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Herlory O, Briand MJ, Munaron D, Boissery P, Giraud A, Marchand P, Bouchoucha M. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) occurrence, concentrations and spatial distribution along the French Mediterranean coast and lagoons, based on active biomonitoring. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116419. [PMID: 38677107 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Tracking PFAS in ecosystems is challenging. In this context, monitoring programs are crucial to fill data gaps, especially in marine environments, which are the ultimate outlets for these forever chemicals. The 2021 chemical contamination monitoring campaign along the French Mediterranean coast established a baseline for PFAS concentrations in mussels, with 90 % of measurements below quantification limits. When detected, long-chain PFCA's were predominant. Spatial distribution patterns suggested continuous PFAS inputs and complex dynamics, shaped by the influence of large watersheds and rivers (Rhône, Aude, Huveaune). Lapeyrade shallow lagoon stood out as the most contaminated site. Similar PFAS profiles in connected sites implied shared sources but raised questions about accumulation processes in mussels. While certain sites had evident sources (e.g., military airbase for Palo lagoon), others remained uncertain (e.g., Toulon bay). Coastal stations (Banyuls, Cap Agde, Brégançon, Pampelonne) showed PFAS contamination without clear onshore sources, possibly due to insufficient transportation process understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Herlory
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, 83507 La Seyne Sur Mer, France.
| | - Marine J Briand
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, 83507 La Seyne Sur Mer, France
| | - Dominique Munaron
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, Sète, CS 30171, 34203 Sète, France
| | - Pierre Boissery
- Agence de l'Eau Rhône Méditerranée Corse - Délégation Paca Corse, 13001 Marseille, France
| | - Anaïs Giraud
- Agence de l'Eau Rhône Méditerranée Corse - Délégation de Montpellier, 34961 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marc Bouchoucha
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, 83507 La Seyne Sur Mer, France
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2
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Rohonczy J, Robinson SA, Forbes MR, De Silva AO, Brinovcar C, Bartlett AJ, Gilroy ÈAM. The effects of two short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) on northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpole development. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 33:177-189. [PMID: 38315267 PMCID: PMC10940426 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-024-02737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) have been detected in the environment globally. The presence and persistence of these compounds in the environment may lead to chronic wildlife exposure. We used northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles to investigate the chronic toxicity and the bioconcentration of two short-chain PFCAs, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA). We exposed Gosner stage 25 tadpoles to PFBA and PFHxA (as individual chemicals) at nominal concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/L for 43-46 days. Tadpoles exposed to 0.1 to 100 µg/L of PFBA and PFHxA had significantly higher mean snout-to-vent lengths, mean masses, and scaled mass indexes than control tadpoles. These results indicate that exposure to short-chain PFCAs influences tadpole growth. Further investigation into the mechanism(s) causing the observed changes in tadpole growth is warranted. We observed a significantly higher proportion of males in the PFBA 1 µg/L treatment group, however further histological analyses are required to confirm visual sex identification before making concrete conclusions on the effects of PFCAs on amphibian sex ratios. PFBA concentrations in tissues were higher than PFHxA concentrations; a pattern that contrasts with previously published studies using fish, suggesting potential differences between taxa in PFBA and PFHxA bioconcentration. Bioconcentration factors were <10 L/kg wet weight, indicating low bioconcentration potential in tadpoles. Our results suggest that PFBA and PFHxA may have effects at environmentally-relevant concentrations (0.1-10 µg/L) and further investigation is required before these compounds can be deemed a "safe" alternative to their long-chain counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Rohonczy
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Stacey A Robinson
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Mark R Forbes
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Cassandra Brinovcar
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Adrienne J Bartlett
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Ève A M Gilroy
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
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3
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Shi B, Zhang Z, Xing J, Liu Q, Cai J, Zhang Z. Perfluorooctane sulfonate causes pyroptosis and lipid metabolism disorders through ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in grass carp hepatocyte. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 267:106839. [PMID: 38228041 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The surfactant perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is widely produced worldwide. It is a persistent organic pollutant in the aquatic environment and poses a serious threat to aquatic organisms, as PFOS exposure can cause liver injury in a wide range of organisms. However, it is unclear whether PFOS exposure-induced hepatocellular injury in fish is associated with ROS-mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. In this study, various PFOS concentrations were applied to L8824 cells, a cell line of grass carp hepatocytes. The detrimental impacts of PFOS on oxidative stress, pyroptosis, lipid metabolism, and the discharge of inflammatory factors were examined. MCC950 and N-acetylcysteine were employed to hinder the PFOS-stimulated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species in L8824 cells, respectively. This study demonstrated that treatment with PFOS resulted in oxidative stress and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in L8824 cells. This led to increased expression levels of indicators related to pyroptosis, accompanied by the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression as well as downregulation of anti-inflammatory factors. In addition, following PFOS exposure, the expression levels of genes related to lipid synthesis were upregulated and lipid catabolism-related genes were downregulated. Surprisingly, both N-acetylcysteine and MCC950 interventions significantly reduced PFOS-induced L8824 cell pyroptosis and lipid metabolism disorders. In conclusion, this research demonstrated that PFOS drives NLRP3 inflammasome activation through oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species overload. This in turn leads to pyroptosis and lipid metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bendong Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zhuoqi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jiao Xing
- China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Qiaohan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jingzeng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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4
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Lemos LS, Angarica LM, Hauser-Davis RA, Quinete N. Cortisol as a Stress Indicator in Fish: Sampling Methods, Analytical Techniques, and Organic Pollutant Exposure Assessments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6237. [PMID: 37444085 PMCID: PMC10341563 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid released during stress responses in most fish and has been employed to investigate different stressors, including organic pollutants. This review discusses shifts in cortisol concentrations and examines different matrix sampling methods (invasive vs. minimally or non-invasive) and the main analytical cortisol determination techniques (immunoassays and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry). Assessments on organic pollutant exposure in fish and associated adverse effects are also discussed. Studies in this regard may aid in identifying organic pollutant toxicological modes of action, mechanistic response, toxicokinetics, and toxicodynamics, as well as pollution sources and associated health risks in fish, ultimately aiding in the development of effective management strategies to mitigate the impacts of organic pollutants on fish populations and their associated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Soledade Lemos
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Leo Moreira Angarica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
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Comparative Analysis of miRNA-mRNA Regulation in the Testes of Gobiocypris rarus following 17α-Methyltestosterone Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044239. [PMID: 36835651 PMCID: PMC9968023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
17α-Methyltestosterone (17MT), a synthetic organic compound commonly found in sewage waters, can affect reproduction in aquatic animals, such as tilapia and yellow catfish. In the present study, male Gobiocypris rarus were exposed to 25, 50, and 100 ng/L of 17α-methyltestosterone (17MT) for 7 days. We first analyzed miRNA- and RNA-seq results to determine miRNA-target gene pairs and then developed miRNA-mRNA interactive networks after 17MT administration. Total weights, total lengths, and body lengths were not significantly different between the test groups and control groups. The paraffin slice method was applied to testes of G. rarus in the MT exposure and control groups. We found that there were more mature sperm (S) and fewer secondary spermatocytes (SSs) and spermatogonia (SGs) in the testes of control groups. As 17MT concentration increased, fewer and fewer mature sperm (S) were observed in the testes of male G. rarus. The results showed that FSH, 11-KT, and E2 were significantly higher in individuals exposed to 25 ng/L 17MT compared with the control groups. VTG, FSH, LH, 11-KT, and E2 were significantly lower in the 50 ng/L 17MT exposure groups compared to the control groups. VTG, FSH, LH, 11-KT, E2, and T were significantly lower in the groups exposed to 100 ng/L 17MT. High-throughput sequencing revealed 73,449 unigenes, 1205 known mature miRNAs, and 939 novel miRNAs in the gonads of G. rarus. With miRNA-seq, 49 (MT25-M vs. Con-M), 66 (MT50-M vs. Con-M), and 49 (MT100-M vs. Con-M) DEMs were identified in the treatment groups. Five mature miRNAs (miR-122-x, miR-574-x, miR-430-y, lin-4-x, and miR-7-y), as well as seven differentially expressed genes (soat2, inhbb, ihhb, gatm, faxdc2, ebp, and cyp1a1), which may be associated with testicular development, metabolism, apoptosis, and disease response, were assayed using qRT-PCR. Furthermore, miR-122-x (related to lipid metabolism), miR-430-y (embryonic development), lin-4-x (apoptosis), and miR-7-y (disease) were differentially expressed in the testes of 17MT-exposed G. rarus. This study highlights the role of miRNA-mRNA pairs in the regulation of testicular development and immune response to disease and will facilitate future studies on the miRNA-RNA-associated regulation of teleost reproduction.
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Eide M, Goksøyr A, Yadetie F, Gilabert A, Bartosova Z, Frøysa HG, Fallahi S, Zhang X, Blaser N, Jonassen I, Bruheim P, Alendal G, Brun M, Porte C, Karlsen OA. Integrative omics-analysis of lipid metabolism regulation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a and b agonists in male Atlantic cod. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1129089. [PMID: 37035678 PMCID: PMC10073473 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1129089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is essential in maintaining energy homeostasis in multicellular organisms. In vertebrates, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs, NR1C) regulate the expression of many genes involved in these processes. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is an important fish species in the North Atlantic ecosystem and in human nutrition, with a highly fatty liver. Here we study the involvement of Atlantic cod Ppar a and b subtypes in systemic regulation of lipid metabolism using two model agonists after in vivo exposure. WY-14,643, a specific PPARA ligand in mammals, activated cod Ppara1 and Ppara2 in vitro. In vivo, WY-14,643 caused a shift in lipid transport both at transcriptional and translational level in cod. However, WY-14,643 induced fewer genes in the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway compared to that observed in rodents. Although GW501516 serves as a specific PPARB/D ligand in mammals, this compound activated cod Ppara1 and Ppara2 as well as Pparb in vitro. In vivo, it further induced transcription of Ppar target genes and caused changes in lipid composition of liver and plasma. The integrative approach provide a foundation for understanding how Ppars are engaged in regulating lipid metabolism in Atlantic cod physiology. We have shown that WY-14,643 and GW501516 activate Atlantic cod Ppara and Pparb, affect genes in lipid metabolism pathways, and induce changes in the lipid composition in plasma and liver microsomal membranes. Particularly, the combined transcriptomic, proteomics and lipidomics analyses revealed that effects of WY-14,643 on lipid metabolism are similar to what is known in mammalian studies, suggesting conservation of Ppara functions in mediating lipid metabolic processes in fish. The alterations in the lipid profiles observed after Ppar agonist exposure suggest that other chemicals with similar Ppar receptor affinities may cause disturbances in the lipid regulation of fish. Model organism: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:389BE401-2718-4CF2-BBAE-2E13A97A5E7B. COL Identifier: 6K72F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Eide
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Anders Goksøyr,
| | - Fekadu Yadetie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alejandra Gilabert
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Science, National Distance Education University (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Zdenka Bartosova
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard G. Frøysa
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - Shirin Fallahi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nello Blaser
- Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Inge Jonassen
- Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guttorm Alendal
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Morten Brun
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cinta Porte
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Solan ME, Franco ME, Lavado R. Effects of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) co-exposure on phase I biotransformation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:925-935. [PMID: 35752723 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment, especially in aquatic ecosystems, continues to be a significant concern for human and environmental health. Previous studies have suggested that several PFASs do not undergo biotransformation due to their chemical stability, yet perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS)- and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-exposed organisms have presented altered activity of important biotransformation pathways. Given the fundamental role of biotransformation in biological organisms and the significant distribution of PFAS in aquatic environments, the present study investigated the influence of PFOA and PFOS on phase I biotransformation enzymes in vitro using the rainbow trout liver RTL-W1 cell line and in vivo using juvenile rainbow trout. Cells and fish were exposed and co-exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of PFOA, PFOS, and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), for 72 h and 10 days, respectively, prior to measurements of cytotoxicity and biotransformation ability through measurements of CYP1A1-, CYP1A2-, and CYP3A4-like activities. Our results indicate that exposure to PFAS-BaP binary mixtures altered CYP1A-like activity in vivo; however, those alterations were not observed in vitro. Similarly, while BaP did not significantly induce CYP3A4 in vivo, exposure to the PFAS led to significantly lower enzymatic activity relative to basal levels. These observations may have implications for organisms simultaneously exposed to PFASs and other environmental pollutants for which biotransformation is necessary, especially in detoxification mechanisms. Furthermore, the interference with biotransformation pathways could potentially predispose exposed organisms to a compromised physiology, which may increase their vulnerability to other stressors and erode their survival fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Solan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
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Dale K, Yadetie F, Horvli T, Zhang X, Frøysa HG, Karlsen OA, Goksøyr A. Single PFAS and PFAS mixtures affect nuclear receptor- and oxidative stress-related pathways in precision-cut liver slices of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152732. [PMID: 34974025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), both single compounds and a mixture of these, using precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). PCLS were exposed for 48 h to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) (10, 50 and 100 μM), and three mixtures of these at equimolar concentrations (10, 50 and 100 μM). Transcriptomic responses were assessed using RNA sequencing. Among exposures to single PFAS, PFOS produced the highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to PFOA and PFNA (86, 25 and 31 DEGs, respectively). Exposure to the PFAS mixtures resulted in a markedly higher number of DEGs (841). Clustering analysis revealed that the expression pattern of the PFAS mixtures were more similar to PFOS compared to PFOA and PFNA, suggesting that effects induced by the PFAS mixtures may largely be attributed to PFOS. Pathway analysis showed significant enrichment of pathways related to oxidative stress, cholesterol metabolism and nuclear receptors in PFOS-exposed PCLS. Fewer pathways were significantly enriched following PFOA and PFNA exposure alone. Significantly enriched pathways following mixture exposure included lipid biosynthesis, cancer-related pathways, nuclear receptor pathways and oxidative stress-related pathways such as ferroptosis. The expression of most of the genes within these pathways was increased following PFAS exposure. Analysis of non-additive effects in the 100 μM PFAS mixture highlighted genes involved in the antioxidant response and membrane transport, among others, and the majority of these genes had synergistic expression patterns in the mixture. Nevertheless, 90% of the DEGs following mixture exposure showed additive expression patterns, suggesting additivity to be the major mixture effect. In summary, PFAS exposure promoted effects on cellular processes involved in oxidative stress, nuclear receptor pathways and sterol metabolism in cod PCLS, with the strongest effects observed following PFAS mixture exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Dale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Fekadu Yadetie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Torill Horvli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Vestenghaugen 8, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
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He M, Wang X, Bian Y, Yang M, Deng Y, Liu T, Li Y, Chen F, Xu B, Xu M, Zhang F. Modeling the distribution of malachite green in zebrafish using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7021-7030. [PMID: 34642779 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the spatial distribution of bioactive small molecules is indispensable for elucidating their biological or pharmaceutical roles. Here, a rapid and effective analysis strategy was introduced to study the distribution of veterinary drugs in aquatic products. Malachite green (MG), one of the most widely used veterinary drugs in aquaculture, was selected as the targeted compound. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) was used as a model organism. After an exposure test, the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) technique was applied to directly analyze the content changes of malachite green in zebrafish tissues. The reliable relationship of exposure time and content change of MG was described precisely by the extended Freundlich equation. The process of modeling was discussed in detail, and some important parameters or trend information was obtained, including the maximum content of MG in different fish tissues, time to maximum content, elimination time, equilibrium content, and so on. With a simplification of sample pretreatment, this research strategy can be used for monitoring the spatial distribution of veterinary drugs and related metabolites of laboratory-exposed fish. The obtained model can provide a perspective for rational drug use in aquaculture and precise drug residue detection in production activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyi He
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yu Bian
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
- College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Minli Yang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yamei Deng
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
- College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yinlong Li
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Fengming Chen
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Bozhou Xu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Meixia Xu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
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10
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Marques ES, Agudelo J, Kaye EM, Modaresi SMS, Pfohl M, Bečanová J, Wei W, Polunas M, Goedken M, Slitt AL. The role of maternal high fat diet on mouse pup metabolic endpoints following perinatal PFAS and PFAS mixture exposure. Toxicology 2021; 462:152921. [PMID: 34464680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of chemicals that are ubiquitous in the environment. Some of these chemicals, such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are found in human sera and have been shown to cause liver steatosis and reduce postnatal survival and growth in rodents. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the impact of diet and PFAS exposure to mouse dam (mus musculus) on the risk to pup liver and metabolism endpoints later in life, as well as evaluate PFAS partitioning to pups. Timed-pregnant dams were fed a standard chow diet or 60 % kcal high fat diet (HFD). Dams were administered either vehicle, 1 mg/kg PFOA, 1 mg/kg PFOS, 1 mg/kg PFHxS, or a PFAS mixture (1 mg/kg of each PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS) daily via oral gavage from gestation day 1 until postnatal day (PND) 20. At PND 21, livers of dams and 2 pups of each sex were evaluated for lipid changes while remaining pups were weaned to the same diet as the dam for an additional 10 weeks. Dam and pup serum at PND 21 and PND 90 were also evaluated for PFAS concentration, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), leptin and adiponectin, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Perinatal exposure to a HFD, as expected, increased pup body weight, maternal liver weight, pup liver triglycerides, pup serum ALT, and pup serum leptin. PFOA and the PFAS mixture increased liver weights, and. treatment with all three compounds increased liver triglycerides. The maternal HFD increased dam and pup serum PFAS levels, however, was protective against PFOA-induced increase in serum ALT and observed increases in liver triglycerides. The PFAS mixture had very distinct effects when compared to single compound treatment, suggesting some cumulative effects, particularly when evaluating PFAS transfer from dam to pup. This data highlights the importance of diet and mixtures when evaluating liver effect of PFAS and PFAS partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Marques
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Juliana Agudelo
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Emily M Kaye
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Modaresi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Marisa Pfohl
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Jitka Bečanová
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 S Ferry Rd, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Marianne Polunas
- Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, 33 Knightsbridge Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Michael Goedken
- Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, 33 Knightsbridge Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Angela L Slitt
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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11
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Wang Y, Aimuzi R, Nian M, Zhang Y, Luo K, Zhang J. Perfluoroalkyl substances and sex hormones in postmenopausal women: NHANES 2013-2016. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 149:106408. [PMID: 33548847 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although an alteration in sex hormones has been linked to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in premenopausal women and girls, whether such associations exist in postmenopausal women remains uncertain. OBJECTS To examine the associations between serum PFAS concentrations and sex hormone levels in postmenopausal women. METHODS Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2016 waves were used. A total of 706 postmenopausal women with information on serum PFAS [perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), pefluorodecanoic acid (PFDA); perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA); linear perfluorooctanoate (n-PFOA); linear perfluorooctane sulfonate (n-PFOS); monomethyl branched isomers of PFOS (Sm-PFOS)], sex hormones indicators [e.g., total testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)] as well as selected covariates were included. An indicator of circulating free testosterone (FT), and ratio of TT to E2 (TT/E2) were generated. Multiple linear regression accounting for the primary sampling unit, strata, and environmental sampling weights of PFAS was used for association analyses. Effect modification by obesity and type of menopause was explored via stratified analyses as well as the testing of interaction terms. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were conducted to assess these relationships in a multiple PFAS exposure setting. RESULTS After adjusting for potential confounders, total perfluorooctanoate (TPFOA: n-PFOA + Sb-PFOA) and total perfluorooctane sulfonate (TPFOS: n-PFOS + Sm-PFOS), and their linear and branched isomers were positively associated with two androgen indicators (i.e., TT and FT). PCA results revealed that the principal component (PC) composed of n-PFOA was positively associated with ln (TT) [β = 0.09, 95% confidential interval (CI): 0.02, 0.16; per ln-ng/mL increase in exposure], and ln (FT) (β = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.2) in overweight/obese [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2] women, but not in those with BMI < 25 kg/m2. Additionally, among overweight/obese women, PFHxS was positively associated with androgens and negatively with ln (SHBG) (β = -0.06, 95% CI: -0.12, -0.01). The PC composed of Sm-PFOS, n-PFOS, and PFHxS was positively associated with ln (TT) levels among overweight/obese women. Results from BKMR also confirmed the findings on n-PFOA and PFHxS. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that n-PFOA and PFHxS were positively associated with levels of several androgen indicators in postmenopausal women, particularly among overweight/obese ones. Given the higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases associated with elevated levels of androgens in postmenopausal women, future studies are needed to explore the potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruxianguli Aimuzi
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Nian
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Gebreab KY, Eeza MNH, Bai T, Zuberi Z, Matysik J, O'Shea KE, Alia A, Berry JP. Comparative toxicometabolomics of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and next-generation perfluoroalkyl substances. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114928. [PMID: 32540561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Owing to environmental health concerns, a number of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been phased-out, and increasingly replaced by various chemical analogs. Most prominent among these replacements are numerous perfluoroether carboxylic acids (PFECA). Toxicity, and environmental health concerns associated with these next-generation PFAS, however, remains largely unstudied. The zebrafish embryo was employed, in the present study, as a toxicological model system to investigate toxicity of a representative sample of PFECA, alongside perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as one of the most widely used, and best studied, of the "legacy" PFAS. In addition, high-resolution magic angle spin (HRMAS) NMR was utilized for metabolic profiling of intact zebrafish embryos in order to characterize metabolic pathways associated with toxicity of PFAS. Acute embryotoxicity (i.e., lethality), along with impaired development, and variable effects on locomotory behavior, were observed for all PFAS in the zebrafish model. Median lethal concentration (LC50) was significantly correlated with alkyl chain-length, and toxic concentrations were quantitatively similar to those reported previously for PFAS. Metabolic profiling of zebrafish embryos exposed to selected PFAS, specifically including PFOA and two representative PFECA (i.e., GenX and PFO3TDA), enabled elaboration of an integrated model of the metabolic pathways associated with toxicity of these representative PFAS. Alterations of metabolic profiles suggested targeting of hepatocytes (i.e., hepatotoxicity), as well as apparent modulation of neural metabolites, and moreover, were consistent with a previously proposed role of mitochondrial disruption and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activation as reflected by dysfunctions of carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism, and consistent with a previously proposed contribution of PFAS to metabolic syndrome. Taken together, it was generally concluded that toxicity of PFECA is quantitatively and qualitatively similar to PFOA, and these analogs, likewise, represent potential concerns as environmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiflom Y Gebreab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Muhamed N H Eeza
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tianyu Bai
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zain Zuberi
- The School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin E O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A Alia
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - John P Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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13
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Dale K, Yadetie F, Müller MB, Pampanin DM, Gilabert A, Zhang X, Tairova Z, Haarr A, Lille-Langøy R, Lyche JL, Porte C, Karlsen OA, Goksøyr A. Proteomics and lipidomics analyses reveal modulation of lipid metabolism by perfluoroalkyl substances in liver of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 227:105590. [PMID: 32891021 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of defined mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), at low, environmentally relevant (1× = L), or high (20× = H) doses, on biological responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). To this end, farmed juvenile cod were exposed at day 0 and day 7 via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections, in a two-week in vivo experiment. In total, there were 10 groups of fish (n = 21-22): two control groups, four separate exposure groups of PAH and PFAS mixtures (L, H), and four groups combining PAH and PFAS mixtures (L/L, H/L, L/H, H/H). Body burden analyses confirmed a dose-dependent accumulation of PFASs in cod liver and PAH metabolites in bile. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) was significantly reduced for three of the combined PAH/PFAS exposure groups (L-PAH/H-PFAS, H-PAH/L-PFAS, H-PAH/H-PFAS). Analysis of the hepatic proteome identified that pathways related to lipid degradation were significantly affected by PFAS exposure, including upregulation of enzymes in fatty acid degradation pathways, such as fatty acid β-oxidation. The increased abundances of enzymes in lipid catabolic pathways paralleled with decreasing levels of triacylglycerols (TGs) in the H-PFAS exposure group, suggest that PFAS increase lipid catabolism in Atlantic cod. Markers of oxidative stress, including catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities were also induced by PFAS exposure. Only minor and non-significant differences between exposure groups and control were found for cyp1a and acox1 gene expressions, vitellogenin concentrations in plasma, Cyp1a protein synthesis and DNA fragmentation. In summary, our combined proteomics and lipidomics analyses indicate that PFAS may disrupt lipid homeostasis in Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Dale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Fekadu Yadetie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Mette Bjørge Müller
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Daniela M Pampanin
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Pb 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; NORCE AS, Mekjarvik 12, 4070 Randaberg, Norway.
| | - Alejandra Gilabert
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA- CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Zhanna Tairova
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Ane Haarr
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Roger Lille-Langøy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Cinta Porte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA- CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5006 Bergen, Norway; Institute of Marine Research, 5005 Bergen, Norway.
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14
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Marques E, Pfohl M, Auclair A, Jamwal R, Barlock BJ, Sammoura FM, Goedken M, Akhlaghi F, Slitt AL. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) administration shifts the hepatic proteome and augments dietary outcomes related to hepatic steatosis in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 408:115250. [PMID: 32979393 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis increases risk of fatty liver and cardiovascular disease. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a persistent, bio-accumulative pollutant that has been used in industrial and commercial applications. PFOS administration induces hepatic steatosis in rodents and increases lipogenic gene expression signatures in cultured hepatocytes. We hypothesized that PFOS treatment interferes with lipid loss when switching from a high fat diet (HFD) to a standard diet (SD), and augments HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. Male C57BL/6 N mice were fed standard chow diet or 60% kCal high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks to increase body weight. Then, some HFD mice were switched to SD and mice were further divided to diet only or diet containing 0.0003% PFOS, for six treatment groups: SD, HFD to SD (H-SD), HFD, SD + PFOS, H-SD + PFOS, or HFD + PFOS. After 10 weeks on study, blood and livers were collected. HFD for 14 weeks increased body weight and hepatic steatosis, whereas H-SD mice returned to SD measures. PFOS administration reduced body weight in mice fed a SD, but not H-SD or HFD. PFOS administration increased liver weight in H-SD + PFOS and HFD + PFOS mice. PFOS increased hepatic steatosis in H-SD and HFD groups. Hepatic mRNA expression and SWATH-MS proteomic analysis revealed that PFOS induced lipid and xenobiotic transporters, as well as metabolism pathways. Overall, the findings herein suggest that PFOS treatment did interfere with lipid loss associated with switch to a SD and similarly augmented hepatic lipid accumulation in mice established on an HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Marques
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Marisa Pfohl
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Adam Auclair
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Rohitash Jamwal
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Benjamin J Barlock
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Ferass M Sammoura
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Michael Goedken
- Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, 33 Knightsbridge Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Angela L Slitt
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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15
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Dong H, Lu G, Yan Z, Liu J, Yang H, Zhang P, Jiang R, Bao X, Nkoom M. Distribution, sources and human risk of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a receiving riverine environment of the Nanjing urban area, East China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 381:120911. [PMID: 31357077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have become ubiquitously distributed in water environments, especially in riverine waters receiving effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in urban areas. With rapid economic development, China has become the main market of manufacturing and consuming fluorinated products. While studies concerning PFAAs on dimension of urban water system are scarce. To elucidate the distribution patterns of PFAAs using multi-matrices, the effects of spatial-temporal factors on the partition behaviors of PFAAs were investigated in different riverine environments in the downtown area of Nanjing, East China. Predominated by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), sum PFAAs (∑PFAAs) in the water phase were with concentrations of 0.8˜274.6 ng/L, characteristically higher in the dry season and lower in the wet season. The composition profiles in sediments (∑PFAAs 0.8˜11.4 ng/g dry weight) differed from that in water, being with a larger proportion of longer-chain PFAAs. The main sources of PFAAs in water were identified as industrial discharge, uncontrolled sewage discharge or WWTP effluents, surface runoff and nonpoint sources. The discharge fluxes of ∑PFAAs from Nanjing City can reach at 916.5 g/d for the Qinhuai River and 134.1 g/d for WWTPs along the Yangtze River. Fish have been shown to accumulate PFAAs in various tissues, with bioaccumulation positively correlated with perfluoroalkyl chain length. The hazard indexes associated with consumption of river fish were estimated low for Nanjing local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huike Dong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China.
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Haohan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Runren Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xuhui Bao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Matthew Nkoom
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Chen P, Wang R, Yang J, Zhong W, Liu M, Yi S, Zhu L. Stronger estrogenic and antiandrogenic effects on zebrafish larvae displayed by 6:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diester than the 8:2 congener at environmentally relevant concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133907. [PMID: 31425999 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) are one kind of emerging polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment. However, their in vivo toxicities are largely unknown, especially at environmental relevant concentrations. To fill this gap, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 6:2 or 8:2 diPAP at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.5, 5, 50 ng/L) for 7 d. 6:2 and 8:2 diPAPs upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of aromatase in the exposed larvae, and elevated estradiol (E2) and vitellogenin (VTG) levels, but reduced testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) levels, demonstrating estrogenic and antiandrogenic effects. Among the three ER subtypes, ERβ2 displayed the highest in vivo mRNA expression and the lowest in silico binding energies, suggesting that it was the main target ER subtype responsible for the estrogenic effect. Molecular simulation results indicated that diPAPs and E2 could bind to one common residue, arginine (Arg) 87, in the binding pocket of ERβ2, inducing similar estrogenic disruption mechanisms as E2. Both compounds could form hydrophobic interaction with glutamic acid (Glu) 12 and tryptophan (Trp) 80 and two hydrogen bonds with Arg81 of androgen receptor (AR) ligand-binding domains (LBDs) in antagonistic mode, resulting in a reduced level of AR upon exposure. The in silico binding energies of 6:2 diPAP with both ER and AR were lower than 8:2 diPAP, explaining the observed greater in vivo estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities of 6:2 diPAP. This study provided the first line of evidences that diPAPs could display adverse effects on the endocrine functions of fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ruihan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shujun Yi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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17
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Catherine M, Nadège B, Charles P, Yann A. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the marine environment: Spatial distribution and temporal profile shifts in shellfish from French coasts. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:640-648. [PMID: 31063911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in filter-feeding shellfish collected from 2013 to 2017 along the English Channel, Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of France. PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate), PFTrDA (perfluorotridecanoic acid), PFTeDA (perfluorotetradecanoic acid), PFDoDA (perfluorododecanoic acid) and PFUnDA (perfluoroundecanoic acid) were detected in more than 80% of samples, thus indicating widespread contamination of the French coastal environment by these chemicals. The distribution of PFAS concentrations showed differences according to sampling locations and years. PFOS was the predominant PFAS in most samples collected from English Channel and Atlantic coasts until 2014, but the opposite was observed in 2015, 2016 and 2017, while perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) prevailed in Mediterranean samples in all study years. Among PFCAs, PFTrDA showed the highest maximum (1.36 ng g-1 ww) and median (0.077 ng g-1 ww) concentrations in 2016-2017. Other PFAS median concentrations were within the 0.014 (PFNA) - 0.055 (PFTeDA) ng g-1 ww range. The profiles determined each year in most Mediterranean samples suggest distinctive sources. PFOS median concentrations showed a significant decrease over the study years, from 0.118 to 0.126 ng g-1 ww in 2013-2015 to 0.066 ng g-1 ww in 2016 and 2017. ∑PFCAs showed no trends in concentration ranges over the same years. The shift in PFAS profiles from PFOS to long-chain PFCAs over the study period reflects PFOS production phase-out, combined with continuous inputs of PFCAs into the marine environment. These results provide reference data for future studies of the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern on European coasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munschy Catherine
- IFREMER (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes Cedex 3, 44311, France.
| | - Bely Nadège
- IFREMER (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes Cedex 3, 44311, France
| | - Pollono Charles
- IFREMER (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes Cedex 3, 44311, France
| | - Aminot Yann
- IFREMER (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes Cedex 3, 44311, France
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18
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Kang JS, Ahn TG, Park JW. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluooctane sulfonate (PFOS) induce different modes of action in reproduction to Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 368:97-103. [PMID: 30665113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have widely and frequently used in many industrial sectors, and thus have been frequently found in the environment. These chemicals may act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), although the molecular mechanisms are still debated. In this study, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to 10 mg/l PFOA and 1 mg/l PFOS for 21 days, and the reproductive responses, such as the fecundity, secondary sexual characteristics and transcriptional levels of vitellogenin (vtg1 and vtg2) and choriogenin (chgh, chghm and chgl), were time-dependently evaluated (day 7, 14 and 21). PFOA and PFOS significantly reduced fecundity, and caused expression changes in the genes with time, although the patterns were different for each chemical and each sex. Different transcriptional regulations of vitellogenin and choriogenin in male suggest that PFOA and PFOS have different mode of actions in reproductive effects despite their similar chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Soon Kang
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jin-Ju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Ahn
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jin-Ju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology Program, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Woo Park
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jin-Ju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology Program, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Dong H, Lu G, Yan Z, Liu J, Ji Y. Molecular and phenotypic responses of male crucian carp (Carassius auratus) exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:1395-1406. [PMID: 30759578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has long been produced and widely used due to its excellent water and oil repellent properties. However, this trend has facilitated to the ubiquitous existence of PFOA in environmental matrix, and the potential ecotoxicity on aquatic organisms has not been fully elucidated. To study the tissue-specific bioconcentration and the nervous system- and energy-related biochemical effects of PFOA, as well as the phenotypic alterations by this chemical, male crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were exposed to gradient concentrations of PFOA (nominal 0.2, 10, 500 and 25,000 μg/L) in a flow-through apparatus for 7 days. PFOA was enriched in tissues following an order of blood > kidney ≥ liver > gill > brain > muscle. The bioconcentration factors ranged from 0.1 to 60.4. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the fish brain was inhibited, while liver carboxylesterase was induced in most cases and attenuated with time. The acyl-CoA oxidase activity was dose-dependently elevated and accompanied by a decline of ATP contents. PFOA treatments also inhibited the activity of the electron transport system (ETS). At the transcriptional level, ETS component complexes II and IV were concordantly depressed, and ATP synthesis was also downregulated. The mRNA level of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α was increasingly upregulated, with related downstream genes upregulated in varying degrees. The phenotypes showed patterns of increased liver pathology and reduced swimming activity. In summary, PFOA leads to adverse effects in Carassius auratus related to multiple aspects, which may be associated with the nervous system, fundamental energy metabolism and other unpredictable factors. The results obtained in this study are expected to help clarify the PFOA toxic mechanisms on energy relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huike Dong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China.
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yong Ji
- College of Water Conservancy and Ecological Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China
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20
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Zhang J, Wang B, Zhao B, Li Y, Zhao X, Yuan Z. Blueberry anthocyanin alleviate perfluorooctanoic acid-induced toxicity in planarian (Dugesia japonica) by regulating oxidative stress biomarkers, ATP contents, DNA methylation and mRNA expression. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:957-964. [PMID: 30682752 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Blueberry anthocyanin (BA) have strong health benefits as an active natural antioxidant and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) can result in oxidative stress in animals. In our study, the protective effects of BA against stress induced by PFOA was investigated in the planarian Dugesia japonica using oxidative stress biomarkers, ATP contents, ATPase activity, DNA methylation and mRNA expression. PFOA exposure could resulted in malondialdehyde production. At the same time, treatment with BA decreased the production of malondialdehyde in BA-exposed and co-treatment planarians. PFOA caused activities increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and activities decrease in glutathione reductase (GR). PFOA exposure decreased the GSH and ATP contents. Additionally, it increased the GSSG contents and ATPase activity. BA administration increased the activities of GPx, GST and GR in BA and co-treatment planarians. Meanwhile BA maintained the contents of ATP, ATPase activity, GSH and GSSG by alleviating PFOA toxicity. Moreover, PFOA and BA increased the contents of 5-methylcytosine and decreased 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in all group. In addition, PFOA and BA treated planarians significantly altered the expression of genes associated with above biochemical parameters. The results showed that the mRNA expression of gpx, Djgst, gr, Djnak and dnmt1 were significantly elevated in all groups. Alterations in the mRNA expression levels indicated a stress response to PFOA exposure and anthocyanin protection. These alterations regulated biomarkers of oxidative stress, energy metabolism and DNA methylation levels in planarians. These results indicate that BA attenuated PFOA-induced oxidative stress, energy metabolism, DNA methylation and gene expression disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Yanqing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Zuoqing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China.
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21
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Cai Y, Chen H, Chen H, Li H, Yang S, Wang F. Evaluation of Single and Joint Toxicity of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids and Copper to Metal-Resistant Arthrobacter Strains. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16010135. [PMID: 30621016 PMCID: PMC6338955 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorocarboxylic acid compounds (PFCAs) and copper have been regarded as ubiquitous environmental contaminants in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. However, data on their possible joint toxic effects on microorganisms are still lacking. To study the combined effects of four PFCAs with different carbon chain lengths and copper, a series of experiments were conducted to explore the acute toxicity of these PFCAs in the absence and presence of copper on a metal-resistant Arthrobacter strain GQ-9 by microcalorimetry. The thermokinetic parameters, including growth rate constant (k), inhibitory ratio (I), and half inhibitory concentration (IC50), were calculated and compared using the data obtained from the power-time curves. Our work revealed that GQ-9 is more resistant to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) than Escherichia coli. The single and joint toxicity of PFCAs with copper are dose- and carbon chain length-dependent. The longer the carbon chain length of PFCAs, the higher the toxicity. In addition, PFCAs interacted synergistically with copper. This work could provide useful information for the risk assessment of co-exposure to perfluorinated compounds and heavy metals in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Cai
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Haiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Huilun Chen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Haiqing Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shuo Yang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
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22
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Bodin L, Cravedi JP, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, van Loveren H, Gergelova P, Mackay K, Levorato S, van Manen M, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05194. [PMID: 32625773 PMCID: PMC7009575 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in food. Regarding PFOS and PFOA occurrence, the final data set available for dietary exposure assessment contained a total of 20,019 analytical results (PFOS n = 10,191 and PFOA n = 9,828). There were large differences between upper and lower bound exposure due to analytical methods with insufficient sensitivity. The CONTAM Panel considered the lower bound estimates to be closer to true exposure levels. Important contributors to the lower bound mean chronic exposure were 'Fish and other seafood', 'Meat and meat products' and 'Eggs and egg products', for PFOS, and 'Milk and dairy products', 'Drinking water' and 'Fish and other seafood' for PFOA. PFOS and PFOA are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, excreted in urine and faeces, and do not undergo metabolism. Estimated human half-lives for PFOS and PFOA are about 5 years and 2-4 years, respectively. The derivation of a health-based guidance value was based on human epidemiological studies. For PFOS, the increase in serum total cholesterol in adults, and the decrease in antibody response at vaccination in children were identified as the critical effects. For PFOA, the increase in serum total cholesterol was the critical effect. Also reduced birth weight (for both compounds) and increased prevalence of high serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (for PFOA) were considered. After benchmark modelling of serum levels of PFOS and PFOA, and estimating the corresponding daily intakes, the CONTAM Panel established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 13 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week for PFOS and 6 ng/kg bw per week for PFOA. For both compounds, exposure of a considerable proportion of the population exceeds the proposed TWIs.
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23
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Bodin L, Cravedi JP, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, van Loveren H, Gergelova P, Mackay K, Levorato S, van Manen M, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food. EFSA J 2018. [PMID: 32625773 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194','32625773', '10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.067')">Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194" />
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in food. Regarding PFOS and PFOA occurrence, the final data set available for dietary exposure assessment contained a total of 20,019 analytical results (PFOS n = 10,191 and PFOA n = 9,828). There were large differences between upper and lower bound exposure due to analytical methods with insufficient sensitivity. The CONTAM Panel considered the lower bound estimates to be closer to true exposure levels. Important contributors to the lower bound mean chronic exposure were 'Fish and other seafood', 'Meat and meat products' and 'Eggs and egg products', for PFOS, and 'Milk and dairy products', 'Drinking water' and 'Fish and other seafood' for PFOA. PFOS and PFOA are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, excreted in urine and faeces, and do not undergo metabolism. Estimated human half-lives for PFOS and PFOA are about 5 years and 2-4 years, respectively. The derivation of a health-based guidance value was based on human epidemiological studies. For PFOS, the increase in serum total cholesterol in adults, and the decrease in antibody response at vaccination in children were identified as the critical effects. For PFOA, the increase in serum total cholesterol was the critical effect. Also reduced birth weight (for both compounds) and increased prevalence of high serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (for PFOA) were considered. After benchmark modelling of serum levels of PFOS and PFOA, and estimating the corresponding daily intakes, the CONTAM Panel established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 13 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week for PFOS and 6 ng/kg bw per week for PFOA. For both compounds, exposure of a considerable proportion of the population exceeds the proposed TWIs.
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24
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Tian M, Huang Q, Wang H, Martin FL, Liu L, Zhang J, Shen H. Biphasic effects of perfluorooctanoic acid on steroidogenesis in mouse Leydig tumour cells. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 83:54-62. [PMID: 30508572 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent organic pollutant, which may possess endocrine disrupting properties. Herein, we investigated the possible mechanism(s) of toxicity and steroidogenesis in mouse Leydig cells. MLTC-1 (mouse Leydig tumour cells) cells were exposed to 0, 50, 100 or 200 μM PFOA for 48 h to ascertain their effects on the nuclear (membrane) receptor responses, steroidogenesis pathway and related regulated gene expression and steroid hormone secretion profiles. Our results reveal that nuclear receptors PXR, SR-B1 and LHR are sensitive to PFOA exposure. PFOA can accumulate in mitochondria and alter cholesterol precursor (fatty acid) mitochondrial transport process-related gene expression and thus inhibit steroid hormone precursor (cholesterol) production. In particular, PFOA exhibits biphasic effects on testosterone and progesterone production at differing levels of exposure. These findings indicate the potential endocrine-related effects of PFOA on steroid hormone secretion in Leydig cells and point to a novel disruption model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Francis L Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Liangpo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Heqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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25
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Zhang H, Zhou X, Sheng N, Cui R, Cui Q, Guo H, Guo Y, Sun Y, Dai J. Subchronic Hepatotoxicity Effects of 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), a Novel Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) Alternative, on Adult Male Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12809-12818. [PMID: 30256107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The compound 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), an alternative to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in the metal-plating industry, has been widely detected in various environmental matrices. However, its hepatotoxicity has yet to be clarified. Here, male mice were exposed to 0.04, 0.2, or 1 mg/kg/day of 6:2 Cl-PFESA for 56 days. Results demonstrated that relative liver weight increased significantly in the 0.2 and 1 mg/kg/day 6:2 Cl-PFESA groups, whereas liver lipid accumulation increased in all 6:2 Cl-PFESA groups. Serum enzyme activities of alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were increased. Serum triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol both increased, whereas serum total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased following 6:2 Cl-PFESA exposure. A total of 264 differentially expressed proteins (127 up-regulated and 137 down-regulated), mainly involved in lipid metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism, and ribosome biogenesis, were identified by quantitative proteomics. Bioinformatics analysis highlighted the de-regulation of PPAR and PXR, which may contribute to the hepatotoxicity of 6:2 Cl-PFESA. Additionally, 6:2 Cl-PFESA induced both cell apoptosis and proliferation in the mouse liver. Compared to the overt toxicity of PFOS, 6:2 Cl-PFESA exhibited more-serious hepatotoxicity. Thus, caution should be exercised in the application of 6:2 Cl-PFESA as a replacement alternative to PFOS in industrial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Xiujuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Ruina Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Hua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
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26
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Salgado-Freiría R, López-Doval S, Lafuente A. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) can alter the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity by modifying CRF1 and glucocorticoid receptors. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Tang J, Jia X, Gao N, Wu Y, Liu Z, Lu X, Du Q, He J, Li N, Chen B, Jiang J, Liu W, Ding Y, Zhu W, Zhang H. Role of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-induced hepatotoxicity in Rana nigromaculata. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:1035-1043. [PMID: 29459119 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is widely distributed in various environmental media and is toxic to organisms. This study demonstrated that PFOA induces hepatotoxicity in the frog and evaluated the role of CYP3A and the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway in regulating responses to PFOA-induced hepatotoxicity. Rana nigromaculata were exposed to 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/L PFOA solutions in a static-renewal system for 14 days. Liver tissue samples were collected 24 h after the last treatment. Hepatic histology was observed by HE staining and transmission electron microscopy. The oxidative stress levels in the liver were measured. The expression levels of CYP3A, Nrf2, NQO1, and HO-1 mRNA were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. PFOA-treated frog liver tissue exhibited diffuse cell borders, cytoplasmic vacuolization, broken nuclei, nuclear chromatin margination, and swollen mitochondria. In addition, the livers of PFOA-treated frogs showed a significantly elevated content of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, glutathione and glutathione S-transferase activity compared to the livers of control frogs. However, the glutathione peroxidase activities concomitantly decreased in PFOA-treated frogs compared to those in the control group. Furthermore, compared with control frogs, the expression levels of CYP3A, Nrf2, and NQO1 mRNA significantly increased in PFOA-treated frogs. HO-1 mRNA expression remarkably increased only in groups treated with 0.5 or 1 mg/L PFOA. Our results indicate that PFOA induces hepatotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the results of the comparison analysis between different gender groups illustrated that PFOA is more toxic to female frogs than male frogs. Our results demonstrated that PFOA causes liver damage and that CYP3A enhances PFOA-induced female frogs hepatotoxicity are more virulent than male through biotransformation, and the activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway is induced to protect against hepatotoxicity in Rana nigromaculata, all of which provide the scientific basis for the protection of amphibians against environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Xiuying Jia
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Nana Gao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Yingzhu Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Zhengquan Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Xiangjun Lu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Qiongxia Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Jianbo He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Jinxiao Jiang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Ying Ding
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Weiqin Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.
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Wielsøe M, Eiberg H, Ghisari M, Kern P, Lind O, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Genetic Variations, Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Breast Cancer Risk - A Greenlandic Case-Control Study. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:335-346. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wielsøe
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Hans Eiberg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mandana Ghisari
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Peder Kern
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Dronning Ingrid's Hospital; Nuuk Greenland
| | - Ole Lind
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Dronning Ingrid's Hospital; Nuuk Greenland
| | - Eva Cecilie Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
- Institute for Nursing and Health Science; Greenland's Center of Health Research; University of Greenland; Nuuk Greenland
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Bangma JT, Reiner JL, Lowers RH, Cantu TM, Scott J, Korte JE, Scheidt DM, McDonough C, Tucker J, Back B, Adams DH, Bowden JA. Perfluorinated alkyl acids and fecundity assessment in striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) at Merritt Island national wildlife refuge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:740-747. [PMID: 29161599 PMCID: PMC7707152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated wild caught striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge (MINWR) for levels of 15 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) in tandem with individual fecundity measurements (Oocyte sub-stage 2 late, n=42) and oocyte reproductive stages (Stages 1-5, n=128). PFAA measurements were quantified in striped mullet liver (n=128), muscle (n=49), and gonad (n=10). No significant negative impacts of liver PFAA burden on wild-caught, mullet fecundity endpoints were observed in this study; however, changes in PFAA were observed in the liver as mullet progressed through different sub-stages of oocyte development. Of the PFAA with significant changes by sub-stage of oocyte development, the carboxylic acids (perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, and perfluorotridecanoic acid) increased in the liver with increasing sub-stage while the sulfonic acid and its precursor (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide, respectively) decreased in the liver with increasing sub-stage of oocyte development. This is a unique find and suggests PFAA change location of compartmentalization as mullet progress towards spawning. Investigations also revealed higher than expected median muscle and gonad levels of PFOS in striped mullet collected at MINWR (9.01ng/g and 80.2ng/g, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T Bangma
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Russell H Lowers
- Integrated Mission Support Service (IMSS), Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA
| | - Theresa M Cantu
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Jacob Scott
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Korte
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Department of Public Health Sciences, 135 Cannon Street, SC 29412, USA
| | - Doug M Scheidt
- Integrated Mission Support Service (IMSS), Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA
| | - Chris McDonough
- Marine Resources Division, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jonathan Tucker
- Marine Resources Division, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brenton Back
- Integrated Mission Support Service (IMSS), Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA
| | - Douglas H Adams
- Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish & Wildlife Research Institute, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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Rotondo JC, Giari L, Guerranti C, Tognon M, Castaldelli G, Fano EA, Martini F. Environmental doses of perfluorooctanoic acid change the expression of genes in target tissues of common carp. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:942-948. [PMID: 29105837 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental doses of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on bioconcentration and gene expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Adult male and female carp were exposed to environmental (200 ng/L) and experimental (2 mg/L) doses of PFOA for 56 d. Carp exposed to 200 ng/L had levels of PFOA below the level of detection in all tissue samples analyzed, whereas variable concentrations were measurable in various tissues from carp exposed to 2 mg/L. The expression level of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene, coding for a detoxifying enzyme, increased in a PFOA dose-dependent manner in liver tissues from 200 ng/L to 2 mg/L exposure (p < 0.05). The expression levels of CYP19A gene, coding for the enzyme that converts testosterone into estrogen, were altered in gonadal tissues from male and female carp exposed to either 200 ng/L or 2 mg/L; expression increased in male gonads and decreased in female gonads. Unexpectedly, the expression levels of CYP19A in male and female gonads from carp exposed to 200 ng/L or 2 mg/L were similar (p > 0.05). Therefore, even though environmental doses of PFOA did not accumulate in tissues of the common carp, they did affect the gene expression levels of GST in the liver and CYP19A in the gonads. These observations raise concerns that exposure to environmental doses of PFOA may affect gene expression in animals and possibly in humans, with important health consequences. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:942-948. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristiana Guerranti
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- BRC Bioscience Research Center, Orbetello (GR), Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castaldelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Anna Fano
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Bangma JT, Reiner JL, Botha H, Cantu TM, Gouws MA, Guillette MP, Koelmel JP, Luus-Powell WJ, Myburgh J, Rynders O, Sara JR, Smit WJ, Bowden JA. Tissue distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids and health status in wild Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 61:59-67. [PMID: 29191316 PMCID: PMC6584947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined concentrations of 15 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in tissues from male Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) collected at Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa in 2014 and 2016. Nine of the 15 PFAAs were detected frequently and were included in statistical analysis and included two of the most commonly known PFAAs, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (median, 41.6ng/g) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (median, 0.0825ng/g). Of the tissues measured, plasma (2016 and 2014 median, 22.2ng/g) contained the highest PFAA burden followed by (in descending order): liver (median, 11.6ng/g), kidney (median, 9.04ng/g), spleen (median, 5.92ng/g), adipose (median, 2.54ng/g), and muscle (median, 1.11ng/g). Loskop Dam tilapia have been affected by an inflammatory disease of the adipose tissue known as pansteatitis, so this study also aimed to investigate relationships between PFAA tissue concentrations and incidence of pansteatitis or fish health status. Results revealed that healthy tilapia exhibited an overall higher (p-value<0.05) PFAA burden than pansteatitis-affected tilapia across all tissues. Further analysis showed that organs previously noted in the literature to contain the highest PFAA concentrations, such as kidney, liver, and plasma, were the organs driving the difference in PFAA burden between the two tilapia groups. Care must be taken in the interpretations we draw from not only the results of our study, but also other PFAA measurements made on populations (human and wildlife alike) under differing health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T Bangma
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Hannes Botha
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa; Scientific Services, Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
| | - Theresa M Cantu
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Marco A Gouws
- Department of Science, School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, George 6529, South Africa
| | - Matthew P Guillette
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | | | - Jan Myburgh
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Olivia Rynders
- Department of Science, School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, George 6529, South Africa
| | - Joseph R Sara
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Willem J Smit
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - John A Bowden
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, United States.
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Yuan Z, Miao Z, Gong X, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Ma H, Zhang J, Zhao B. Changes on lipid peroxidation,enzymatic activities and gene expression in planarian (Dugesia japonica) following exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:564-568. [PMID: 28800531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-induced stress response in planarians. We administered different concentrations of PFOA to planarians for up to 10 d. PFOA exposure resulted in significant concentration-dependent elevations in lipid peroxidation, glutathione S-transferase and caspase-3 protease activities, and a significant decline in glutathione peroxidase activities compared with control groups. Exposure to PFOA significantly up-regulated the heat shock proteins hsp70 and hsp90, and p53, and down-regulated hsp40 compared with controls. PFOA exposure also increased HSP70 protein levels, as demonstrated by western blot analysis. These alterations indicated that PFOA exposure induced a stress response and affected the regulation of oxidative stress, enzymatic activities and gene expression. These results suggest that these sensitive parameters, together with other biomarkers, could be used for evaluating toxicity, for ecological risk assessment of PFOA in freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoqing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Zili Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Xiaoning Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Baoying Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Hongdou Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China.
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China.
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Goudarzi H, Araki A, Itoh S, Sasaki S, Miyashita C, Mitsui T, Nakazawa H, Nonomura K, Kishi R. The Association of Prenatal Exposure to Perfluorinated Chemicals with Glucocorticoid and Androgenic Hormones in Cord Blood Samples: The Hokkaido Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:111-118. [PMID: 27219028 PMCID: PMC5226690 DOI: 10.1289/ehp142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) disrupt cholesterol homeostasis. All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol, and steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids and androgenic hormones mediate several vital physiologic functions. However, the in utero effects of PFCs exposure on the homeostasis of these steroid hormones are not well understood in humans. OBJECTIVES We examined the relationship between prenatal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)/perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and cord blood levels of glucocorticoid and androgenic hormones. METHODS We conducted a hospital-based birth cohort study between July 2002 and October 2005 in Sapporo, Japan (n = 514). In total, 185 mother-infant pairs were included in the present study. Prenatal PFOS and PFOA levels in maternal serum samples were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Cord blood levels of glucocorticoid (cortisol and cortisone) and androgenic hormones [dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione] were also measured in the same way. RESULTS We found a dose-response relationship of prenatal PFOS, but not PFOA, exposure with glucocorticoid levels after adjusting for potential confounders. Cortisol and cortisone concentrations were -23.98-ng/mL (95% CI: -0.47.12, -11.99; p for trend = 0.006) and -63.21-ng/mL (95% CI: -132.56, -26.72; p for trend < 0.001) lower, respectively, in infants with prenatal PFOS exposure in the fourth quartile compared with those in the first quartile. The highest quartile of prenatal PFOS exposure was positively associated with a 1.33-ng/mL higher DHEA level compared with the lowest quartile (95% CI: 0.17, 1.82; p for trend = 0.017), whereas PFOA showed a negative association with DHEA levels (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1: -1.23 ng/mL, 95% CI: -1.72, -0.25; p for trend = 0.004). We observed no significant association between PFCs and androstenedione levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that prenatal exposure to PFCs is significantly associated with glucocorticoid and DHEA levels in cord blood. Citation: Goudarzi H, Araki A, Itoh S, Sasaki S, Miyashita C, Mitsui T, Nakazawa H, Nonomura K, Kishi R. 2017. The association of prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals with glucocorticoid and androgenic hormones in cord blood samples: the Hokkaido Study. Environ Health Perspect 125:111-118; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP142.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Goudarzi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itoh
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Mitsui
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakazawa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nonomura
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Kushiro Rosai Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Address correspondence to R. Kishi, Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 Japan. Telephone: 81 11 706 4746; 706 4725. E-mail:
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Pedersen KE, Letcher RJ, Sonne C, Dietz R, Styrishave B. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) - New endocrine disruptors in polar bears (Ursus maritimus)? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 96:180-189. [PMID: 27692342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging in the Arctic and accumulate in brain tissues of East Greenland (EG) polar bears. In vitro studies have shown that PFASs might possess endocrine disrupting abilities and therefore the present study was conducted to investigate potential PFAS induced alterations in brain steroid concentrations. The concentrations of eleven steroid hormones were determined in eight brain regions from ten EG polar bears. Pregnenolone (PRE), the dominant progestagen, was found in mean concentrations of 5-47ng/g (ww) depending on brain region. PRE showed significantly (p<0.01) higher concentrations in female compared to male bears. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) found in mean concentrations 0.67-4.58ng/g (ww) was the androgen found in highest concentrations. Among the estrogens estrone (E1) showed mean concentrations of 0.90-2.21ng/g (ww) and was the most abundant. Remaining steroid hormones were generally present in concentrations below 2ng/g (ww). Steroid levels in brain tissue could not be explained by steroid levels in plasma. There was however a trend towards increasing estrogen levels in plasma resulting in increasing levels of androgens in brain tissue. Correlative analyses showed positive associations between PFASs and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone (OH-PRE) (e.g. perflouroalkyl sulfonates (∑PFSA): p<0.01, r=0.39; perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (∑PFCA): p<0.01, r=0.61) and PFCA and testosterone (TS) (∑PFCA: p=0.03, r=0.30) across brain regions. Further when investigating correlative associations in specific brain regions significant positive correlations were found between ∑PFCA and several steroid hormones in the occipital lobe. Correlative positive associations between PFCAs and steroids were especially observed for PRE, progesterone (PRO), OH-PRE, DHEA, androstenedione (AN) and testosterone (TS) (all p≤0.01, r≥0.7). The results from the present study generally indicate that an increase in PFASs concentration seems to concur with an increase in steroid hormones of EG polar bears. It is, however, not possible to determine whether alterations in brain steroid concentrations arise from interference with de novo steroid synthesis or via disruption of peripheral steroidogenic tissues mainly in gonads and feedback mechanisms. Steroids are important for brain plasticity and gender specific behavior as well as postnatal development and sexually dimorph brain function. The present work indicates an urgent need for a better mechanistic understanding of how PFASs may affect the endocrine system of polar bears and potentially other mammal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Eggers Pedersen
- Toxicology Laboratory, Section of Advanced Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, P.O. Box 358, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, P.O. Box 358, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology Laboratory, Section of Advanced Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gunderson MP, Pickett MA, Martin JT, Hulse EJ, Smith SS, Smith LA, Campbell RM, Lowers RH, Boggs ASP, Guillette LJ. Variations in hepatic biomarkers in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from three sites in Florida, USA. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 155:180-187. [PMID: 27111470 PMCID: PMC4909370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sub-individual biomarkers are sub-lethal biological responses commonly used in the assessment of wildlife exposure to environmental contaminants. In this study, we examined the activity of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and metallothionein (MT) concentrations among captive-raised alligator hatchlings, wild-caught juveniles, and wild-caught adults. Juveniles and adults were collected from three locations in Florida (USA) with varying degrees of contamination (i.e. Lake Apopka (organochlorine polluted site), Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) (metal polluted site), and Lake Woodruff NWR (reference site)). We examined whether changes in the response of these three biomarkers were age and sex dependent or reflected site-specific variations of environmental contaminants. Juvenile alligators from Merritt Island NWR had higher MT concentrations and lower GST activity compared to those from the other two sites. This outcome was consistent with higher metal pollution at this location. Sexually dimorphic patterns of MT and GST (F > M) were observed in juvenile alligators from all sites, although this pattern was not observed in adults. GST activity was lower in captive-raised alligators from Lake Apopka and Merritt Island NWR as compared to animals from Lake Woodruff NWR, suggesting a possible developmental modulator at these sites. No clear patterns were observed in LDH activity. We concluded that GST and MT demonstrate age and sex specific patterns in the alligators inhabiting these study sites and that the observed variation among sites could be due to differences in contaminant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Gunderson
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA.
| | - Melissa A Pickett
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Justin T Martin
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Hulse
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Spenser S Smith
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Levi A Smith
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Rachel M Campbell
- The College of Idaho, Department of Biology, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Russell H Lowers
- Inomedic Health Applications, Aquatics Division, Mail Code IHA-300, Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA
| | - Ashley S P Boggs
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Louis J Guillette
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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Huang SSY, Benskin JP, Chandramouli B, Butler H, Helbing CC, Cosgrove JR. Xenobiotics Produce Distinct Metabolomic Responses in Zebrafish Larvae (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6526-6535. [PMID: 27232715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and quantitative protocols for characterizing low-dose effects are needed to meet the demands of 21st century chemical hazard assessment. To test the hypothesis that xenobiotic exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations produces specific biochemical fingerprints in organisms, metabolomic perturbations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo/larvae were measured following 24 h exposures to 13 individual chemicals covering a wide range of contaminant classes. Measured metabolites (208 in total) included amino acids, biogenic amines, fatty acids, bile acids, sugars, and lipids. The 96-120 h post-fertilization developmental stage was the most appropriate model for detecting xenobiotic-induced metabolomic perturbations. Metabolomic fingerprints were largely chemical- and dose-specific and were reproducible in multiple exposures over a 16-month period. Furthermore, chemical-specific responses were detected in the presence of an effluent matrix; importantly, in the absence of morphological response. In addition to improving sensitivity for detecting biological responses to low-level xenobiotic exposures, these data can aid the classification of novel contaminants based on the similarity of metabolomic responses to well-characterized "model" compounds. This approach is clearly of use for rapid, sensitive, and specific analyses of chemical effect on organisms, and can supplement existing methods, such as the Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity assay (OECD TG236), with molecular-level information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie S Y Huang
- AXYS Analytical Services Ltd., Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- AXYS Analytical Services Ltd., Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Heather Butler
- AXYS Analytical Services Ltd., Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John R Cosgrove
- AXYS Analytical Services Ltd., Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
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Kwon EJ, Shin JS, Kim BM, Shah-Kulkarni S, Park H, Kho YL, Park EA, Kim YJ, Ha EH. Prenatal Exposure to Perfluorinated Compounds Affects Birth Weight Through GSTM1 Polymorphism. J Occup Environ Med 2016; 58:e198-205. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shaya L, Dejong C, Wilson JY. Expression patterns of cytochrome P450 3B and 3C genes in model fish species. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 166:115-25. [PMID: 25073111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3 enzymes are highly expressed in detoxification organs and play an important role in xenobiotic metabolism. In fish, the CYP3 family is diversified and includes several subfamilies (CYP3B, CYP3C, and CYP3D) not found in mammals. The functional role and expression patterns of these novel genes are unknown. In this study, the expression patterns of novel teleost CYP3 genes were determined in medaka(Oryzias latipes; CYP3B4, CYP3B5, CYP3B6) and zebrafish (Danio rerio; CYP3C1, CYP3C2, CYP3C3, CYP3C4), two important model fish species. Expression was quantified with real time PCR in multiple internal organs from adult male and female fish. CYP3C gene expression was determined in zebrafish embryos. Expression in all organs was detected for all genes, except for CYP3B4 in male organs. CYP3C1, CYP3C3, CYP3B4, CYP3B5, and CYP3B6 were more highly expressed in liver and/or intestine from at least one gender, suggesting a role in xenobiotic metabolism. Expression of CYP3C1 and CYP3B5 in olfactory rosette was comparable to liver. CYP3C1, CYP3C4, CYP3B5 and CYP3B6 expression was higher in the female organs; CYP3C2 and CYP3B5 were higher in testis. Estrogen and androgen response elements were found upstream of the start site of many of these genes raising the hypothesis that they are under steroid regulation. CYP3C1-3 were expressed in all developmental stages examined and appear to be maternally deposited. The expression patterns suggest that some of these CYP genes are involved in xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Shaya
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Chris Dejong
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Joanna Y Wilson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Preus-Olsen G, Olufsen MO, Pedersen SA, Letcher RJ, Arukwe A. Effects of elevated dissolved carbon dioxide and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, given singly and in combination, on steroidogenic and biotransformation pathways of Atlantic cod. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 155:222-235. [PMID: 25063886 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the aquatic environments, the predicted changes in water temperature, pO2 and pCO2 could result in hypercapnic and hypoxic conditions for aquatic animals. These conditions are thought to affect several basic cellular and physiological mechanisms. Yet, possible adverse effects of elevated CO2 (hypercapnia) on teleost fish, as well as combined effects with emerging and legacy environmental contaminants are poorly investigated. In this study, juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were divided into groups and exposed to three different water bath PFOS exposure regimes (0 (control), 100 and 200 μg L(-1)) for 5 days at 1h/day, followed by three different CO2-levels (normocapnia, moderate (0.3%) and high (0.9%)). The moderate CO2 level is the predicted near future (within year 2300) level, while 0.9% represent severe hypercapnia. Tissue samples were collected at 3, 6 and 9 days after initiated CO2 exposure. Effects on the endocrine and biotransformation systems were examined by analyzing levels of sex steroid hormones (E2, T, 11-KT) and transcript expression of estrogen responsive genes (ERα, Vtg-α, Vtg-β, ZP2 and ZP3). In addition, transcripts for genes encoding xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (cyp1a and cyp3a) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) were analyzed. Hypercapnia alone produced increased levels of sex steroid hormones (E2, T, 11-KT) with concomitant mRNA level increase of estrogen responsive genes, while PFOS produced weak and time-dependent effects on E2-inducible gene transcription. Combined PFOS and hypercapnia exposure produced increased effects on sex steroid levels as compared to hypercapnia alone, with transcript expression patterns that are indicative of time-dependent interactive effects. Exposure to hypercapnia singly or in combination with PFOS produced modulations of the biotransformation and hypoxic responses that were apparently concentration- and time-dependent. Loading plots of principal component analysis (PCA) produced a significant grouping of individual scores according to the exposure scenarios at day 6 and 9. Overall, the PCA analysis produced a unique clustering of variables that signifies a positive correlation between exposure to high PFOS concentration and mRNA expression of E2 responsive genes. Notably, this pattern was not evident for individuals exposed to PFOS concentrations in combination with elevated CO2 scenarios. To our knowledge, the present study is the first of its kind, to evaluate such effects using combined exposure to a perfluoroalkyl sulfonate and elevated levels of CO2 saturation, representative of future oceanic climate change, in any fish species or lower vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnhild Preus-Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marianne O Olufsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sindre Andre Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Olufsen M, Cangialosi MV, Arukwe A. Modulation of membrane lipid composition and homeostasis in salmon hepatocytes exposed to hypoxia and perfluorooctane sulfonamide, given singly or in combination. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102485. [PMID: 25047721 PMCID: PMC4105415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative importance of environmental hypoxia due to global climate change on organismal ability to adapt to chemical insult and/or mechanisms of these responses is not well understood. Therefore, we have studied the effects of combined exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) and chemically induced hypoxia on membrane lipid profile and homeostasis. Primary salmon hepatocytes were exposed to PFOSA at 0, 25 and 50 µM singly or in combination with either cobalt chloride (CoCl2: 0 and 150 µM) or deferroxamine (DFO: 0 and 100 µM) for 24 and 48 h. CoCl2 and DFO were used to induce cellular hypoxia because these two chemicals have been commonly used in animal experiments for this purpose and have been shown to increase hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. Fatty acid (FA) profiles were determined by GC-MS, while gene expression patterns were determined by quantitative PCR. Hypoxic condition was confirmed with time-related increases of HIF-1α mRNA levels in CoCl2 and DFO exposed cells. In general, significant alterations of genes involved in lipid homeostasis were predominantly observed after 48 h exposure. Gene expression analysis showed that biological responses related to peroxisome proliferation (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and acyl coenzyme A (ACOX)) and FA desaturation (Δ5- and Δ6-desaturases: FAD5 and FAD6, respectively) and elongation (FAE) were elevated slightly by single exposure (i.e. either PFOSA, CoCl2 or DFO exposure alone), and these responses were potentiated in combined exposure conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a clustering of peroxisome proliferation responses at transcript levels and FA desaturation against membrane FAs levels whose changes were explained by PFOSA and chemically induced hypoxia exposures. Overall, our data show that most of the observed responses were stronger in combined stressor exposure conditions, compared to individual stressor exposure. In general, our data show that hypoxia may, singly or in combination with PFOSA produce deleterious health, physiological and developmental consequences through the alteration of membrane lipid profile in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Olufsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria V. Cangialosi
- Department of Food and Environmental Science “Prof. G. Stagno d’Alcontres”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Jörundsdóttir H, Halldorsson TI, Gunnlaugsdottir H. PFAAs in fish and other seafood products from Icelandic waters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 2014:573607. [PMID: 24782899 PMCID: PMC3980872 DOI: 10.1155/2014/573607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinatedalkyl acids (PFAAs) are of growing concern due to possible health effects on humans. Exposure assessments indicate that fish consumption is one of the major sources of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure to humans, one of the major PFASs, whereas concerns of overestimation of this exposure source have been raised. Therefore, PFAAs concentrations in fish from the North Atlantic (Icelandic fishing grounds) in the flesh of different fish species were investigated along with more detailed analyses of tissue concentrations in cod (Gadus morhua) and lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). Further, fish feed was investigated as a possible source of PFAAs in aquaculture by examining fish meal as feed ingredient. No PFAAs were detected in the edible part of all fish samples, except for PFOS in pollock (Pollachius virens, 0,05 ng/g wet weight). PFOS was the only PFAA detected in the fish meal samples with the exception of PFOSA in blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) meal (0,45 ng/g dry weight (d.w.)), where the PFOS concentration was 1,3-13 ng/g d.w. in the capelin (Mallotus villosus) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus) meal samples. The conclusions of the study are that fish commonly consumed from the Icelandic fishing grounds are unlikely to be an important source of PFAAs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrönn Jörundsdóttir
- Matis, Icelandic Food and Biotech R&D, Vinlandsleid 12, 113 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorhallur I Halldorsson
- Faculty of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Health Science, University of Iceland, Unit of Nutritional Research, Eiríksgötu 29, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Ghisari M, Eiberg H, Long M, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Polymorphisms in phase I and phase II genes and breast cancer risk and relations to persistent organic pollutant exposure: a case-control study in Inuit women. Environ Health 2014; 13:19. [PMID: 24629213 PMCID: PMC4234380 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that chemicals belonging to the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as perfluorinated compounds (PFAS) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are risk factors in Breast Cancer (BC) development in Greenlandic Inuit women. The present case-control study aimed to investigate the main effect of polymorphisms in genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and estrogen biosynthesis, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, COMT and CYP17, CYP19 and the BRCA1 founder mutation in relation to BC risk and to explore possible interactions between the gene polymorphisms and serum POP levels on BC risk in Greenlandic Inuit women. METHODS The study population consisted of 31 BC cases and 115 matched controls, with information on serum levels of POPs. Genotyping was conducted for CYP1A1 (Ile462Val; rs1048943), CYP1B1 (Leu432Val; rs1056836), COMT (Val158Met; rs4680), CYP17A1 (A1> A2; rs743572); CYP19A1 (C> T; rs10046) and CYP19A1 ((TTTA)n repeats) polymorphisms and BRCA1 founder mutation using TaqMan allelic discrimination method and polymerase chain reaction based restriction fragment length polymorphism. The χ2 -test was used to compare categorical variables between cases and controls and the odds ratios were estimated by unconditional logistic regression models. RESULTS We found an independent association of CYP1A1 (Val) and CYP17 (A1) with BC risk.Furthermore, an increased BC risk was observed for women with high serum levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and carriers of at least: one CYP1A1 variant Val allele; one variant COMT Met allele; or the common CYP17 A1 allele. No combined effects were seen between PFAS exposure and CYP1B1 and CYP19 polymorphisms. The risk of BC was not found significantly associated with exposure to PCBs and OCPs, regardless of genotype for all investigated SNPs. The frequency of the Greenlandic founder mutation in BRCA1 was as expected higher in cases than in controls. CONCLUSIONS The BRCA1 founder mutation and polymorphisms in CYP1A1 (Val) and CYP17 (A1) can increase the BC risk among Inuit women and the risk increases with higher serum levels of PFOS and PFOA. Serum PFAS levels were a consistent risk factor of BC, but inter-individual polymorphic differences might cause variations in sensitivity to the PFAS/POP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Ghisari
- Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Álle 2, Build 1260, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hans Eiberg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manhai Long
- Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Álle 2, Build 1260, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Eva C Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Álle 2, Build 1260, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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P-gp expression in brown trout erythrocytes: evidence of a detoxification mechanism in fish erythrocytes. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3422. [PMID: 24305632 PMCID: PMC3851883 DOI: 10.1038/srep03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood is a site of physiological transport for a great variety of molecules, including xenobiotics. Blood cells in aquatic vertebrates, such as fish, are directly exposed to aquatic pollution. P-gp are ubiquitous “membrane detoxification proteins” implicated in the cellular efflux of various xenobiotics, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may be pollutants. The existence of this P-gp detoxification system inducible by benzo [a] pyrene (BaP), a highly cytotoxic PAH, was investigated in the nucleated erythrocytes of brown trout. Western blot analysis showed the expression of a 140-kDa P-gp in trout erythrocytes. Primary cultures of erythrocytes exposed to increasing concentrations of BaP showed no evidence of cell toxicity. Yet, in the same BaP-treated erythrocytes, P-gp expression increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Brown trout P-gp erythrocytes act as membrane defence mechanism against the pollutant, a property that can be exploited for future biomarker development to monitor water quality.
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44
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Long M, Ghisari M, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Effects of perfluoroalkyl acids on the function of the thyroid hormone and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8045-56. [PMID: 23539207 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are perfluorinated compounds that widely exist in the environment and can elicit adverse effects including endocrine disruption in humans and animals. This study investigated the effect of seven PFAAs on the thyroid hormone (TH) system assessing the proliferation of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thryonine (T3)-dependent rat pituitary GH3 cells using the T-screen assay and the effect on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transactivation in the AhR-luciferase reporter gene bioassay. A dose-dependent impact on GH3 cells was observed in the range 1×10(-9)-1×10(-4) M: seven PFAAs (perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA)) inhibited the GH3 cell growth, and four PFAAs (PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, and PFUnA) antagonized the T3-induced GH3 cell proliferation. At the highest test concentration, PFHxS showed a further increase of the T3-induced GH3 growth. Among the seven tested PFAAs, only PFDoA and PFDA elicited an activating effect on the AhR. In conclusion, PFAAs possess in vitro endocrine-disrupting potential by interfering with TH and AhR functions, which need to be taken into consideration when assessing the impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhai Long
- Centre for Arctic Health and Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Alle 2, Building 1260, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark,
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Houde M, Douville M, Despatie SP, De Silva AO, Spencer C. Induction of gene responses in St. Lawrence River northern pike (Esox lucius) environmentally exposed to perfluorinated compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:1195-200. [PMID: 23453599 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Municipal waste water effluents (MWWEs) are important sources of chemical contamination for aquatic environments. This study investigated the presence and effects of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in environmentally exposed northern pike (Esox lucius) collected upstream and downstream a major municipal waste water treatment plant (WWTP) in the St. Lawrence River, Canada. Twelve PFCs, including the newly detected perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS), were quantified in fish muscle, liver, and plasma. Additionally, the expression of eight genes and the activity of three biomarkers were analyzed in fish tissues at both sites. Mean ∑PFC concentration in fish plasma collected upstream the WWTP was 185ng/g w.w. compared to 545ng/g w.w. downstream the point of release. PFECHS was quantified for the first time in St. Lawrence River fish (mean plasma concentration in MWWE fish: 5.07±4.72ng/g w.w.). Results of transcriptomic responses were tissue-specific and indicated significant up-regulation for metallothionein (MT) in blood and MT, glutathion-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and cytochromes P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) in gill tissue of fish collected in the MWWE suggesting greater stress responses for organisms at this location. Significant relationships were found between vitellogenin (Vtg) gene expression in liver, Vtg activity in plasma and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeA), and perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS) plasma concentrations. The possible endocrine effects of these PFCs should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Houde
- Environment Canada, Centre Saint-Laurent, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H2Y 2E7.
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46
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Le TTY, Peijnenburg WJGM. Modeling toxicity of mixtures of perfluorooctanoic acid and triazoles (triadimefon and paclobutrazol) to the benthic cladoceran Chydorus sphaericus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6621-6629. [PMID: 23683067 DOI: 10.1021/es4001104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and triazoles, that is, paclobutrazol (PBZ) and triadimefon (TDF), singly and in binary mixtures was assessed on the benthic cladoceran Chydorus sphaericus. Following single exposure, toxicity of PBZ was not significantly different from that of TDF as shown by the overlapping 95% confidence intervals of their median effective concentrations: EC50(PBZ) = 0.07-0.09 mM; EC50(TDF) = 0.066-0.078 mM. PFOA was far less toxic than these triazoles: EC50(PFOA) = 0.20-0.24 mM. Assuming no interactions between PFOA and the triazoles, the toxicity of PFOA in mixtures with the triazoles estimated by the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models was significantly lower than its toxicity in single exposure. This contrasted with the results for PBZ and TDF. Based on the assumption that PFOA may interact with the triazoles, different predictions were obtained by the two models. Significant alleviation of PBZ and TDF on the toxicity of PFOA was found by the extended CA model only. According to the extended IA model, PFOA had nonsignificant effects on the toxicity of PBZ while significantly increasing the toxicity of TDF. This difference is possibly related to different modes of actions for various functional groups in PBZ and TDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Yen Le
- Laboratory for Ecological Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
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47
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Arukwe A, Cangialosi MV, Letcher RJ, Rocha E, Mortensen AS. Changes in morphometry and association between whole-body fatty acids and steroid hormone profiles in relation to bioaccumulation patterns in salmon larvae exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonic or perfluorooctane carboxylic acids. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 130-131:219-230. [PMID: 23435358 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have used salmon embryos whose continuous exposure to waterborne PFOA or PFOS at 100 μg/L started as freshly fertilized eggs, and lasted for a total of 52 days. PFOS and PFOA were dissolved in methanol (carrier vehicle) whose concentration never exceeded 0.01% of total tank volume. Samples were collected at day 21, 28, 35, 52, 49 and 56 after the start of the exposure. Note that days 49 and 56 represent end of exposure and 1 week after a recovery period, respectively. Tissue bioaccumulations were determined by HPLC/MS/MS, steroid hormones, fatty acids (FAs) and lipids were determined by GC-MS, while mRNA expression levels of genes were determined by qPCR in whole body homogenate. We observed that PFOS and PFOA showed a steady increase in whole body burden during the exposure period, with a slight decrease after the recovery period. Calculated somatic indexes showed that PFOA produced increases in heart-, thymus-, liver- and kidney somatic indexes (HSI, TSI, LSI and KSI). PFOA and PFOS exposure produced significant decreases in whole body dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), estrone and testosterone at sampling day 21 and a strong increase of cortisol and cholesterol at the end of recovery period (day 56). PFOA and PFOS effects differed with DHEA and estrone. While PFOS decreased DHEA levels, PFOA produced an increase at day 49, and while PFOS decreased estrone, PFOA produced a slight increase at day 56. We observed changes in FA composition that predominantly involved increases in FA methyl esters (FAMEs), mono- and poly-unsaturated FA (MUFA and PUFA) and a decrease in n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio by both PFOA and PFOS. Particularly, an increase in - pentadecenoic MUFA (15:1), two n-3 PUFAs α-linolenic acid [ALA: 18:3 n3] and eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA: 20:5 n-3] and n-6 PUFA: arachidonic acid [ARA: 20:4 n6], docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) by PFOA and PFOS were observed. These effects were associated with changes in mRNA expression of FA elongase (FAE), Δ5-desaturase (FAD5) and Δ6-desaturase (FAD6) genes. In summary, the changes in hormonal and FA profiles may represent cellular and/or physiological adaptation to continuous PFOS and PFOA exposure by increasing membrane fluidity, and/or overt developmental effects. The present findings provide some potential insights and basis for a better understanding on the possible mechanisms of PFCs toxicity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Tan F, Jin Y, Liu W, Quan X, Chen J, Liang Z. Global liver proteome analysis using iTRAQ labeling quantitative proteomic technology to reveal biomarkers in mice exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:12170-12177. [PMID: 23046066 DOI: 10.1021/es3027715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis allows detection of changes of proteins expression in organisms exposed to environmental pollutants, leading to the discovery of biomarkers of exposure and understanding of the action mechanism of toxicity. In the present study, we applied iTRAQ labeling quantitative proteomic technology for global characterization of the liver proteome in mice exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). This successfully identified and quantified 1038 unique proteins. Seventy-one proteins showed a significant expression change in the treated groups (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mg/kg of body weight) compared with the control group, and 16 proteins displayed strong dose-dependent changes. Gene ontology analysis showed that these differential proteins were significantly enriched and mainly involved in lipid metabolism, transport, biosynthetic processes, and response to stimulus. We detected significantly increased expression levels of enzymes regulating peroxisomal β-oxidation-including long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase, acyl-CoA oxidase 1, bifunctional enzyme, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase A. PFOS also significantly induced cytochrome P450s and glutathione S-transferases that are responsible for the metabolism of xenobiotic compounds. The expressions of several proteins with important biological functions-such as cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and apolipoprotein A-I, also correlated with PFOS exposure. Together, the present results provide insight into the molecular mechanism and biomarkers for PFOS-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Spachmo B, Arukwe A. Endocrine and developmental effects in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonic or perfluorooctane carboxylic acids. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 108:112-124. [PMID: 22265611 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the effect of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on endocrine signalling, growth and development in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) embryos and larvae. Expression of genes related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, growth-hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis and the steroid hormone axis were used as indicators of endocrine disruption. We also studied bone development in larvae, both by observing skeletal structure formation and by investigating expression of genes involved in ossification process. Atlantic salmon embryos, kept in plastic tanks at 5-7°C, were exposed to 100 μg/L PFOA or PFOS from egg stage for a period of 52 days, followed by one-week recovery period. Sampling was performed at day 21, 35, 49 and 56 representing age 549, 597, 679 and 721 dd (dd or day degrees = number of days × temperature in degree Celsius:°C). Note that day 56 or 721 dd is the end of the 1-week recovery period. Larvae were divided into designated head and body regions for the purpose of gene expression analysis, except for genes that regulate ossification that were analyzed in whole larvae. Expression of thyroid receptor α and β (TRα and TRβ), thyroid-stimulating hormone β (TSHβ), T(4) outer-ring deiodinase (T(4)ORD), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I and II (IGF-I and II), insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), and estrogen receptor α and β (ERα and ERβ) were investigated using quantitative PCR. Both PFOS and PFOA exposure produced non-significant alterations in larvae weight (except after the recovery period when a decrease was observed), while larvae length was unaffected. PFOS and PFOA exposure produced body- and head region-specific alterations in expression of all the investigated gene transcripts. Expression of IGF-I and IGF-IR paralleled that of GH, indicating that perturbation of GH expression is a possible end point for disruption of the GH-IGF axis. We did not observe developmental changes related to angiogenesis, ossification and chondrogenesis after exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Transcriptional abnormalities may serve as indicators of chronic exposure, although the concrete mechanisms causing the observed effects remain ambiguous. The implications of these findings for the complete lifecycle, including other developmental and/or reproductive damage, are areas of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bård Spachmo
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Arukwe A, Mortensen AS. Lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress responses of salmon fed a diet containing perfluorooctane sulfonic- or perfluorooctane carboxylic acids. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 154:288-95. [PMID: 21742055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on lipid β-oxidation and oxidative stress responses in Atlantic salmon liver and kidney tissues. We quantified changes in the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX1) enzyme whose transcription is induced by PPARs. In addition, we analyzed gene expression patterns for enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase: SOD, catalase: CAT and glutathione peroxidase: GPx). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were analyzed as a measure for lipid peroxidation. Juvenile Atlantic salmon were repeatedly force-fed food spiked with PFOA or PFOS at 0.2mg/kg, and samples were collected after 0, 2, 5 and 8 days and after a 7 days recovery period. Our data showed that exposure of salmon to PFOS or PFOA produced changes (either increased or decreased) in mRNA expression for PPARs, ACOX1, oxidative stress responses and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and these responses showed marked organ differences, associated with tissue bioaccumulation patterns and dependent on exposure time. Given that a classical reaction during reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage involves the peroxidation of lipids, our study demonstrates that salmon continuously exposed to dietary PFOS or PFOA dose showed alteration in peroxisomal responses and oxidative stress responses, with higher severity in the kidney, compared to liver. Overall, our data suggest that ROS-mediated oxidative damage maybe a significant and putative toxic effect of PFOA and PFOS in fish as has been reported in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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