
|
Global Infection Rate of Rotavirus C during 1980-2022 and Analysis of Critical Factors in the Host Range Restriction of Virus VP4. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122826. [PMID: 36560830 PMCID: PMC9781963 DOI: 10.3390/v14122826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on rotavirus C (RVC) infection is lacking, partly because the prevalence of RVC among humans and animals worldwide is undefined. Data on the characteristics of the P genotype among RVC strains are also required. We performed systematic searches on the infection rates of RVC since 1980 based on the literature and gene sequences of the PubMed and GenBank databases. A phylogenetic tree of VP4 genes was constructed to evaluate the distribution of the P genotype of RVC from various hosts. The specific mutation motifs in VP8* with P [2]/P [4]/P [5] specificity were analyzed to elucidate their roles in host range restriction. The rate of RVC infection in humans has fallen from 3% before 2009 to 1%, whereas in animals it has risen from 10% to 25%. The P genotype of RVC showed strict host species specificity, and current human RVC infections are exclusively caused by genotype P [2]. In the VP8* hemagglutinin domain of the P [4]/P [5] genotype of swine RVC, specific insertion or deletion were found relative to the human P [2] genotype, and these motifs are a possible critical factor for host range restriction. Our findings highlight the need for further epidemiological surveillance, preventive strategies, and elucidation of the factors involved in the specific host range restriction of RVC-circulating strains.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kamani J, González-Miguel J, Msheliza EG, Goldberg TL. Straw-Colored Fruit Bats ( Eidolon helvum) and Their Bat Flies ( Cyclopodia greefi) in Nigeria Host Viruses with Multifarious Modes of Transmission. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:545-552. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kamani
- Parasitology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - Javier González-Miguel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Emmanuel G. Msheliza
- Parasitology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Quarleri J, Galvan V, Delpino MV. Henipaviruses: an expanding global public health concern? GeroScience 2022; 44:2447-2459. [PMID: 36219280 PMCID: PMC9550596 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses of the genus Henipavirus, family Paramyxoviridae that cause severe disease outbreaks in humans and also can infect and cause lethal disease across a broad range of mammalian species. Another related Henipavirus has been very recently identified in China in febrile patients with pneumonia, the Langya virus (LayV) of probable animal origin in shrews. NiV and HeV were first identified as the causative agents of severe respiratory and encephalitic disease in the 1990s across Australia and Southern Asia with mortality rates reaching up to 90%. They are responsible for rare and sporadic outbreaks with no approved treatment modalities. NiV and HeV have wide cellular tropism that contributes to their high pathogenicity. From their natural hosts bats, different scenarios propitiate their spillover to pigs, horses, and humans. Henipavirus-associated respiratory disease arises from vasculitis and respiratory epithelial cell infection while the neuropathogenesis of Henipavirus infection is still not completely understood but appears to arise from dual mechanisms of vascular disease and direct parenchymal brain infection. This brief review offers an overview of direct and indirect mechanisms of HeV and NiV pathogenicity and their interaction with the human immune system, as well as the main viral strategies to subvert such responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Verónica Galvan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - M Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
McGowan J, Borucki M, Omairi H, Varghese M, Vellani S, Chakravarty S, Fan S, Chattopadhyay S, Siddiquee M, Thissen JB, Mulakken N, Moon J, Kimbrel J, Tiwari AK, Taylor RT, Kang DW, Jaing C, Chakravarti R, Chattopadhyay S. SARS-CoV-2 Monitoring in Wastewater Reveals Novel Variants and Biomarkers of Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:2032. [PMID: 36146835 PMCID: PMC9503862 DOI: 10.3390/v14092032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a popular tool for the early indication of community spread of infectious diseases. WBE emerged as an effective tool during the COVID-19 pandemic and has provided meaningful information to minimize the spread of infection. Here, we present a combination of analyses using the correlation of viral gene copies with clinical cases, sequencing of wastewater-derived RNA for the viral mutants, and correlative analyses of the viral gene copies with the bacterial biomarkers. Our study provides a unique platform for potentially using the WBE-derived results to predict the spread of COVID-19 and the emergence of new variants of concern. Further, we observed a strong correlation between the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and changes in the microbial community of wastewater, particularly the significant changes in bacterial genera belonging to the families of Lachnospiraceae and Actinomycetaceae. Our study shows that microbial biomarkers could be utilized as prediction tools for future infectious disease surveillance and outbreak responses. Overall, our comprehensive analyses of viral spread, variants, and novel bacterial biomarkers will add significantly to the growing body of literature on WBE and COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna McGowan
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Monica Borucki
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Hicham Omairi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo College of Engineering, Toledo, OH 43607, USA
| | - Merina Varghese
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shahnaz Vellani
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Sukanya Chakravarty
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shumin Fan
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Srestha Chattopadhyay
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Mashuk Siddiquee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo College of Engineering, Toledo, OH 43607, USA
| | - James B. Thissen
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Nisha Mulakken
- Computing Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Joseph Moon
- Computing Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kimbrel
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
- Center for Medical Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Roger Travis Taylor
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Dae-Wook Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo College of Engineering, Toledo, OH 43607, USA
| | - Crystal Jaing
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Ritu Chakravarti
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang L, Jiang Z, Zhou Z, Sun J, Yan S, Gao W, Shao Y, Bai Y, Wu Y, Yan Z, Sheng S, Lai A, Su S. A TaqMan Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Subtypes G1 and G2, and Porcine Rotavirus Groups A and C. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081819. [PMID: 36016441 PMCID: PMC9413770 DOI: 10.3390/v14081819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine viral diarrhea diseases affect the swine industry, resulting in significant economic losses. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) genotypes G1 and G2, and groups A and C of the porcine rotavirus, are major etiological agents of severe gastroenteritis and profuse diarrhea, particularly among piglets, with mortality rates of up to 100%. Based on the high prevalence rate and frequent co-infection of PEDV, RVA, and RVC, close monitoring is necessary to avoid greater economic losses. We have developed a multiplex TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR for the rapid simultaneous detection and differentiation of PEDV subtypes G1 and G2, RVA, and RVC. This test is highly sensitive, as the detection limits were 20 and 100 copies/μL for the G1 and G2 subtypes of PEDV, respectively, and 50 copies/μL for RVA and RVC, respectively. Eighty-eight swine clinical samples were used to evaluate this new test. The results were 100% in concordance with the standard methods. Since reassortment between porcine and human rotaviruses has been reported, this multiplex test not only provides a basis for the management of swine diarrheal viruses, but also has the potential to impact public health as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiwen Jiang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zitong Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiumeng Sun
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shiyu Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenting Gao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuekun Shao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuhe Bai
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zefei Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shouzhi Sheng
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Alexander Lai
- School of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA
| | - Shuo Su
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tabish SA, Nabil S. An Age of Emerging and Reemerging Pandemic Threats. Health (London) 2022. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2022.1410073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
|