1
|
Schmidt F, Varese F, Larkin A, Bucci S. The Mental Health and Social Implications of Nonconsensual Sharing of Intimate Images on Youth: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:2158-2172. [PMID: 37970838 PMCID: PMC11155207 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231207896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the sending and sharing of sexual images among youth has become normalized. An associated risk of sharing sexual images is the images being nonconsensually shared among peers or uploaded online. This is the first review to systematically identify, summarize, and critically evaluate existing research on the mental health and social impact of nonconsensual sharing of sexual images (NCSSI) on youth. Database (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus) and manual searches were conducted to identify eligible studies. A narrative synthesis and a Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool were used for quality analysis. Of 4,013 articles retrieved, 13 met the eligibility criteria. The findings suggest that NCSSI is associated with negative mental health and social repercussions. Five quantitative studies found evidence suggestive of increased depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation in young people following NCSSI. The identified qualitative evidence highlighted a range of adverse impacts in the social lives of those affected, including associated bullying, harassment, and victim-blaming attitudes that many individuals face following an experience of NCSSI, which may contribute to a negative sense of self and exacerbate distress. Some of the identified studies used unvalidated tools to assess mental health outcomes, and mainly measured depression and anxiety. Most studies more broadly discussed the sharing of sexual images rather than NCSSI specifically. Future research should adopt a narrow focus on the impact of NCSSI and use validated tools to measure various mental health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Filippo Varese
- The University of Manchester, UK
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Amanda Larkin
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Sandra Bucci
- The University of Manchester, UK
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dodaj A, Sesar K, Prijatelj K, Mandić S, Bursać SR. Risk Factors for Non-Consensual Sexting Among Adolescents and Emerging Adults: An Extension of the Routine Activity Theory Perspective. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:2583-2596. [PMID: 38862864 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02903-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Adolescence and emerging adulthood are developmental phases in which the exploration of one's own sexuality takes on a high priority, which can increase the risk of risky sexual behavior. Due to technological advances, (non-consensual) sexting has increased among young people and has become an integral part of their sexual socialization. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to examine non-consensual sexting (both victimization and perpetration) among adolescents and emerging adults and to identify potential risk factors associated with non-consensual sexting using routine activity theory. The sample consisted of a total of 3514 adolescents aged 10-17 years (43% males; 57% females) and 3674 emerging adults aged 18-25 years (23% males; 77% females) from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The results showed that both male adolescents and emerging adults were at higher risk for experiencing non-consensual sexting victimization. Personal factors such as gender, age, social bond, and routine cell phone activity predicted the risk of becoming a victim of non-consensual sexting in adolescents. For emerging adults, gender, social connection to friends, and routine cell phone use predicted the risk of becoming a victim of non-consensual sexting. Relationship status and routine cell phone activity predicted the forwarding of other sexts for both age groups. According to international scientific research and the findings of this particular study, we can conclude that the study of personal factors and routine variables helps understand non-consensual sexting among youth but is also essential in planning educational resources and preventive activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arta Dodaj
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Ulica Mihovila Pavlinovića 1, 23 000, Zadar, Croatia.
| | - Kristina Sesar
- Department of Psychology, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Krešimir Prijatelj
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Ulica Mihovila Pavlinovića 1, 23 000, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Sabina Mandić
- Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Radić Bursać
- Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dolev-Cohen M. Patterns of Sexting by Youths: A Latent Class Analysis. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2024; 50:679-690. [PMID: 38847270 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2024.2351430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Sexting (exchanging sexual correspondence in the online space) is considered a practice that expresses sexuality in the online space. Between adolescents, sexting can be part of a couple relationship or outside of it, and can be voluntary or coercive. Regardless of motives, sexting has been linked to various negative outcomes. Understanding the factors that influence sexting behavior is essential for developing effective prevention and intervention programs. The present study aimed to identify and compare different profiles of sexting behavior in adolescents using latent class analysis. Participants were 487 Israeli adolescents aged 14-19 (male N = 215, 44%, female N = 272, 56%) years who completed an online survey of demographic factors, online parental mediation, family and friend cohesion, and perception of sexting norms. Two distinct classes of individuals were identified: those who engage in sexting ("sexters") and those who do not ("non-sexters"). Sexters were more likely to be secular, and without a romantic partner. These findings may inform interventions aimed at preventing negative outcomes associated with adolescent sexting.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dolev-Cohen M, Nezer I, Zumt AA. A Qualitative Examination of School Counselors' Experiences of Sextortion Cases of Female Students in Israel. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2023; 35:903-926. [PMID: 36510813 PMCID: PMC10647905 DOI: 10.1177/10790632221145925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sextortion (a portmanteau of "sexual" and "extortion") is a relatively new phenomenon of sexual exploitation, which occurs when a person threatens another with the distribution of sexual content on the Internet, to obtain more pictures or videos, money, or have some other demand met. The current study examined how school counselors in Israel perceive the phenomenon of online sextortion. To this end, we conducted a qualitative study based on 20 semi-structured in-depth interviews with school counselors working in middle schools and high schools in Israel, who treated adolescent girls blackmailed over the Internet on sexual grounds. Findings indicate that the school counselors had difficulty in identifying and defining the cases they treated as instances of sextortion, and that in their view the harm was slight. Findings also indicate that school counselors associated the causes of sextortion with the victims and their backgrounds. We found differences between the Arab and secular and national-religious state education in the way Jewish counselors treated the victims and involved additional actors such as the victim's parents and the police. This underscores the importance of providing educational staff with adequate knowledge and tools that are culturally suited to the victims.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Inbar Nezer
- Oranim Academic College of Education, Tivon, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nutley SB, Burén J, Thorell LB. COVID-19 Restrictions Resulted in Both Positive and Negative Effects on Digital Media Use, Mental Health, and Lifestyle Habits. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6583. [PMID: 37623169 PMCID: PMC10454500 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20166583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
While studies have reported effects on digital media during the COVID-19 restrictions, few have included data prior to the pandemic, and most have only measured screen time. We therefore investigated changes in specific digital media activities, as well as mental health and lifestyle habits, in a longitudinal study of adolescents spanning from before the pandemic (T1) to one month into restrictions (T2) and one year later when schools had reopened (T3). Adolescents (16-19 years) rated smartphone use, problematic/addictive media use, negative experiences (e.g., victimization), mental health (i.e., irritability, stress, and closeness), and protective lifestyle habits (i.e., sleep and exercise). Results showed initial decreases in irritability and negative digital experiences, increases in sleep and exercise, as well as a decrease in closeness during remote learning (T2). However, these changes returned to, or superseded, their initial levels at follow-up (T3). There were also increases in digital media use and stress at T3. Conclusively, by investigating specific digital media activities and collecting data both prior to and during different phases of the pandemic, we were able to find both positive and negative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sissela B. Nutley
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden (L.B.T.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dolev-Cohen M. A Qualitative Study of How Israeli Arab Educational Counselors Handle Image-Based Sexual Abuse of Female Adolescents. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231179219. [PMID: 37278011 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231179219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) refers to the nonconsensual production, dissemination, or threat of dissemination of private sexual images of another. Arabs belong to a conservative society where the distribution of a nude photo constitutes a violation of the dignity of the family and may have serious consequences. Based on semistructured in-depth interviews, the present study examined how 32 Arab educational counselors in Israel handle IBSA. Findings suggest that counselors identified the victim as experiencing difficulties that allowed her to be harmed. Also, it was found that counselors were afraid it might harm the victims on the grounds of family honor. These findings indicate that it is necessary to find culturally sensitive solutions both for the prevention and treatment of this phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Dolev-Cohen
- Educational Counseling Program, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Oranim Academic College of Education, Tivon, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lunde C, Joleby M. Being Under Pressure to Sext: Adolescents' Experiences, Reactions, and Counter-Strategies. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:188-201. [PMID: 36059189 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study explored adolescents' experiences of being under pressure to sext (sending nude images), offering insights into what situations adolescents view as pressuring, how adolescents react to the pressure, and what counter-strategies they use. Written statements from 225 adolescents (age 13-16 years, M = 14.4 years, SD = 0.93) were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results indicated a range of situations including both explicit and implicit pressure. The pressure elicited different emotional responses, including severe physical and psychological reactions, becoming distressed, and being seemingly unconcerned. A majority of the adolescents reported successful strategies on how to ward off the unwanted sexual requests. This study provides insight into how young people cope with potentially harmful situations online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lunde
- University of Gothenburg and Swedish School of Sport Sciences
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lunde C, Burén J, Reinholdsson T, Daneback K. Sexting experiences and motivations among adolescents with ADHD and ASD. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
9
|
Ojeda M, Dodaj A, Sesar K, Del Rey R. “Some voluntarily and some under pressure”: Conceptualization, reasons, attitudes, and consequences of sexting among adolescents. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2022.101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
A triangulation study of young Women's motivations for sending nudes to men. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Sánchez-Jiménez V, Rodríguez-deArriba ML, Muñoz-Fernández N. Is This WhatsApp Conversation Aggressive? Adolescents' Perception of Cyber Dating Aggression. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP17369-NP17393. [PMID: 34215162 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211028011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated adolescents' understanding of cyber dating aggression in terms of frequency and aggressiveness: how prevalent they perceived cyber dating aggression among adolescents and how aggressive they perceived such behaviors to be. To do so, different WhatsApp scenarios were presented to adolescents, controlling for the typology of cyber dating aggression (verbal/emotional, controlling, or sexual) and its publicity (public or private cyber dating aggression). The moderating effect of gender and moral disengagement (MD) was also analyzed. A total of 262 adolescents (56.5% girls; mean age of 14.46 years) participated in the study and answered a computer-based questionnaire. General linear models revealed that adolescents consider cyber dating aggression to be present in most adolescent romantic relationships. Controlling online behavior was perceived as the most frequent and the least aggressive behavior. Adolescents rated private cyber aggression as more frequent and less aggressive than public cyber aggressions. Controlling for gender, girls reported that cyber dating aggression was more common and more severe than boys. Moreover, participants with high levels of MD perceived cyber dating aggressions to be less aggressive than participants with medium-low MD. This study reveals the significance of the type of cyber dating aggression, the public/private dimension, gender, and MD as variables that influence adolescent understanding of cyber dating aggression. These results have implications not only for the design of cyber dating aggression prevention programs but also for future research on cyber dating aggression.
Collapse
|
12
|
Okumu M, Logie CH, Ansong D, Mwima S, Hakiza R, Newman PA. Digital technologies, equitable gender norms, and sexual health practices across sexting patterns among forcibly displaced adolescents in the slums of kampala, Uganda. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Schulbasierte Prävention der missbräuchlichen Verbreitung freizügiger Fotos im Internet: Konzeption und Evaluation des SPuR-Programms. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2022; 71:362-383. [DOI: 10.13109/prkk.2022.71.4.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Sexting Motives and Attitudes: Bosnia and Herzegovina vs. Croatia. HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7606949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many sexting studies conducted in the Western cultures have shown that the percentage is higher in less traditional cultures. However, the generalizability of this phenomenon to non-Western cultures has not been extensively researched. The purpose of this study is to examine and explain cross-cultural differences in sexting behavior among subjects from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. A mixed methods approach was used. The first, qualitative phase included focus groups with two groups of high school students from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia (
), aged 15 to 19. In the second, quantitative phase, questionnaires were sent to 440 young adults with an average age of 21 years (
). From the interviews with the young people, nonconsensual sexting was perceived as less beneficial. Sexting was viewed as a double standard. The quantitative study revealed gender and country differences in attitudes toward sexting and motives for sexting. Positive attitudes toward sexting were found to predict different forms of sexting motives in both samples. In the sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina, age was found to predict sexting with instrumental motives and body image reinforcement motives. Gender, on the other hand, was found to be predictive of instrumental sexting motives in the Croatian sample and body image reinforcement sexting motives in the Bosnia and Herzegovina sample. This study illustrates the value of cross-cultural approaches combined with mixed methods as a design to study sexting behavior.
Collapse
|
15
|
Okumu M, Logie CH, Ansong D, Mwima S, Hakiza R, Newman PA. Support for Texting-Based Condom Negotiation Among Forcibly Displaced Adolescents in the Slums of Kampala, Uganda: Cross-sectional Validation of the Condom Use Negotiated Experiences Through Technology Scale. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2022; 8:e27792. [PMID: 35384852 PMCID: PMC9021939 DOI: 10.2196/27792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Promoting sexual health among forcibly displaced adolescents is a global public health priority. Digital sexual communication strategies (eg, sexting) may increase adolescents’ confidence in discussing sexual health issues and negotiating condom use. However, limited evidence exists describing validated measures for text-based condom negotiation in the literature. Objective This study helps fill this gap by adapting and examining the psychometric properties of a condom use experience through technology (condom use negotiated experiences through technology [CuNET]) scale. Methods Using peer network sampling, 242 forcibly displaced adolescents (aged 16-19 years) living in Kampala’s slums were recruited for participation between January and March 2018. A subscale (embarrassment to negotiate condom use) of the Multidimensional Condom Attitudes Scale was adapted to incorporate sexting, yielding CuNET. Participants were randomly assigned to calibration and validation subsamples to conduct exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to establish and validate the scale. CuNET measured participants’ support levels for texting-based condom negotiation via sexting based on gender, and multivariable logistic regression was used to explore its associations with sexual health outcomes (recent consistent condom use, access to sexual and reproductive health services, and lifetime sexually transmitted infection testing). Results The one-factor CuNET with the validation sample was valid (χ24=5.3; P=.26; root mean square error of approximation=0.05, 90% CI 0.00-0.16; comparative fit index=0.99; Tucker-Lewis index=0.99; standardized root mean square residual=0.006), and reliability (Cronbach α=.98). Adolescent girls showed significantly lower levels of support for using sexting to negotiate condom use (mean 13.60, SE 0.70 vs mean 21.48, SE 1.23; P=.001). In multivariable analyses, a 1-point increase in the CuNET score was associated with increased odds of recent consistent condom use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.73, 95% CI 1.24-2.41) but not with access to sexual and reproductive health services (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 0.99-2.30) or lifetime sexually transmitted infection testing (aOR 0.90, 95% CI 0.64-1.26). Conclusions The unidimensional CuNET scale is valid and reliable for forcibly displaced adolescents living in slums in Kampala, gender-sensitive, and relevant for predicting consistent condom use among urban displaced and refugee adolescents. Further development of this scale will enable a better understanding of how adolescents use digital tools for condom negotiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moses Okumu
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,School of Social Sciences, Uganda Christian University, Mukono, Uganda
| | - Carmen H Logie
- Factor Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment, and Health, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Ansong
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Simon Mwima
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.,Bukedi Prevention Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Hakiza
- Young African Refugees for Integral Development, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter A Newman
- Factor Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mori C, Park J, Temple JR, Madigan S. Are Youth Sexting Rates Still on the Rise? A Meta-analytic Update. J Adolesc Health 2022; 70:531-539. [PMID: 34916123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A meta-analysis of 39 studies (110,380 participants) from 2009 to 2015 indicated that youth sexting increased over time. To inform current practice and policy initiatives, this meta-analytic update of studies since 2016 examined if rates of youth sexting have continued to rise and whether youth sexting differs by age, sex, sexting methods, and geographical location. Electronic searches were conducted in March 2020 in Embase, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and Web of Science, yielding 1,101 nonduplicate records. Studies were included if they provided prevalence of youth sexting and data collection occurred ≥2016. Literature review and data extraction were conducted by following established PRISMA guidelines. All relevant data were extracted by two independent reviewers. To calculate mean prevalence rates, random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. Twenty-eight studies (N = 48,024) met inclusion criteria. The estimated pooled prevalence rates were as follows: (1) sending (19.3%), (2) receiving (34.8%), and (3) forwarding sexts without consent (14.5%). These prevalence rates are statistically similar to studies with data collected before 2016. In recent studies, females receive sexts at a higher rate than males, older youth are more likely to send sexts, and younger and older adolescents receive sexts at similar rates. Youth sexting rates have likely plateaued. Sexting education initiatives should begin early and encourage safe, ethical, and respectful online behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Mori
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julianna Park
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff R Temple
- Center for Violence Prevention, UTMB Health, Galveston, Texas
| | - Sheri Madigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ng MY, Harrison A, Bath E, Kemp K, Galbraith K, Brown LK, Tolou-Shams M. Sexting and Behavioral Health in First-time Justice-Involved Adolescents. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2022; 132:106298. [PMID: 37745773 PMCID: PMC10516529 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Objectives We examined the prevalence of sexting, related motivations, demographics, and association with behavioral health problems among justice-involved adolescents. Hypotheses We hypothesized positive associations between sexting and sexual risk, substance use, delinquency, and mental health problems. Methods Participants were 307 community-supervised justice-involved adolescents with a first-time offense (Mage =14.50 years, 44.6% female) and their caregivers. Adolescents answered questions on technology use and sexting by sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually suggestive text messages and images (pictures or videos). They also completed measures of recent (past 4-month) sexual activity, unprotected sex, cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use, and delinquency; current trauma symptoms, internalizing problems, and adaptive functioning. Results Prevalence of sexting were 37.7% (lifetime overall; 17.0% sent texts; 17.4% sent images) and 29.5% (past-year overall; 12.8% sent texts; 13.6% sent images). Sexts were commonly sent as presents to partners, in response to sexts received, or to have fun. "Sexters" were older than "non-sexters" and more likely to identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or questioning. Past-year sexting was significantly associated with recent sexual activity; unprotected sex; alcohol use and days of use; marijuana and other drug use; delinquency and variety of delinquent acts; and elevated trauma symptoms and internalizing problems. Conclusions Sexting is prevalent among adolescents with a first-time offense and co-occurs with multiple behavioral health needs. Intervention for this population may be informed by routinely assessing sexting in community settings. Familiarity with local reporting laws could help clinicians navigate the legal implications of sexting among adolescents with existing justice-system involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yi Ng
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, and Department of Psychology and Center for Children and Families, Florida International University
- Florida International University, Anna Harrison is now at the San Francisco VA Healthcare System, and Katharine Galbraith is now at the University of Southern California
| | - Anna Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, and Suicide Prevention Program, San Francisco VA Healthcare System
| | - Eraka Bath
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Kathleen Kemp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital
| | - Katharine Galbraith
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital
| | - Larry K Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bragard E, Fisher CB. Associations between sexting motivations and consequences among adolescent girls. J Adolesc 2022; 94:5-18. [PMID: 35353410 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 15% of adolescent girls in the United States have engaged in sexting. Although sexting frequency is similar across genders, adolescent girls report more negative consequences. To date, the majority of sexting research focuses on demographic and behavioral predictors of sexting frequency or onset and there is limited research on the associations between different sexting motivations and consequences. This cross-sectional study draws upon approach-avoidance motivation theory to examine how different sexting motivations serve as risk and protective factors related to negative sexting consequences and which motivations promote more positive experiences. METHOD A sample of 200 cisgender girls, 14-18 years, diverse with respect to race/ethnicity and geographical region, who had sexted a male recipient in the past year completed an online survey. RESULTS Regression analyses indicated that avoidance motivations sexting in response to peer pressure and popularity and sexting in response to male coercion were risk factors for negative sexting consequences. Sexual subjectivity (sexual body-esteem, entitlement to sexual pleasure, and sexual self-reflection) was a protective factor against negative sexting consequences and, along with sexting for sexual or romantic reasons, an approach motivation, was associated with experiencing more positive sexting consequences. CONCLUSION These findings support previous recommendations that schools incorporate ways to counter pressured sexting into existing cyberbullying or dating violence curricula and also align with a positive sexual development framework that acknowledges the importance of consensual and healthy sexual experiences during adolescence that minimize risks and vulnerabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Bragard
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Celia B Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, USA.,Center for Ethics Education, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Van Ouytsel J, Lu Y, Shin Y, Avalos BL, Pettigrew J. Sexting, pressured sexting and associations with dating violence among early adolescents. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Wu Y, Chen J, Guo S. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice of Child Sexual Abuse Prevention among Primary School Teachers: A Study in a City of Guangdong Province of China. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2021; 30:994-1005. [PMID: 34635028 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2021.1985675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the status of knowledge, attitudes, and educational practice of child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention among primary school teachers in a city of Guangdong province of China in order to provide baseline information for CSA prevention training for teachers. Teachers from 8 schools in a city of Guangdong province were surveyed, in May 2019, via an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. On the whole, primary school teachers had positive attitudes toward CSA prevention, but their knowledge and educational practice for CSA prevention were somewhat limited. Results of multiple logistic regression showed that older teachers (40 years or older) (OR = 1.692. 95%CI 1.135, 2.521), classroom teachers (OR = 1.877. 95%CI 1.269, 2.776), and teachers who had participated in training (OR = 4.293. 95%CI 2.907, 6.339) had more educational practice. The findings in this study could provide useful information for developing further CSA prevention education in primary schools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiao Wu
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jingqi Chen
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Suying Guo
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maes C, Vandenbosch L. Physically distant, virtually close: Adolescents' sexting behaviors during a strict lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021; 126:107033. [PMID: 34608353 PMCID: PMC8481129 DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study contextualizes Belgian adolescents' (12-18 years old) sexting behaviors between romantic and non-romantic partners during a strict lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey among 543 Belgian respondents (M age = 15.29, 68% girls) showed that 40.9% of the adolescents engaged in at least one type of sexting (i.e., type one = textual, type two = visual content with underwear/swimwear, type three = visual depiction of private parts, type four = visual depiction of sexual acts). Arousal needs were the most common reasons to sext (M = 3.33, SD = 1.89). Generalized ordered logit analyses show that higher arousal needs were linked to higher frequencies of the first three sexting types. Relational affirmation needs were related to the engagement in sexting type two, whereas partner pressure was related to sexting type three and four. Regarding the latter, a significant link was also found with stress regulation. Conditional relations emerged according to adolescents' sex, developmental status, and relationship status. The current study's findings not only help to inform practitioners in terms of behavioral advice for future pandemics or periods after social isolation, but can also offer explanations for (changes in) adolescents' sexting behaviors after the pandemic and the possible dual nature of its effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelly Maes
- School for Mass Communication Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Vandenbosch
- School for Mass Communication Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
King CK, Rings JA. Adolescent sexting: ethical and legal implications for psychologists. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2021.1983818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Callie K. King
- Department of Applied Psychology and Counselor Education, University of Northern Colorado
| | - Jeffrey A. Rings
- Department of Applied Psychology and Counselor Education, University of Northern Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tao X, Bragard E, Fisher CB. Risks and Benefits of Adolescent Girls' Participation in Online Sexting Survey Research. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:2335-2346. [PMID: 34374874 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasingly ubiquitous use of sexting among adolescent girls underscores the importance of empirical data on their sexting behaviors, motivations, and outcomes. To date, the majority of sexting studies have been conducted online; however, little is known about the extent to which responding to such socially sensitive questions may cause participant discomfort or distress. Research on this question is critical since in the absence of empirical data, institutional review boards (IRBs) may permit or place restrictions on online sexting studies based on an under- or overestimation of adolescent participation risk. The current online study asked 210 girls (aged 14-18 years, 55% non-Hispanic White, with sexting experience in the past 12 months) who previously registered to take online surveys on (1) their anticipated comfort in responding to a sexting survey include items on sexting motivations, positive and negative sexting consequences, and related sexual behaviors; (2) their perceptions of sexting research benefits/harms; and (3) comfort discussing similar topics in everyday life and with health professionals. Overall, participants were comfortable responding to sexting survey questions, rated sexting research as high benefits and low risks, and felt about the same as or more comfortable completing a sexting survey than discussing similar topics with peers, parents, or healthcare professionals. Findings suggest that anonymous online sexting studies can be classified as minimal risk research for adolescent girls and provide empirical support for IRB decisions to waive guardian permission for participation in such studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Tao
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 226 Dealy Hall, Rose Hill Campus, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA.
| | - Elise Bragard
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 226 Dealy Hall, Rose Hill Campus, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - Celia B Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 226 Dealy Hall, Rose Hill Campus, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
- Center for Ethics Education, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huntington C, Rhoades G. Associations of sexting with dating partners with adolescents’ romantic relationship behaviors and attitudes. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2021.1931096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Galena Rhoades
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bianchi D, Morelli M, Baiocco R, Cattelino E, Chirumbolo A. Patterns of love and sexting in teen dating relationships: The moderating role of conflicts. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2021; 2021:133-155. [PMID: 34109733 PMCID: PMC9292559 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
According to the triangular love theory, this study investigated the roles of three components of love (i.e., passion, intimacy, commitment) and the moderating role of conflicts in predicting different forms of sexting (i.e., experimental, nonconsensual, under pressure) in teen dating relationships. Participants were 409 adolescents (Mage = 17.20, SDage = 1.61; 62.6% girls) who completed an online questionnaire. Three moderated regressions were performed. Conflicts positively predicted all forms of sexting. Passion positively predicted experimental sexting. Intimacy negatively predicted experimental and nonconsensual sexting, and positively predicted sexting under pressure. Three interaction effects emerged, pointing out the moderating role of conflicts. Passion positively predicted nonconsensual sexting in the presence of high conflicts, while this relationship became negative when conflicts were low. Commitment negatively predicted nonconsensual sexting and sexting under pressure in the presence of high conflicts, but these relationships were not significant when conflicts were low. Research and applicative implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Bianchi
- Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Morelli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Baiocco
- Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Cattelino
- Department of Human and Social Science, University of Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Burén J, Holmqvist Gattario K, Lunde C. What Do Peers Think About Sexting? Adolescents’ Views of the Norms Guiding Sexting Behavior. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/07435584211014837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the content of injunctive peer norms (i.e., perceived peer approval) of sexting among Swedish adolescents. Written answers from 808 adolescents ( Mage = 14.22) to an open-ended question about peers’ views of sexting were analyzed qualitatively using content analysis. Eight categories were distinguished for when and why sexting is acceptable or not in the peer group. A substantial share of adolescents believed their peers approve of sexting, especially if sexting occurs within trusted relationships and when all parties have consented. A large share of adolescents described that peers were non-accepting of sexting, emphasizing that it can be spread to others. The participants also suggested that sexting is seen as a gendered phenomenon surrounded by sexual double standards, with girls at more risk of negative consequences. Some participants emphasized the peer view that adolescents sext to seek attention, and some emphasized that sexting is viewed as an enjoyable activity. Several of these categories’ likelihood to be mentioned was related to the adolescents’ age, gender, and prior experience of sexting. We concluded that adolescents might have a hard time navigating the social context of sexting, given the conflicting and gendered messages from peers.
Collapse
|
27
|
Tamarit A, Schoeps K, Peris-Hernández M, Montoya-Castilla I. The Impact of Adolescent Internet Addiction on Sexual Online Victimization: The Mediating Effects of Sexting and Body Self-Esteem. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084226. [PMID: 33923552 PMCID: PMC8072783 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents’ problematic use of the internet and the risk of sexual online victimization are an increasing concern among families, researchers, professionals and society. This study aimed to analyze the interplay between adolescents’ addiction to social networks and internet, body self-esteem and sexual–erotic risk behavior online: sexting, sextortion and grooming. While sexting refers to the voluntary engagement in texting sexual–erotic messages, sextortion and grooming are means of sexual–erotic victimization through the use of the internet. Participants were 1763 adolescents (51% girls), aged 12 to 16 years (M = 14.56; SD = 1.16), from public (n = 1068; 60.60%) and private (n = 695; 39.40%) high schools in the Basque Country (Spain). We carried out structural equation modeling (SEM) using Mplus to assess the mediating effects of body self-esteem in the relationship between addiction to social media and internet and sexual–erotic risk behavior. The results showed that internet addiction predicts online sexual victimization; specifically, the best predictors of sexting, sextortion and grooming victimization were symptoms of internet addiction and geek behavior. Body self-esteem and sexting mediated the relationship between internet addiction and sexual online victimization in adolescents. These results highlight the importance of attending to adolescents’ mental health regarding their online behavior, considering the risk and protective factors involved, due to its close association with online sexual victimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Tamarit
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.T.); (K.S.); (I.M.-C.)
| | - Konstanze Schoeps
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.T.); (K.S.); (I.M.-C.)
| | - Montserrat Peris-Hernández
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments of the University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Inmaculada Montoya-Castilla
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.T.); (K.S.); (I.M.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Foody M, Mazzone A, Laffan DA, Loftsson M, O'Higgins Norman J. “It's not just sexy pics”: An investigation into sexting behaviour and behavioural problems in adolescents. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
29
|
Mori C, Choi HJ, Temple JR, Madigan S. Patterns of sexting and sexual behaviors in youth: A Latent Class Analysis. J Adolesc 2021; 88:97-106. [PMID: 33684725 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A sizable minority of youth are sexting; however there are likely large individual differences in sexting and sexual behaviors, yet to be captured. A Latent Class Analysis was used to identify subgroups of youth characterized by differential engagement in sexting and sexual behaviors. METHODS Participants were an ethnically diverse sample of 894 youth (55.8% female; Mage = 17.04, SD = 0.77) from a longitudinal survey study in southeast Texas. Latent classes were identified through participants' responses to the following indicator variables: sending, receiving, and requesting sexts, sexual activity, contraception use, ≥ three partners, and substance use prior to sexual activity. Gender, ethnicity, impulsivity, and living situation were analyzed as predictors, and depressive symptoms as an outcome, of class membership. RESULTS The analysis revealed four distinct classes: No sexting-Low sex (42.2%), Sexting-Low sex (4.5%), No sexting-Moderately risky sex (28.3%), and Sexting-Moderately risky sex (24.9%). Gender and ethnicity predicted class membership wherein females and ethnic minority youth were less likely to be in groups displaying higher rates of sexting. Impulsivity and living situation predicted class membership, such that youth reporting higher impulsivity and living in a situation other than with two biological parents were less likely to be in classes displaying low sexting and sexual behaviors. Group membership predicted depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that not all youth who are sexting are having sex, and not all youth who are having sex are sexting. Evidence of individual differences in youth sexual behaviors should inform educational initiatives aimed at teaching youth about sexual and online health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Mori
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hye Jeong Choi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Missouri, 701 S. 5th St., Columbia, 65211, USA
| | - Jeff R Temple
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, UTMB Health, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Sheri Madigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Morelli M, Urbini F, Bianchi D, Baiocco R, Cattelino E, Laghi F, Sorokowski P, Misiak M, Dziekan M, Hudson H, Marshall A, Nguyen TTT, Mark L, Kopecky K, Szotkowski R, Toplu Demirtaş E, Van Ouytsel J, Ponnet K, Walrave M, Zhu T, Chen Y, Zhao N, Liu X, Voiskounsky A, Bogacheva N, Ioannou M, Synnott J, Tzani-Pepelasi K, Balakrishnan V, Okumu M, Small E, Pavlova Nikolova S, Drouin M, Chirumbolo A. The Relationship between Dark Triad Personality Traits and Sexting Behaviors among Adolescents and Young Adults across 11 Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052526. [PMID: 33806314 PMCID: PMC7967332 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Sexting is an increasingly common phenomenon among adolescents and young adults. Some studies have investigated the role of personality traits in different sexting behaviors within mainstream personality taxonomies like Big Five and HEXACO. However, very few studies have investigated the role of maladaptive personality factors in sexting. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between Dark Triad Personality Traits and experimental (i.e., sharing own sexts), risky (i.e., sexting under substance use and with strangers), and aggravated sexting (i.e., non-consensual sexting and sexting under pressure) across 11 countries. Methods: An online survey was completed by 6093 participants (Mage = 20.35; SDage = 3.63) from 11 different countries which covered four continents (Europe, Asia, Africa, and America). Participants completed the Sexting Behaviors Questionnaire and the 12-item Dark Triad Dirty Dozen scale. Results: Hierarchical regression analyses showed that sharing own sexts was positively predicted by Machiavellianism and Narcissism. Both risky and aggravated sexting were positively predicted by Machiavellianism and Psychopathy. Conclusions: The present study provided empirical evidence that different sexting behaviors were predicted by Dark Triad Personality Traits, showing a relevant role of Machiavellianism in all kinds of investigated sexting behaviors. Research, clinical, and education implications for prevention programs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Morelli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+39-06-4991-7677
| | - Flavio Urbini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.U.); (A.C.)
| | - Dora Bianchi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (R.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Roberto Baiocco
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (R.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Elena Cattelino
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Valle D’Aosta, 11100 Aosta, Italy;
| | - Fiorenzo Laghi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (R.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Piotr Sorokowski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, 50-527 Wrocław, Poland; (P.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Michal Misiak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, 50-527 Wrocław, Poland; (P.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Martyna Dziekan
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-658 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Heather Hudson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR 72035, USA;
| | - Alexandra Marshall
- College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Thanh Truc T. Nguyen
- College of Education, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; (T.T.T.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Lauren Mark
- College of Education, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; (T.T.T.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Kamil Kopecky
- Centre for Prevention of Risky Virtual Communication, Palacky University Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (R.S.)
| | - René Szotkowski
- Centre for Prevention of Risky Virtual Communication, Palacky University Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Ezgi Toplu Demirtaş
- Psychological Counseling and Guidance, MEF University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey;
| | - Joris Van Ouytsel
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.O.); (M.W.)
- Hugh Downs School of Human Communication, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Koen Ponnet
- Department of Communication Sciences, imec-mict-Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Michel Walrave
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.O.); (M.W.)
| | - Tingshao Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (N.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Ya Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (N.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Nan Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (N.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (N.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Alexander Voiskounsky
- Department of General Psychology, Lomonosow Moscow State University, 101000 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nataliya Bogacheva
- Department of Pedagogy and Medical Psychology, Sechenov University, 101000 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria Ioannou
- Department of Psychology, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (M.I.); (J.S.); (K.T.-P.)
| | - John Synnott
- Department of Psychology, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (M.I.); (J.S.); (K.T.-P.)
| | - Kalliopi Tzani-Pepelasi
- Department of Psychology, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (M.I.); (J.S.); (K.T.-P.)
| | - Vimala Balakrishnan
- Department of Information System, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Moses Okumu
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Eusebius Small
- School of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA;
| | - Silviya Pavlova Nikolova
- Department of Social Medicine and Healthcare Organization, Medical University-Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Michelle Drouin
- Department of Psychology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA;
| | - Antonio Chirumbolo
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.U.); (A.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
To send or not to send nudes: New Zealand girls critically discuss the contradictory gendered pressures of teenage sexting. WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wsif.2021.102448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
32
|
Barroso R, Ramião E, Figueiredo P, Araújo AM. Abusive Sexting in Adolescence: Prevalence and Characteristics of Abusers and Victims. Front Psychol 2021; 12:610474. [PMID: 33716872 PMCID: PMC7943630 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.610474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexting has been defined as sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages, images, or photos to others through digital platforms, and can assume more consensual or more abusive and violent forms. This study aims to explore the prevalence of abusive sexting in Portuguese adolescents and the psychological characteristics of sexting abusers in terms of emotional and behavioral problems, potential markers of psychopathy, childhood trauma and maltreatment, and different forms of aggression. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 4,281 participants, aged 12-20 years (2,264 girls and 2,017 boys), of whom 204 (4.8%) engaged in abusive sexting behaviors and 182 (4.3%) self-identified as being a non-consensual sexting victim. Abusive sexting was more common among boys and middle adolescents, and abusive sexting victims were more likely to be children of single-parent families. Engaging in abusive sexting and being a victim of abusive sexting were also related to behavioral and emotional problems, callousness, experiences of neglect and abuse in childhood, and various forms of aggression. Implications for future research and intervention are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Barroso
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Ramião
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Figueiredo
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M. Araújo
- Department of Psychology and Education, Portucalense University, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Slane A, Martin J, Rimer JR. Views and Attitudes about Youth Self-Produced Sexual Images among Professionals with Expertise in Child Sexual Abuse. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2021; 30:207-229. [PMID: 33586639 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2021.1875095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of youth self-produced sexual images (SPSI) raises complex practice challenges for professionals supporting victims of sexual abuse. This paper examines the views and perspectives about youth SPSI among professionals with expertise in child sexual abuse, who in the course of a study on child sexual abuse images, commonly raised SPSI without prompting. Eighty-four participants from three professional sectors (Internet child exploitation law enforcement, child protection, and children's mental health) took part in 12 focus groups, the analysis of which indicates that most participants regarded youth SPSI as a complex social phenomenon, and had trouble fitting it into their existing professional expertise. Participants were immersed in larger cultural narratives about youth sexual agency, the dangers of constantly evolving technology, and the digital age compounding generational differences. Lack of clarity about when and whether a young person requires support and/or legal intervention arose from a tangled web of punitive, permissive, and ambivalent perspectives on youth SPSI. Professionals experienced with victims of sexual abuse focused on SPSI as opposed to child abuse images, and struggled to distinguish between what is normal versus problematic youth sexuality in the digital age, confounding efforts to settle on appropriate legal and support responses and interventions.
Collapse
|
34
|
The risk of sexual-erotic online behavior in adolescents – Which personality factors predict sexting and grooming victimization? COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
35
|
Molla Esparza C, Nájera P, López-González E, Losilla JM. Development and Validation of the Adolescent Sexting Scale (A-SextS) with a Spanish Sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218042. [PMID: 33142818 PMCID: PMC7663141 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
“Sexting” is generally defined as the exchange of sexual media content via the internet. However, research on this topic has underscored the need to seek greater consensus when considering different conceptual elements that make up this definition. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an instrument for measuring sexting among adolescents, in order to cover a gap identified in the previous literature. The Adolescent Sexting Scale (A-SextS for short) was developed for validation on a sample of 579 Spanish secondary school pupils between the ages of 11 and 18. Evidence for face, content, concurrent, and criterion validity were assessed. A comprehensive set of 64 items, covering six defining characteristics of sexting (e.g., actions, recipient, media format, degree of sexual explicitness), was constructed after conducting an extensive literature review, two discussion groups, and a pilot study. Sexting prevalence rates measured by A-SextS were mostly concurrent with those found in previous studies. A-SextS subscales produced statistically significant positive associations with pornography consumption and physical sexual intercourse. The study shows that A-SextS can be an integrating instrument that facilitates a rigorous and comprehensive assessment of adolescent sexting experiences, as well as the formulation of an operationalized definition of the practice of sexting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Molla Esparza
- Department of Research Methods and Educational Diagnosis, Faculty of Philosophy and Educational Sciences, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez 30, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pablo Nájera
- Department of Social Psychology and Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Cantoblanco Campus, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Emelina López-González
- Department of Research Methods and Educational Diagnosis, Faculty of Philosophy and Educational Sciences, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez 30, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Josep-Maria Losilla
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Carrer Fortuna Edifici B, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Glowacz F, Goblet M. Sexting à l’adolescence : des frontières
de l’intimité du couple à l’extimité à risque. ENFANCES, FAMILLES, GÉNÉRATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.7202/1070310ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadre de la recherche : À l’adolescence,
les relations amoureuses jouent un rôle significatif et offrent un espace où les
adolescents approfondissent le développement de leurs compétences émotionnelles,
sociales et cognitives, qu’ils avaient déjà élaborées dans la sphère familiale
et avec leurs amis. À l’ère du numérique, l’intimité dans les relations
amoureuses des adolescents se teste et se construit dans un espace social
s’inscrivant à la fois dans le monde réel et dans l’espace virtuel. Le sexting,
nouvelle modalité de régulation de l’intimité envisagée sous le prisme de
l’extimité dans un environnement dominé par les technologies numériques, soulève
des questions quant aux risques réels et perçus par les jeunes et aux frontières
de l’intime.
Objectifs : Nos études visent à mieux
définir les contextes et motivations aux pratiques de sexting, les usages
abusifs et les liens avec les cyberviolences, les représentations et risques
perçus par les adolescents, ainsi que les perspectives et les besoins de
prévention tels que les jeunes les envisagent.
Méthodologie : Deux études ont été
menées en Belgique auprès d’adolescents (étude 1 : N= 1321 - 45 % garçons - âge
moyen : 15,1 ans [ÉT =2,1] et étude 2 : N= 340 - 65 %
garçons - âge moyen : 15,6 ans [ÉT =1,7]). Un
questionnaire a été proposé aux participants rencontrés au sein des
établissements scolaires dans le cadre de passations collectives.
Résultats : Au sein de l’étude 1, 18,7 %
des participants et 26 % dans l’étude 2 déclarent avoir déjà envoyé ou posté des
messages, photos ou vidéos sexy d’eux-mêmes. Les garçons sont plus susceptibles
que les filles d’avoir pratiqué le sexting au moins une fois et plus
spécifiquement d’avoir posté ce type de contenus en ligne. Plus de 60 % des
adolescents garçons et filles destinaient ces contenus à un partenaire amoureux.
Quant aux prévalences de victimisation, 17,1 % des participants rapportent avoir
déjà été victimes d’au moins une forme de cyberviolences sexuelles et/ou
sexistes, soit la diffusion non consentie de messages ou images à caractère
sexuel, ou menaces d’agir de la sorte, et la réception de messages insultants ou
rumeurs à caractère sexuel.
Conclusions : Inscrite dans une
exploration de la sexualité adolescente, la pratique du sexting est mise au
service de l’extimité dans une poursuite des tâches développementales. Pourtant
elle est susceptible de donner lieu à d’importantes dérives et de permettre la
reproduction virtuelle de violences et d’attitudes sexistes et déshumanisantes.
Les besoins de prévention suggérés tant par les filles que par les garçons
traduisent entre autres le besoin d’un cadre contenant pour réguler ces
pratiques.
Contribution : La prévention dans le
domaine de la vie sexuelle et affective, incluant le sexting, reste la voie pour
éduquer et sécuriser les adolescents aux saines pratiques en la matière, et ce,
dès l’enfance dans le cadre scolaire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Glowacz
- Professeure, Psychologie clinique de la délinquance, Unité de Recherche ARCh, Université de Liège,
| | - Margot Goblet
- Chercheure, Psychologie clinique de la délinquance, Unité de Recherche ARCh, Université de Liège,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bélanger Lejars VO, Bélanger CH, Razmak J. Exploring new measures of online sexual activities, device use, and gender differences. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
38
|
Douglass CH, Wright CJC, Davis AC, Lim MSC. Non-consensual sharing of personal sexually explicit imagery among young people in Australia: results from an online survey. Sex Health 2020; 17:182-186. [PMID: 32135074 DOI: 10.1071/sh19147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Consensual sharing of personal sexually explicit imagery (SEI) is part of young people's sexual practise; however, harms arise if content is shared without consent. Australians aged 15-29 years were recruited for an online survey. Participants indicated if they had ever sent SEI of themselves to someone else, received SEI directly from the person in the imagery and whether they thought it was illegal to forward SEI without consent. Participants reported whether anyone shared their SEI without permission, if they told people, made official reports or if there were consequences for perpetrator(s). Logistic regression was used to identify associations between victimisation, gender, age group, sexual identity and knowledge of SEI-related law. In total, 1007 participants (65% female, mean age 23 years, 67% heterosexual) were recruited; 63% sent personal SEI to another person, 71% received SEI from the person pictured and 77% correctly identified it is illegal to forward SEI without consent. Thirteen percent (n = 126) indicated another person forwarded personal SEI without consent. In univariate analysis, victimisation was associated with identifying as non-heterosexual (odds ratio = 1.51, confidence interval = 1.03-2.22), but was independent from age group, gender and knowledge. In multivariate analysis, sexual identity, age group, gender and knowledge were not significantly associated with victimisation. Among participants who experienced non-consensual sharing of personal SEI, 63% told friends, 10% told family, 93% made no official report and 94% reported no consequences for perpetrator(s). Initiatives are needed to promote legal rights and enable young people to seek support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin H Douglass
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia; and School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 235 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Vic. 3053, Australia; and Corresponding author.
| | - Cassandra J C Wright
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia; and School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Plenty Road and Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia
| | - Angela C Davis
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia; and School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia
| | - Megan S C Lim
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia; and School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 235 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Vic. 3053, Australia; and School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Choi HJ, Mori C, Van Ouytsel J, Madigan S, Temple JR. Adolescent Sexting Involvement Over 4 Years and Associations With Sexual Activity. J Adolesc Health 2019; 65:738-744. [PMID: 31277988 PMCID: PMC6874725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate how demographic factors, dating, and sexual behaviors are related to both initial and changing rates of sexting over time, we examined sexting involvement among ethnically diverse adolescents over a 4-year period. METHODS A total of 1,042 participants from seven public high schools throughout southeast Texas (Dating it Safe study) were asked yearly about sexting involvement, as well as sexual and dating behaviors. RESULTS Using latent growth curve modeling, results revealed that males and white participants had greater initial involvement in sexting compared with females and Hispanic and other ethnicities, respectively. In addition, we found that sexting significantly increased over the 4-year period. Finally, participants who had sex and who had more dating partners at each wave were significantly more likely to be involved in sexting than their counterparts, even after controlling for their initial sexting involvement. CONCLUSIONS Involvement in sexting increases steadily from adolescence into emerging adulthood. The present study extends prior research by identifying a longitudinal association between sexting and sexual activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeong Choi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
| | - Camille Mori
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Sheri Madigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff R. Temple
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, UTMB Health, Galveston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Van Ouytsel J, Walrave M, Ponnet K. An Exploratory Study of Sexting Behaviors Among Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Early Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2019; 65:621-626. [PMID: 31473082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although research on adolescent sexting-the sending of self-made sexually explicit pictures through digital media-has increased in recent years, prior studies have primarily focused on older youth and the act of sending of such images. Little is known about the experiences of early adolescent sexual minority youth, who might be particularly vulnerable to abusive forms of sexting. To address this gap in the literature, we aim to investigate differences in the prevalence of a wide range of sexting behaviors among a convenience sample of heterosexual and sexual minority early adolescents. METHODS A survey was conducted among 3,109 adolescents (53.5% girls; n = 1,647) aged between 12 and 15 years (mean = 13.01 years; standard deviation = .83). We examined differences in sexting behavior by sexual orientation, controlling for gender, age, and amount of Internet use. RESULTS The results show that sexual minority youth were more likely to have sent, received, and asked for sexting images. They were also more likely to have experienced pressure to send sexually explicit pictures. There were no associations between sexual minority status and the perpetration of nonconsensual forms of sexting. CONCLUSIONS Several types of sexting were not uncommon among heterosexual and sexual minority youth. Clinicians and counselors should be aware that sexual minority youth are more likely to experience, but not to perpetrate, abusive sexting behaviors. The results underscore the need for educational efforts to focus on resilience training for sexual minority adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joris Van Ouytsel
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Michel Walrave
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Ponnet
- Department of Communication Studies, IMEC-MICT-Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Casas JA, Ojeda M, Elipe P, Del Rey R. Exploring which factors contribute to teens' participation in sexting. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
42
|
Ojeda M, Del Rey R, Hunter SC. Longitudinal relationships between sexting and involvement in both bullying and cyberbullying. J Adolesc 2019; 77:81-89. [PMID: 31655376 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexting is a new way to explore sexuality among adolescents that can be associated with bullying behaviors. Previous studies have focused on peer-victimization but relationships between bullying and different forms of sexting have not been explored. This study evaluates the reciprocal relationships between the perpetration of traditional bullying, cyberbullying, and four forms of sexting (sending, receiving, third-party forwarding, and receiving sexts via an intermediary). METHODS The sample consisted of 1736 Spanish High School students (46.3% female; Mage = 13.60, SD = 1.25). Four direct questions were used to assess sexting, the EBIPQ to measure traditional bullying and the ECIPQ to evaluate cyberbullying. These measures were completed twice, four months apart. A cross-lagged panel analysis evaluated the reciprocal associations of all study measures. RESULTS Traditional bullying and cyberbullying were positively, reciprocally associated with each other. Generally, those young people who engaged in sexting at T1 were more likely to report engaging in sexting at T2. Third-party forwarding of sexts (forwarding on sexts which have been sent to a young person by others) displays clear relationships with bullying. Young people who reported using traditional bullying behaviours at T1 were more likely to report third-party forwarding of sexual content at T2. Bullies are more likely to later report third-party forwarding of sexts. CONCLUSIONS A focus on bullying behavior may be important for intervention efforts targeting to prevent possible negative outcomes of engaging in sexting. Recommendations are provided for educational and prevention efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Ojeda
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Camilo José Cela S/N, 41018, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Rosario Del Rey
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Education, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Pirotecnia 19, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Simon C Hunter
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, 40 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1QE, UK; Graduate School of Education, 35 Stirling Highway, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Quayle E, Cariola L. Management of non-consensually shared youth-produced sexual images: A Delphi study with adolescents as experts. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 95:104064. [PMID: 31279956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is an increased availability of online child abuse images, a proportion of which is created by young people in coercive and non- coercive relationships (sexting). OBJECTIVES This Delphi study with adolescents as "experts" who had taken and shared sexual images, was conducted to identify appropriate responses to sexting where images are shared without consent and identify indicators of distress and ways to facilitate disclosure when the sharing of images causes anxiety or is associated with further victimization. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 124 adolescents from the United Kingdom completed an online survey. All self-identified as taking and sharing sexual images of themselves. 45 provided full survey responses (73% female; mean age 16.24) and of these 23 completed the second round. Recruitment was through social media and local schools. METHODS An online two-round Delphi method was completed using a vignettes-based questionnaire. To assess consensus, a defined average percentage agreement (80% cut-off) was used. Qualitative content analysis identified relevant themes in responses to Round 1 which informed the Round 2 items. RESULTS In the first round 60 items were identified that endorsed views of problem identification, facilitation of disclosure, proportionate responding, and problem management. Overall, participants agreed that the clear majority of statements identified in Round 2 were important and thus achieved consensus. CONCLUSIONS This study represents a novel and inclusive approach through the formation of an expert panel of young people. These views may inform appropriate victim-centered management of cases where images have been shared without permission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Quayle
- Clinical & Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Laura Cariola
- Clinical & Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Del Rey R, Ojeda M, Casas JA, Mora-Merchán JA, Elipe P. Sexting Among Adolescents: The Emotional Impact and Influence of the Need for Popularity. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1828. [PMID: 31496968 PMCID: PMC6712510 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexting refers to the exchange of sexual content material via technological devices. The definitions of this phenomenon vary greatly, mainly, depending on the types of sexting: primary and secondary. Besides the above, there is no common perspective on whether sexting is a risk behavior that entails some type of impact by itself or not and, in such a case, whether this impact varies according to gender. In addition, the need to be popular has shown to be a factor that could increase the probability of being involved in sexting. The present study analyzes the potential emotional impact of sexting as well as the effect of the need for popularity on this phenomenon and if it varies according to gender. The sample comprised 2,356 high school students (46.8% female, 53.2% male; age range 11-18 years old, M = 13.72; SD = 1.31) belonging to 12 compulsory secondary education (ESO) schools from the south of Spain. To assess sexting implication, four questions were presented to participants (sending, receiving, forwarding, and receiving sexts via intermediary). Scales, self-report, about emotional impact (depressed, annoyed, and active) and need for popularity were also applied. The results obtained show that, although sexting has a clear emotional impact on adolescents, it does not appear to generate a negative impact among those involved, at least in the short term. Concretely, this phenomenon seems to trigger emotions related to activation in boys and girls (I feel lively, energetic, satisfied, ready, determined, active). Additionally, with respect to the need for popularity, its relevance, specially, in relation to active emotional impact has been confirmed by the analyses. Statistical models found for boys and girls were similar. In addition, some differences in emotional impact by gender were found, girls feeling more depressed and annoyed in secondary sexting, and boys more active regarding both types of sexting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Del Rey
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Mónica Ojeda
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José A. Casas
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Joaquín A. Mora-Merchán
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Paz Elipe
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Jaén, Jaen, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Van Ouytsel J, Walrave M, Ponnet K. Sexting within adolescents' romantic relationships: How is it related to perceptions of love and verbal conflict? COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
46
|
Strasburger VC, Zimmerman H, Temple JR, Madigan S. Teenagers, Sexting, and the Law. Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2018-3183. [PMID: 30988023 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of teen sexting emerged as a result of the proliferation of digital technology. More than 40 studies have established that teen sexting occurs relatively frequently and is a rising trend, commensurate with the ubiquity of smartphone ownership in teens. Studies have shown that sexting is associated with incidences of increased sexual behavior. US state laws on sexting vary widely, from decriminalization to misdemeanor charges or prosecution for child pornography with harsh sentences. Teen behavior and digital invention have outpaced the development of new laws, and this has the potential to have dire legal ramifications for teens. Separating consensual sexting from nonconsensual sexting and actual child pornography is a critical next step for law enforcement agencies and policy makers to catch up to technology. In this article, we argue that consensual teen-to-teen sexting does not warrant law enforcement involvement but rather is a health and education issue that is better addressed at home, in schools, and in primary care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Strasburger
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
| | | | - Jeff R Temple
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Sheri Madigan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; and.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between sexting, online sexual solicitations, and cyberbullying among minors. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|