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Lahne H, Gerstner D, Völkel W, Schober W, Aschenbrenner B, Herr C, Heinze S, Quartucci C. Human biomonitoring follow-up study on PFOA contamination and investigation of possible influencing factors on PFOA exposure in a German population originally exposed to emissions from a fluoropolymer production plant. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 259:114387. [PMID: 38703464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was produced and applied as an emulsifier in a fluoropolymer production plant in the Altötting district, southern Bavaria (Germany). This chemical was released directly into the environment, resulting in the contamination of the local drinking water. During a human biomonitoring (HBM) survey in 2018, increased median PFOA blood serum levels, compared to a normally exposed control group with no known source of PFOA exposure from Munich, Germany, were detected in the resident population (23.18 μg/l in the general population, 20.71 μg/l in the children's group). The follow-up study aimed to investigate whether purification of the drinking water as the main PFOA exposure source has been successful in reducing internal PFOA exposure and to estimate the association of internal PFOA exposure with possible influencing factors. METHODS Only individuals who had already participated in the HBM study in 2018 were included. For the determination of the PFOA serum concentration, 5 ml of blood was drawn from each participating person. Blood samples were collected in the period from June to August 2022. Furthermore, information on sociodemographic characteristics, health status, dietary behaviour and other lifestyle factors were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire. To examine the association of PFOA blood serum levels with possible influencing factors, such as age, gender and consumption of fish and game meat, a logistic regression model with a PFOA value > 10 μg/l as outcome was used. RESULTS A total of 764 individuals participated in the follow-up study in 2022. Analyses were performed separately for the general population (n = 559), women of reproductive age (15-49 years old) (n = 120), and children under 12 years old (n = 30). Median PFOA blood levels have decreased by 56.9% in the general population, by 59.8% in the group of women of reproductive age and by 73.4% in the group of children under 12 years old. In the general population, a higher probability of a PFOA value > 10 μg/l was found for those aged 40-59 years (Odds ratio (OR) = 2.33 (95%CI: 1.23 to 4.43, p = 0.01) and those aged 60 years and older (OR = 5.32, 95%CI: 2.78 to 10.19, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In all study groups, the median PFOA serum levels decreased as expected after a half-life of four years, which confirms that contamination via drinking water has ceased. Furthermore, our study identified age as a significant predictor of internal PFOA exposure, while no influence was found for the consumption of fish and game meat. Further investigations are needed to quantify in a more detailed way the influence of dietary habits on PFOA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Lahne
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute for Occupational Health and Product Safety, Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.
| | - Doris Gerstner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute for Occupational Health and Product Safety, Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Völkel
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute for Occupational Health and Product Safety, Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schober
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute for Occupational Health and Product Safety, Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Aschenbrenner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute for Occupational Health and Product Safety, Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Herr
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute for Occupational Health and Product Safety, Environmental Health, Munich, Germany; Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 5, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heinze
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute for Occupational Health and Product Safety, Environmental Health, Munich, Germany; Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 5, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Quartucci
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute for Occupational Health and Product Safety, Environmental Health, Munich, Germany; Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 5, 80336, Munich, Germany
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Antonopoulou M, Spyrou A, Tzamaria A, Efthimiou I, Triantafyllidis V. Current state of knowledge of environmental occurrence, toxic effects, and advanced treatment of PFOS and PFOA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169332. [PMID: 38123090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic synthetic compounds, with high chemical and thermal stability and a persistent, stable and bioaccumulative nature that renders them a potential hazard for the environment, its organisms, and humans alike. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are the most well-known substances of this category and even though they are phased out from production they are still highly detectable in several environmental matrices. As a result, they have been spread globally in water sources, soil and biota exerting toxic and detrimental effects. Therefore, up and coming technologies, namely advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and advanced reduction processes (ARPs) are being tested for their implementation in the degradation of these pollutants. Thus, the present review compiles the current knowledge on the occurrence of PFOS and PFOA in the environment, the various toxic effects they have induced in different organisms as well as the ability of AOPs and ARPs to diminish and/or eliminate them from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonopoulou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30131 Agrinio, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Spyrou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30131 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Anna Tzamaria
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30131 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Ioanna Efthimiou
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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Dunder L, Salihovic S, Varotsis G, Lind PM, Elmståhl S, Lind L. Plasma levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and cardiovascular disease - Results from two independent population-based cohorts and a meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108250. [PMID: 37832261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent chemicals that have been linked to increased cholesterol levels and thus may have a role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). OBJECTIVES To investigate associations between PFAS exposure and incident CVD (a combined CVD end-point consisting of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or heart failure) in two independent population-based cohorts in Sweden. In addition, we performed a meta-analysis also including results from previous studies. METHODS In 2,278 subjects aged 45-75 years from the EpiHealth study, the risk of incident CVD in relation to relative plasma levels of perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was investigated. Associations between plasma levels of six PFAS and incident CVD were also examined in the PIVUS-study (n = 1,016, all aged 70 years). In addition, a meta-analysis was performed including three previous prospective studies, together with the results from the present study. RESULTS There were no overall statistically significant associations between levels of the different PFAS and incident CVD, neither in EpiHealth nor in PIVUS. However, there was a significant sex interaction for PFOS in EpiHealth (p = 0.008), and an inverse association could be seen only in men (Men, HR: 0.68, 95 % CI: 0.52, 0.89) (Women, HR: 1.13, 95 % CI: 0.82, 1.55). A meta-analysis of five independent studies regarding PFOA and incident CVD showed a risk ratio (RR) of 0.80 (CI: 0.66, 0.94) when high levels were compared to low levels. CONCLUSIONS This longitudinal study using data from two population-based cohort studies in Sweden did not indicate any increased risk of incident CVD for moderately elevated PFAS levels. A meta-analysis of five independent cohort studies rather indicated a modest inverse association between PFOA levels and incident CVD, further supporting that increasing PFAS levels are not linked to an increased risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Dunder
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Samira Salihovic
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Georgios Varotsis
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sölve Elmståhl
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Jain RB, Ducatman A. Factors affecting serum PFAS concentrations among US females with surgically and naturally induced menopause: data from NHANES 2003-2018. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:84705-84724. [PMID: 37369902 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormones influence excretion of the biopersistent per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in rodents, but such influences in human studies are less clear. Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 2003-2018 for US females aged ≥ 20 years who reported having hysterectomy (HYST, N=1064) and who reported being in natural menopause (MENOP, N=1505) were analyzed for associations of ever use of birth control pills, past pregnancies, live births, and other factors with serum concentrations of six per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). For both HYST and MENOP, PFAS concentrations computed as adjusted geometric means (AGM) were higher among those who took female replacement hormone therapy (HRT) compared to nonusers in multivariable adjusted models, for example PFOS in HRT takers (10.70 ng/mL; 95% C.I. 9.46-12.11) vs. 8.70 ng/mL (95% C.I. 8.07-9.37) in nonusers (p<0.01), and PFOA in HRT users was 2.85 ng/mL (95% C.I. 2.53-3.21) vs. 2.44 ng/mL (95% C.I. 2.32-2.36) in nonusers (p=0.01), with similar findings across race/ethnicity stratifications. HYST participants with retained ovaries sometimes had higher serum PFAS than those without ovaries in post-HYST participants not taking HRT, but results had overlapping confidence intervals in all cases and were inconsistent. PFASs were inversely associated with obesity and directly associated with higher SES as reflected in poverty income ratio (PIR) in most cases, yet HRT results for the entire population are robust to adjustments for obesity and PIR. The results suggest the hypothesis that exogenous hormone use, and specifically estrogen hormones, are associated with higher serum PFAS in postmenopausal women. We discuss potential explanations for the findings, including data from other populations that estrogens may delay the onset of kidney disease, a finding which might paradoxically increase serum PFAS among the HRT population to explain some or all of our findings in a menopausal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Jain
- 4331 Kendrick Circle, Loganville, GA, 30019, USA.
| | - Alan Ducatman
- West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Jia X, Jin Q, Fang J, Shi Y, Hou M, Dong H, Liu Y, Deng F, Zhou Y, Godri Pollitt KJ, Tang S, Shi X, Cai Y. Emerging and Legacy Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in an Elderly Population in Jinan, China: The Exposure Level, Short-Term Variation, and Intake Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7905-7916. [PMID: 35584234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has gained worldwide attention due to their widespread presence in the environment and adverse health effects, but the exposure assessment in the elderly is still lacking. This study aimed to assess exposures to 3 emerging PFASs (chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids, Cl-PFESAs) and 15 legacy PFASs. The temporal variability of internal exposures and intake amounts of these PFASs were evaluated among a population of 76 healthy elderly adults (age: 60-69) in Jinan, China over 5 consecutive months. Fifteen PFASs were detected in whole blood with the mean total concentration (ΣPFAS) at 20.1 ng/mL (range: 5.0-135.9 ng/mL) dominated by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (9.0 ng/mL), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (5.3 ng/mL), and 6:2 Cl-PFESA (1.6 ng/mL). Across the 5 month assessment period, significant variation was only observed for short-chain (C4-C7) perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, and their variations ranged from 53 to 334%. The median intake of PFOA and PFOS was estimated to be 1.46 and 0.92 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Regression analysis showed that dietary ingestion, especially fish, was likely an important exposure pathway for PFASs among the elderly adults. Various pathways (e.g., dietary, water, air, and dust) should thus be considered to fully understand human exposure to PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianlong Fang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Minmin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haoran Dong
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fuchang Deng
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yakun Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Song Tang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoming Shi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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Rickard BP, Rizvi I, Fenton SE. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and female reproductive outcomes: PFAS elimination, endocrine-mediated effects, and disease. Toxicology 2022; 465:153031. [PMID: 34774661 PMCID: PMC8743032 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread environmental contaminants frequently detected in drinking water supplies worldwide that have been linked to a variety of adverse reproductive health outcomes in women. Compared to men, reproductive health effects in women are generally understudied while global trends in female reproduction rates are declining. Many factors may contribute to the observed decline in female reproduction, one of which is environmental contaminant exposure. PFAS have been used in home, food storage, personal care and industrial products for decades. Despite the phase-out of some legacy PFAS due to their environmental persistence and adverse health effects, alternative, short-chain and legacy PFAS mixtures will continue to pollute water and air and adversely influence women's health. Studies have shown that both long- and short-chain PFAS disrupt normal reproductive function in women through altering hormone secretion, menstrual cyclicity, and fertility. Here, we summarize the role of a variety of PFAS and PFAS mixtures in female reproductive tract dysfunction and disease. Since these chemicals may affect reproductive tissues directly or indirectly through endocrine disruption, the role of PFAS in breast, thyroid, and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function are also discussed as the interplay between these tissues may be critical in understanding the long-term reproductive health effects of PFAS in women. A major research gap is the need for mechanism of action data - the targets for PFAS in the female reproductive and endocrine systems are not evident, but the effects are many. Given the global decline in female fecundity and the ability of PFAS to negatively impact female reproductive health, further studies are needed to examine effects on endocrine target tissues involved in the onset of reproductive disorders of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany P Rickard
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27599, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Suzanne E Fenton
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Dr., Rm E121A, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Wang Y, Li X, Zheng Z, Shi Y, Cai Y. Chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids in fish, dust, drinking water and human serum: From external exposure to internal doses. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106820. [PMID: 34391985 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has raised significant public health concerns due to their persistence and toxicity in the human body. Here, we aimed to investigate the characteristics of exposure to chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids (Cl-PFESAs) and legacy PFASs and the relative contribution from different external pathways to human exposure. Three Cl-PFESAs and fourteen legacy PFASs were detected in human serum, fish, indoor dust and drinking water collected from Shijiazhuang, China. Results showed that 6:2 Cl-PFESA was the third most predominant compound, with an average concentration of 2.70 ng/mL in serum, which was lower than those of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane acid (PFOA) (14.79 and 4.91 ng/mL). The estimated daily intake of 6:2 Cl-PFESA via dust ingestion (mean: 0.008 ng/kg bw/day) was found to be highest among all detected PFASs, while the highest value via fish and drinking water was found for PFOS and PFOA (0.438-9.799 and 0.034-0.155 ng/kg bw/day), respectively. The similar composition of PFASs between serum and fish suggests that fish consumption is a major contributor to human exposure to PFASs. However, the increasing ratios of EDIindoor dust/EDIfish for PFOS, PFOA and 6:2 Cl-PFESA indicated that the contribution of dust ingestion for PFASs, especially 6:2 Cl-PFESA, could not be ignored. The modeled serum concentrations of 6:2 Cl-PFESA higher than its observed levels hint at its gradually increasing exposure levels in the general population. Combined with the lower modeled levels of PFOS than the observed levels, the substituent with 6:2 Cl-PFESA for PFOS is obvious in China. Therefore, further studies on contributions from more detailed external sources and risk assessments of Cl-PFESAs are recommended, especially for some vulnerable subpopulations, considering their widespread exposure and similar environmental behaviors compared with those of their predecessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Yali Shi
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yaqi Cai
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Canova C, Barbieri G, Zare Jeddi M, Gion M, Fabricio A, Daprà F, Russo F, Fletcher T, Pitter G. Associations between perfluoroalkyl substances and lipid profile in a highly exposed young adult population in the Veneto Region. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106117. [PMID: 32971418 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residents of a large area of the Veneto Region (North-Eastern Italy) were exposed for decades to drinking water contaminated by perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). PFAS have been consistently associated with raised serum lipids, mainly in cross-sectional studies and in background exposure contexts, but the shape of the dose-response relationships has been poorly investigated. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the association between serum PFAS and serum lipids and their dose-response patterns in a large exposed population. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in 16,224 individuals aged 20-39 years recruited in the regional health surveillance program. 15,720 subjects were analysed after excluding pregnant women (n = 327), participants reporting use of cholesterol lowering medications (n = 67) or with missing information on the selected covariates (n = 110). Twelve PFAS were measured by HPLC-MS in serum; three (PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS) were quantifiable in at least 50% of samples. Non-fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides were measured by enzymatic assays in automated analysers and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-HDL cholesterol and total/HDL cholesterol ratio were calculated. The associations between natural log (ln) transformed PFAS and lipids were assessed through generalized additive models using linear regression and smoothing thin plate splines, adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS There were strong positive associations between the ln-transformed PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS and TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C, and between ln PFOA and PFHxS and triglycerides. Each ln-increase in PFOA was associated with an increase of 1.94 mg/dL (95% CI 1.48-2.41) in TC, with 4.99 mg/dL (CI 4.12-5.86) for PFOS and 2.02 mg/dL (CI 1.45-2.58) for PFHxS. CONCLUSIONS Investigation of the shape of exposure-response associations using splines showed a positive association with the largest increases per unit of PFAS in cholesterol levels occurring at the lower range of PFAS concentrations for each compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Canova
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giulia Barbieri
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padova, Italy
| | - Maryam Zare Jeddi
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Gion
- Regional Center for Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Pathology, Azienda ULSS 3 Serenissima, Venice, Italy
| | - Aline Fabricio
- Regional Center for Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Pathology, Azienda ULSS 3 Serenissima, Venice, Italy
| | - Francesca Daprà
- Laboratory Department-Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection-Veneto Region, Venice, Italy
| | - Francesca Russo
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, and Veterinary Public Health-Veneto Region, Venice, Italy
| | - Tony Fletcher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gisella Pitter
- Screening and Health Impact Assessment Unit, Azienda Zero-Veneto Region, Padova, Italy
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A Simple and Rapid Method for Quantitative HPLC MS/MS Determination of Selected Perfluorocarboxylic Acids and Perfluorosulfonates in Human Serum. Int J Anal Chem 2020; 2020:8878618. [PMID: 33123200 PMCID: PMC7585657 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8878618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, present in the environment and in the human body. They have raised global concern because of their diffusion in the environment, particularly in water, causing cases of human overexposure due to consumption of contaminated drinking water. Human biomonitoring is the most effective way to characterize human exposure to PFASs, and it is important that as many labs as possible could easily perform this kind of analysis. Analytical methods for quantitation of PFAS mixtures in human serum have been developed, but most of them required materials that are not always easily available in all the laboratories. This paper describes a very simple and accessible HPLC MS/MS method of analysis and quantification of 13 perfluorocarboxylic acids and perfluorosulfonate compounds (belonging to the class of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs)) in human serum. Method development data provide detailed descriptions of the optimization process in terms of sample preparation, laboratory analysis of human serum samples, determination of analytes by HPLC MS/MS, and describing the pump gradient time, working conditions, and acquisition.
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Bonato M, Corrà F, Bellio M, Guidolin L, Tallandini L, Irato P, Santovito G. PFAS Environmental Pollution and Antioxidant Responses: An Overview of the Impact on Human Field. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8020. [PMID: 33143342 PMCID: PMC7663035 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties, perfluorinated substances (PFAS) are widely used in multiple industrial and commercial applications, but they are toxic for animals, humans included. This review presents some available data on the PFAS environmental distribution in the world, and in particular in Europe and in the Veneto region of Italy, where it has become a serious problem for human health. The consumption of contaminated food and drinking water is considered one of the major source of exposure for humans. Worldwide epidemiological studies report the negative effects that PFAS have on human health, due to environmental pollution, including infertility, steroid hormone perturbation, thyroid, liver and kidney disorders, and metabolic disfunctions. In vitro and in vivo researches correlated PFAS exposure to oxidative stress effects (in mammals as well as in other vertebrates of human interest), produced by a PFAS-induced increase of reactive oxygen species formation. The cellular antioxidant defense system is activated by PFAS, but it is only partially able to avoid the oxidative damage to biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paola Irato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.T.)
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.T.)
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11
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Pirard C, Dufour P, Charlier C. Background contamination of perfluoralkyl substances in a Belgian general population. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:13-21. [PMID: 32659468 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The few Belgian studies on the human exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have until now concerned the Northern part of Belgium (Flanders), while data related to Wallonia (South region) are missing. To fill this gap, 8 perfluorinated carboxylic acids and 3 perfluorinated alkyl sulfonates were measured in the serum of 242 adults (>18 years old) recruited in 2015 and living in the Province of Liege. Some multivariate regression models were also built with the PFAS levels and the participant's answers to a questionnaire about their diet and lifestyle habits in order to identify some predictors of exposure. The results obtained showed that although PFAS levels observed in our population seemed to be similar or lower than those reported in other countries, and especially lower than in the Northern part of Belgium, half of the population showed PFOS and PFOA serum levels above the health guidance values set by the German HBM Commission. As expected, age and gender were the main covariates explaining the different PFAS serum levels between participants, while breastfeeding (for women), consumption of fish and seafood, consumption of rice, and use of nail polish seemed also to impact the PFAS body burden of our population. Nevertheless, the statistical models were poorly predictive suggesting that the main sources of exposure were not taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Patrice Dufour
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000, Liege, Belgium
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12
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Ceccatelli S, Cravedi J, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, Knutsen HK, Rose M, Roudot A, Van Loveren H, Vollmer G, Mackay K, Riolo F, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06223. [PMID: 32994824 PMCID: PMC7507523 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food. Based on several similar effects in animals, toxicokinetics and observed concentrations in human blood, the CONTAM Panel decided to perform the assessment for the sum of four PFASs: PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS. These made up half of the lower bound (LB) exposure to those PFASs with available occurrence data, the remaining contribution being primarily from PFASs with short half-lives. Equal potencies were assumed for the four PFASs included in the assessment. The mean LB exposure in adolescents and adult age groups ranged from 3 to 22, the 95th percentile from 9 to 70 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week. Toddlers and 'other children' showed a twofold higher exposure. Upper bound exposure was 4- to 49-fold higher than LB levels, but the latter were considered more reliable. 'Fish meat', 'Fruit and fruit products' and 'Eggs and egg products' contributed most to the exposure. Based on available studies in animals and humans, effects on the immune system were considered the most critical for the risk assessment. From a human study, a lowest BMDL 10 of 17.5 ng/mL for the sum of the four PFASs in serum was identified for 1-year-old children. Using PBPK modelling, this serum level of 17.5 ng/mL in children was estimated to correspond to long-term maternal exposure of 0.63 ng/kg bw per day. Since accumulation over time is important, a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 4.4 ng/kg bw per week was established. This TWI also protects against other potential adverse effects observed in humans. Based on the estimated LB exposure, but also reported serum levels, the CONTAM Panel concluded that parts of the European population exceed this TWI, which is of concern.
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13
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Di Nisio A, Rocca MS, Sabovic I, De Rocco Ponce M, Corsini C, Guidolin D, Zanon C, Acquasaliente L, Carosso AR, De Toni L, Foresta C. Perfluorooctanoic acid alters progesterone activity in human endometrial cells and induces reproductive alterations in young women. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125208. [PMID: 31896193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Female fecundity is finely regulated by hormonal signaling, representing a potential target for endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Among the chemicals of most concern are the perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), widely used in consumer goods, that are associated with adverse effects on reproductive health. In this context, the endometrium clearly represents an important fertility determining factor. The aim of this study was to investigate PFAS interference on hormonal endometrial regulation. This study was performed within a screening protocol to evaluate reproductive health in high schools. We studied a cohort of 146 exposed females aged 18-21 from the Veneto region in Italy, one of the four areas worldwide heavily polluted with PFAS, and 1080 non-exposed controls. In experiments on Ishikawa cells included UV-Vis spectroscopy, microarray analysis and qPCR. We report a significant dysregulation of the genetic cascade leading to embryo implantation and endometrial receptivity. The most differentially-expressed genes upon PFOA coincubation were ITGB8, KLF5, WNT11, SULT1E1, ALPPL2 and G0S2 (all p < 0.01). By qPCR, we confirmed an antagonistic effect of PFOA on all these genes, which was reversed at higher progesterone levels. Molecular interference of PFOA on progesterone was confirmed by an increase in the intensity of absorption spectra at 250 nm in a dose-dependent manner, but not in the presence of β-estradiol. Age at menarche (+164 days, p = 0.006) and the frequency of girls with irregular periods (29.5% vs 21.5%, p = 0.022) were significantly higher in the exposed group. Our results are indicative of endocrine-disrupting activity of PFAS on progesterone-mediated endometrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - M S Rocca
- Familial Cancer Clinic, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCSS), 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - I Sabovic
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - M De Rocco Ponce
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - C Corsini
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - D Guidolin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 65, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - C Zanon
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP) - Fondazione Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, Padova, Italy
| | - L Acquasaliente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine 1100 South Grand Blvd. St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - A R Carosso
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Physiopathology of Reproduction and IVF Unit, S. Anna Hospital, University of Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - L De Toni
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - C Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
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Ingelido AM, Abballe A, Gemma S, Dellatte E, Iacovella N, De Angelis G, Marra V, Russo F, Vazzoler M, Testai E, De Felip E. Serum concentrations of perfluorinated alkyl substances in farmers living in areas affected by water contamination in the Veneto Region (Northern Italy). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105435. [PMID: 31935559 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) is a major public health concern because in the last decades several cases of overexposure of people to PFASs, in particular through contaminated water, occurred worldwide. In 2013-2017 a PFAS drinking water contamination was discovered and investigated in northern Italy (Veneto region) and high PFAS serum levels were detected in exposed people. 629 subjects were enrolled: 257 residing in municipalities in the areas under impact, 250 residing in municipalities in areas at presumed background exposure and 122 farmers living in contaminated rural areas producing and consuming own livestock and vegetables and frequently using well water. The highest PFAS serum concentrations (median PFOA concentrations 40 ng/g) were found in the subgroup of farmers. The main factors influencing PFAS serum levels of farmers were residence area and the related extent of drinking water contamination, gender, years of residence in the municipalities, well water consumption and consumption of own produced food. PFOA serum concentrations in farmers residing in the areas of the Veneto region impacted by PFAS contamination are among the highest found worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Ingelido
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Abballe
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Simonetta Gemma
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Elena Dellatte
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Nicola Iacovella
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Angelis
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Marra
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Russo
- Direzione Prevenzione, Sicurezza Alimentare e Veterinaria della Regione Veneto, Rio Novo - Dorsoduro 3493, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Marina Vazzoler
- Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto, Via Ospedale Civile 24, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Elena De Felip
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
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15
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Pitter G, Da Re F, Canova C, Barbieri G, Zare Jeddi M, Daprà F, Manea F, Zolin R, Bettega AM, Stopazzolo G, Vittorii S, Zambelli L, Martuzzi M, Mantoan D, Russo F. Serum Levels of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Adolescents and Young Adults Exposed to Contaminated Drinking Water in the Veneto Region, Italy: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on a Health Surveillance Program. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:27007. [PMID: 32068468 PMCID: PMC7064325 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spring 2013, groundwater of a vast area of the Veneto Region (northeastern Italy) was found to be contaminated by perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from a PFAS manufacturing plant active since the late 1960s. Residents were exposed to high concentrations of PFAS, particularly perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), through drinking water until autumn 2013. A publicly funded health surveillance program is under way to aid in the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of chronic disorders possibly associated with PFAS exposure. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this paper are: a) to describe the organization of the health surveillance program, b) to report serum PFAS concentrations in adolescents and young adults, and c) to identify predictors of serum PFAS concentrations in the studied population. METHODS The health surveillance program offered to residents of municipalities supplied by contaminated waterworks includes a structured interview, routine blood and urine tests, and measurement of 12 PFAS in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We studied 18,345 participants born between 1978 and 2002, 14-39 years of age at recruitment. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify sociodemographic, lifestyle, dietary, and reproductive predictors of serum PFAS concentrations. RESULTS The PFAS with the highest serum concentrations were PFOA [median 44.4 ng / mL , interquartile range (IQR) 19.3-84.9], perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) (median 3.9 ng / mL , IQR 1.9-7.4), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (median 3.9 ng / mL , IQR 2.6-5.8). The major predictors of serum levels were gender, municipality, duration of residence in the affected area, and number of deliveries. Overall, the regression models explained 37%, 23%, and 43% of the variance of PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Serum PFOA concentrations were high relative to concentrations in populations with background residential exposures only. Interindividual variation of serum PFAS levels was partially explained by the considered predictors. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5337.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisella Pitter
- Screening and Health Impact Assessment Unit, Azienda Zero—Veneto Region, Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Da Re
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, and Veterinary Public Health—Veneto Region, Venice, Italy
| | - Cristina Canova
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health—University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Barbieri
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health—University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maryam Zare Jeddi
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health—University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Daprà
- Laboratory Department—Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection—Veneto Region, Venice, Italy
| | - Flavio Manea
- Laboratory Department—Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection—Veneto Region, Venice, Italy
| | - Rinaldo Zolin
- PFAS Team—Local Health Unit “Azienda ULSS 8 Berica”, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Vittorii
- PFAS Team—Local Health Unit “Azienda ULSS 8 Berica”, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Lorena Zambelli
- Epidemiology, Prevention of Chronic Disorders, Screening and Health Promotion Unit—Local Health Unit “Azienda ULSS 9 Scaligera”, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Martuzzi
- Regional Office for Western Pacific—World Health Organization, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Francesca Russo
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, and Veterinary Public Health—Veneto Region, Venice, Italy
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16
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Can sustained exposure to PFAS trigger a genotoxic response? A comprehensive genotoxicity assessment in mice after subacute oral administration of PFOA and PFBA. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:169-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Svarcova A, Lankova D, Gramblicka T, Stupak M, Hajslova J, Pulkrabova J. Integration of five groups of POPs into one multi-analyte method for human blood serum analysis: An innovative approach within biomonitoring studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 667:701-709. [PMID: 30849610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Within this study, a new analytical strategy was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 78 organohalogenated contaminants in human blood serum, namely 40 flame retardants (FRs) including 7 "novel" brominated and chlorinated FRs (novel FRs), 19 perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs), 11 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 8 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The integral sample preparation procedure was implemented for the isolation of non-polar compounds, based on three-step solvent extraction using a mixture of n-hexane:diethylether (9:1, v/v), followed by purification using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) on a Florisil® column. For isolation of more polar and lipophobic analytes, the remaining fraction from the first extraction step was further processed, using a modified QuEChERS method. Depending on the polarity and volatility of target compounds, either gas chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry (GC-MS/(MS)), or ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), was employed for their identification/quantification. Within the subsequent pilot study, the new validated procedure was successfully applied to the monitoring of organohalogenated contaminants in 38 samples of human blood serum obtained from Prague, Czech Republic. From 78 targeted analytes, 10 PFASs, 10 OCPs, 8 PCBs and 6 BFRs were detected in serum at concentrations above method quantification limits (MQLs). In the serum samples, the amounts of determined PFASs were in the range<0.01-8.97ngmL-1 (mean 0.631ngmL-1), OCPs and PCBs ranged from <0.1-1626ngg-1 lw (mean 40.0ngg-1 lw) and<0.1-481ngg-1 lw (mean 63.3ngg-1 lw), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Svarcova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague, 6, Czech Republic
| | - Darina Lankova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague, 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Gramblicka
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague, 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Stupak
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague, 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajslova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague, 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pulkrabova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague, 6, Czech Republic.
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18
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Di Nisio A, Sabovic I, Valente U, Tescari S, Rocca MS, Guidolin D, Dall'Acqua S, Acquasaliente L, Pozzi N, Plebani M, Garolla A, Foresta C. Endocrine Disruption of Androgenic Activity by Perfluoroalkyl Substances: Clinical and Experimental Evidence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:1259-1271. [PMID: 30403786 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable attention has been paid to perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) because of their worldwide presence in humans, wildlife, and environment. A wide variety of toxicological effects is well supported in animals, including testicular toxicity and male infertility. For these reasons, the understanding of epidemiological associations and of the molecular mechanisms involved in the endocrine-disrupting properties of PFCs on human reproductive health is a major concern. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between PFC exposure and male reproductive health. DESIGN This study was performed within a screening protocol to evaluate male reproductive health in high schools. PATIENTS This is a cross-sectional study on 212 exposed males from the Veneto region, one of the four areas worldwide heavily polluted with PFCs, and 171 nonexposed controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Anthropometrics, seminal parameters, and sex hormones were measured in young males from exposed areas compared with age-matched controls. We also performed biochemical studies in established experimental models. RESULTS We found that increased levels of PFCs in plasma and seminal fluid positively correlate with circulating testosterone (T) and with a reduction of semen quality, testicular volume, penile length, and anogenital distance. Experimental evidence points toward an antagonistic action of perfluorooctanoic acid on the binding of T to androgen receptor (AR) in a gene reporter assay, a competition assay on an AR-coated surface plasmon resonance chip, and an AR nuclear translocation assay. DISCUSSION This study documents that PFCs have a substantial impact on human health as they interfere with hormonal pathways, potentially leading to male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Iva Sabovic
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Valente
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Simone Tescari
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Santa Rocca
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Acquasaliente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nicola Pozzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Garolla
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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19
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Bodin L, Cravedi JP, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, van Loveren H, Gergelova P, Mackay K, Levorato S, van Manen M, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food. EFSA J 2018. [PMID: 32625773 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194','32625773', '10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.025')">Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194" />
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in food. Regarding PFOS and PFOA occurrence, the final data set available for dietary exposure assessment contained a total of 20,019 analytical results (PFOS n = 10,191 and PFOA n = 9,828). There were large differences between upper and lower bound exposure due to analytical methods with insufficient sensitivity. The CONTAM Panel considered the lower bound estimates to be closer to true exposure levels. Important contributors to the lower bound mean chronic exposure were 'Fish and other seafood', 'Meat and meat products' and 'Eggs and egg products', for PFOS, and 'Milk and dairy products', 'Drinking water' and 'Fish and other seafood' for PFOA. PFOS and PFOA are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, excreted in urine and faeces, and do not undergo metabolism. Estimated human half-lives for PFOS and PFOA are about 5 years and 2-4 years, respectively. The derivation of a health-based guidance value was based on human epidemiological studies. For PFOS, the increase in serum total cholesterol in adults, and the decrease in antibody response at vaccination in children were identified as the critical effects. For PFOA, the increase in serum total cholesterol was the critical effect. Also reduced birth weight (for both compounds) and increased prevalence of high serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (for PFOA) were considered. After benchmark modelling of serum levels of PFOS and PFOA, and estimating the corresponding daily intakes, the CONTAM Panel established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 13 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week for PFOS and 6 ng/kg bw per week for PFOA. For both compounds, exposure of a considerable proportion of the population exceeds the proposed TWIs.
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Bodin L, Cravedi JP, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, van Loveren H, Gergelova P, Mackay K, Levorato S, van Manen M, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05194. [PMID: 32625773 PMCID: PMC7009575 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in food. Regarding PFOS and PFOA occurrence, the final data set available for dietary exposure assessment contained a total of 20,019 analytical results (PFOS n = 10,191 and PFOA n = 9,828). There were large differences between upper and lower bound exposure due to analytical methods with insufficient sensitivity. The CONTAM Panel considered the lower bound estimates to be closer to true exposure levels. Important contributors to the lower bound mean chronic exposure were 'Fish and other seafood', 'Meat and meat products' and 'Eggs and egg products', for PFOS, and 'Milk and dairy products', 'Drinking water' and 'Fish and other seafood' for PFOA. PFOS and PFOA are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, excreted in urine and faeces, and do not undergo metabolism. Estimated human half-lives for PFOS and PFOA are about 5 years and 2-4 years, respectively. The derivation of a health-based guidance value was based on human epidemiological studies. For PFOS, the increase in serum total cholesterol in adults, and the decrease in antibody response at vaccination in children were identified as the critical effects. For PFOA, the increase in serum total cholesterol was the critical effect. Also reduced birth weight (for both compounds) and increased prevalence of high serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (for PFOA) were considered. After benchmark modelling of serum levels of PFOS and PFOA, and estimating the corresponding daily intakes, the CONTAM Panel established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 13 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week for PFOS and 6 ng/kg bw per week for PFOA. For both compounds, exposure of a considerable proportion of the population exceeds the proposed TWIs.
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Zhang R, Ye J, Wei Q, Li M, Xu K, Li Z, Lin W, Liu P, Chen R, Ma A, Zhou Z. Plasma concentration of 14 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) among children from seven cities in Guangdong, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:1469-1476. [PMID: 29066194 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity and persistence of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in humans have drawn growing concerns, particularly for children. However, data regarding the concentrations of PFAAs in children are limited. In this study, we measured the concentrations of 14 PFAAs in plasma samples collected from 1192 children aged 0-7years from 7 cities in Guangdong Province: Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Foshan, Dongguan, Zhaoqing, Zhongshan and Zhanjiang. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were detected in >99.5% of the analysed samples. PFOS had the highest median concentration (23.6ng/mL) in the total samples, followed by PFOA (2.8ng/mL). The median concentrations of the other PFAAs were lower than 0.4ng/mL. The concentrations of perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluorododecanoic acid, perfluorohexane sulfonate, PFOA and PFOS in children from Foshan were significantly higher than those found in other cities (p<0.001). Negative correlations between most of the PFAA concentrations and age (r=-0.06--0.45) were found in all children. Weak to moderate correlations (r=0.080-0.698) were observed between all PFAA concentrations. Our findings indicated a high exposure of children to PFAAs in the early life-stage. The exposure sources and pathways of PFAAs in different regions are different. Considering a lack of information on the exposure pathways and health status, more studies are needed to evaluate the exposure resources and assess the health risk of PFAA exposure in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine Science, Center for Hygiene Testing and Analysis, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jufeng Ye
- Experimental Teaching Center of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinzhi Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Minjie Li
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine Science, Center for Hygiene Testing and Analysis, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaihui Xu
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine Science, Center for Hygiene Testing and Analysis, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zihuan Li
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine Science, Center for Hygiene Testing and Analysis, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenting Lin
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine Science, Center for Hygiene Testing and Analysis, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Peishan Liu
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine Science, Center for Hygiene Testing and Analysis, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruopei Chen
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine Science, Center for Hygiene Testing and Analysis, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Ande Ma
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine Science, Center for Hygiene Testing and Analysis, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhifeng Zhou
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine Science, Center for Hygiene Testing and Analysis, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
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22
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Ingelido AM, Abballe A, Gemma S, Dellatte E, Iacovella N, De Angelis G, Zampaglioni F, Marra V, Miniero R, Valentini S, Russo F, Vazzoler M, Testai E, De Felip E. Biomonitoring of perfluorinated compounds in adults exposed to contaminated drinking water in the Veneto Region, Italy. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 110:149-159. [PMID: 29108835 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In 2013 a contamination of drinking water by perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) was discovered in areas of the Veneto Region (northern Italy). In this study the exposure to PFASs of people living in the aforesaid areas was characterized: contaminant serum concentrations were measured and compared with those of a control population group living in neighboring areas at background exposure (based on available drinking water data). The enrolled population was also genotyped for the OATP1A2*3 allelic variant, possibly affecting PFAS excretion and hence the internal dose. The difference in PFAS concentrations between exposed and not exposed subjects was significantly larger for nine of the 12 substances analyzed, and confirmed that water contamination had resulted in an appreciable high exposure of the residing population over time. Within the group of exposed subjects, subgroups at different exposure levels were identified. The contamination of drinking water of the residence area was found to be the main factor influencing PFAS serum levels; in addition to water contamination, other relevant influencing factors were sex, the years of residence and raising own livestock. No relationship with the genetic trait for the studied renal transporter was evidenced. These results provide a baseline characterization of PFAS exposure of the monitored population groups for further studies, planned to be carried out in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annalisa Abballe
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Roma, Italy
| | - Simonetta Gemma
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Roma, Italy
| | - Elena Dellatte
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Roma, Italy
| | - Nicola Iacovella
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Franco Zampaglioni
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Marra
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Miniero
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Valentini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Russo
- Direzione Prevenzione, Sicurezza Alimentare, Veterinaria della Regione del Veneto, Venezia, Italy
| | - Marina Vazzoler
- Direzione Prevenzione, Sicurezza Alimentare, Veterinaria della Regione del Veneto, Venezia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Roma, Italy
| | - Elena De Felip
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Roma, Italy
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Bartolomé M, Gallego-Picó A, Cutanda F, Huetos O, Esteban M, Pérez-Gómez B, Castaño A. Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Spanish adults: Geographical distribution and determinants of exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017. [PMID: 28633112 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely found in humans and the environment. Their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity make them a source of increasing public health concern. In this study, we analyzed the concentrations and geographical distribution of six PFAS in the serum of 755 Spanish adults aged 18-65. The geometric mean concentrations (and P95 values) for PFOS (perfluoroctane sulfonate), PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), PFHxS (perfluorohexane sulfonate), PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid) and PFDA (perfluorodecanoic acid) were 7.67 (19.3), 1.99 (5.48), 0.91 (2.84), 0.96 (2.44) and 0.42 (0.99) μg/L, respectively. N-Methylperfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-MeFOSAA) was detected in only 3.3% of samples. Residents in northeast (Catalonia) and northwest of Spain (Galicia) were found to have the highest serum values, whereas residents in the Canary Islands had the lowest values for almost all PFAS. Men presented higher levels than women, and we confirm that lactation (breastfeeding) contributes to a reduced body burden for all PFAS in women. Our data provide new information on exposure to PFAS in a national cross section sample of Spanish adults, thus providing a proxy for reference values for the Spanish population and forming the base for following temporal trends in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Bartolomé
- Environmental Toxicology, National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandrina Gallego-Picó
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, National University of Distance Education (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Cutanda
- Environmental Toxicology, National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Huetos
- Environmental Toxicology, National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Esteban
- Environmental Toxicology, National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
- National Center for Epidemiology & CIBERESP, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sinesio Delgado, 6, Madrid, Spain
| | - Argelia Castaño
- Environmental Toxicology, National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Xu C, Jiang ZY, Liu Q, Liu H, Gu A. Estrogen receptor beta mediates hepatotoxicity induced by perfluorooctane sulfonate in mouse. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13414-13423. [PMID: 28386898 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), an artificial fluorosurfactant and global contaminant, is used widely in various consumer products. In this study, we investigated the function of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in PFOS-induced bile acid and cholesterol metabolism disorders and gut microbiome using ERβ knockout mice that were exposed to PFOS by gavage. Our results showed that a daily dose of 5 mg PFOS/kg significantly induced hydropic degeneration and vacuolation in hepatic cells, reduced bile acid, and cholesterol levels in liver tissue, and influenced the abundance and composition of gut microbiota. Notably, ERβ deficiency not only ameliorated morphological alterations of hepatocytes but also relieved disorders in bile acids and cholesterol metabolism caused by PFOS. Furthermore, the changes in the gut microbiome by PFOS were also modulated. The relative transcript abundance of key genes involved in bile acid and cholesterol metabolism exhibited similar changes. In HepG2 cells, PFOS increased ERβ expression, which could be blocked by adding PHTPP (a selective antagonist of ERβ). Our study thus provides new evidence that ERβ mediates PFOS-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Jiang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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25
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Christensen KY, Raymond M, Blackowicz M, Liu Y, Thompson BA, Anderson HA, Turyk M. Perfluoroalkyl substances and fish consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:145-151. [PMID: 28073048 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are an emerging class of contaminants. Certain PFAS are regulated or voluntarily limited due to concern about environmental persistence and adverse health effects, including thyroid disease and dyslipidemia. The major source of PFAS exposure in the general population is thought to be consumption of seafood. OBJECTIVES In this analysis we examine PFAS levels and their determinants, as well as associations between PFAS levels and self-reported fish and shellfish consumption, using a representative sample of the U.S. METHODS Data on PFAS levels and self-reported fish consumption over the past 30 days were collected from the 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Twelve different PFAS were measured in serum samples from participants. Ordinary least squares regression models were used to identify factors (demographic characteristics and fish consumption habits) associated with serum PFAS concentrations. Additional models were further adjusted for other potential exposures including military service and consumption of ready-to-eat and fast foods. RESULTS Seven PFAS were detected in at least 30% of participants and were examined in subsequent analyses (PFDA, PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, MPAH, PFNA, PFUA). The PFAS with the highest concentrations were PFOS, followed by PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA (medians of 8.3, 2.7, 1.5 and 1.0ng/mL). Fish consumption was generally low, with a median of 1.2 fish meals and 0.14 shellfish meals, reported over the past 30 days. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, total fish consumption was associated with reduced MPAH, and with elevated PFDE, PFNA and PFuDA. Shellfish consumption was associated with elevations of all PFAS examined except MPAH. Certain specific fish and shellfish types were also associated with specific PFAS. Adjustment for additional exposure variables resulted in little to no change in effect estimates for seafood variables. CONCLUSIONS PFAS are emerging contaminants with widespread exposure, persistence, and potential for adverse health effects. In the general population, fish and shellfish consumption are associated with PFAS levels, which may indicate an avenue for education and outreach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Y Christensen
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, 1 West Wilson Street, Madison, WI 53703, United States.
| | - Michelle Raymond
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, 1 West Wilson Street, Madison, WI 53703, United States
| | - Michael Blackowicz
- University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Yangyang Liu
- University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Brooke A Thompson
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, 1 West Wilson Street, Madison, WI 53703, United States
| | - Henry A Anderson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Population Health Sciences, 614 Walnut Street, Madison, WI 53726, United States
| | - Mary Turyk
- University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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26
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Sochorová L, Hanzlíková L, Černá M, Drgáčová A, Fialová A, Švarcová A, Gramblička T, Pulkrabová J. Perfluorinated alkylated substances and brominated flame retardants in serum of the Czech adult population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:235-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Bjerregaard-Olesen C, Bossi R, Liew Z, Long M, Bech BH, Olsen J, Henriksen TB, Berg V, Nøst TH, Zhang JJ, Odland JØ, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Maternal serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids in five international birth cohorts. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 220:86-93. [PMID: 28063899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent and bioaccumulating compounds, which are spread all over the globe. We aimed to compare the PFAA concentrations in serum from pregnant women in five birth cohorts from four countries (Denmark, China, Norway, and Greenland). METHODS Serum samples were obtained from the following five birth cohorts including a total of 4718 pregnant women: the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC, years 1996-2002, Denmark), the Aarhus Birth Cohort (ABC, years 2008-2013, Denmark), the Shanghai Birth Cohort (SBC, years 2013-2015, China), the Northern Norway Mother-Child Contaminant Cohort (MISA, years 2007-2009, Norway), and the Greenlandic Birth Cohort (ACCEPT, years 2010-2013, Greenland). The samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. To ensure comparability, all samples except for the MISA samples were measured in the same laboratory. We adjusted the log-transformed PFAA concentrations for age and parity using analysis of covariance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The geometric mean (GM) of the summed concentrations of the seven most abundant PFAAs (∑PFAA) was 35ng/mL in the DNBC, 25 ng/mL in the SBC, 18ng/mL in the ACCEPT, 12ng/mL in the MISA cohort, and 12ng/mL in the ABC. The DNBC concentration was highest presumably because these samples were taken in earlier years (i.e. 1996-2002) than the samples from the other cohorts (i.e. 2007-2015), and at a time when the production of PFAAs were at the highest. When excluding the DNBC samples, we found that the concentrations of all the perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and one of the four perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were highest in the Greenlandic women, whereas the other three PFCAs were highest in the Chinese women. CONCLUSION The concentration and composition of serum PFAAs were similar for the Danish ABC women and the Norwegian MISA women but were otherwise different across the cohorts. The different exposure profiles might partly be related to differences in lifestyle and diet. As the concentrations and compositional patterns vary between the countries, we suggest that the health implications associated with high PFAA exposure might also differ between the countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bjerregaard-Olesen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Zeyan Liew
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Manhai Long
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bodil H Bech
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Tine B Henriksen
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Vivian Berg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Therese H Nøst
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway, Norway; Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jun J Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jon Ø Odland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eva C Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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28
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Stubleski J, Salihovic S, Lind L, Lind PM, van Bavel B, Kärrman A. Changes in serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances during a 10-year follow-up period in a large population-based cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 95:86-92. [PMID: 27542758 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of man-made fluorinated chemicals which have, at background levels, been associated with negative health effects in humans. Thus far, most human biomonitoring studies have evaluated the general change in PFAS concentration over time by continuously testing various individuals. This is one of the few studies to report the longitudinal trend of a range of PFAS concentrations in humans. In addition, this is the first known longitudinal study to include a large background level exposed cohort of both men and women with the same age and location who were repeatedly sampled from 2001 to 2014. The longitudinal change in concentration of eight PFASs detected in serum collected from the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) cohort were determined and compared to results from general population studies. The sex-dependent changes in PFAS concentrations over time were also assessed. Serum was sampled from the same individuals at ages 70 (collection period 2001-2004), 75 (2006-2009) and 80 (2011-2014,). Eight (C6-11) of fourteen (C4-13) analyzed PFASs were usually detected in over 75% of individuals and assessed using a random effects (mixed) model. In the 579 individuals attending all three examinations, PFOSA and PFOS concentrations significantly decreased, while the remaining six PFASs significantly increased between ages 70 and 75. However, between ages 75 and 80 all PFAS concentrations significantly decreased. Overall from age 70 to 80, concentrations of PFHxS, PFUnDA, PFNA, and PFDA showed a significant increase (7% to 34%), whereas concentrations of PFOSA, PFHpA, PFOS, and PFOA (-75% to -27%) significantly decreased. Over time PFHxS concentrations increased more among women, while PFHpA concentrations showed a greater decrease among men. From age 70 to age 80, spanning from 2001-2004 to 2011-2014, the PIVUS cohort showed decreases in circulating levels of some PFASs phased out of production with the exception of PFHxS and C>8 PFASs. Contrary to other studies, PFHxS concentrations showed the greatest overall increase, which is likely attributed to a local drinking water contamination incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Stubleski
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Samira Salihovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75141 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bert van Bavel
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden; Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NIVA, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Kärrman
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
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29
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Góralczyk K, Pachocki KA, Hernik A, Struciński P, Czaja K, Lindh CH, Jönsson BAG, Lenters V, Korcz W, Minorczyk M, Matuszak M, Ludwicki JK. Perfluorinated chemicals in blood serum of inhabitants in central Poland in relation to gender and age. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:548-555. [PMID: 26100734 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to determine concentrations of seven selected perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs): perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA) in the blood serum of men and women of reproductive age from the central region of Poland. The relation between sex of tested subjects and the levels of compounds in blood serum of humans will also be considered and analysed as an element of the risk assessment. The study was made on the blood serum samples collected from 253 women and 176 men of reproductive age between 20 and 44 years from Warsaw and surrounding areas. Higher concentrations of five (PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA) from among seven selected PFASs were observed in men in comparison to women from the same populations. Only the concentrations of PFHxS and PFDoDA were slightly higher in women than in men. These differences were statistically significant in all cases, except for PFUnDA. The hypothesis that the concentrations of said compounds increase with age of the test subjects, regardless of gender has not been confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Góralczyk
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof A Pachocki
- Department of Radiation Hygiene and Radiobiology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Hernik
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł Struciński
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Czaja
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sweden Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bo A G Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sweden Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Virissa Lenters
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wojciech Korcz
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maria Minorczyk
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Matuszak
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jan K Ludwicki
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
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De Felip E, Abballe A, Albano FL, Battista T, Carraro V, Conversano M, Franchini S, Giambanco L, Iacovella N, Ingelido AM, Maiorana A, Maneschi F, Marra V, Mercurio A, Nale R, Nucci B, Panella V, Pirola F, Porpora MG, Procopio E, Suma N, Valentini S, Valsenti L, Vecchiè V. Current exposure of Italian women of reproductive age to PFOS and PFOA: A human biomonitoring study. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 137:1-8. [PMID: 25965289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentrations were determined in serum samples collected in 2011-2012 from 549 nulliparous Italian women of reproductive age who resided in six different Italian Regions. Assessment of exposure to perfluorinated compounds was part of a large human biomonitoring study (Project Life Plus "Womenbiopop") that aimed at examining the exposure of women of reproductive age to priority organic pollutants. The median concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were 2.43, and 1.55 ng g(-1), respectively. Significant differences in the concentrations of both compounds were observed among the six Regions. Women from central Italy had the highest levels of both compounds, followed by women from northern Italy, and southern Italy. No differences in the PFOS concentrations were found between women from urban/industrial areas and women from rural areas, whereas the levels of PFOA were significantly higher in women residing in urban/industrial areas than in women residing in rural areas. Taken together, the observed concentrations confirm that the overall exposure of the Italian population is among the lowest observed in industrialized countries. A downward temporal trend in exposure was observed for both compounds when comparing the results from the present study with those assessed in a study conducted in 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Felip
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Annalisa Abballe
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Fulvia Lucia Albano
- Ospedale Ostetrico Ginecologico Sant'Anna, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Valter Carraro
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari della Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Unità Operativa Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Silva Franchini
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari della Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Unità Operativa Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Giambanco
- Azienda di rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione, Ospedale Civico di Palermo, U.O.C. di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Iacovella
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Ingelido
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy.
| | - Antonio Maiorana
- Azienda di rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione, Ospedale Civico di Palermo, U.O.C. di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Maneschi
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Latina, P.O. Nord "S. Maria Goretti", U.O.C. Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Latina, Italy
| | - Valentina Marra
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Mercurio
- Azienda di rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione, Ospedale Civico di Palermo, U.O.C. di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Nale
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Latina, P.O. Nord "S. Maria Goretti", U.O.C. Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Latina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maria Grazia Porpora
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologiche e Ostetriche eScienze Urologiche - Università di Roma, "Sapienza" Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Valentini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Luisa Valsenti
- ex ASL 4 Terni (now ASL Umbria 2), U.O.C. Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Terni, Italy
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Salihovic S, Kärrman A, Lind L, Lind PM, Lindström G, van Bavel B. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including structural PFOS isomers in plasma from elderly men and women from Sweden: Results from the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 82:21-7. [PMID: 26001496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of compounds with unique chemical properties that have been shown useful in a wide variety of applications because they provide materials with reduced surface tension and exceptional non-stick properties. PFASs are commonly found in impregnation materials, coatings of papers and textiles, fire-fighting foams, pesticides, and cleaning agents. The potential for human exposure to PFASs is high because of their widespread distribution. The aim of this study was to investigate levels of PFASs in men and women from Sweden and to assess the influence of gender and parity among women. Levels of 13 PFASs were determined in plasma samples collected during 2001-2004 from 1016 (507 women) 70year-old participants from the population-based Prospective Study of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS). The PFASs studied were nine perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), four perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA). In addition, structural isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were determined in a subset of 398 individuals. The detection rates were high and the majority of the studied compounds were detected in more than 75% of the participants. Levels of the selected analytes were found to be similar to other studies of non-occupationally exposed populations. Gender differences were observed in levels of PFHpA which was higher in men, while PFHxS was higher in women. Parity among women was shown to have a minor effect on PFAS concentrations and we found primi- and multiparous women to have slightly lower levels of PFUnDA when compared to nulliparous women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Salihovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Anna Kärrman
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Lindström
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bert van Bavel
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Góralczyk K, Struciński P, Wojtyniak B, Rabczenko D, Lindh CH, Jönsson BA, Toft G, Lenters V, Czaja K, Hernik A, Bonde JP, Pedersen HS, Zvyezday V, Ludwicki JK. Is the fact of parenting couples cohabitation affecting the serum levels of persistent organohalogen pollutants? Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:392-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Lorber M, Eaglesham GE, Hobson P, Toms LML, Mueller JF, Thompson JS. The effect of ongoing blood loss on human serum concentrations of perfluorinated acids. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 118:170-7. [PMID: 25180653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) have been detected in serum at low concentrations in background populations. Higher concentrations haven been observed in adult males compared to females, with a possible explanation that menstruation offers females an additional elimination route. In this study, we examined the significance of blood loss as an elimination route of PFAAs. Pooled serum samples were collected from individuals undergoing a medical procedure involving ongoing blood withdrawal called venesection. Concentrations from male venesection patients were approximately 40% lower than males in the general population for perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). A simple pharmacokinetic model was used to test the hypothesis that blood loss could explain why adult males have higher concentrations of PFAAs than females, and why males undergoing venesections had lower concentrations compared to males in the general population. The model application generally supported these hypotheses showing that venesection might reduce blood serum concentrations by 37% (PFOA) and 53% (PFOS) compared to the observed difference of 44% and 37%. Menstruation was modeled to show a 22% reduction in PFOA serum concentrations compared to a 24% difference in concentrations between males and females in the background population. Uncertainties in the modeling and the data are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lorber
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20460, United States.
| | - G E Eaglesham
- Queensland Health and Forensic Scientific Services, Special Services Organics Group, 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - P Hobson
- Sullivan Niccolaides Pathology, PO Box 344, Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia
| | - L-M L Toms
- School of Clinical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - J F Mueller
- The University of Queensland, National Research Center for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - J S Thompson
- The University of Queensland, National Research Center for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
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Is the fresh water fish consumption a significant determinant of the internal exposure to perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS)? Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:233-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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La Rocca C, Tait S, Guerranti C, Busani L, Ciardo F, Bergamasco B, Stecca L, Perra G, Mancini FR, Marci R, Bordi G, Caserta D, Focardi S, Moscarini M, Mantovani A. Exposure to endocrine disrupters and nuclear receptor gene expression in infertile and fertile women from different Italian areas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:10146-64. [PMID: 25268510 PMCID: PMC4210972 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Within the PREVIENI project, infertile and fertile women were enrolled from metropolitan, urban and rural Italian areas. Blood/serum levels of several endocrine disrupters (EDs) (perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS; perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA; di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate, DEHP; mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate, MEHP; bisphenol A, BPA) were evaluated concurrently with nuclear receptors (NRs) gene expression levels (ERa, ERb, AR, AhR, PPARg, PXR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Infertile women from the metropolitan area displayed significantly higher levels of: BPA compared to fertile women (14.9 vs. 0.5 ng/mL serum); BPA and MEHP compared to infertile women from urban and rural areas; enhanced expression levels of NRs, except PPARg. Infertile women from urban and rural areas had PFOA levels significantly higher than those from metropolitan areas. Our study indicates the relevance of the living environment when investigating the exposure to EDs and the modulation of the NR panel in PBMC as a suitable biomarker of the effect, to assess the EDs impact on reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia La Rocca
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Tait
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Guerranti
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Luca Busani
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ciardo
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecological Sciences and Urological Sciences, University of Roma Sapienza, S. Andrea Hospital, Roma 00189, Italy.
| | - Bruno Bergamasco
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
| | - Laura Stecca
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
| | - Guido Perra
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Francesca Romana Mancini
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
| | - Roberto Marci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Giulia Bordi
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecological Sciences and Urological Sciences, University of Roma Sapienza, S. Andrea Hospital, Roma 00189, Italy.
| | - Donatella Caserta
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecological Sciences and Urological Sciences, University of Roma Sapienza, S. Andrea Hospital, Roma 00189, Italy.
| | - Silvano Focardi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Massimo Moscarini
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecological Sciences and Urological Sciences, University of Roma Sapienza, S. Andrea Hospital, Roma 00189, Italy.
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
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Rahman MF, Peldszus S, Anderson WB. Behaviour and fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water treatment: a review. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 50:318-40. [PMID: 24216232 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) characteristics, their occurrence in surface water, and their fate in drinking water treatment processes. PFASs have been detected globally in the aquatic environment including drinking water at trace concentrations and due, in part, to their persistence in human tissue some are being investigated for regulation. They are aliphatic compounds containing saturated carbon-fluorine bonds and are resistant to chemical, physical, and biological degradation. Functional groups, carbon chain length, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity are some of the important structural properties of PFASs that affect their fate during drinking water treatment. Full-scale drinking water treatment plant occurrence data indicate that PFASs, if present in raw water, are not substantially removed by most drinking water treatment processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, biofiltration, oxidation (chlorination, ozonation, AOPs), UV irradiation, and low pressure membranes. Early observations suggest that activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange, and high pressure membrane filtration may be effective in controlling these contaminants. However, branched isomers and the increasingly used shorter chain PFAS replacement products may be problematic as it pertains to the accurate assessment of PFAS behaviour through drinking water treatment processes since only limited information is available for these PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Feisal Rahman
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
| | - Sigrid Peldszus
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - William B Anderson
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Bao J, Kärrman A, van Bavel B, Jin Y. Perfluoroalkyl substances in the blood samples from a male population of Sweden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-0008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schröter-Kermani C, Müller J, Jürling H, Conrad A, Schulte C. Retrospective monitoring of perfluorocarboxylates and perfluorosulfonates in human plasma archived by the German Environmental Specimen Bank. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:633-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dellatte E, Brambilla G, De Filippis SP, di Domenico A, Pulkrabova J, Eschauzier C, Klenow S, Heinemeyer G, de Voogt P. Occurrence of selected perfluorinated alkyl acids in lunch meals served at school canteens in Italy and their relevance for children’s intake. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1590-7. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.813648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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LU LP, XU LH, KANG TF, CHENG SY. DNA Damage Detection by Electrochemiluminescence Sensor of CdS Quantum Dots. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(13)60659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Yeung LWY, Robinson SJ, Koschorreck J, Mabury SA. Part II. A temporal study of PFOS and its precursors in human plasma from two German cities in 1982-2009. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3875-3882. [PMID: 23484930 DOI: 10.1021/es4004153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A total of 420 human plasma from two cities (Halle and Münster, Germany) collected between 1982 and 2009, were analyzed for a suite of PFSAs (C4, C6, C8, C10) and selected PFOS precursors (MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA, FOSAA, di-SAmPAP). Among these target analytes, only di-SAmPAP was used in consumer products. PFSAs (C6 and C8), MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA, and FOSAA were detected in over 95% of the samples (<0.0011-116.0 ng/mL), PFDS was detected in approximately 40% of the samples (<0.005-0.0998 ng/mL), and di-SAmPAP was detected in 17% of the samples (<0.005-0.0137 ng/mL). Significant positive correlations were found between PFOS and PFHxS, MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA, and FOSAA. Temporal trends of decreasing concentration were identified for PFOS, MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA, and FOSAA, but not for PFHxS. Di-SAmPAP, a common food-contact paper surfactant and expected PFOS precursor, was detected infrequently (25% in samples prior to 2000) in samples before 2006. Population halving times of PFOS, MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA, and FOSAA were estimated. The observed reduction of these chemicals over time in human plasma is presumably related to the phase-out of POSF-based products beginning in 2000. The detection of di-SAmPAP in human sera is significant because this chemical is expected to be metabolized or degraded to PFOS in humans and the environment. Our detection of di-SAmPAP is the first confirmation of human exposure to this commercially available product which is a plausible source of PFOS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo W Y Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada
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Yamaguchi M, Arisawa K, Uemura H, Katsuura-Kamano S, Takami H, Sawachika F, Nakamoto M, Juta T, Toda E, Mori K, Hasegawa M, Tanto M, Shima M, Sumiyoshi Y, Morinaga K, Kodama K, Suzuki T, Nagai M, Satoh H. Consumption of seafood, serum liver enzymes, and blood levels of PFOS and PFOA in the Japanese population. J Occup Health 2013; 55:184-94. [PMID: 23574777 DOI: 10.1539/joh.12-0264-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been shown to accumulate in the human body. The purpose of the present study was to examine the factors associated with the blood levels of PFOS and PFOA. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed on 307 men and 301 women (aged 16-76 years) living in 15 prefectures in Japan. Blood levels of PFOS and PFOA were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hepatic enzymes (γ-GTP, GOT, and GPT) and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA and EPA) levels in serum were also measured. Associations between the levels of PFOS and PFOA in blood and the intake frequency of 41 kinds of dishes, foods and beverages and the serum levels of liver enzymes and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were examined using rank correlations. RESULTS Frequency of intake of boiled fish in broth, sliced raw fish and coastal fish showed significant positive correlations with PFOS concentrations in blood after adjustments for potential confounders. Serum levels of GOT, GPT, DHA and EPA showed significant positive correlations with PFOS and PFOA in blood. There was also a significant regional difference in the blood levels of PFOS and 2013PFOA, with medians being highest in the Tokai/Hokuriku/Kinki region. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the concentrations of PFOS in blood were mainly associated with fish consumption and that the levels of PFOS and PFOA were associated with the serum levels of liver enzymes in Japanese populations. Further investigations are required to clarify the reason for the regional differences in blood levels of PFOS and PFOA in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Yamaguchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
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Porpora MG, Lucchini R, Abballe A, Ingelido AM, Valentini S, Fuggetta E, Cardi V, Ticino A, Marra V, Fulgenzi AR, Felip ED. Placental transfer of persistent organic pollutants: a preliminary study on mother-newborn pairs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:699-711. [PMID: 23435591 PMCID: PMC3635171 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10020699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the placental transfer of some environmental pollutants, and to explore the possibility of quantitatively predicting in utero exposure to these contaminants from concentrations assessed in maternal blood. Levels of toxic substances such as pesticides (p,p'-DDE, β-HCH, and HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were determined in serum samples of 38 pregnant women living in Rome and in samples of cord blood from their respective newborns. The study was carried out in the years 2008-2009. PCB mean concentrations in maternal serum and cord serum ranged from 0.058 to 0.30, and from 0.018 to 0.064 ng/g · fw respectively. Arithmetic means of PFOS and PFOA concentrations in mothers and newborns were 3.2 and 1.4 ng/g · fw, and 2.9 and 1.6 ng/g · fw. A strong correlation was observed between concentrations in the maternal and the foetal compartment for PFOS (Spearman r = 0.74, p < 0.001), PFOA (Spearman r = 0.70, p < 0.001), PCB 153 (Spearman r = 0.60, p < 0.001), HCB (Spearman r = 0.68, p < 0.001), PCB 180 (Spearman r = 0.55, p = 0.0012), and p,p'-DDE (Spearman r = 0.53, p = 0.0099). A weak correlation (p < 0.1) was observed for PCBs 118 and 138.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Porpora
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Urology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (M.G.P.); (E.F.); (V.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Renato Lucchini
- Perinatology and Childcare, “Sapienza” University Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Annalisa Abballe
- Toxicological Chemistry Unit, Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (A.A.); (A.M.I.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (A.R.F.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Anna Maria Ingelido
- Toxicological Chemistry Unit, Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (A.A.); (A.M.I.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (A.R.F.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Silvia Valentini
- Toxicological Chemistry Unit, Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (A.A.); (A.M.I.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (A.R.F.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Eliana Fuggetta
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Urology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (M.G.P.); (E.F.); (V.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Veronica Cardi
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Urology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (M.G.P.); (E.F.); (V.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Adele Ticino
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Urology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (M.G.P.); (E.F.); (V.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Valentina Marra
- Toxicological Chemistry Unit, Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (A.A.); (A.M.I.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (A.R.F.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Anna Rita Fulgenzi
- Toxicological Chemistry Unit, Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (A.A.); (A.M.I.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (A.R.F.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Elena De Felip
- Toxicological Chemistry Unit, Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (A.A.); (A.M.I.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (A.R.F.); (E.D.F.)
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Lee WW, Lee SY, Yu SM, Hong J. High Speed Separation of PFCs in Human Serum by C18-Monolithic Column Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.11.3727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ji K, Kim S, Kho Y, Sakong J, Paek D, Choi K. Major perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) concentrations and influence of food consumption among the general population of Daegu, Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 438:42-48. [PMID: 22964400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been used in various industrial and consumer products for decades, and have consequently been detected in human blood worldwide. In the present study, general adult population in Daegu, Korea (n=140, >20 years of old) was recruited, collected for serum, and analyzed for 13 major PFAAs. The influence of dietary and water consumption on serum PFAA levels was also evaluated. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) were frequently detected with relatively higher concentrations in blood serum. Most PFAA concentrations except for PFOA were detected in higher concentrations among males, and were positively correlated with age and body mass index (BMI). PFOA concentrations were relatively higher among the female of childbearing age, e.g., 20-49years old, raising concerns on potential impacts on fetus through transplacental transfer or lactation. In addition, the concentrations of PFOA in Daegu population were higher than other areas of Korea, suggesting a presence of distinctive sources in the area. Among food items, potato consumption was identified to be significant contributor to serum PFOA. For PFUnDA and PFTrDA levels, intake of fish/shellfish was positively associated. The results of this study will be useful in developing public health management options for PFAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Ji
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Kvist L, Giwercman YL, Jönsson BAG, Lindh CH, Bonde JP, Toft G, Strucinski P, Pedersen HS, Zvyezday V, Giwercman A. Serum levels of perfluorinated compounds and sperm Y:X chromosome ratio in two European populations and in Inuit from Greenland. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:644-50. [PMID: 23044208 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), which exhibit reproductive toxicity in experimental animals, affect sperm sex chromosome ratio. The Y:X ratio was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Serum concentrations of PFOA and PFOS were measured in 607 men from Greenland, Poland and Ukraine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Data was analyzed by linear and nonlinear regression. We observed no associations between PFOA and Y:X ratio (p=0.845 in a linear model, p=0.296 in a nonlinear model). A positive nonlinear association between PFOS and Y:X ratio was observed (p=0.016), with no association in a linear model (p=0.118). Analyzing the populations separately, a negative trend between categorized PFOS exposure and Y:X ratio was observed for the Inuit (B=-0.002, p=0.044). In conclusion, there was a negative trend between Y:X ratio and PFOS in the Inuit, while there was no association between PFOA and the Y:X ratio in adult men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Kvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular Genetic Reproductive Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Lindh CH, Rylander L, Toft G, Axmon A, Rignell-Hydbom A, Giwercman A, Pedersen HS, Góalczyk K, Ludwicki JK, Zvyezday V, Vermeulen R, Lenters V, Heederik D, Bonde JP, Jönsson BAG. Blood serum concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in men from Greenlandic Inuit and European populations. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:1269-75. [PMID: 22494529 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are used in large quantities. They are persistent and found in measurable levels in human serum around the world. They have been associated with developmental, hepatic, and carcinogenic effects in animal studies. The aim of the present study was to describe levels of PFCs in serum among Inuits from Greenland and inhabitants from Warsaw, Poland and Kharkiv, Ukraine. Furthermore, the aim was to define social- and lifestyle related determinants of exposure for these compounds. Serum levels of seven PFCs were analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were the highest of all PFCs in all three populations with a total amount of almost 90% of the PFCs. The mean levels of PFOS and PFOA were in the Greenlandic Inuits 52 and 4.8 ng mL(-1), in Poland 19 and 5.2 ng mL(-1), and in Ukraine 8.1 and 1.9 ng mL(-1), respectively. Thus, levels of PFCs in the serum of Inuits on Greenland were among the highest described in a general population whereas the levels in Poland were similar to other industrialized countries. The exposure in Ukraine was rather low. In the Greenlandic Inuit population, intake of seafood, tea, age and area of living were significant determinants of PFOS concentrations and explained about 22% of the variation. For the other populations no strong determinants were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Wan H, Zhao Y, Wei X, Hui K, Giesy J, Wong CK. PFOS-induced hepatic steatosis, the mechanistic actions on β-oxidation and lipid transport. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1092-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Post GB, Cohn PD, Cooper KR. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an emerging drinking water contaminant: a critical review of recent literature. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 116:93-117. [PMID: 22560884 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an anthropogenic contaminant that differs in several ways from most other well-studied organic chemicals found in drinking water. PFOA is extremely resistant to environmental degradation processes and thus persists indefinitely. Unlike most other persistent and bioaccumulative organic pollutants, PFOA is water-soluble, does not bind well to soil or sediments, and bioaccumulates in serum rather than in fat. It has been detected in finished drinking water and drinking water sources impacted by releases from industrial facilities and waste water treatment plants, as well as in waters with no known point sources. However, the overall occurrence and population exposure from drinking water is not known. PFOA persists in humans with a half-life of several years and is found in the serum of almost all U.S. residents and in populations worldwide. Exposure sources include food, food packaging, consumer products, house dust, and drinking water. Continued exposure to even relatively low concentrations in drinking water can substantially increase total human exposure, with a serum:drinking water ratio of about 100:1. For example, ongoing exposures to drinking water concentrations of 10 ng/L, 40 ng/L, 100 ng/L, or 400 ng/L are expected to increase mean serum levels by about 25%, 100%, 250%, and 1000%, respectively, from the general population background serum level of about 4 ng/mL. Infants are potentially a sensitive subpopulation for PFOA's developmental effects, and their exposure through breast milk from mothers who use contaminated drinking water and/or from formula prepared with contaminated drinking water is higher than in adults exposed to the same drinking water concentration. Numerous health endpoints are associated with human PFOA exposure in the general population, communities with contaminated drinking water, and workers. As is the case for most such epidemiology studies, causality for these effects is not proven. Unlike most other well-studied drinking water contaminants, the human dose-response curve for several effects appears to be steepest at the lower exposure levels, including the general population range, with no apparent threshold for some endpoints. There is concordance in animals and humans for some effects, while humans and animals appear to react differently for other effects such as lipid metabolism. PFOA was classified as "likely to be carcinogenic in humans" by the USEPA Science Advisory Board. In animal studies, developmental effects have been identified as more sensitive endpoints for toxicity than carcinogenicity or the long-established hepatic effects. Notably, exposure to an environmentally relevant drinking water concentration caused adverse effects on mammary gland development in mice. This paper reviews current information relevant to the assessment of PFOA as an emerging drinking water contaminant. This information suggests that continued human exposure to even relatively low concentrations of PFOA in drinking water results in elevated body burdens that may increase the risk of health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria B Post
- Office of Science, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA.
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