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Liu Z, Xu Y. Polyparameter Linear Free Energy Relationships for Partitioning of Neutral Organic Compounds to Storage Lipids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10786-10795. [PMID: 38838217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Storage lipids are an important compartment in the bioaccumulation of neutral organic compounds. Reliable models for predicting storage lipid-water and storage lipid-air partition coefficients (Kislip/w and Kislip/a), as well as their temperature dependence, are considered useful. Polyparameter linear free energy relationships (PP-LFERs) are accurate, general, and mechanistically clear models for predicting partitioning-related physicochemical quantities. About a decade ago, PP-LFERs were calibrated for Kislip/w at the physiological temperature of 37 °C. However, to date, a comprehensive collection and sufficiently reliable PP-LFERs for Kislip/w and Kislip/a at the most common standard temperature of 25 °C are still lacking. In this study, experimentally based Kislip/w and/or Kislip/a values at 25 °C for 278 compounds were extensively collected or converted from the literature. Subsequently, PP-LFERs were calibrated for Kislip/w and Kislip/a at 25 °C, performing well over 10 orders of magnitude with root-mean-square errors of 0.17-0.21 log units for compounds with reliable descriptors. Furthermore, standard internal energy changes of transfer from water or air to storage lipids for 158 compounds were derived and used to calibrate PP-LFERs for estimating the temperature dependence of Kislip/w or Kislip/a. Additionally, using PP-LFERs, low-density polyethylene was confirmed to be a better storage lipid analogue than silicone and polyoxymethylene in the equilibrium passive sampling of nonpolar and H-bond acceptor polar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheming Liu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
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2
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Padioleau A, Cariou R, Guiffard I, Le Bizec B, Escher BI, Antignac JP, Dervilly G. Non-targeted analysis of lipidic extracts by high-resolution mass spectrometry to characterise the chemical exposome: Comparison of four clean-up strategies applied to egg. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123963. [PMID: 38101287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Biota samples are used to monitor chemical stressors and their impact on the ecosystem and to describe dietary chemical exposure. These complex matrices require an extraction step followed by clean-up to avoid damaging sensitive analytical instruments based on chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. While interest for non-targeted analysis (NTA) is increasing, there is no versatile or generic sample preparation for a wide range of contaminants suitable for a diversity of biotic matrices. Among the contaminants' variety, persistent contaminants are mostly hydrophobic (mid- to non-polar) and bio-magnify through the lipidic fraction. During their extraction, lipids are generally co-extracted, which may cause matrix effect during the analysis such as hindering the acquired signal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of four clean-up methods to selectively remove lipids from extracts prior to NTA. We evaluated (i) gel permeation chromatography (GPC), (ii) Captiva EMR-lipid cartridge (EMR), (iii) sulphuric acid degradation (H2SO4) and (iv) polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) for their efficiency to remove lipids from hen egg extracts. Gas and liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry fitted with either electron ionisation or electrospray ionisation sources operating in positive and negative modes were used to determine the performances of the clean-up methods. A set of 102 chemicals with a wide range of physico-chemical properties that covers the chemical space of mid- to non-polar contaminants, was used to assess and compare recoveries and matrix effects. Matrix effects, that could hinder the mass spectrometer signal, were lower for extracts cleaned-up with H2SO4 than for the ones cleaned-up with PDMS, EMR and GPC. The recoveries were satisfactory for both GPC and EMR while those determined for PDMS and H2SO4 were low due to poor partitioning and degradation/dissociation of the compounds, respectively. The choice of the clean-up methods, among those assessed, should be a compromise that takes into account the matrix under consideration, the levels and the physico-chemical properties of the contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Beate I Escher
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Reiter EB, Escher BI, Rojo-Nieto E, Nolte H, Siebert U, Jahnke A. Characterizing the marine mammal exposome by iceberg modeling, linking chemical analysis and in vitro bioassays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1802-1816. [PMID: 37132588 PMCID: PMC10647987 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00033h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study complements work on mixture effects measured with in vitro bioassays of passive equilibrium sampling extracts using the silicone polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in organs from marine mammals with chemical profiling. Blubber, liver, kidney and brain tissues of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), ringed seal (Phoca hispida) and orca (Orcinus orca) from the North and Baltic Seas were investigated. We analyzed 117 chemicals including legacy and emerging contaminants using gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and quantified 70 of those chemicals in at least one sample. No systematic differences between the organs were found. Only for single compounds a clear distribution pattern was observed. For example, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, enzacamene and etofenprox were mainly detected in blubber, whereas tonalide and the hexachlorocyclohexanes were more often found in liver. Furthermore, we compared the chemical profiling with the bioanalytical results using an iceberg mixture model, evaluating how much of the biological effect could be explained by the analyzed chemicals. The mixture effect predicted from the quantified chemical concentrations explained 0.014-83% of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor activating effect (AhR-CALUX), but less than 0.13% for the activation of the oxidative stress response (AREc32) and peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor (PPARγ). The quantified chemicals also explained between 0.044-45% of the cytotoxic effect measured with the AhR-CALUX. The largest fraction of the observed effect was explained for the orca, which was the individuum with the highest chemical burden. This study underlines that chemical analysis and bioassays are complementary to comprehensively characterize the mixture exposome of marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva B Reiter
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisa Rojo-Nieto
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hannah Nolte
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Werftstr. 6, 25761, Büsum, Germany
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
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4
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Rojo-Nieto E, Jahnke A. Chemometers: an integrative tool for chemical assessment in multimedia environments. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3193-3205. [PMID: 36826793 PMCID: PMC10013656 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06882f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
We propose novel chemometers - passive equilibrium samplers of, e.g., silicone - as an integrative tool for the assessment of hydrophobic organic compounds in multimedia environments. The traditional way of assessing levels of organic pollutants across different environmental compartments is to compare the chemical concentration normalized to the major sorptive phase in two or more media. These sorptive phases for hydrophobic organic compounds differ between compartments, e.g., lipids in biota and organic carbon in sediments. Hence, comparability across media can suffer due to differences in sorptive capacities, but also extraction protocols and bioavailability. Chemometers overcome these drawbacks; they are a common, universal and well-defined polymer reference phase for sampling of a large range of nonpolar organic pollutants in different matrices like biota, sediment and water. When bringing the chemometer into direct contact with the sample, the chemicals partition between the sample and the polymer until thermodynamic equilibrium partitioning is established. At equilibrium, the chemical concentrations in the chemometers can be determined and directly compared between media, e.g., between organisms of different trophic levels or inhabiting different areas, between organs within an organism or between biotic and abiotic compartments, amongst others. Chemometers hence allow expressing the data on a common basis, as the equilibrium partitioning concentrations in the polymer, circumventing normalizations. The approach is based on chemical activity rather than total concentrations, and as such, gives a measure of the "effective concentration" of a compound or a mixture. Furthermore, chemical activity is the main driver for partitioning, biouptake and toxicity. As an additional benefit, the extracts of the chemometers only require limited cleanup efforts, avoiding introduction of a bias between chemicals of different persistence, and can be submitted to both chemical analysis and/or bioanalytical profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rojo-Nieto
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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5
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Burgess RM, Cantwell MG, Dong Z, Grundy JS, Joyce AS. Comparing Equilibrium Concentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Based on Passive Sampling and Bioaccumulation in Water Column Deployments. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:317-332. [PMID: 36484760 PMCID: PMC10789481 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring at contaminated sites undergoing cleanup, including Superfund sites, often uses bioaccumulation of anthropogenic contaminants by field-deployed organisms as a metric of remedial effectiveness. Bioaccumulation studies are unable to assess the equilibrium status of the organisms relative to the contaminants to which they are exposed. Establishing equilibrium provides a reproducible benchmark on which scientific and management decisions can be based (e.g., comparison with human dietary consumption criteria). Unlike bioaccumulating organisms, passive samplers can be assessed for their equilibrium status. In our study, over a 3-year period, we compared the bioaccumulation of selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by mussels in water column deployments at the New Bedford Harbor Superfund site (New Bedford, MA, USA) to codeployed passive samplers. Based on comparisons to the calculated passive sampler equilibrium concentrations, the mussels were not at equilibrium, and the subsequent analysis focused on evaluating approaches for estimating equilibrium bioaccumulation. In addition, a limited evaluation of metal bioaccumulation by the exposed mussels and a metal passive sampler was performed. In general, mussel and passive sampler accumulation of PCBs was significantly correlated; however, surprisingly, agreement on the magnitude of accumulation was optimal when bioaccumulation and passive sampler uptake were not corrected for nonequilibrium conditions. A subsequent comparison of four approaches for estimating equilibrium mussel bioaccumulation using octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW ), triolein-water partition coefficients (KTW ), and two types of polymer-lipid partition coefficients demonstrated that field-deployed mussels were not at equilibrium with many PCBs. A range of estimated equilibrium mussel bioaccumulation concentrations were calculated, with the magnitude of the KOW -based values being the smallest and the polymer-lipid partition coefficient-based values being the largest. These analyses are intended to assist environmental scientists and managers to interpret field deployment data when transitioning from biomonitoring to passive sampling. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:317-332. Published 2022. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Burgess
- ORD/CEMM Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island
| | - Mark G. Cantwell
- ORD/CEMM Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island
| | - Zhao Dong
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James S. Grundy
- ORD/CEMM Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island
| | - Abigail S. Joyce
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Khawar MI, Mahmood A, Nabi D. Exploring the role of octanol-water partition coefficient and Henry's law constant in predicting the lipid-water partition coefficients of organic chemicals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14936. [PMID: 36056200 PMCID: PMC9440013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Partition coefficients for storage lipid-water (logKlw) and phospholipid-water (logKpw) phases are key parameters to understand the bioaccumulation and toxicity of organic contaminants. However, the published experimental databases of these properties are dwarfs and current estimation approaches are cumbersome. Here, we present partition models that exploit the correlations of logKlw, and of logKpw with the linear combinations of the octanol-water partition coefficient (logKow) and the dimensionless Henry's law constant (air-water partition coefficient, logKaw). The calibrated partition models successfully describe the variations in logKlw data (n = 305, R2 = 0.971, root-mean-square-error (rmse) = 0.375), and in logKpw data (n = 131, R2 = 0.953, rmse = 0.413). With the inputs of logKow and logKaw estimated from the U.S. EPA's EPI Suite, our models of logKlw and logKpw have exhibited rmse = 0.52 with respect to experimental values indicating suitability of these models for inclusion in the EPI Suite. Our models perform similar to or better than the previously reported models such as one parameter partition models, Abraham solvation models, and models based on quantum-chemical calculations. Taken together, our models are robust, easy-to-use, and provide insight into variations of logKlw and logKpw in terms of hydrophobicity and volatility trait of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan Khawar
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, H-12, Pakistan
- Environment and Agriculture Laboratory, School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, H-12, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Mahmood
- School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, H-12, Pakistan
| | - Deedar Nabi
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, H-12, Pakistan.
- Environment and Agriculture Laboratory, School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, H-12, Pakistan.
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Chen Y, Lei YD, Wensvoort J, Gourlie S, Wania F. Probing the Thermodynamics of Biomagnification in Zoo-Housed Polar Bears by Equilibrium Sampling of Dietary and Fecal Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9497-9504. [PMID: 35593505 PMCID: PMC9260956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In a proof-of-concept study, we recently used equilibrium sampling with silicone films to noninvasively derive the thermodynamic limit to a canine's gastrointestinal biomagnification capability (BMFlim) by determining the ratio of the products of the volume (V) and fugacity capacity (Z) of food and feces. In that earlier study, low contaminant levels prevented the determination of contaminant fugacities (f) in food and feces. For zoo-housed polar bears, fed on a lipid-rich diet of fish and seal oil, we were now able to measure the increase in f of nine native polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) upon digestion, providing incontestable proof of the process of gastrointestinal biomagnification. A high average BMFlim value of ∼171 for the bears was caused mostly by a remarkable reduction in fugacity capacity driven by a high lipid assimilation capacity. Lipid-rich diets increase the uptake of biomagnifying contaminants in two ways: because they tend to have higher contaminant concentrations and because they lead to a high Z value drop during digestion. We also confirmed that equilibrium sampling yielded similar Z values for PCBs originally present in food and feces and for isotopically labeled PCBs spiked onto those samples, which makes the method suitable for investigating the biomagnification capability of organisms, even if native contaminant concentrations in their diet and feces are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Ying Duan Lei
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Jaap Wensvoort
- Nutrition
Science, Toronto Zoo, 361A Old Finch Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1B 5K7
| | - Sarra Gourlie
- Nutrition
Science, Toronto Zoo, 361A Old Finch Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1B 5K7
| | - Frank Wania
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
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Reiter EB, Escher BI, Siebert U, Jahnke A. Activation of the xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress response by mixtures of organic pollutants extracted with in-tissue passive sampling from liver, kidney, brain and blubber of marine mammals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107337. [PMID: 35696845 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We used in-tissue passive equilibrium sampling using the silicone polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to transfer chemical mixtures present in organs from marine mammals with lipid contents between 2.3 and 99%into in vitro bioassays. Tissues from five harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), one harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and one orca (Orcinus orca) from the North and Baltic Seas were sampled until thermodynamic equilibrium was reached. Mixture effects were quantified with cellular reporter gene bioassays targeting the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR-CALUX), the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ-bla) and the oxidative stress response (AREc32), with parallel cytotoxicity measurements in all assays. After removing co-extracted lipids and other matrix residues with a non-destructive cleanup method (freeze-out of acetonitrile extract followed by a primary secondary amine sorbent extraction), the activation of the PPARγ and AREc32 were reduced by factors of on average 4.3 ± 0.15 (n = 22) and 2.5 ± 0.23 (n = 18), respectively, whereas the activation of the AhR remained largely unaltered: 1.1 ± 0.075 (n = 6). The liver extracts showed the highest activation, followed by the corresponding kidney and brain extracts, and the blubber extracts of the animals were the least active ones. The activation of the PPARγ by the liver extracts was reduced after cleanup by a factor of 11 ± 0.26 (n = 7) and the AREc32 activity by a factor of 1.9 ± 0.32 (n = 4). The blubber extracts did not activate the AhR up to concentrations where cytotoxicity occurred or up to an acceptable lipid volume fraction of 0.27% as derived from earlier work, whereas all liver extracts that had undergone cleanup activated the AhR. The developed in-tissue passive sampling approach allows a direct comparison of the bioassay responses between different tissues without further normalization and serves as a quantitative method suitable for biomonitoring of environmental biota samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva B Reiter
- Department Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Werftstr. 6, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Allan IJ, Vrana B, Ruus A. Passive Sampling Helps the Appraisal of Contaminant Bioaccumulation in Norwegian Fish Used for Regulatory Chemical Monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7945-7953. [PMID: 35670489 PMCID: PMC9228060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), listed on the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants and regulated as a hazardous priority pollutant by the Water Framework Directive (WFD), is ubiquitously distributed in the environment and assumed to mildly biomagnify in aquatic foodwebs. The proposal to include trophic magnification factors (TMFs) in the procedure for comparing contaminant levels in biota at different trophic levels (TLs) with WFD environmental quality standards requires adequate selection of TMFs. In the first step of our study, we compared two independently obtained datasets of pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) and HCB concentration ratios from passive sampling (PS) in water and in fish through routine monitoring programs in Norway to evaluate possible biomagnification. In this procedure, PeCB is used for benchmarking the bioconcentration in fish, and the observed HCB/PeCB ratios in fish are compared with ratios expected in the case of (i) HCB bioconcentration or (ii) biomagnification using published TMF values. Results demonstrate that it is not possible to confirm that HCB biomagnifies in fish species that would be used for WFD monitoring in Norway and challenges the proposed monitoring procedures for such compounds in Norwegian or European waters. In the second step, fish-water chemical activity ratios for HCB and PeCB as well as for polychlorinated biphenyls where biota and PS were conducted alongside were calculated and found to rarely exceed unity for cod (Gadus morhua), a fish species with a TL of approximately 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian John Allan
- Norwegian
Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, Oslo NO-0579, Norway
| | - Branislav Vrana
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Anders Ruus
- Norwegian
Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, Oslo NO-0579, Norway
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Kreutzer A, Schacht SC, Witt G. Equilibrium passive sampling: A novel approach to determine internal tissue concentrations of hydrophobic organic compounds in biota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153764. [PMID: 35151735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium passive sampling has been applied in numerous abiotic environmental matrices. This approach was extended to biological material. In this work, a passive equilibrium sampling method for the measurement of HOCs in biota was developed as an innovative alternative because classical exhaustive extraction techniques are time-consuming and error-prone. The newly developed method is based on the well-proven SPME fiber method for sediment. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used as model lipophilic organic pollutants. Partition coefficients of PAHs and PCBs between the lugworm tissue and the PDMS sampling phase were determined. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated glass fibers were directly inserted in homogenized lugworm tissue and glass fibers were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The method application on lugworms from tidal sand flats near Wilhelmshaven showed that the mean body residue values of PCBs (4 μg g-1) and PAHs (256 μg g-1) were about five times higher for PCBs and more than 22 times higher for PAHs compared to literature data for the North Sea area. This high level of contamination might be a consequence of the oil processing refinery located in direct proximity to the sampling site. This novel approach of applying the SPME method to biota will make biological monitoring more effective and holistic, because seasonally and area-wide changes in all environmental compartments can be recorded quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kreutzer
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg 21033, Germany
| | | | - Gesine Witt
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg 21033, Germany.
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Wernicke T, Abel S, Escher BI, Koschorreck J, Rüdel H, Jahnke A. Equilibrium sampling of suspended particulate matter as a universal proxy for fish and mussel monitoring. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 232:113285. [PMID: 35149408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of persistent and hydrophobic organic compounds in the aquatic environment puts secondary consumers, such as fish, at risk. To assess their exposure, monitoring programs with high numbers of individuals have been conducted worldwide over decades that require major efforts and raise ethical issues. This study aimed at testing suspended particulate matter (SPM) as an alternative and accessible abiotic matrix to estimate the internal exposure concentrations of such chemicals in fish and mussels. Muscle tissues of bream (Abramis brama), tissues of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and SPM were collected from four major German rivers, Elbe, Danube, Saar and Saale, in 2018 within the national monitoring program of the German Environmental Specimen Bank. We used (i) total solvent extraction for biota samples to quantify the lipid-normalized concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hexachlorobenzene and (ii) passive equilibrium sampling of SPM to derive equilibrium partitioning concentrations in lipids and (iii) set these independent data sets into context. Since the ratio of lipid-normalized concentration / equilibrium partitioning concentration in lipids was in most cases < 1.0, SPM may serve as a conservative proxy for the internal concentration of bream and mussels, although bream of high age (i.e., older than 10 years) showed a tendency for this ratio to exceed 1.0. This observation indicates that age-dependent biomagnification can exceed the predictions based on thermodynamic equilibrium relative to SPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Wernicke
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Abel
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Annika Jahnke
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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12
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Muz M, Rojo-Nieto E, Jahnke A. Removing Disturbing Matrix Constituents from Biota Extracts from Total Extraction and Silicone-Based Passive Sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2693-2704. [PMID: 34255885 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Contaminant analysis in biota extracts can be hampered by matrix interferences caused by, for example, co-extracted lipids that compromise the quality of the analytical data and require frequent maintenance of the analytical instruments. In the present study, using gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS), we aimed to develop and validate a straightforward, robust, and reproducible cleanup method with acceptable recoveries for diverse compound classes with a wide range of physicochemical properties representative of pollutant screening in biota extracts. We compared Oasis PRiME HLB cartridges, Agilent Captiva EMR-Lipid cartridges, and "Freeze-Out" with salmon lipids spiked with 113 target chemicals. The EMR-Lipid cartridges provided extracts with low matrix effects at reproducible recoveries of the multi-class target analytes (93 ± 9% and 95 ± 7% for low and high lipid amounts, respectively). The EMR-Lipid cartridges were further tested with spiked pork lipids submitted to total extraction or silicone-based passive sampling. Reproducible recoveries were achieved and matrix residuals were largely removed as demonstrated gravimetrically for both types of extracts. Ion suppression of halogenated compounds was not as efficiently removed by the cleanup of total and silicone-based extracts of pork lipids as for the salmon lipids. However, the samples with clean up provided better instrument robustness than those without cleanup. Hence, EMR-Lipid cartridges were shown to be efficient as a cleanup method in multi-class monitoring of biota samples and open up new possibilities as a suitable cleanup method for silicone extracts in biota passive sampling studies using GC-HRMS analysis. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2693-2704. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Muz
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisa Rojo-Nieto
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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13
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Sühring R, Knudsmark Sjøholm K, Mayer P, MacLeod M. Combining Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction with Internal Benchmarking to Determine the Elimination Kinetics of Hydrophobic UVCBs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11125-11132. [PMID: 34324805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Substances classified as unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products or biological origin (UVCB) present a challenge for environmental hazard and risk assessment. Here, we present a novel approach for whole-substance bioconcentration testing applied to cedarwood oil-an essential oil composed of volatile, hydrophobic organic chemicals. The method yields whole-body elimination rate constants for a mixture of constituents. Our approach combines in vivo dietary fish exposure with internal benchmarking and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) equilibrium sampling followed by suspect-screening analysis. We quantified depuration rate constants of 13 individual cedarwood oil constituents based on relative peak areas using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (MS) and GC triple-quadrupole (QqQ)-MS. For seven constituents with available analytical standards, we compared the rate constants to the results obtained from solvent extraction, clean-up, and targeted GC-MS analysis. The HS-SPME sampling approach allowed for automated sample extraction and analyte enrichment while minimizing evaporative losses of the volatile target analytes and reducing matrix interferences from low-volatility organics. The suspect-screening analysis enabled the quantification of constituents without available analytical standards, while the internal benchmarking significantly reduced variability from differences in delivered dose and analytical variability between the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Sühring
- Department for Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Karina Knudsmark Sjøholm
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department for Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Baumer A, Jäsch S, Ulrich N, Bechmann I, Landmann J, Escher BI. Kinetics of Equilibrium Passive Sampling of Organic Chemicals with Polymers in Diverse Mammalian Tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9097-9108. [PMID: 34143604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium passive sampling employing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a sampling phase can be used for the extraction of complex mixtures of organic chemicals from lipid-rich biota. We extended the method to lean tissues and more hydrophilic chemicals by implementing a mass-balance model for partitioning between lipids, proteins, and water in tissues and by accelerating uptake kinetics with a custom-built stirrer that effectively decreased time to equilibrium to less than 8 days even for a homogenized liver tissue with an only 4% lipid content. The partition constants log Klipid/PDMS between tissues and PDMS were derived from measured concentration in PDMS and the mass-balance model and were very similar for 40 neutral chemicals with octanol-water partition constants 1.4 < log Kow < 8.7, that is, log Klipid/PDMS of 1.26 (95% CI, 1.13-1.39) for the adipose tissue, 1.16 (1.00-1.33) for the liver, and 0.58 (0.42-0.73) for the brain. This conversion factor can be applied to interpret chemical analysis and in vitro bioassays after additionally accounting for a small fraction of coextracted lipids of <0.7% of the PDMS weight. PDMS is more widely applicable for passive sampling of mammalian tissues than previously thought, both, in terms of diversity of chemicals and the range of lipid contents of tissues and, therefore, an ideal method for human biomonitoring to be combined with in vitro bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Baumer
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Jäsch
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadin Ulrich
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Landmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Toxicology, Centre for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Ruus A, Allan IJ, Bæk K, Borgå K. Partitioning of persistent hydrophobic contaminants to different storage lipid classes. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127890. [PMID: 32814130 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipids generally represent the major matrix contributing to the absorptive capacity for hydrophobic organic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to determine whether contaminants partition to a different degree to the different storage lipid classes: wax ester (WE) and triacylglycerol (TAG). This was undertaken by studying experimentally the partitioning of organochlorine compounds between lipids (WE or TAG) and silicone rubber phase. Our results indicate that hydrophobic compounds have a slightly higher affinity for WE than for TAG. The findings thus corroborate earlier suggestions that contaminants accumulate to a greater extent in food webs with a higher reliance of on WE, such as in the Arctic. This knowledge is of interest since it implies that possible changes in planktonic community species composition, and thereby possible changes in the lipid composition, may have consequences for accumulation of hydrophobic contaminants in apex predators. However, the magnitude of these consequences remains unknown, and there may well be other factors of importance for previously observed higher accumulation of contaminants in Arctic systems. Thus, we have here identified aspects regarding partitioning of contaminants to lipids that need further scrutiny, and there is a need for further quantitative estimates of the suggested difference in absorptive capacities for hydrophobic contaminants between WE and TAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Ruus
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kine Bæk
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
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16
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Li JY, Zhang L, Wang Q, Xu J, Yin J, Chen Y, Gong Y, Kelly BC, Jin L. Applicability of Equilibrium Sampling in Informing Tissue Residues and Dietary Risks of Legacy and Current-Use Organic Chemicals in Aquaculture. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:79-87. [PMID: 33090545 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium sampling based on silicone polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been used to determine the concentrations of freely dissolved hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) and assess the thermodynamic potentials for bioaccumulation of these compounds in the aquatic environment. This allows the use of PDMS-based sampling techniques in assisting conventional sampling and extraction methods for the determination of the concentrations of HOCs in aquaculture products. The present study is an ex situ demonstration of how well PDMS can inform the tissue residues and dietary risks of legacy or current-use organic chemicals in aquaculture species from farm ponds in eastern China. For legacy contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs, n = 10), good agreement between the predicted concentrations based on PDMS and the measured lipid-normalized concentrations was observed for 60% of the studied biota, including both pelagic and benthic species. For pesticides currently used, such as pyrethroid (PE) (n = 4) and organophosphate pesticides (OPPs, n = 7), the measured tissue residues were consistently higher than those predicted by PDMS, possibly caused by the continuous input from the surroundings. For the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs, n = 5), the only detected chemical was also underestimated. Adjusted by ingestion rates of aquaculture products and toxicology data, the target hazard quotients of these chemicals predicted from PDMS were generally comparable to those derived from measured concentrations in tissue because of the predominance of PBDEs. Overall, PDMS-based equilibrium sampling offered an alternative approach for the prediction of tissue residues and dietary risks of PBDEs. Moreover, it should be applied with caution for PEs, OPPs, and OCPs. Improving the application of PDMS for these chemicals in farm ponds warrants future study. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:79-87. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Ying Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayan Xu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqin Chen
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Gong
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Faculty of Environment, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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17
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Jeong Y, Kwon HA, Jeon HP, Schäffer A, Smith K. Quantitative evaluation of polyethersulfone and polytetrafluoroethylene membrane sorption in a polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115224. [PMID: 32698120 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The lag effect in the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) equipped with a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane (POCIS-PES) is a potential limitation for its application in water environments. In this study, a POCIS with a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membrane (POCIS-PTFE) was investigated for circumventing membrane sorption in order to provide more reliable concentration measurements of organic contaminants. Sampler characteristics such as sampling rates (RS) and sampler-water partition coefficients (KSW) were similar for POCIS-PES and POCIS-PTFE, indicating that partitioning into Oasis HLB as the receiving phase dominates the overall partitioning from the aqueous phase to the POCIS. Membrane sorption was quantified in both laboratory and field experiments. Although POCIS-PTFE showed minor membrane sorption, the PTFE membranes were not robust enough to prevent changes in the sorption of the pollutants to the inner Oasis HLB sorbent due to biofouling. This was reflected in significant ionization effects in the electrospray ionization (ESI) source during the LC-MS/MS analysis. Despite clear differences in the ionization effects, the two POCISs types provided similar time-weighted average (CTWA) concentrations after a two-week passive sampling campaign in surface water and the outflow of a wastewater treatment plant. This study contributes to a more detailed understanding of POCIS application by providing a quantitative evaluation of membrane sorption and its associated effects in the laboratory and field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonah Jeong
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076, Aachen, Germany; Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyangdaero 283, Goyang-si, 10223, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ah Kwon
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Pyo Jeon
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kilian Smith
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076, Aachen, Germany; Department of Water, Environment, Construction and Safety, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, Breitscheidstr. 2, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany
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18
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Schmidt SN, Burgess RM. Evaluating Polymeric Sampling as a Tool for Predicting the Bioaccumulation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Fish and Shellfish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9729-9741. [PMID: 32585088 PMCID: PMC7478847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that polymeric sampling data generally can predict the bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic contaminants by benthic and sessile invertebrates. Based on literature data, this review evaluated polymeric sampling as a tool for predicting the bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by pelagic and mobile fish and shellfish. Lipid-normalized concentrations (CL) were linked to corresponding equilibrium polymer concentrations (CP) to evaluate the (1) correlation between CL and CP, (2) accuracy when using CP as surrogates for CL, (3) effects of experimental variables on these results, and (4) implications associated with this approach. Generally, strong positive log-log linear correlations existed between CL and CP, meaning that increasing bioaccumulation was well-reflected by increasing polymer accumulation. Further, the majority of the regression lines, as well as individual CL to CP ratios, were within a factor of 10 from the hypothetical 1:1 relationship, suggesting that polymers accumulated concentrations comparable to body residues in fish and shellfish. Interestingly, overall stronger correlations and lower CL to CP ratios resulted when CP were based on sediment compared to water column-deployed samplers. These findings provide a tool for environmental managers when assessing and managing risk associated with PCB-contaminated sediments and waters in protecting vulnerable fish and shellfish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine N. Schmidt
- National Research Council, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Robert M. Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
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19
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Direct sample introduction GC-MS/MS for quantification of organic chemicals in mammalian tissues and blood extracted with polymers without clean-up. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7295-7305. [PMID: 32803303 PMCID: PMC7497510 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Solvent extracts of mammalian tissues and blood contain a large amount of co-extracted matrix components, in particular lipids, which can adversely affect instrumental analysis. Clean-up typically degrades non-persistent chemicals. Alternatively, passive sampling with the polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been used for a comprehensive extraction from tissue without altering the mixture composition. Despite a smaller fraction of matrix being co-extracted by PDMS than by solvent extraction, direct analysis of PDMS extracts was only possible with direct sample introduction (DSI) GC-MS/MS, which prevented co-extracted matrix components entering the system. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 4 to 20 pg μL−1 ethyl acetate (PDMS extract) for pesticides and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The group of organophosphorus flame retardants showed higher LOQs up to 107 pg μL−1 due to sorption to active sites at the injection system. Intraday precision ranged between 1 and 10%, while the range of interday precision was between 1 and 18% depending on the analyte. The method was developed using pork liver, brain, and fat as well as blood and was then applied to analyze human post-mortem tissues where polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as well as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and DDT metabolites were detected. Graphical abstract ![]()
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20
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Smedes F, Sobotka J, Rusina TP, Fialová P, Carlsson P, Kopp R, Vrana B. Unraveling the Relationship between the Concentrations of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Freshwater Fish of Different Trophic Levels and Water Using Passive Sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7942-7951. [PMID: 32551598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in aquatic biota are used for compliance, as well as time and spatial trend monitoring in the aqueous environment (European Union water framework directive, OSPAR). Because of trophic magnification in the food chain, the thermodynamic levels of HOCs, for example, polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and brominated diphenyl ether congeners, in higher trophic level (TL) organisms are expected to be strongly elevated above those in water. This work compares lipid-based concentrations at equilibrium with the water phase derived from aqueous passive sampling (CL⇌water) with the lipid-based concentrations in fillet and liver of fish (CL) at different TLs for three water bodies in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The CL values of HOCs in fish were near CL⇌water, only after trophic magnification up to TL = 4. For fish at lower TL, CL progressively decreased relative to CL⇌water as KOW of HOCs increased above 106. The CL value decreasing toward the bottom of the food chain suggests nonequilibrium for primary producers (algae), which is in agreement with modeling passive HOC uptake by algae. Because trophic magnification and the resulting CL in fish exhibit large natural variability, CL⇌water is a viable alternative for monitoring HOCs using fish, showing a twofold lower confidence range and requiring less samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foppe Smedes
- Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Sobotka
- Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tatsiana P Rusina
- Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Fialová
- Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pernilla Carlsson
- Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Fram Centre, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Hjalmar Johansen Gate 14, 9007 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Radovan Kopp
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture (FA), Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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21
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Reiter EB, Jahnke A, König M, Siebert U, Escher BI. Influence of Co-Dosed Lipids from Biota Extracts on the Availability of Chemicals in In Vitro Cell-Based Bioassays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4240-4247. [PMID: 32118404 PMCID: PMC7144218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Extraction of chemicals from biota leads to co-extraction of lipids. When dosing such extracts into in vitro bioassays, co-dosed lipids act as an additional phase that can reduce the bioavailability of the chemicals and the apparent sensitivity of the assay. Equilibrium partitioning between medium, cells, and co-dosed lipids was described with an existing equilibrium partitioning model for cell-based bioassays extended by an additional lipid phase. We experimentally investigated the influence of co-dosed lipids on the effects elicited by four test chemicals of different hydrophobicity in two bioassays, indicative of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and oxidative stress response (AREc32). The partitioning model explained the effect of the test chemicals in the presence of spiked triolein within a factor of 0.33-5.83 between the measured and predicted effect concentration (EC). We applied the model to marine mammal blubber extracted with silicone. Extracts dosed in the AREc32 bioassay showed a linear increase of apparent EC with increasing lipid fraction. The partitioning model was used to interpret the role of the co-extracted lipid. A quantitative lipid correction of bioassay results in the presence of co-dosed lipids was possible for known compounds and defined mixtures, while we could only estimate a range for mixtures of unknown chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva B. Reiter
- Department
Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental
Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- E-mail: . Phone: +49 341 235 1823. Fax: +49 341 235 1787
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department
Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental
Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria König
- Department
Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental
Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute
for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Werftstr. 6, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Beate I. Escher
- Department
Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental
Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental
Toxicology, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Rojo-Nieto E, Muz M, Koschorreck J, Rüdel H, Jahnke A. Passive equilibrium sampling of hydrophobic organic compounds in homogenised fish tissues of low lipid content. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:501-504. [PMID: 30594802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Passive equilibrium sampling using polymer samplers in lean tissue is one of the current challenges in assessing bioaccumulation and biomagnification due to the long time needed to reach equilibrium. Despite recent progress achieved by rolling pieces of intact fish fillet with sheets of silicone, there is still a need for a passive sampling method for homogenates that achieves equilibrium before tissue decay starts. In this work, a new approach for relocation of silicone passive samplers in homogenates of lean fish was established for three homogenates with lipid contents varying from 1.2% to 6.1%. Results showed that for 20 model hydrophobic organic compounds with log KOW between 3.9 and 7.8, equilibrium between the silicone and the tissue was achieved in less than 3 days at 4 °C. The concentrations in lipids obtained using passive equilibrium sampling and those from traditional total solvent extraction agreed well, within a factor of 1.3. This new procedure extends the use of passive samplers to homogenised fish tissues of low lipid content, which is highly relevant for environmental studies focused on bioaccumulation of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rojo-Nieto
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Melis Muz
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Bismarckplatz 1, 14193 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Hamers T, Legradi J, Zwart N, Smedes F, de Weert J, van den Brandhof EJ, van de Meent D, de Zwart D. Time-Integrative Passive sampling combined with TOxicity Profiling (TIPTOP): an effect-based strategy for cost-effective chemical water quality assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 64:48-59. [PMID: 30296657 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at demonstrating that effect-based monitoring with passive sampling followed by toxicity profiling is more protective and cost-effective than the current chemical water quality assessment strategy consisting of compound-by-compound chemical analysis of selected substances in grab samples. Passive samplers were deployed in the Dutch river delta and in WWTP effluents. Their extracts were tested in a battery of bioassays and chemically analyzed to obtain toxicity and chemical profiles, respectively. Chemical concentrations in water were retrieved from publicly available databases. Seven different strategies were used to interpret the chemical and toxicity profiles in terms of ecological risk. They all indicated that the river sampling locations were relatively clean. Chemical-based monitoring resulted for many substances in measurements below detection limit and could only explain <20% of the observed in vitro toxicity. Effect-based monitoring yielded more informative conclusions as it allowed for ranking the sampling sites and for estimating a margin-of-exposure towards chronic effect ranges. Effect-based monitoring was also cheaper and more cost-effective (i.e. yielding more information per euro spent). Based on its identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT), a future strategy for effect-based monitoring has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Hamers
- Department Environment & Health (E&H), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jessica Legradi
- Department Environment & Health (E&H), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Zwart
- Department Environment & Health (E&H), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Deltares, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Recetox - Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Dik van de Meent
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick de Zwart
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; DdZ Ecotox, Odijk, The Netherlands
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Niehus NC, Schäfer S, Möhlenkamp C, Witt G. Equilibrium sampling of HOCs in sediments and suspended particulate matter of the Elbe River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:28. [PMID: 30148025 PMCID: PMC6097018 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical quality of sediment and suspended particulate matter (SPM) is usually assessed by total chemical concentrations (Ctotal). However, the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) is the ecologically more relevant parameter for bioavailability, diffusion and bioaccumulation. In recent studies, equilibrium sampling has been applied to determine Cfree of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in the sediment pore water, whereas such data are missing for SPM. We applied solid-phase micro-extraction to measure and compare Cfree of PAHs and PCBs in pore water of sediments and SPM sampled along the German part of the river Elbe. Moreover, site-specific distribution ratios were evaluated and Cbio,lipid was predicted using Cfree. RESULTS Cfree of PAHs remained largely constant while Cfree of PCBs varied along the Elbe River. The highest Ctotal of PCBs and PAHs were found at Prossen (km 13) and Meißen (km 96). PCB Ctotal even exceeded the environmental quality standard for sediment and SPM in Prossen. Site-specific distribution ratios (KD) revealed a stronger sorption for PAHs compared to PCBs, indicating a higher availability of PCBs. Equilibrium partitioning concentrations in lipids (Clip↔sed) showed a high correlation with actually measured lipid-normalised concentrations (Cbio,lipid) in bream. This indicates that PCB bioaccumulation in this benthic fish species is closely linked to the sediment contamination. CONCLUSIONS In rivers, SPM functions as a transportation vehicle for HOCs along the stream until it eventually deposits to the sediment. This study demonstrates that due to weaker sorption of PAHs and PCBs to the SPM this matrix poses a higher risk to the aquatic environment compared to the sediment. The prediction of Cbio,lipid of PCBs was correct and shows that solid-phase micro-extraction is highly suited to predict lipid concentration, and thus a valuable tool for risk-assessment or sediment management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Claire Niehus
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Schäfer
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Christel Möhlenkamp
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Gesine Witt
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
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Figueiredo K, Mäenpää K, Lyytikäinen M, Taskinen J, Leppänen MT. Assessing the influence of confounding biological factors when estimating bioaccumulation of PCBs with passive samplers in aquatic ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:340-345. [PMID: 28564627 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Passive samplers are promising surrogates for organisms, mimicking bioaccumulation. However, several biological characteristics disturb the passive partitioning process in organisms by accelerating or restraining bioaccumulation, resulting in species-specific body residues of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). In addition to site-specific characteristics and HOC concentrations, age, sex, diet, biotransformation capability and habitat-specific characteristics may affect body residues. Two passive sampler types, polyethylene (PE) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were deployed in a PCB-contaminated freshwater lake water and sediment, respectively, to assess their bioaccumulation prediction capacity. In order to understand the importance of biological characteristics in the bioaccumulation process, we explored bioaccumulation in biota from plants and plankton to mussels and fish. The PCB concentrations in the PE sheet reflected the bioavailable concentration of PCBs slightly better than those in the PDMS samplers. Passive samplers were good predictors of PCB concentrations in fish, whereas concentrations in algae and invertebrates were overestimated. When comparing the measured concentrations in biota to the estimated concentrations using the PE samplers, the average regression slope was 0.87 for all biota and 1.22 for fish, and average modeling efficiency (EF) was 3.02 for all biota and 0.6 for fish. The best model performance was achieved for fish in trophic levels 3-4. Bioaccumulation was species-specific and dependent on the trophic level and diet. Closer examination revealed that metabolic capability changes during the life span, and source of nutrition determined the biomagnification of HOCs, which differed between the fish species. Thus, species composition and available prey selection compose a unique bioaccumulation scenario and the resulting body residues. Due to the existing variation in body residues derived from passive samplers, extrapolating the results from one to another ecosystem must be done with caution. Passive samplers, however, offer a very powerful tool for risk assessment on the ecosystem level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Figueiredo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Kimmo Mäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Merja Lyytikäinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jouni Taskinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matti T Leppänen
- Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, Survontie 9A, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland
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26
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Pei Y, Li H, You J. Determining equilibrium partition coefficients between lipid/protein and polydimethylsiloxane for highly hydrophobic organic contaminants using preloaded disks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:385-392. [PMID: 28448930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic contaminants is of great concern and understanding their partitioning to biological phases is crucial for estimating their bioaccumulation potential. The estimation, however, was of large uncertainty for highly hydrophobic organic contaminants (HHOCs) with log KOW>9 due to the challenge of quantifying their water concentrations. In the present study, partition coefficients between polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and storage lipid (KSL,PDMS), membrane lipid (KML,PDMS) and protein (Kpro,PDMS) were measured for 21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), covering log KOW from 5.07 to 11.6, using a preloaded PDMS depletion method. The values of KSL,PDMS, KML,PDMS and Kpro,PDMS were in the ranges of 5.36-52.5, 0.286-11.8 and 0.067-2.62g/g, respectively, being relatively constant although their KOW values extend more than six orders of magnitude. The relative sorption capacity of the biological phases showed storage lipid was the dominant sorption phase in biota, followed by membrane lipid and protein was the lowest. The KPDMS,pro values of the compounds with log KOW<9 were similar (0.382-14.9g/g) regardless of the thickness of preloaded PDMS disks (58-209μm). For HHOCs, however, KPDMS,pro values dropped when thinner PDMS disks were used, as a result of slow diffusion of HHOCs in PDMS. The KPDMS,pro values of HHOCs measured by 58-μm PDMS disks ranged from 1.78 to 6.85g/g, which was consistent with compounds with log KOW<9. This validated that partition coefficients between PDMS and biological phases were independent of chemical hydrophobicity, showing the advantage of using PDMS-based methods to directly estimate bioaccumulation potential of HHOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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27
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Smedes F, Rusina TP, Beeltje H, Mayer P. Partitioning of hydrophobic organic contaminants between polymer and lipids for two silicones and low density polyethylene. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:948-957. [PMID: 28830066 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are increasingly used for passive sampling of neutral hydrophobic organic substances (HOC) in environmental media including water, air, soil, sediment and even biological tissue. The equilibrium concentration of HOC in the polymer can be measured and then converted into equilibrium concentrations in other (defined) media, which however requires appropriate polymer to media partition coefficients. We determined thus polymer-lipid partition coefficients (KPL) of various PCB, PAH and organochlorine pesticides by equilibration of two silicones and low density polyethylene (LDPE) with fish oil and Triolein at 4 °C and 20 °C. We observed (i) that KPL was largely independent of lipid type and temperature, (ii) that lipid diffusion rates in the polymers were higher compared to predictions based on their molecular volume, (iii) that silicones showed higher lipid diffusion and lower lipid sorption compared to LDPE and (iv) that absorbed lipid behaved like a co-solute and did not affect the partitioning of HOC at least for the smaller molecular size HOC. The obtained KPL can convert measured equilibrium concentrations in passive sampling polymers into equilibrium concentrations in lipid, which then can be used (1) for environmental quality monitoring and assessment, (2) for thermodynamic exposure assessment and (3) for assessing the linkage between passive sampling and the traditionally measured lipid-normalized concentrations in biota. LDPE-lipid partition coefficients may also be of use for a thermodynamically sound risk assessment of HOC contained in microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foppe Smedes
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Deltares, P.O. Box 85467, 3508 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tatsiana P Rusina
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Philipp Mayer
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kongens Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Rusina TP, Carlsson P, Vrana B, Smedes F. Equilibrium Passive Sampling of POP in Lipid-Rich and Lean Fish Tissue: Quality Control Using Performance Reference Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11250-11257. [PMID: 28901764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling is widely used to measure levels of contaminants in various environmental matrices, including fish tissue. Equilibrium passive sampling (EPS) of persistent organic pollutants (POP) in fish tissue has been hitherto limited to application in lipid-rich tissue. We tested several exposure methods to extend EPS applicability to lean tissue. Thin-film polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) passive samplers were exposed statically to intact fillet and fish homogenate and dynamically by rolling with cut fillet cubes. The release of performance reference compounds (PRC) dosed to passive samplers prior to exposure was used to monitor the exchange process. The sampler-tissue exchange was isotropic, and PRC were shown to be good indicators of sampler-tissue equilibration status. The dynamic exposures demonstrated equilibrium attainment in less than 2 days for all three tested fish species, including lean fish containing 1% lipid. Lipid-based concentrations derived from EPS were in good agreement with lipid-normalized concentrations obtained using conventional solvent extraction. The developed in-tissue EPS method is robust and has potential for application in chemical monitoring of biota and bioaccumulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana P Rusina
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pernilla Carlsson
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Tromsø office, Fram-Centre, P.O. Box 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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29
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Seifertová M, Čechová E, Llansola M, Felipo V, Vykoukalová M, Kočan A. Determination of selected neurotoxic insecticides in small amounts of animal tissue utilizing a newly constructed mini-extractor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6015-6026. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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30
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Ma G, Yuan Q, Yu H, Lin H, Chen J, Hong H. Development and evaluation of predictive model for bovine serum albumin-water partition coefficients of neutral organic chemicals. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 138:92-97. [PMID: 28013161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The binding of organic chemicals to serum albumin can significantly reduce their unbound concentration in blood and affect their biological reactions. In this study, we developed a new QSAR model for bovine serum albumin (BSA) - water partition coefficients (KBSA/W) of neutral organic chemicals with large structural variance, logKBSA/W values covering 3.5 orders of magnitude (1.19-4.76). All chemical geometries were optimized by semi-empirical PM6 algorithm. Several quantum chemical parameters that reflect various intermolecular interactions as well as hydrophobicity were selected to develop QSAR model. The result indicates the regression model derived from logKow, the most positive net atomic charges on an atom, Connolly solvent excluded volume, polarizability, and Abraham acidity could explain the partitioning mechanism of organic chemicals between BSA and water. The simulated external validation and cross validation verifies the developed model has good statistical robustness and predictive ability, thus can be used to estimate the logKBSA/W values for chemicals in application domain, accordingly to provide basic data for the toxicity assessment of the chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, PR China
| | - Quan Yuan
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, PR China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, PR China.
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, PR China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, PR China
| | - Huachang Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, 321004, Jinhua, PR China
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31
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Nabi D, Arey JS. Predicting Partitioning and Diffusion Properties of Nonpolar Chemicals in Biotic Media and Passive Sampler Phases by GC × GC. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3001-3011. [PMID: 28195714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemical parameters needed to explain and predict bioavailability, biodynamics, and baseline toxicity are not readily available for most nonpolar chemicals detected in the environment. Here, we demonstrate that comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) retention times can be used to predict 26 relevant properties for nonpolar chemicals, specifically: partition coefficients for diverse biotic media and passive sampler phases; aquatic baseline toxicity; and relevant diffusion coefficients. The considered biotic and passive sampler phases include membrane and storage lipids, serum and muscle proteins, carbohydrates, algae, mussels, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene, polyoxymethylene, polyacrylate, polyurethane, and semipermeable membrane devices. GC × GC-based chemical property predictions are validated with a compilation of 1038 experimental property data collected from the literature. As an example application, we overlay a map of baseline toxicity to fathead minnows onto the separated analyte signal of a polychlorinated alkanes (chlorinated paraffins) technical mixture that contains 7820 congeners. In a second application, GC × GC-estimated properties are used to parametrize multiphase partitioning models for mammalian tissues and organs. In a third example, we estimate chemical depuration kinetics for mussels. Finally, we illustrate an approach to screen the GC × GC chromatogram for nonpolar chemicals of potentially high concern, defined based on their GC × GC-estimated biopartitioning properties, diffusion properties, and baseline toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deedar Nabi
- School of Architecture, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences , East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - J Samuel Arey
- School of Architecture, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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32
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Choi Y, Wu Y, Luthy RG, Kang S. Non-equilibrium passive sampling of hydrophobic organic contaminants in sediment pore-water: PCB exchange kinetics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:579-586. [PMID: 27472074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the isotropic exchange kinetics of PCBs for polyethylene (PE) passive samplers in quiescent sediment and develops a novel non-equilibrium passive sampling method using PE with multiple thicknesses. The release and uptake kinetics of PCBs in quiescent sediment are reproduced by a 1-D diffusion model using sediment diffusion parameters fitted with the data from actual measurements. From the sediment diffusion parameters observed for uptake and release kinetics, it is seen that the uptake kinetics are distinctly slower than the release kinetics, most likely because of the sorption-desorption hysteresis of PCBs in the study sediment. Despite the presence of the anisotropic PCB exchange kinetics, a performance reference compound (PRC)-based method, which is grounded on the assumption of isotropic exchange kinetics, estimated the freely dissolved aqueous concentrations (Cfree) of PCBs in sediment pore-water with less than a factor of two error for the study sediment. The novel method developed in this study using PE with multiple thicknesses also gives reasonable estimates of Cfree, demonstrating its potential as another option for non-equilibrium passive sampling for hydrophobic organic contaminants in sediment pore-water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongju Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yanwen Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, United States
| | - Richard G Luthy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, United States
| | - Seju Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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33
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Joyce AS, Portis LM, Parks AN, Burgess RM. Evaluating the Relationship between Equilibrium Passive Sampler Uptake and Aquatic Organism Bioaccumulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11437-11451. [PMID: 27680295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This Critcal Review evaluates passive sampler uptake of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in water column and interstitial water exposures as a surrogate for organism bioaccumulation. Fifty-seven studies were found where both passive sampler uptake and organism bioaccumulation were measured and 19 of these investigations provided direct comparisons relating passive sampler uptake and organism bioaccumulation. Polymers compared included low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyoxymethylene (POM), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and organisms ranged from polychaetes and oligochaetes to bivalves, aquatic insects, and gastropods. Regression equations correlating bioaccumulation (CL) and passive sampler uptake (CPS) were used to assess the strength of observed relationships. Passive sampling based concentrations resulted in log-log predictive relationships, most of which were within one to 2 orders of magnitude of measured bioaccumulation. Mean coefficients of determination (r2) for LDPE, PDMS, and POM were 0.68, 0.76, and 0.58, respectively. For the available raw, untransformed data, the mean ratio of CL and CPS was 10.8 ± 18.4 (n = 609). Using passive sampling as a surrogate for organism bioaccumulation is viable when biomonitoring organisms are not available. Passive sampling based estimates of bioaccumulation provide useful information for making informed decisions about the bioavailability of HOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Joyce
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , ORD/NHEERL Atlantic Ecology Division Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Lisa M Portis
- Physical Therapy Department University of Rhode Island Kington, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Ashley N Parks
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , ORD/NHEERL Atlantic Ecology Division Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Robert M Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , ORD/NHEERL Atlantic Ecology Division Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
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34
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Bolinius DJ, MacLeod M, McLachlan MS, Mayer P, Jahnke A. A passive dosing method to determine fugacity capacities and partitioning properties of leaves. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:1325-1332. [PMID: 27711885 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00423g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of leaves to take up chemicals from the atmosphere and water influences how contaminants are transferred into food webs and soil. We provide a proof of concept of a passive dosing method to measure leaf/polydimethylsiloxane partition ratios (Kleaf/PDMS) for intact leaves, using polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as model chemicals. Rhododendron leaves held in contact with PCB-loaded PDMS reached between 76 and 99% of equilibrium within 4 days for PCBs 3, 4, 28, 52, 101, 118, 138 and 180. Equilibrium Kleaf/PDMS extrapolated from the uptake kinetics measured over 4 days ranged from 0.075 (PCB 180) to 0.371 (PCB 3). The Kleaf/PDMS data can readily be converted to fugacity capacities of leaves (Zleaf) and subsequently leaf/water or leaf/air partition ratios (Kleaf/water and Kleaf/air) using partitioning data from the literature. Results of our measurements are within the variability observed for plant/air partition ratios (Kplant/air) found in the literature. Log Kleaf/air from this study ranged from 5.00 (PCB 3) to 8.30 (PCB 180) compared to log Kplant/air of 3.31 (PCB 3) to 8.88 (PCB 180) found in the literature. The method we describe could provide data to characterize the variability in sorptive capacities of leaves that would improve descriptions of uptake of chemicals by leaves in multimedia fate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Johann Bolinius
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Michael S McLachlan
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B 115, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany
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35
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Nybom I, Abel S, Waissi G, Väänänen K, Mäenpää K, Leppänen MT, Kukkonen JVK, Akkanen J. Effects of Activated Carbon on PCB Bioaccumulation and Biological Responses of Chironomus riparius in Full Life Cycle Test. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5252-60. [PMID: 27100921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The nonbiting midge Chironomus riparius was used to study the remediation potential and secondary effects of activated carbon (AC, ø 63-200 μm) in PCB contaminated sediments. AC amendments efficiently reduced PCB bioavailability determined by Chironomus riparius bioaccumulation tests and passive samplers. PCBs were shown to transfer from larvae to adults. Lower PCB concentrations were observed in adult midges emerging from AC amended compared to unamended sediments. Increased reproduction, survival, larval growth and gut wall microvilli length were observed with low AC dose (0.5% sediment dw) compared to unamended sediment, indicating an improved success of larvae in the sediment with low organic carbon content. On the other hand, higher AC doses (2.5% sediment dw) caused adverse effects on emergence and larval development. In addition, morphological changes in the gut wall microvilli layer were observed. This study showed that the secondary effects of AC amendments are dependent on the dose and the sediment characteristics. Metamorphic species, such as C. riparius, may act as a vector for organic pollutants from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems and according to this study the AC amendments may reduce this transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Nybom
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland (UEF) , P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sebastian Abel
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland (UEF) , P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Greta Waissi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland (UEF) , P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Kristiina Väänänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland (UEF) , P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Kimmo Mäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland (UEF) , P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Matti T Leppänen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment Group, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jussi V K Kukkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä , P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jarkko Akkanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland (UEF) , P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Gilbert D, Witt G, Smedes F, Mayer P. Polymers as Reference Partitioning Phase: Polymer Calibration for an Analytically Operational Approach To Quantify Multimedia Phase Partitioning. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5818-26. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Gilbert
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department
of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Gesine Witt
- Faculty
of Life Science, Environmental Technology, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, DE-21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Masaryk University,
RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Booij K, Robinson CD, Burgess RM, Mayer P, Roberts CA, Ahrens L, Allan IJ, Brant J, Jones L, Kraus UR, Larsen MM, Lepom P, Petersen J, Pröfrock D, Roose P, Schäfer S, Smedes F, Tixier C, Vorkamp K, Whitehouse P. Passive Sampling in Regulatory Chemical Monitoring of Nonpolar Organic Compounds in the Aquatic Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3-17. [PMID: 26619247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed compliance monitoring requirements in the European Union, the United States, and the Oslo-Paris Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic, and evaluated if these are met by passive sampling methods for nonpolar compounds. The strengths and shortcomings of passive sampling are assessed for water, sediments, and biota. Passive water sampling is a suitable technique for measuring concentrations of freely dissolved compounds. This method yields results that are incompatible with the EU's quality standard definition in terms of total concentrations in water, but this definition has little scientific basis. Insufficient quality control is a present weakness of passive sampling in water. Laboratory performance studies and the development of standardized methods are needed to improve data quality and to encourage the use of passive sampling by commercial laboratories and monitoring agencies. Successful prediction of bioaccumulation based on passive sampling is well documented for organisms at the lower trophic levels, but requires more research for higher levels. Despite the existence of several knowledge gaps, passive sampling presently is the best available technology for chemical monitoring of nonpolar organic compounds. Key issues to be addressed by scientists and environmental managers are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Booij
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , PO Box 59, 1790 AB Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Craig D Robinson
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory , 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB30 1AD, U.K
| | - Robert M Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Anker Engelunds Vej 1, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cindy A Roberts
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Gaustadalleen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Brant
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT U.K
| | - Lisa Jones
- Dublin City University , Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uta R Kraus
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Wuestland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin M Larsen
- Aarhus University , Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Lepom
- Federal Environment Agency, Laboratory for Water Analysis, Bismarckplatz 1, 14193 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jördis Petersen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Patrick Roose
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences , Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Gulledelle 100, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine Schäfer
- Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Masaryk University, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Deltares, P.O. Box 85467, 3508 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Céline Tixier
- Ifremer , Unit of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Lab. Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University , Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Paul Whitehouse
- Environment Agency, Evidence Directorate, Red Kite House, Howbery Park OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
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Defining and Controlling Exposure During In Vitro Toxicity Testing and the Potential of Passive Dosing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 157:263-292. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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O'Connell SG, Kerkvliet NI, Carozza S, Rohlman D, Pennington J, Anderson KA. In vivo contaminant partitioning to silicone implants: Implications for use in biomonitoring and body burden. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:182-8. [PMID: 26408946 PMCID: PMC4721514 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Silicone polymers are used for a wide array of applications from passive samplers in environmental studies, to implants used in human augmentation and reconstruction. If silicone sequesters toxicants throughout implantation, it may represent a history of exposure and potentially reduce the body burden of toxicants influencing the risk of adverse health outcomes such as breast cancer. Objectives of this research included identifying a wide variety of toxicants in human silicone implants, and measuring the in vivo absorption of contaminants into silicone and surrounding tissue in an animal model. In the first study, eight human breast implants were analyzed for over 1400 organic contaminants including consumer products, chemicals in commerce, and pesticides. A total of 14 compounds including pesticides such as trans-nonachlor (1.2-5.9ng/g) and p,p'-DDE (1.2-34ng/g) were identified in human implants, 13 of which have not been previously reported in silicone prostheses. In the second project, female ICR mice were implanted with silicone and dosed with p,p'-DDE and PCB118 by intraperitoneal injection. After nine days, silicone and adipose samples were collected, and all implants in dosed mice had p,p'-DDE and PCB118 present. Distribution ratios from silicone and surrounding tissue in mice compare well with similar studies, and were used to predict adipose concentrations in human tissue. Similarities between predicted and measured chemical concentrations in mice and humans suggest that silicone may be a reliable surrogate measure of persistent toxicants. More research is needed to identify the potential of silicone implants to refine the predictive quality of chemicals found in silicone implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G O'Connell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Nancy I Kerkvliet
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Susan Carozza
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Diana Rohlman
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jamie Pennington
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Nybom I, Waissi-Leinonen G, Mäenpää K, Leppänen MT, Kukkonen JVK, Werner D, Akkanen J. Effects of activated carbon ageing in three PCB contaminated sediments: Sorption efficiency and secondary effects on Lumbriculus variegatus. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 85:413-21. [PMID: 26364225 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The sorption efficiency and possible secondary effects of activated carbon (AC) (ø 63-200 μm) was studied with Lumbriculus variegatus in three PCB contaminated sediments applying long AC-sediment contact time (3 years). AC amendment efficiently reduced PCB bioavailability as determined with both, L. variegatus bioaccumulation test and passive samplers. However, dose related secondary effects of AC on egestion rate and biomass were observed (applied doses 0.25% and 2.5% sediment dry weight). The sorption capacity and secondary effects remained similar when the experiments were repeated after three years of AC-sediment contact time. Further, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples revealed morphological changes in the L. variegatus gut wall microvilli layer. Sediment properties affected both sorption efficiency and secondary effects, but 2.5% AC addition had significant effects regardless of the sediment. In, conclusion, AC is an efficient and stable sorbent to decrease the bioavailability of PCBs. However, sediment dwelling organisms, such as Oligochaete worms in this study, may be sensitive to the carbon amendments. The secondary effects and possible morphological changes in benthic organisms should not be overlooked as in many cases they form the basis of the aquatic food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Nybom
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Greta Waissi-Leinonen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Kimmo Mäenpää
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Matti T Leppänen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment Group, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jussi V K Kukkonen
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - David Werner
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jarkko Akkanen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland
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Schäfer S, Antoni C, Möhlenkamp C, Claus E, Reifferscheid G, Heininger P, Mayer P. Equilibrium sampling of polychlorinated biphenyls in River Elbe sediments--Linking bioaccumulation in fish to sediment contamination. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:856-862. [PMID: 26313858 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium sampling can be applied to measure freely dissolved concentrations (cfree) of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) that are considered effective concentrations for diffusive uptake and partitioning. It can also yield concentrations in lipids at thermodynamic equilibrium with the sediment (clip⇌sed) by multiplying concentrations in the equilibrium sampling polymer with lipid to polymer partition coefficients. We have applied silicone coated glass jars for equilibrium sampling of seven 'indicator' polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment samples from ten locations along the River Elbe to measure cfree of PCBs and their clip⇌sed. For three sites, we then related clip⇌sed to lipid-normalized PCB concentrations (cbio,lip) that were determined independently by the German Environmental Specimen Bank in common bream, a fish species living in close contact with the sediment: (1) In all cases, cbio,lip were below clip⇌sed, (2) there was proportionality between the two parameters with high R(2) values (0.92-1.00) and (3) the slopes of the linear regressions were very similar between the three stations (0.297; 0.327; 0.390). These results confirm the close link between PCB bioaccumulation and the thermodynamic potential of sediment-associated HOCs for partitioning into lipids. This novel approach gives clearer and more consistent results compared to conventional approaches that are based on total concentrations in sediment and biota-sediment accumulation factors. We propose to apply equilibrium sampling for determining bioavailability and bioaccumulation potential of HOCs, since this technique can provide a thermodynamic basis for the risk assessment and management of contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schäfer
- Department of Qualitative Hydrology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Catherine Antoni
- Department of Qualitative Hydrology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Christel Möhlenkamp
- Department of Qualitative Hydrology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Evelyn Claus
- Department of Qualitative Hydrology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Georg Reifferscheid
- Department of Qualitative Hydrology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Peter Heininger
- Department of Qualitative Hydrology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Mäenpää K, Leppänen MT, Figueiredo K, Mayer P, Gilbert D, Jahnke A, Gil-Allué C, Akkanen J, Nybom I, Herve S. Fate of polychlorinated biphenyls in a contaminated lake ecosystem: combining equilibrium passive sampling of sediment and water with total concentration measurements of biota. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:2463-2474. [PMID: 26053463 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium sampling devices can be applied to study and monitor the exposure and fate of hydrophobic organic chemicals on a thermodynamic basis. They can be used to determine freely dissolved concentrations and chemical activity ratios and to predict equilibrium partitioning concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals in biota lipids. The authors' aim was to assess the equilibrium status of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a contaminated lake ecosystem and along its discharge course using equilibrium sampling devices for measurements in sediment and water and by also analyzing biota. The authors used equilibrium sampling devices (silicone rubber and polyethylene [PE]) to determine freely dissolved concentrations and chemical activities of PCBs in the water column and sediment porewater and calculated for both phases the corresponding equilibrium concentrations and chemical activities in model lipids. Overall, the studied ecosystem appeared to be in disequilibrium for the studied phases: sediment, water, and biota. Chemical activities of PCBs were higher in sediment than in water, which implies that the sediment functioned as a partitioning source of PCBs and that net diffusion occurred from the sediment to the water column. Measured lipid-normalized PCB concentrations in biota were generally below equilibrium lipid concentrations relative to the sediment (CLip ⇌Sed ) or water (CLip ⇌W ), indicating that PCB levels in the organisms were below the maximum partitioning levels. The present study shows the application versatility of equilibrium sampling devices in the field and facilitates a thermodynamic understanding of exposure and fate of PCBs in a contaminated lake and its discharge course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Mäenpää
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Matti T Leppänen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Laboratory Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kaisa Figueiredo
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dorothea Gilbert
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carmen Gil-Allué
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Inna Nybom
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sirpa Herve
- Laboratory Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
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43
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Jin L, Escher BI, Limpus CJ, Gaus C. Coupling passive sampling with in vitro bioassays and chemical analysis to understand combined effects of bioaccumulative chemicals in blood of marine turtles. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:292-299. [PMID: 26091870 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional target analysis of biological samples such as blood limits our ability to understand mixture effects of chemicals. This study aimed to establish a rapid passive sampling technique using the polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for exhaustive extraction of mixtures of neutral organic chemicals accumulated in blood of green turtles, in preparation for screening in in vitro bioassays. We designed a PDMS-blood partitioning system based on the partition coefficients of chemicals between PDMS and major blood components. The sampling kinetics of hydrophobic test chemicals (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins; PCDDs) from blood into PDMS were reasonably fast reaching steady state in <96 h. The geometric mean of the measured PDMS-blood partition coefficients for PCDDs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was 14 L blood kg PDMS(-1) and showed little variability (95% confidence interval from 8.4 to 29) across a wide range of hydrophobicity (logKow 5.7-8.3). The mass transfer of these chemicals from 5 mL blood into 0.94 g PDMS was 62-84%, which is similar to analytical recoveries in conventional solvent extraction methods. The validated method was applied to 15 blood samples from green turtles with known concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine pesticides. The quantified chemicals explained most of the dioxin-like activity (69-98%), but less than 0.4% of the oxidative stress response. The results demonstrate the applicability of PDMS-based passive sampling to extract bioaccumulative chemicals from blood as well as the value of in vitro bioassays for capturing the combined effects of unknown and known chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Beate I Escher
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Cell Toxicology, Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geosciences, Germany.
| | - Colin J Limpus
- Threatened Species Unit, Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (Queensland), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Caroline Gaus
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Wang F, Pei YY, You J. Biotransformation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in the benthic polychaete, Nereis succinea: quantitative estimation by analyzing the partitioning of chemicals between gut fluid and lipid. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:360-368. [PMID: 25470143 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation plays an important role in the bioaccumulation and toxicity of a chemical in biota. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) commonly co-occurs with its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane [DDD] and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [DDE]), in the environment; thus it is a challenge to accurately quantify the biotransformation rates of DDT and distinguish the sources of the accumulated metabolites in an organism. The present study describes a method developed to quantitatively analyze the biotransformation of p,p'-DDT in the benthic polychaete, Nereis succinea. The lugworms were exposed to sediments spiked with DDT at various concentrations for 28 d. Degradation of DDT to DDD and DDE occurred in sediments during the aging period, and approximately two-thirds of the DDT remained in the sediment. To calculate the biotransformation rates, residues of individual compounds measured in the bioaccumulation testing (after biotransformation) were compared with residues predicted by analyzing the partitioning of the parent and metabolite compounds between gut fluid and tissue lipid (before biotransformation). The results suggest that sediment ingestion rates decreased when DDT concentrations in sediment increased. Extensive biotransformation of DDT occurred in N. succinea, with 86% of DDT being metabolized to DDD and <2% being transformed to DDE. Of the DDD that accumulated in the lugworms, approximately 70% was the result of DDT biotransformation, and the remaining 30% was from direct uptake of sediment-associated DDD. In addition, the biotransformation was not dependent on bulk sediment concentrations, but rather on bioaccessible concentrations of the chemicals in sediment, which were quantified by gut fluid extraction. The newly established method improved the accuracy of prediction of the bioaccumulation and toxicity of DDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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45
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Mäenpää K, Leppänen MT, Figueiredo K, Tigistu-Sahle F, Käkelä R. Sorptive capacity of membrane lipids, storage lipids, and proteins: a preliminary study of partitioning of organochlorines in lean fish from a PCB-contaminated freshwater lake. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:193-203. [PMID: 25129121 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on the internal distribution of halogenated organic chemicals (HOCs) would improve our understanding of dose-effect relationships and subsequently improve risk assessment of contaminated sites. Herein, we determine the concentrations of HOCs based on equilibrium partitioning in storage lipids, membrane lipids, and proteins in field-contaminated fish using equilibrium sampling devices. The study shows the importance of protein as a sorptive phase in lean fish. Our results provide a basis for using species-specific equilibrium partitioning coefficients between sorptive tissues and fish internal water as a substitute for K(ow) in, for example, upgrading models that simulate food-chain accumulation of the chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Mäenpää
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland,
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46
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Drouillard KG, Norstrom RJ. Use of a vial equilibration technique to measure the change in fugacity capacity of avian food and feces samples for 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 93:561-566. [PMID: 24934706 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A vial equilibration technique was used to estimate the fugacity capacities of food and feces samples for 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene (TCB). The method was calibrated using different volumes of n-octanol and by comparing the measured and predicted fugacity capacity (Zoct) of n-octanol for TCB. The vial equilibration technique showed linearity with increasing amounts of n-octanol added to the vial. However, the measured Zoct was on average 8.5 times lower than the literature estimate and interpreted to be influenced by co-solvent effects. The ratio of fugacity capacities of food/feces was 2.9 and was consistent with the ratio estimated using Zt calculation methods (4.3) which considers partitioning capacity of both lipids and non-lipid organic matter. These results provide experimental support to the use of lipid equivalent approaches as opposed to lipid normalization when estimating the partition capacity of biological samples containing low lipid contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken G Drouillard
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada,
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47
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Jahnke A, MacLeod M, Wickström H, Mayer P. Equilibrium sampling to determine the thermodynamic potential for bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants from sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11352-11359. [PMID: 25184484 DOI: 10.1021/es503336w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium partitioning (EqP) theory is currently the most widely used approach for linking sediment pollution by persistent hydrophobic organic chemicals to bioaccumulation. Most applications of the EqP approach assume (I) a generic relationship between organic carbon-normalized chemical concentrations in sediments and lipid-normalized concentrations in biota and (II) that bioaccumulation does not induce levels exceeding those expected from equilibrium partitioning. Here, we demonstrate that assumption I can be obviated by equilibrating a silicone sampler with chemicals in sediment, measuring chemical concentrations in the silicone, and applying lipid/silicone partition ratios to yield concentrations in lipid at thermodynamic equilibrium with the sediment (CLip⇌Sed). Furthermore, we evaluated the validity of assumption II by comparing CLip⇌Sed of selected persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB)) to lipid-normalized concentrations for a range of biota from a Swedish background lake. PCBs in duck mussels, roach, eel, pikeperch, perch and pike were mostly below the equilibrium partitioning level relative to the sediment, i.e., lipid-normalized concentrations were ≤CLip⇌Sed, whereas HCB was near equilibrium between biota and sediment. Equilibrium sampling allows straightforward, sensitive and precise measurement of CLip⇌Sed. We propose CLip⇌Sed as a metric of the thermodynamic potential for bioaccumulation of persistent organic chemicals from sediment useful to prioritize management actions to remediate contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Jahnke
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
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48
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Mayer P, Parkerton TF, Adams RG, Cargill JG, Gan J, Gouin T, Gschwend PM, Hawthorne SB, Helm P, Witt G, You J, Escher BI. Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:197-209. [PMID: 24288295 PMCID: PMC4235458 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling methods (PSMs) allow the quantification of the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree ) of an organic contaminant even in complex matrices such as sediments. Cfree is directly related to a contaminant's chemical activity, which drives spontaneous processes including diffusive uptake into benthic organisms and exchange with the overlying water column. Consequently, Cfree provides a more relevant dose metric than total sediment concentration. Recent developments in PSMs have significantly improved our ability to reliably measure even very low levels of Cfree . Application of PSMs in sediments is preferably conducted in the equilibrium regime, where freely dissolved concentrations in the sediment are well-linked to the measured concentration in the sampler via analyte-specific partition ratios. The equilibrium condition can then be assured by measuring a time series or a single time point using passive samplers with different surface to volume ratios. Sampling in the kinetic regime is also possible and generally involves the application of performance reference compounds for the calibration. Based on previous research on hydrophobic organic contaminants, it is concluded that Cfree allows a direct assessment of 1) contaminant exchange and equilibrium status between sediment and overlying water, 2) benthic bioaccumulation, and 3) potential toxicity to benthic organisms. Thus, the use of PSMs to measure Cfree provides an improved basis for the mechanistic understanding of fate and transport processes in sediments and has the potential to significantly improve risk assessment and management of contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus UniversityRoskilde, Denmark
- Present address is Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Rachel G Adams
- Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, Loyola Marymount UniversityLos Angeles, California, USA
| | - John G Cargill
- Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC)New Castle, Delaware, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of CaliforniaRiverside, California, USA
| | - Todd Gouin
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science ParkSharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M Gschwend
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven B Hawthorne
- Energy and Environmental Research Center, University of North DakotaGrand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Paul Helm
- Environmental Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the EnvironmentToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gesine Witt
- University of Applied Sciences HamburgHamburg, Germany
| | - Jing You
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Beate I Escher
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox)Brisbane, Australia
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49
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Jahnke A, Mayer P, McLachlan MS, Wickström H, Gilbert D, MacLeod M. Silicone passive equilibrium samplers as 'chemometers' in eels and sediments of a Swedish lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:464-472. [PMID: 24448366 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00589e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Passive equilibrium samplers deployed in two or more media of a system and allowed to come to equilibrium can be viewed as 'chemometers' that reflect the difference in chemical activities of contaminants between the media. We applied silicone-based equilibrium samplers to measure relative chemical activities of seven 'indicator' polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene in eels and sediments from a Swedish lake. Chemical concentrations in eels and sediments were also measured using exhaustive extraction methods. Lipid-normalized concentrations in eels were higher than organic carbon-normalized concentrations in sediments, with biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) of five PCBs ranging from 2.7 to 12.7. In contrast, chemical activities of the same pollutants inferred by passive sampling were 3.5 to 31.3 times lower in eels than in sediments. The apparent contradiction between BSAFs and activity ratios is consistent with the sorptive capacity of lipids exceeding that of sediment organic carbon from this ecosystem by up to 50-fold. Factors that may contribute to the elevated activity in sediments are discussed, including slower response of sediments than water to reduced emissions, sediment diagenesis and sorption to phytoplankton. The 'chemometer' approach has the potential to become a powerful tool to study the thermodynamic controls on persistent organic chemicals in the environment and should be extended to other environmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Jahnke
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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50
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Assoumani A, Margoum C, Chataing S, Guillemain C, Coquery M. Use of passive stir bar sorptive extraction as a simple integrative sampling technique of pesticides in freshwaters: determination of sampling rates and lag-phases. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1333:1-8. [PMID: 24529405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Passive sampling represents a cost-effective approach and is more representative than grab sampling for the determination of contaminant concentrations in freshwaters. In this study, we performed the calibration of a promising tool, the passive stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), which has previously shown good performances for semi-quantitative monitoring of pesticides in a field study. We determined the sampling rates and lag-phases of 18 moderately hydrophobic to hydrophobic agricultural pesticides (2.18<log Kow<5.11) from different chemical classes including triazines, substituted ureas, triazoles and organophosphate compounds. We also realised an elimination experiment to identify a performance reference compound (PRC). A flow-through calibration experiment was realised for 7 days at constant concentrations of target pesticides in tap water, under controlled temperature (20 °C) and flow velocity (2.5 cm s(-1)). Sampling rates were between 1.3 and 121 mL d(-1) with satisfactory RSD for most pesticides (9-47%), and poor repeatability for 3 hydrophobic pesticides (59-83%). Lag-phases for all target pesticides were shorter than 2 h, demonstrating the efficiency of passive SBSE for the integration of transient concentration peaks of these contaminants in surface waters. The role of flow velocity on pesticide uptakes was investigated and we assumed a water boundary layer-controlled mass transfer for 5 pesticides with log Kow>3.3. Among these pesticides, we selected fenitrothion to evaluate its elimination, along with its deuterated analogue. Results showed 82% elimination of both compounds over the 7-day experiment and isotropic exchange for fenitrothion, making fenitrothion-d6 a promising PRC candidate for in situ applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azziz Assoumani
- Irstea, UR MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, F-69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Christelle Margoum
- Irstea, UR MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, F-69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Chataing
- Irstea, UR MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, F-69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Céline Guillemain
- Irstea, UR MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, F-69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Marina Coquery
- Irstea, UR MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, F-69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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