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Castro G, Cobo M, Rodríguez I. Identification of hazardous organic compounds in e-waste plastic using non-target and suspect screening approaches. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141946. [PMID: 38604518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
End-of-life electric and electronic devices stand as one of the fastest growing wastes in the world and, therefore, a rapidly escalating global concern. A relevant fraction of these wastes corresponds to polymeric materials containing a plethora of chemical additives. Some of those additives fall within the category of hazardous organic compounds (HOCs). Despite the significant advances in the capabilities of analytical methods, the comprehensive characterization of WEEE plastic remains as a challenge. This research strives to identify the primary additives within WEEE polymers by implementing a non-target and suspect screening approach. Gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS), using electron ionization (EI), was applied for the detection and identification of more than 300 substances in this matrix. A preliminary comparison was carried out with nominal resolution EI-MS spectra contained in the NIST17 library. BPA, flame retardants, UV-filters, PAHs, and preservatives were among the compounds detected. Fifty-one out of 300 compounds were confirmed by comparison with authentic standards. The study establishes a comprehensive database containing m/z ratios and accurate mass spectra of characteristic compounds, encompassing HOCs. Semi-quantification of the predominant additives was conducted across 48 WEEE samples collected from handling and dismantling facilities in Galicia. ABS plastic demonstrated the highest median concentrations, ranging from 0.154 to 4456 μg g-1, being brominated flame retardants and UV filters, the families presenting the highest concentrations. Internet router devices revealed the highest concentrations, containing a myriad of HOCs, such as tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tribromophenol (TBrP), triphenylphosphate (TPhP), tinuvin P and bisphenol A (BPA), most of which are restricted in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute for Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - M Cobo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute for Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute for Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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2
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Cheng J, Ma J, Li S, Wang S, Huang C, Lv M, Li J, Wang X, Chen L. A heteropore covalent organic framework for highly selective enrichment of aryl-organophosphate esters in environmental water coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS determination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132613. [PMID: 37748313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The identification of an increasing number of aryl organophosphate esters (aryl-OPEs) in environmental samples has led to growing attention recently. Due to the potential adverse effects on human health and environment, development of new analytical methods for sensitive and selective determination of aryl-OPEs in complex matrices is urgently needed. Here, a novel analytical method for the identification and determination of trace amounts of aryl-OPEs in water samples is developed by using melamine sponge@heteropore covalent organic framework (MS@HCOF) based on vortex-assisted extraction (VAE) prior to UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The MS@HCOF was rationally designed and synthesized through an in-situ growth strategy and exhibited superior selectivity toward aryl-OPEs compared with that of MS@single-pore COF (MS@SCOF) due to steric effect. A systematic optimization was conducted on important parameters of VAE, resulting in the successful extraction of nine aryl-OPEs in just 6 min. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection (S/N = 3) and quantification (S/N = 10) were within the ranges of 0.001-0.027 and 0.005-0.091 ng/L for nine aryl-OPEs, respectively. The validated method was proven applicable to real water samples, i.e., the recoveries were 65.3-119.5 % for seawater, 59.4-112.9 % for effluent, and 76.0-117.4 % for tap water. Furthermore, the adsorption mechanisms were explored through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. DFT results revealed that a notable selective enrichment capacity of MS@HCOF towards aryl-OPEs stems from π-π conjugation and hydrogen bonding. The established method benefits from the advantages of high selectivity and sensitivity for the ultra-trace determination of aryl-OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Cheng
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Jiping Ma
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China.
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Chaonan Huang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Min Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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3
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Xie Y, Zhang Q, Chen L, Li F, Li M, Guo LH. Emerging organophosphate ester resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) exerts estrogenic effects via estrogen receptor pathways. Toxicology 2023; 499:153649. [PMID: 37827210 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental occurrence and human exposure of emerging organophosphate esters (eOPEs) have increased significantly in recent years. Resorcinol bis(diphenyl) phosphate (RDP) is one of the major eOPEs detected in indoor dust, but the knowledge on its toxicities and health risks is rather limited. In this study, we investigated the in vitro estrogenic effects and underlying mechanism of RDP in comparison with a legacy OPE triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). Our results showed that RDP promoted MCF-7 cell proliferation with the lowest effect concentration of 2.5 μM, and the maximum enhancement of 1.6 folds is greater than that of TPHP (1.3 folds). The effect was inhibited completely by an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, suggesting that ER activation was responsible for the enhancement. In luciferase reporter gene assays both RDP and TPHP activated ER transcriptional activity at 2.5 μM, but RDP activity was higher than TPHP. Competitive fluorescence binding assays showed that RDP bound to ER with an IC10 of 0.26 μM, which is 20 folds lower than TPHP (5.6 μM). Molecular docking simulation revealed that both RDP and TPHP interacted with ER at the binding pocket of estradiol, although the hydrogen bonds were different. Taken together, RDP exerted stronger estrogenic effects than TPHP through ER-mediated pathways and may pose more health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xie
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Minjie Li
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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Wang C, Xu J, Luo S, Huang J, Ji D, Qiu X, Song X, Cao X, Niu C, Zeng X, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Chen J, Chen D, Zhong X, Wei Y. Parental Exposure to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Bisphenol-A Bis(diphenyl phosphate) Impairs Vascular Development in Offspring through DNA/RNA Methylation-Dependent Transmission. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:16176-16189. [PMID: 37847870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) has been increasingly detected in indoor environmental and human samples. Little is known about its developmental toxicity, particularly the intergenerational effects of parental exposure. In this study, adult zebrafish were exposed to BDP at 30-30,000 ng/L for 28 days, with results showing that exposure did not cause a transfer of BDP or its metabolites to offspring. Vascular morphometric profiling revealed that parental exposure to BDP at 30 and 300 ng/L exerted significant effects on the vascular development of offspring, encompassing diverse alterations in multiple types of blood vessels. N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing of larvae in the 300 ng/L group revealed 378 hypomethylated and 350 hypermethylated m6A peaks that were identified in mRNA transcripts of genes crucial for vascular development, including the Notch/Vegf signaling pathway. Concomitant changes in 5 methylcytosine (m5C) DNA methylation and gene expression of m6A modulators (alkbh5, kiaa1429, and ythdf1) were observed in both parental gonads and offspring exposed to BDP. These results reveal that parental exposure to low concentrations of BDP caused offspring vascular disorders by interfering with DNA and RNA methylation, uncovering a unique DNA-RNA modification pattern in the intergenerational transmission of BDP's developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jinkun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shili Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiajing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Di Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xuelin Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xin Song
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaolian Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Congying Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiangyu Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhuyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ya Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Junzhou Chen
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiali Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Sendra M, Moreno-Garrido I, Blasco J. Single and multispecies microalgae toxicological tests assessing the impact of several BPA analogues used by industry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122073. [PMID: 37331580 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BPA is a hazard for human and environmental health and recently BPA was added to the Candidate List of substances of very high concern by European Chemical Agency (ECHA). In accordance with this proposal, the authorities have encouraged the replacement of BPA by BPA analogues; however, little is known about the impact of these compounds on the environment. Due to this situation five BPA analogues (BPS, BPAP, BPAF, BPFL and BPC) were chosen in order to study their effects on marine primary producers. Three marine microalgae species (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tetraselmis suecica and Nannochloropsis gaditana) were selected for single and multispecies tests concerning the ecotoxicological effects of these BPA analogues. Microalgae were exposed to BPs over 72 h at different dosages (5, 20, 40, 80, 150 and 300 μM). Responses such as: growth, ROS production, cell complexity, cell size, autofluorescence of chlorophyll a, effective quantum yield of PSII and pigment concentrations were assessed at 24, 48 and 72 h. The results revealed that BPS and BPA showed lower toxicity to microalgae in comparison with BPFL > BPAF > BPAP and >BPC for the endpoints studied. N. gaditana was the least sensitive microalgae in comparison to P. tricornutum and T. suecica. However, a different trend was found in the multispecies tests where T. suecica dominated the microalgae community in relation to N. gaditana and P. tricornutum. The results of this work revealed for first time that present day BPA analogues are a threat and not a safe substitute for BPA in terms of the marine phytoplanktonic community. Therefore, the results of their impact on aquatic organisms should be shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sendra
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos, 09001, Burgos, Spain; International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies (ICCRAM), R&D Center, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río S. Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río S. Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Elizalde-Velázquez GA, Gómez-Oliván LM, Herrera-Vázquez SE, Rosales-Pérez KE, SanJuan-Reyes N, García-Medina S, Galar-Martínez M. Acute exposure to realistic concentrations of Bisphenol-A trigger health damage in fish: Blood parameters, gene expression, oxidative stress. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 261:106610. [PMID: 37327538 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite much information regarding BPA toxicity in fish and other aquatic organisms, data is still misleading as most studies have utilized concentrations several orders of magnitude higher than those typically found in the environment. As an illustration, eight of the ten studies investigating the impact of BPA on the biochemical and hematological parameters of fish have employed concentrations on the order of mg/L. Therefore, the results may not accurately represent the effects observed in the natural environment. Considering the information above, our study aimed to 1) determine whether or not realistic concentrations of BPA might alter the biochemical and blood parameters of Danio rerio and trigger an inflammatory response in the fish liver, brain, gills, and gut and 2) determine which organ could be more affected after exposure to this chemical. Findings pinpoint that realistic concentrations of BPA prompted a substantial increase in antioxidant and oxidant biomarkers in fish, triggering an oxidative stress response in all organs. Likewise, the expression of different genes related to inflammation and apoptosis response was significantly augmented in all organs. Our Pearson correlation shows gene expression was closely associated with the oxidative stress response. Regarding blood parameters, acute exposure to BPA generated biochemical and hematological parameters increased concentration-dependent. Thus, it can be concluded that BPA, at environmentally relevant concentrations, threatens aquatic species, as it prompts polychromasia and liver dysfunction in fish after acute exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Axel Elizalde-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
| | - Selene Elizabeth Herrera-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Karina Elisa Rosales-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Nely SanJuan-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México, CP, 07700, México
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México, CP, 07700, México
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Shi Q, Yang H, Zheng Y, Zheng N, Lei L, Li X, Ding W. Neurotoxicity of an emerging organophosphorus flame retardant, resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate), in zebrafish larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 334:138944. [PMID: 37211164 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), an emerging organophosphorus flame retardant and alternative to triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), is a widespread environmental pollutant. The neurotoxicity of RDP has attracted much attention, as RDP exhibits a similar structure to TPHP, a neurotoxin. In this study, the neurotoxicity of RDP was investigated by using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to RDP (0, 0.3, 3, 90, 300 and 900 nM) from 2 to 144 h postfertilization. After this exposure, the decreased heart rates and body lengths and the increased malformation rates were observed. RDP exposure significantly reduced the locomotor behavior under light-dark transition stimulation and the flash stimulus response of larvae. Molecular docking results showed that RDP could bind to the active site of zebrafish AChE and that RDP and AChE exhibit potent binding affinity. RDP exposure also significantly inhibited AChE activity in larvae. The content of neurotransmitters (γ-aminobutyric, glutamate, acetylcholine, choline and epinephrine) was altered after RDP exposure. Key genes (α1-tubulin, mbp, syn2a, gfap, shhα, manf, neurogenin, gap-43 and ache) as well as proteins (α1-tubulin and syn2a) related to the development of the central nervous system (CNS) were downregulated. Taken together, our results showed that RDP can affect different parameters related to CNS development, eventually leading to neurotoxicity. This study indicated that more attention should be paid to the toxicity and environmental risk of emerging organophosphorus flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qipeng Shi
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Huaran Yang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yanan Zheng
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Na Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Weikai Ding
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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Štampar M, Ravnjak T, Domijan AM, Žegura B. Combined Toxic Effects of BPA and Its Two Analogues BPAP and BPC in a 3D HepG2 Cell Model. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073085. [PMID: 37049848 PMCID: PMC10095618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most commonly used substances in the manufacture of various everyday products. Growing concerns about its hazardous properties, including endocrine disruption and genotoxicity, have led to its gradual replacement by presumably safer analogues in manufacturing plastics. The widespread use of BPA and, more recently, its analogues has increased their residues in the environment. However, our knowledge of their toxicological profiles is limited and their combined effects are unknown. In the present study, we investigated the toxic effects caused by single bisphenols and by the combined exposure of BPA and its two analogues, BPAP and BPC, after short (24-h) and prolonged (96-h) exposure in HepG2 spheroids. The results showed that BPA did not reduce cell viability in HepG2 spheroids after 24-h exposure. In contrast, BPAP and BPC affected cell viability in HepG2 spheroids. Both binary mixtures (BPA/BPAP and BPA/BPC) decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, but the significant difference was only observed for the combination of BPA/BPC (both at 40 µM). After 96-h exposure, none of the BPs studied affected cell viability in HepG2 spheroids. Only the combination of BPA/BPAP decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner that was significant for the combination of 4 µM BPA and 4 µM BPAP. None of the BPs and their binary mixtures studied affected the surface area and growth of spheroids as measured by planimetry. In addition, all BPs and their binary mixtures studied triggered oxidative stress, as measured by the production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, at both exposure times. Overall, the results suggest that it is important to study the effects of BPs as single compounds. It is even more important to study the effects of combined exposures, as the combined effects may differ from those induced by single compounds.
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Sendra M, Štampar M, Fras K, Novoa B, Figueras A, Žegura B. Adverse (geno)toxic effects of bisphenol A and its analogues in hepatic 3D cell model. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107721. [PMID: 36580735 PMCID: PMC9875311 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used and versatile chemical compounds in polymer additives and epoxy resins for manufacturing a range of products for human applications. It is known as endocrine disruptor, however, there is growing evidence that it is genotoxic. Because of its adverse effects, the European Union has restricted its use to protect human health and the environment. As a result, the industry has begun developing BPA analogues, but there are not yet sufficient toxicity data to claim that they are safe. We investigated the adverse toxic effects of BPA and its analogues (BPS, BPAP, BPAF, BPFL, and BPC) with emphasis on their cytotoxic and genotoxic activities after short (24-h) and prolonged (96-h) exposure in in vitro hepatic three-dimensional cell model developed from HepG2 cells. The results showed that BPFL and BPC (formed by an additional ring system) were the most cytotoxic analogues that affected cell viability, spheroid surface area and morphology, cell proliferation, and apoptotic cell death. BPA, BPAP, and BPAF induced DNA double-strand break formation (γH2AX assay), whereas BPAF and BPC increased the percentage of p-H3-positive cells, indicating their aneugenic activity. All BPs induced DNA single-strand break formation (comet assay), with BPAP (≥0.1 μM) being the most effective and BPA and BPC the least effective (≥1 μM) under conditions applied. The results indicate that not all of the analogues studied are safer alternatives to BPA and thus more in-depth research is urgently needed to adequately evaluate the risks of BPA analogues and assess their safety for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sendra
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Martina Štampar
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Katarina Fras
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Immunology and Genomics Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Immunology and Genomics Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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10
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Matsukami H, Wannomai T, Uchida N, Tue NM, Hoang AQ, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Takahashi S, Kunisue T, Suzuki G. Silicone wristband- and handwipe-based assessment of exposure to flame retardants for informal electronic-waste and end-of-life-vehicle recycling workers and their children in Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158669. [PMID: 36108870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Measuring personal exposure to flame retardants (FRs) is crucial for assessing and controlling human health risks posed by FRs during the recycling of electronic waste (e-waste) and end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). Here, we examined the use of handwipes and silicone wristbands to measure personal FR exposure for e-waste and ELV recycling workers and their children in Vietnam. On the handwipes from the e-waste recycling workers, the predominant five FRs detected were TBBPA (median concentration: 3700 ng/wipe), BDE-209 (1700 ng/wipe), TPHP (500 ng/wipe), DBDPE (410 ng/wipe), and BPA-BDPP (360 ng/wipe). On the handwipes from ELV recycling workers, TPHP (60 ng/wipe), IPPDPP (47 ng/wipe), BIPPPP/DIPPDPP (33 ng/wipe), BDE-209 (26 ng/wipe), and TCIPP (23 ng/wipe) were detected as the five predominant FRs. On the wristbands from the e-waste recycling workers, the five predominant FRs detected were TBBPA (median concentration: 340 ng/g), BDE-209 (330 ng/g), DBDPE (65 ng/g), TPHP (50 ng/g), and TMPP (34 ng/g). On the wristbands from the ELV recycling workers, TPHP (34 ng/g), IPPDPP (18 ng/g), TCIPP (14 ng/g), TDMPP (13 ng/g), BIPPPP/DIPPDPP (9.3 ng/g) and TMPP (9.3 ng/g) were detected as the predominant FRs. The data obtained with the wristbands were comparable to those obtained with the handwipes. Similar FR profiles were found in between the workers and their children. The profiles indicate that the informal e-waste and ELV recycling caused FR exposure not only for workers but also for their children who live in the workshops. By using the handwipe and wristband sampling approaches, we determined types and concentrations of FRs to which the workers and their children were dominantly exposed. Silicone wristband- and handwipe-based assessment is expected to be effective means of measuring personal FR exposure for the informal e-waste and ELV recycling workers and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsukami
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Tatiya Wannomai
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Natsuyo Uchida
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 11000, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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11
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Tang B, Christia C, Luo XJ, Covaci A, Poma G, Mai BX. Changes in levels of legacy and emerging organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor dust from a former e-waste recycling area in South China: 2013-2017. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:33295-33304. [PMID: 35022984 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To assess the impacts of e-waste regulations on environmental pollution, the levels, compositions, and human exposure assessment of organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), emerging PFRs (ePFRs), phthalate esters (PAEs), and alternative plasticizers (APs) were investigated in indoor dust samples collected from homes in a former e-waste dismantling area in 2013 and in 2017, 4 years after the implementation of legislation and regulations governing e-waste dismantling activities in this area. The median concentrations of ΣPFRs, ΣePFRs, ΣPAEs, and ΣAPs in dust decreased from 5680, 1650, 167,200, and 140,600 ng/g in 2013 to 1210, 476, 95,000, and 45,300 ng/g in 2017, respectively, suggesting that the national and local regulations prohibiting primitive e-waste dismantling activities is effective in mitigating the pollution status for these chemicals. In the analyzed dust samples, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), and bisphenol A-bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) were the major PFRs/ePFRs, contributing to 77% and 76% of the total PFRs/ePFRs in 2013 and 2017, respectively. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DINP), di-iso-decyl phthalate (DIDP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DNBP) were the major PAEs/APs, with contributions of 89% and 95% for the total PAEs/APs in 2013 and 2017, respectively. The results of the human exposure assessment demonstrated that exposure to these levels of the target chemicals via dust ingestion and dermal contact was unlikely to cause health concerns for local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Christina Christia
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
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12
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Li Z, Zhu Y, Wang D, Zhang X, Jones KC, Ma J, Wang P, Yang R, Li Y, Pei Z, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Modeling of Flame Retardants in Typical Urban Indoor Environments in China during 2010-2030: Influence of Policy and Decoration and Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11745-11755. [PMID: 34410710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel flame retardants (FRs) are of increasing concern, given growing evidence of health effects and use to replace polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). This study modeled combined effects of use policies and decoration on indoor FRs and human exposure for 18 widely used PBDEs, organophosphate esters (OPEs), and novel brominated flame retardants in typical urban indoor environments in China. The current estimated indoor emission rates and average concentrations in air and dust of the 18 FRs were 102-103 ng/h, 561 ng/m3, and 1.5 × 104 ng/g, respectively, with seven OPEs dominant (>69%). Different use patterns exist between China and the US and Europe. Scenarios modeled over 2010-2030 suggested that decoration would affect indoor concentrations of FRs more than use policies, and use policies were mainly responsible for shifts of FR composition. Additional use of hexabromobenzene and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene and removal of BDE-209 would make the total human exposure to the modeled FR mixture increase after the restriction of penta- and octa-BDE but decrease after deca-BDE was banned. Better knowledge of the toxicity of substitutes is needed for a complete understanding of the health implications of such changes. Toddlers may be more affected by use changes than adults. Such studies are supportive to the management of FR use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dou Wang
- Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Zhong W, Cui Y, Li R, Yang R, Li Y, Zhu L. Distribution and sources of ordinary monomeric and emerging oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardants in Haihe Basin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147274. [PMID: 33932659 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the banning of poly-brominated diphenyl ethers, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have gained great development space as their alternatives. In this study, the concentration and partition of nine ordinary monomeric OPFRs and two emerging oligomeric OPFRs (Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) in the Haihe Basin of China were studied, and their possible sources were analyzed. The ƩOPFRs in the surface water, sediments and suspended particulate matters (SPMs) in Haihe Basin were 80.1-777 ng/L, 18.9-86.5 ng/g dw and 6.40-234 ng/g dw, respectively. The detection frequencies of both oligomeric OPFRs exceeded 85%, suggesting their environmental contamination was widespread. The mean concentrations of RDP and BDP were 2.09 and 6.03 ng/L in the surface water, 0.91 and 5.09 ng/g dw in the sediments, 1.08 and 2.61 ng/g dw in SPMs, respectively. With Cl-OPFRs being predominant in all the three media, the proportions of alkyl-OPFRs, aryl-OPFRs, and oligomeric OPFRs in the sediments and SPMs were remarkably higher than those in surface water, suggesting that non-halogenated OPFRs preferred to distribute in solid phases. The water-sediment/SPM partition coefficients, logKoc, of the OPFRs were calculated based on the paired samples. The logKoc values of RDP and BDP were reported for the first time, and their logKoc water-sediment were 4.36 ± 0.47 and 4.76 ± 0.25 and their logKoc water-SPM were 3.77 ± 0.45 and 4.00 ± 0.47, respectively. The obtained logKoc values were correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficient (logKow) significantly. It suggested that their partition to sediment or SPM was dominated by hydrophobic interaction. Principal component analysis indicated that the emissions from manufacturing plants and airport operation might be two important sources of OPFRs in the Haihe Basin of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yannan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ruixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Rongyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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14
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Jeong SH, Heo JH, Lee JW, Kim MJ, Park CH, Lee JH. Bioinspired Adenosine Triphosphate as an "All-In-One" Green Flame Retardant via Extremely Intumescent Char Formation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:22935-22945. [PMID: 33949843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of eco-friendly flame retardants is crucial due to the hazardous properties of most conventional flame retardants. Herein, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is reported to be a highly efficient "all-in-one" green flame retardant as it consists of three essential groups, which lead to the formation of char with extreme intumescence, namely, three phosphate groups, providing an acid source; one ribose sugar, working as a char source; and one adenine, acting as a blowing agent. Polyurethane foam was used as a model flammable material to demonstrate the exceptional flame retardancy of ATP. The direct flammability tests have clearly shown that the ATP-coated polyurethane (PU) foam almost did not burn upon exposure to the torch flame. Importantly, ATP exhibits an extreme volume increase, whereas general phosphorus-based flame retardants show a negligible increase in volume. The PU foam coated with 30 wt % of ATP (PU-ATP 30 wt %) exhibits a significant reduction in the peak heat release rate (94.3%) with a significant increase in the ignition time, compared to bare PU. In addition, PU-ATP 30 wt % exhibits a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 31% and HF-1 rating in the UL94 horizontal burning foamed material test. Additionally, we demonstrated that ATP's flame retardancy is sufficient for other types of matrices such as cotton, as confirmed from the results of the standardized ASTM D6413 test; cotton-ATP 30 wt % exhibits an LOI value of 32% and passes the vertical flame test. These results strongly suggest that ATP has great potential to be used as an "all-in-one" green flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hwan Jeong
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Heo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jin Woong Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Cheol Hyun Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
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15
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Liu YE, Luo XJ, Guan KL, Huang CC, Zhu CY, Qi XM, Zeng YH, Mai BX. Legacy and emerging organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in frogs: Sex difference and parental transfer. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115336. [PMID: 32836048 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black-spotted frogs and bullfrogs from an e-waste polluted area were collected and examined for legacy and emerging organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and plasticizers. Total concentrations of PFRs and plasticizers were 0.62-15 ng/g wet weight (ww) and 316-4904 ng/g ww in muscles, 2.2-59 ng/g ww and 127-5757 ng/g ww in eggs and gonads, and 1.2-15 ng/g ww and 51-1510 ng/g ww in oviducts, respectively. For muscle tissues, concentrations of ∑PFRs, triethyl phosphate, tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and tris-(chloro-2-propyl) phosphate were significantly higher in the males than females (p < 0.05). However, for reproductive tissues, eggs exhibited higher levels of those contaminants than gonads (p < 0.05). No significant sex difference in levels of plasticizers was observed in muscles. In contrast, levels for (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, and di-iso-butyl phthalate in gonads were significantly higher than those in eggs (p < 0.05). Significantly negative linear correlations between maternal transfer ratios and log KOW were found in female frogs. Paternal transfer potentials were first significantly and positively correlated to log KOW (<6) and then decreased afterward in the males. These results indicated that parental transfer was answer for the sex-specific accumulation of PFRs and plasticizers in frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-E Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ke-Lan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Chen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-You Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Meng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
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16
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Dueñas-Mas MJ, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Rubio S. Supramolecular solvent-based microextraction of aryl-phosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from houses and education buildings in Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139291. [PMID: 32450379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aryl-phosphate flame retardants (aryl-OPFRs) are flame retardants or plasticizers (among other functions) that can be found in a wide variety of products, from furniture and textiles to cars and electronic equipment. There is an increasing concern about the human exposure to these contaminants due to their ubiquity (as additives they can be easily released from the product to the environment) and potential toxicity. In this study, we investigated the presence of six representative aryl-OPFRs, two well-known aryl-OPFRs (triphenyl phosphate, TPHP and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate, EHDPP), two novel aryl-OPFRs (cresyl diphenyl phosphate, CDP and isodecyl diphenyl phosphate, IDPP) and two oligomeric aryl-OPFRs [bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate), BDP and resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate, RDP] in indoor dust from houses and education buildings from Spain. Sample treatment was carried out by a novel and simple procedure based on supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS) prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. The median Σaryl-OPFRs was two times higher in classrooms than in houses, being particularly high at University classrooms. The most abundant aryl-OPFR in houses was TPHP (median 497 ng·g-1) while EHDPP (median 407 ng·g-1) and IDPP (median 403 ng·g-1) were dominant in classrooms. This is the first study reporting IDPP, BDP and RDP in different education buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Dueñas-Mas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Soledad Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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17
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Biomolecules as Flame Retardant Additives for Polymers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040849. [PMID: 32272648 PMCID: PMC7240707 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological molecules can be obtained from natural sources or from commercial waste streams and can serve as effective feedstocks for a wide range of polymer products. From foams to epoxies and composites to bulk plastics, biomolecules show processability, thermal stability, and mechanical adaptations to fulfill current material requirements. This paper summarizes the known bio-sourced (or bio-derived), environmentally safe, thermo-oxidative, and flame retardant (BEST-FR) additives from animal tissues, plant fibers, food waste, and other natural resources. The flammability, flame retardance, and—where available—effects on polymer matrix’s mechanical properties of these materials will be presented. Their method of incorporation into the matrix, and the matrices for which the BEST-FR should be applicable will also be made known if reported. Lastly, a review on terminology and testing methodology is provided with comments on future developments in the field.
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Wang Y, Yao Y, Han X, Li W, Zhu H, Wang L, Sun H, Kannan K. Organophosphate di- and tri-esters in indoor and outdoor dust from China and its implications for human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134502. [PMID: 31693950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) esters are emerging environmental contaminants, but little is known about their occurrence in dust. In this study, 19 OP triesters and their 11 diester degradation products were measured in indoor dust and outdoor dust collected from China. ∑OP triester concentrations in indoor dust (median: 2380 ng/g dry weight [dw]) were an order of magnitude higher than those in outdoor dust (446 ng/g dw). The median concentrations of ∑OP diesters in indoor and outdoor dust were 260 and 96.8 ng/g dw, respectively. Dust samples collected from eastern and southern China contained higher concentrations of ∑OP di- and tri-esters than those from the other regions. Dust from the most urbanized areas in China including Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou exhibited the highest concentrations of ∑OP di- (>1000 ng/g dw) and triesters (>4000 ng/g dw). We also found notable concentrations of emerging aryl-OP triesters in dust (3.85-10.6 ng/g dw). Significant correlations existed between the concentrations of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP) and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) (rho = 0.672-0.691, p < 0.01), as well as DPHP and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) (rho = 0.537-0.766, p < 0.01) in dust samples, indicating that OP diesters originated from the degradation of triesters. High molar concentration ratios of DEP to triethyl phosphate (TEP) and DPHP to TPHP/ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) suggested that these OP triesters degrade readily. Significant correlations were found between the concentrations of ∑OP di- (R2 = 0.390, p < 0.05) and tri-esters (R2 = 0.475, p < 0.01) in paired indoor-outdoor dust samples, which suggested that indoor dust was the source of OP esters to the outdoor environment. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of ∑OP diesters through dust ingestion was 0.21 ng/kg bw/d for adults and 2.59 ng/kg bw/d for children. The exposure levels of OP diesters, DEP and DPHP, were comparable to those of their parent triester compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoxin Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Civil and Environment Engineering School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, United States.
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Blum A, Behl M, Birnbaum L, Diamond ML, Phillips A, Singla V, Sipes NS, Stapleton HM, Venier M. Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants: Are They a Regrettable Substitution for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2019; 6:638-649. [PMID: 32494578 PMCID: PMC7269169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and the entire class of organohalogen flame retardants, is declining, the use of organophosphate esters flame retardants (OPFRs) is increasing. In this paper, we ask whether OPFRs are a better choice than PBDEs. To address this question, we compared OPFRs with PBDEs for a wide range of properties. OPFRs exposure is ubiquitous in people and in outdoor and indoor environments, and are now often found at higher levels compared to PBDE peak exposure levels. Furthermore, data from toxicity testing, epidemiological studies, and risk assessments all suggest that there are health concerns at current exposure levels for both halogenated and non-halogenated OPFRs. Obtaining the scientific evidence needed for regulation of OPFRs can take many years. Given the large number of OPFRs in use, manufacturers can move towards healthier and safer products by developing innovative ways to reduce fire hazard for electronics enclosures, upholstered furniture, building materials and other consumer products without adding flame retardant chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94709, and Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94705
| | - Mamta Behl
- National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Linda Birnbaum
- National Cancer Institute at NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Miriam L. Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada M5S 3B1
| | - Allison Phillips
- Risk Assessment and Natural Resource Sciences Inc., Arcadis, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - Veena Singla
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Nisha S Sipes
- National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | | | - Marta Venier
- O’ Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401
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20
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Li J, Wang J, Taylor AR, Cryder Z, Schlenk D, Gan J. Inference of Organophosphate Ester Emission History from Marine Sediment Cores Impacted by Wastewater Effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8767-8775. [PMID: 31303003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been in use as flame retardants for many decades, with their actual usage varying over time. Knowledge of the emission history of OPEs is valuable for improving our prediction of their environmental loadings and associated risks. In this study, concentrations and compositions of 10 OPEs were measured in three dated sediment cores from the Palos Verdes Shelf (PVS) off the coast of Los Angeles, which has been impacted by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents for over a century. The total OPE concentrations varied from 0.68 to 1064 ng/g along the sediment profile, with two apparent peaks. The first peak occurred in the 1970s, coinciding with peak emissions from WWTPs. The second peak appeared in the 2000s and was possibly attributed to increased consumption of OPEs as replacement flame retardants. Since downward movement of OPEs in the PVS sediment bed was retarded by their slow desorption, the reconstructed history likely provided an accurate picture of OPE emissions in Southern California and North America. These findings suggest that the near-shore marine sediments affected by WWTP effluents could serve as an environmental proxy documenting history in OPE use and emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources , China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Allison R Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Zachary Cryder
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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21
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Wang Y, Yao Y, Li W, Zhu H, Wang L, Sun H, Kannan K. A nationwide survey of 19 organophosphate esters in soils from China: Spatial distribution and hazard assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:528-535. [PMID: 30933808 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in the environment, but little is known about their distribution in soils. In this study, we measured 19 OPEs in soil samples collected nationwide in China for the first time. Concentrations of 19 OPEs (∑OPEs) in soils ranged from 4.50 to 430 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a median value of 36.6 ng/g dw. ∑OPE concentrations in soils were significantly higher in Northeastern (90.6, 19.1-180 ng/g dw; median, range) and Eastern/Southern China (57.4, 7.23-430 ng/g dw), areas with high population density and economic development, than those in Central (35.8, 4.80-417 ng/g dw) and Western China (29.7, 4.50-228 ng/g dw). High concentrations of ∑OPEs were found in soils collected from sites located in the most urbanized areas of China including Beijing (126 ng/g dw), Shanghai (388 ng/g dw), and Guangzhou (430 ng/g dw). Chlorinated (Cl-) OPEs were the predominant compounds, accounting for over 74.0% of ∑OPE concentrations in soils from China. In soil samples from Northeastern and Eastern/Southern China, Cl-OPEs accounted for 84.3% and 92.1% of ∑OPE concentrations, respectively. Cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDPP) and isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDP), which have been less studied thus far, were also found at measurable concentrations (0.15-0.40 ng/g dw) in soils. The Spearman's rank correlations among major aryl-OPEs in soils were significant (Rho = 0.582-0.747, p < 0.01), which suggested similar sources of environmental release of these compounds. Total organic carbon (TOC) content was not correlated with the concentrations of ∑OPE in soils (Rho = 0.036, p > 0.05). A hazard assessment for ten OPEs in soils suggested a notable risk from tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) and trimethylphenyl phosphate (TMPP). Further studies are needed to elucidate the fate of TMPP in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States of America
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States of America; Civil and Environment Engineering School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States of America
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States of America; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, United States of America.
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22
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Boyle M, Buckley JP, Quirós-Alcalá L. Associations between urinary organophosphate ester metabolites and measures of adiposity among U.S. children and adults: NHANES 2013-2014. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:754-763. [PMID: 31003058 PMCID: PMC6685532 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are synthetic chemicals found in many consumer products, including furniture, electronics, processed foods, and building materials. Emerging in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that OPEs are metabolism disrupting compounds; however, epidemiologic studies investigating their associations with adiposity markers are sparse. OBJECTIVE We examined cross-sectional associations between OPE biomarkers and adiposity measures among U.S. children and adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES: 2013-2014). METHODS Concentrations of five OPE metabolites were quantified in urine: diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), dibutyl phosphate (DBUP), and bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCPP). We conducted covariate-adjusted logistic and linear regressions to examine associations between log2-transformed and dichotomized OPE metabolite concentrations and obesity, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC), separately among 784 children (6-19 years) and 1672 adults (≥20 years). We also assessed heterogeneity of associations by sex. RESULTS DBUP concentrations were inversely associated with the prevalence odds of being obese vs. normal weight in children (adjusted Prevalence Odds Ratio, aPOR: 0.82, 95% Confidence Interval, 95% CI: 0.70, 0.95) and adults (aPOR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.96). DBUP was also significantly associated with lower BMI z-scores (β:-0.08, 95% CI:-0.17, 0.01) and WC (β:-0.71, 95% CI: -1.49, 0.07) in children. BCEP concentrations were associated with increased prevalence odds of being overweight vs. normal weight (aPOR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.32) among children; similar, albeit not statistically significant, relationships were observed with other child adiposity outcomes. Among adults, detectable BCPP concentrations were associated with increased prevalence odds of being obese vs. normal weight (aPOR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.38) and having a high vs. normal WC (aPOR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.11, 2.07) as well as higher BMI (β: 1.31, 95% CI: 0.30, 2.33). Other OPE metabolites were not consistently associated with adiposity measures among adults. Although associations of BCPP exposure with adiposity outcomes were generally inverse among boys, but not girls, we did not observe consistent evidence of sexually-dimorphic associations for other OPE metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to select OPEs may be differentially associated with body size among children and adults. Given the cross-sectional design of the present study, future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boyle
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J P Buckley
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Quirós-Alcalá
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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23
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Gu J, Su F, Hong P, Zhang Q, Zhao M. 1H NMR-based metabolomic analysis of nine organophosphate flame retardants metabolic disturbance in Hep G2 cell line. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:162-170. [PMID: 30772545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are frequently found in the environment and could be adversely affecting organisms. In fact, nine OPFRs have been shown to cause endocrine disruptions, but information on the metabolism-perturbing properties of these OPFRs remains unclear. In this study, the 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based metabolomic method was applied to evaluate the metabolic disturbances caused by these nine OPFRs. From the analysis of the metabolic phenotypes, we found that TDBPP, TMPP and TPHP could be clustered into one group; TBOEP, TCIPP, TCEP and TEHP could be clustered into another group; and the residual OPFRs could be clustered into another. The classification results agree with the antagonistic activities of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Then, we found that when HepG2 cells were exposed to TMPP, TPHP and TDBPP, the main metabolic sub-network disturbances focused on metabolism linked with oxidative stress, osmotic pressure equilibrium, and glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist activities; this was also true for TNBP and TDCIPP. Meanwhile, the other OPFRs mainly affected oxidative stress and amino acid metabolism. With multivariate statistical analysis, we found many differential metabolites in each group. Notably, Trimethylamine‑N‑oxide (TMAO) was the differential metabolite in six of the tested OPFRs, excluding TMPP, TPHP and TDBPP, and was one of the potential cardiovascular biomarkers. The data provided here could be helpful in gaining a more in-depth understanding of the metabolic disturbances of these nine OPFRs and may offer a new perspective for understanding potential pollutants with endocrine-disrupting effects on host metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Feng Su
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - PanPan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China.
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China.
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24
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Alves A, Erratico C, Lucattini L, Cuykx M, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Leonards PEG, Voorspoels S, Covaci A. Mass spectrometric identification of in vitro-generated metabolites of two emerging organophosphate flame retardants: V6 and BDP. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:1047-1057. [PMID: 30286534 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro metabolism of two emerging organophosphate flame retardants, namely tetrekis(2-chlorethyl)dichloroisopentyldiphosphate (V6) and bisphenol-A bis-diphenyl phosphate (BDP) in human liver microsomes (HLMs), HLM S9 fractions and in human serum. In particular, the role of cytochrome P450 (CYPs) enzymes and/or paraoxonases (PONs) in the formation of V6 and BDP phase I metabolites was studied. Mono-, di-hydroxylated and hydrolytic phase I metabolites of V6 were mainly formed by CYPs in HLMs, while hydrolytic and O-dealkylated phase I metabolites of BDP were generated by PONs mainly in serum experiments. Limited number of glucuronidated and sulfated phase II metabolites were also identified for the two chemicals. The activity of seven recombinant CYPs (rCYPs) including rCYP1A2, rCYP2B6, rCYP2C9, rCYP2C19, rCYP2D6, rCYP2E1 and rCYP3A4 in the in vitro phase I metabolism of V6 and BDP was investigated. The formation of V6 metabolites was catalyzed by several enzymes, especially rCYP1A2 that was responsible for the exclusive formation of two metabolites, one primary (M1) and its secondary metabolite (M9). For BDP, only one phase I metabolite (MM1) was catalyzed by the seven rCYPs. Collectively, these results indicate that CYPs have a predominant role in the metabolism of V6, while PONs have a predominant role in BDP in vitro metabolism. These results are a starting point for future studies involving the study of the toxicity, bioaccumulation and in vivo biomonitoring of V6 and BDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Alves
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Claudio Erratico
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Luisa Lucattini
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Cuykx
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, University of Córdoba, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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25
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Tan H, Chen D, Peng C, Liu X, Wu Y, Li X, Du R, Wang B, Guo Y, Zeng EY. Novel and Traditional Organophosphate Esters in House Dust from South China: Association with Hand Wipes and Exposure Estimation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11017-11026. [PMID: 30199231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the occurrence of 20 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in house dust from 51 South China homes and the risks of human exposure to OPEs via two pathways: dust ingestion and hand-to-mouth contact. In addition to several traditional OPEs, five out of six novel OPEs, including bisphenol A bis(deiphenyl phosphate) (BPA-BDPP), t-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDPP), cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP), isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDPP), and resorcinol-bis(diphenyl)phosphate (RDP), were frequently detected in house dust (median concentration: 59.7-531 ng/g). Eight of the 20 target OPEs were frequently detected in hand wipes collected from adults and children ( n = 51 and 31, respectively), which in combination (referred to as Σ8OPEs) had a median mass of 76.9 and 58.9 ng, respectively. Increasing dust concentrations of Σ8OPEs or three individual substances among these eight OPEs, including tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), were strongly associated with their levels in children's hand wipes ( p < 0.05 in all cases). By contrast, in adults' hand wipes only TPHP exhibited a marginally significant association with dust concentrations ( p = 0.04). Levels of Σ8OPEs in hand wipes from children, but not adults, were inversely influenced by hand washing frequency ( p = 0.002), while indoor temperature was inversely associated with hand wipe levels of Σ8OPEs from both children and adults ( p = 0.01 and 0.002, respectively). Exposure estimation suggests that hand-to-mouth contact represents another important pathway in addition to dust ingestion and that children are subjected to higher OPE exposure than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Tan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
| | - Changfeng Peng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
| | - Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
| | - Rui Du
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
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26
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Hoffman K, Stapleton HM, Lorenzo A, Butt CM, Adair L, Herring AH, Daniels JL. Prenatal exposure to organophosphates and associations with birthweight and gestational length. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 116:248-254. [PMID: 29698901 PMCID: PMC5971006 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are often used as flame retardants and plasticizers. Animal data suggest exposure to OPEs could impact children's growth and development, yet impacts on human birth outcomes are understudied. We evaluate impacts of OPE exposure on the timing of delivery and infant's birthweight in the Pregnancy Infection and Nutrition Study (PIN). North Carolina women enrolled in PIN in early pregnancy and participated in follow-up through delivery. Analyses were limited to mothers recruited from 2002 to 2005, whose children participated in additional follow-up in early childhood (n = 349). Mothers collected urine samples in which OPE metabolites were assessed and birth outcomes were abstracted from medical records. Bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), isopropyl-phenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP) were detected in >80% of samples. Average birthweight and gestational age were 3326 g and 39.1 weeks, respectively. As data suggest that the mechanisms of action by which OPEs impact birth outcomes may be fetal sex dependent, we conducted sex-stratified statistical analyses. Women with the highest ip-PPP concentrations delivered girls 1 week earlier than women with lower levels (95% Confidence Interval (CI): -1.85, -0.15). Women with BDCIPP levels above the median had 3.99 (95% CI: 1.08, 14.78) times the odds of delivering their daughters preterm. Similarly, higher ip-PPP levels were associated with lower birthweight, but not after standardizing for gestational age. Among males, maternal ip-PPP was associated with decreased odds of preterm birth (OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.68). DPHP and BCIPHIPP levels were not associated with outcomes in either sex. Results indicate that prenatal OPE exposure may impact timing of birth, though results are imprecise. Given widespread OPE exposure and the urgent need to identify and mitigate causes of preterm birth, further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | - Amelia Lorenzo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Linda Adair
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amy H Herring
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Statistical Science and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Julie L Daniels
- Departments of Epidemiology and Maternal and Child Health Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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A case-control study of exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and risk of thyroid cancer in women. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:637. [PMID: 29871608 PMCID: PMC5989427 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence demonstrates that exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) is widespread and that these chemicals can alter thyroid hormone regulation and function. We investigated the relationship between PFR exposure and thyroid cancer and whether individual or temporal factors predict PFR exposure. Methods We analyzed interview data and spot urine samples collected in 2010–2013 from 100 incident female, papillary thyroid cancer cases and 100 female controls of a Connecticut-based thyroid cancer case-control study. We measured urinary concentrations of six PFR metabolites with mass spectrometry. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for continuous and categories (low, medium, high) of concentrations of individual and summed metabolites, adjusting for potential confounders. We examined relationships between concentrations of PFR metabolites and individual characteristics (age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index [BMI], income, education) and temporal factors (season, year) using multiple linear regression analysis. Results No PFRs were significantly associated with papillary thyroid cancer risk. Results remained null when stratified by microcarcinomas (tumor diameter ≤ 1 cm) and larger tumor sizes (> 1 cm). We observed higher urinary PFR concentrations with increasing BMI and in the summer season. Conclusions Urinary PFR concentrations, measured at time of diagnosis, are not linked to increased risk of thyroid cancer. Investigations in a larger population or with repeated pre-diagnosis urinary biomarker measurements would provide additional insights into the relationship between PFR exposure and thyroid cancer risk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4553-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Christia C, Poma G, Besis A, Samara C, Covaci A. Legacy and emerging organophosphοrus flame retardants in car dust from Greece: Implications for human exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:231-239. [PMID: 29304461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and emerging PFRs (ePFRs) are two groups of compounds used as replacements for brominated flame retardants (BFRs). They have already been detected in indoor dust (mainly in homes and offices). To date, few studies investigated the occurrence of FRs in car dust and the information of possible health risks is still limited. The present study reports on the investigation of the levels and profiles of eight target PFRs: tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tri cresyl phosphate (TCP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and four target ePFRs; 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl)bisphosphate (V6), isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (iDDPHP), resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP) and bisphenol A-bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) in car dust from Greece. The samples were collected from the interior of 25 private cars in Thessaloniki, Greece, with different years of manufacture (1997-2015) and continents of origin. After ultrasonic extraction and Florisil fractionation, the PFR analysis was carried out by GC-EI/MS, whereas the ePFRs were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Levels of Σ8PFRs varied from 2000 to 190,000 ng g-1, with mean and median concentrations of 20,000 and 11,500 ng g-1, respectively. The concentrations of Σ4ePFRs ranged from 44 to 8700 ng g-1, with mean and median values at 1100 and 190 ng g-1, respectively. Estimations of human exposure showed that toddlers are more exposed than adults to both PFRs and ePFRs. Yet, the intake via dust ingestion and dermal absorption was several orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding reference doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Christia
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium; Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Liang K, Shi F, Liu J. Occurrence and distribution of oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardants in different treatment stages of a sewage treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:229-235. [PMID: 28941720 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligomeric organophosphate esters (OOPEs) like 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)-propane-1,3-diyltetrakis (2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate (V6), resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenylphosphate) (BDP), are widely used as alternatives of Deca-BDE in plastic and electronic consumer products. However, studies on the environmental occurrence and fate of OOPEs are very scarce. This work studied the occurrence, distribution and fate of V6, BDP and RDP during the different treatment stages of a sewage treatment plant (STP) in Beijing, China. To accomplish this, a method to analyze trace V6, BDP and RDP in suspended solids samples and aqueous samples of sewage and sludge was developed by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Using this method, BDP and RDP were detected for the first time in suspended solids of sewage and sludge with a concentration of 2.06-5.82 ng/g dry weight and 0.44-3.45 ng/g dry weight, respectively, whereas their concentration level in the aqueous phase of these samples were below the detection limits of the method. However, V6 was detected in all treatment stages of the STP, with concentrations in the range of 10.2-27.1 ng/L in aqueous phase and 0.40-1.73 ng/g dw in solid phase. Mass balance results indicated that 75.6% of the original V6 mass flow was discharged along with effluent, while 83.3% and 72.2% of the initial RDP and BDP mass flow were lost due to biodegradation, respectively. Nevertheless, compared to the 14 widely used monomeric organophosphate esters (MOPEs), the concentration levels of OOPEs in this studied STP were relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Fengqiong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Miyake Y, Tokumura M, Nakayama H, Wang Q, Amagai T, Ogo S, Kume K, Kobayashi T, Takasu S, Ogawa K, Kannan K. Simultaneous determination of brominated and phosphate flame retardants in flame-retarded polyester curtains by a novel extraction method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:1333-1339. [PMID: 28605852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and phosphate-based flame retardants (PFRs) has increased as substitutes for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in many consumer products. To facilitate collection of data on chemicals used as flame retardants in textiles and fabrics, we developed an analytical method using liquid chromatography interfaced with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We compared two extraction methods, one involving ultrasonic extraction (traditional method) using dichloromethane, toluene or acetone and the other encompassing complete dissolution of textile with 25% 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol/chloroform. The dissolution method extracted up to 204 times more BFRs and PFRs than the traditional ultrasonic extraction. Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TDBP-TAZTO), triphenylphosphine oxide (TPhPO), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCsP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were found in 40 flame-retarded curtain samples purchased from Japanese market in 2014. TDBP-TAZTO was detected in polyester curtains for the first time. Some of the flame-retarded curtain samples did not contain any of the known target analytes, which suggested the presence of other unknown flame retardants in those fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Miyake
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakayama
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Amagai
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Ogo
- Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinji Takasu
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, NY, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, NY, United States; United States and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Riddell N, van Bavel B, Ericson Jogsten I, McCrindle R, McAlees A, Chittim B. Examination of technical mixtures of halogen-free phosphorus based flame retardants using multiple analytical techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 176:333-341. [PMID: 28282639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of phosphorus based flame retardants as replacements for commonly used halogenated flame retardants has been gaining interest due to the possibility that these compounds may have a less significant impact on human and environmental health. Unfortunately, little is known about the chemical compositions of many of the technical products (which often are mixtures) and a single separation technique for concurrent analysis of these types of compounds has not been identified. This paper reports the results of an investigation into the constituents of three halogen free organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDBPP), bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BPA-BDPP), and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). The major components of commercial samples of RDBPP and BPA-BDPP were isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by NMR. A commercial sample of DOPO was found to be essentially pure, but its analysis is complicated by the fact that it can exist in ring-open and ring-closed forms. With the structures of the components confirmed by NMR, multiple analytical separation techniques (gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), and packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (pSFC)) were investigated for the analysis of these three technical products. Packed column supercritical fluid chromatography allows the separation of the components of all three OPFRs, including the two forms of DOPO, in a single run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Riddell
- Wellington Laboratories Inc., 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, ON, N1G 3M5, Canada; Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Center, Örebro University, Örebro, 70182, Sweden.
| | - Bert van Bavel
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Center, Örebro University, Örebro, 70182, Sweden; Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NO-349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Ericson Jogsten
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Center, Örebro University, Örebro, 70182, Sweden
| | - Robert McCrindle
- Wellington Laboratories Inc., 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, ON, N1G 3M5, Canada; Chemistry Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alan McAlees
- Wellington Laboratories Inc., 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, ON, N1G 3M5, Canada
| | - Brock Chittim
- Wellington Laboratories Inc., 345 Southgate Drive, Guelph, ON, N1G 3M5, Canada
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Hoffman K, Butt CM, Webster TF, Preston EV, Hammel SC, Makey C, Lorenzo AM, Cooper EM, Carignan C, Meeker JD, Hauser R, Soubry A, Murphy SK, Price TM, Hoyo C, Mendelsohn E, Congleton J, Daniels JL, Stapleton HM. Temporal Trends in Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2017; 4:112-118. [PMID: 28317001 PMCID: PMC5352975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, use of organophosphate compounds as flame retardants and plasticizers has increased. Numerous studies investigating biomarkers (i.e., urinary metabolites) demonstrate ubiquitous human exposure and suggest that human exposure may be increasing. To formally assess temporal trends, we combined data from 14 U.S. epidemiologic studies for which our laboratory group previously assessed exposure to two commonly used organophosphate compounds, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). Using individual-level data and samples collected between 2002 and 2015, we assessed temporal and seasonal trends in urinary bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), the metabolites of TDCIPP and TPHP, respectively. Data suggest that BDCIPP concentrations have increased dramatically since 2002. Samples collected in 2014 and 2015 had BDCIPP concentrations that were more than 15 times higher than those collected in 2002 and 2003 (10β = 16.5; 95% confidence interval from 9.64 to 28.3). Our results also demonstrate significant increases in DPHP levels; however, increases were much smaller than for BDCIPP. Additionally, results suggest that exposure varies seasonally, with significantly higher levels of exposure in summer for both TDCIPP and TPHP. Given these increases, more research is needed to determine whether the levels of exposure experienced by the general population are related to adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Craig M. Butt
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Thomas F. Webster
- Boston
University School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Emma V. Preston
- Boston
University School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Stephanie C. Hammel
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Colleen Makey
- Boston
University School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Amelia M. Lorenzo
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ellen M. Cooper
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Courtney Carignan
- Harvard
T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John D. Meeker
- University
of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Russ Hauser
- Harvard
T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Adelheid Soubry
- Epidemiology
Research Group, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven-University, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan K. Murphy
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Thomas M. Price
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department
of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Emma Mendelsohn
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | | | - Julie L. Daniels
- Department
of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Heather M. Stapleton
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Nicholas School of the Environment,
Duke University, LSRC Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708. E-mail: . Phone: (919) 613-8717. Fax: (919) 684-8741
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Hoffman K, Lorenzo A, Butt CM, Adair L, Herring AH, Stapleton HM, Daniels JL. Predictors of urinary flame retardant concentration among pregnant women. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 98:96-101. [PMID: 27745946 PMCID: PMC5127734 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate compounds are commonly used in residential furniture, electronics, and baby products as flame retardants and are also used in other consumer products as plasticizers. Although the levels of exposure biomarkers are generally higher among children and decrease with age, relatively little is known about the individual characteristics associated with higher levels of exposure. Here, we investigate urinary metabolites of several organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in a cohort of pregnant women to evaluate patterns of exposure. METHODS Pregnant North Carolina women (n=349) provided information on their individual characteristics (e.g. age and body mass index (BMI)) as a part of the Pregnancy Infection and Nutrition Study (2002-2005). Women also provided second trimester urine samples in which six PFR metabolites were measured using mass spectrometry methods. RESULTS PFR metabolites were detected in every urine sample, with BDCIPP, DHPH, ip-PPP and BCIPHIPP detected in >80% of samples. Geometric mean concentrations were higher than what has been reported previously for similarly-timed cohorts. Women with higher pre-pregnancy BMI tended to have higher levels of urinary metabolites. For example, those classified as obese at the start of pregnancy had ip-PPP levels that were 1.52 times as high as normal weight range women (95% confidence interval: 1.23, 1.89). Women without previous children also tended to have higher urinary levels of DPHP, but lower levels of ip-PPP. In addition, we saw strong evidence of seasonal trends in metabolite concentrations (e.g. higher DPHP, BDCIPP, and BCIPHIPP in summer, and evidence of increasing ip-PPP between 2002 and 2005). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate ubiquitous exposure to PFRs among NC women in the early 2000s. Additionally, our work suggests that individual characteristics are related to exposure and that temporal variation, both seasonal and annual, may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Amelia Lorenzo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Linda Adair
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amy H Herring
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Julie L Daniels
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Matsukami H, Suzuki G, Someya M, Uchida N, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Takahashi S, Tanabe S, Takigami H. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative flame retardants in surface soils and river sediments from an electronic waste-processing area in northern Vietnam, 2012-2014. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:291-299. [PMID: 27728888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative flame retardants (FRs) in environmental samples collected in January 2012, 2013, and 2014 from an electronic waste-processing area in northern Vietnam. During the study period, PBDE and alternative FR concentrations in soils around the electronic waste-processing workshops ranged from 37 to 9200 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) and from 35 to 24,000 ng g-1 dw; the concentrations in soils around the open-burning sites ranged from 1.6 to 62 ng g-1 dw and from <4 to 1900 ng g-1 dw; and the concentrations in river sediments around the workshops ranged from 100 to 3800 ng g-1 dw and from 23 to 6800 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Over the course of study period, we observed significant decreases in concentrations of PBDEs and significant increases in concentrations of alternative FRs, particularly Dechlorane Plus isomers and oligomeric organophosphorus FRs (o-PFRs) in both soils and sediments around the workshops. We also report information on concentrations and environmental emissions of o-PFRs and their low-molecular-weight impurities in the same soils and sediments. The detection of o-PFR impurities around the workshops and the open-burning sites highlights an enhanced breakdown of o-PFRs probably due to weathering during open storage and high temperature attained during the burning of electronic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsukami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan.
| | - Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Masayuki Someya
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, 1-7-5 Shinsuna Koto, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Natsuyo Uchida
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Takigami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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Krowech G, Hoover S, Plummer L, Sandy M, Zeise L, Solomon G. Identifying Chemical Groups for Biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:A219-A226. [PMID: 27905275 PMCID: PMC5132641 DOI: 10.1289/ehp537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory agencies face daunting challenges identifying emerging chemical hazards because of the large number of chemicals in commerce and limited data on exposure and toxicology. Evaluating one chemical at a time is inefficient and can lead to replacement with uncharacterized chemicals or chemicals with structural features already linked to toxicity. The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has developed a process for constructing and assessing chemical groups for potential biomonitoring in California. We screen for chemicals with significant exposure potential and propose possible chemical groups, based on structure and function. To support formal consideration of these groups by Biomonitoring California’s Scientific Guidance Panel, we conduct a detailed review of exposure and toxicity data and examine the likelihood of detection in biological samples. To date, 12 chemical groups have been constructed and added to the pool of chemicals that can be selected for Biomonitoring California studies, including p,p´-bisphenols, brominated and chlorinated organic compounds used as flame retardants, non-halogenated aromatic phosphates, and synthetic polycyclic musks. Evaluating chemical groups, rather than individual chemicals, is an efficient way to respond to shifts in chemical use and the emergence of new chemicals. This strategy can enable earlier identification of important chemicals for monitoring and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Krowech
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Sara Hoover
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Laurel Plummer
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Martha Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Gina Solomon
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California, USA
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Characterization of Some Real Mixed Plastics from WEEE: A Focus on Chlorine and Bromine Determination by Different Analytical Methods. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ballesteros-Gómez A, Aragón Á, Van den Eede N, de Boer J, Covaci A. Impurities of Resorcinol Bis(diphenyl phosphate) in Plastics and Dust Collected on Electric/Electronic Material. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1934-1940. [PMID: 26794620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant widely used in electric and electronic equipment. It has been detected in house dust of several European countries according to recent literature. Similar to other flame retardants, RDP formulations and products treated with RDP, such as plastics, can contain RDP impurities, byproducts and breakdown products. In this study, we use screening methods based on wide scope solvent extraction and high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of RDP related compounds in products and in dust. We analyzed both plastics from electrical/electronic equipment that contained RDP and indoor dust collected on and around surfaces of this equipment. A variety of compounds, namely TPHP, hydroxylated TPHP and RDP (meta-HO-TPHP and meta-HO-RDP), dihydroxylated TPHP, RDP with the loss of a phenyl group (RDP-[Phe]) and RDP oligomers were detected in plastics containing high levels of RDP. Regarding dust samples collected on electronics, TPHP meta-HO-TPHP, meta-HO-RDP, RDP-[Phe] and RDP oligomers were detected. High concentrations of meta-HO-TPHP (20-14 227 ng/g), TPHP (222-50 728 ng/g) and RDP (23-29 118 ng/g) were found in many of the dust samples, so that these compounds seem to easily migrate into the environment. These RDP impurities, byproducts and breakdown products are for the first time reported in indoor dust. Meta-HO-TPHP could be relevant for future biomonitoring studies concerning flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- VU University Amsterdam , Institute for Environmental Studies, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Álvaro Aragón
- VU University Amsterdam , Institute for Environmental Studies, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Nele Van den Eede
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jacob de Boer
- VU University Amsterdam , Institute for Environmental Studies, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Solid phase extraction of bisphenol A using magnetic core-shell (Fe3O4@SiO2) nanoparticles coated with an ionic liquid, and its quantitation by HPLC. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Petropoulou SSE, Petreas M, Park JS. Analytical methodology using ion-pair liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of four di-ester metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants in California human urine. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1434:70-80. [PMID: 26818234 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl- and aryl-esters of phosphoric acid (both halogenated and non-halogenated) are mainly used as flame retardants (FRs), among other applications, in furniture and consumer products and they are collectively known as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). The absorption, biotransformation or elimination of many of these chemicals in humans and their possible health effects are not yet well known. A major reason for the limited information is the nature of these compounds, which causes several technical difficulties in their isolation and sensitive determination. A novel analytical liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the accurate and sensitive determination of four urinary OPFR metabolites: bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), using mixed-mode solid phase extraction and isotope. For the first time all four analytes can be identified in one chromatographic run. An extensive investigation of method development parameters (enzymatic hydrolysis, matrix effects, process efficiency, sources of background interferences, linearity, accuracy, precision, stabilities and limits of detection and quantification) was performed in order to address previously reported method inconsistencies and select a process with the highest accuracy and sensitivity. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Luna C18 (2) (2.00 mm × 150 mm, 3 μm) with mobile phase 80:20 v/v water: MeOH and MeOH: water 95:5 v/v, both containing 1mM tributylamine and 1mM acetic acid. Limits of detection were 0.025 ng mL(-1) for BDCIPP and BCIPP and 0.1 ng mL(-1) for DPhP and BCEP. Absolute recoveries of all four analytes and their labeled compounds were in the range of 88-107%. The method was tested on 13 adult California urine samples. BCEP was detected at 0.4-15 ng mL(-1) with a geometric mean (GM): 1.9 ng mL(-1); BDCIPP at 0.5-7.3 ng mL(-1), (GM: 2.5 ng mL(-1)) and DPhP at <MDL-5.6 ng mL(-1), (GM: 1.7 ng mL(-1)). BCIPP was detected for the first time in US samples in 92.3% of the samples with two to three times lower values (range <MDL-3.5 ng mL(-1) and GM: 0.4 ng mL(-1)) than the other OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrago-Styliani E Petropoulou
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Ave., Suite 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States.
| | - Myrto Petreas
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Ave., Suite 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States
| | - June-Soo Park
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Ave., Suite 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States
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40
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Ballesteros-Gómez A, Jonkers T, Covaci A, de Boer J. Screening of additives in plastics with high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry and different ionization sources: direct probe injection (DIP)-APCI, LC-APCI, and LC-ion booster ESI. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2945-53. [PMID: 26758596 PMCID: PMC4819935 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plastics are complex mixtures consisting of a polymer and additives with different physico-chemical properties. We developed a broad screening method to elucidate the nature of compounds present in plastics used in electrical/electronic equipment commonly found at homes (e.g., electrical adaptors, computer casings, heaters). The analysis was done by (a) solvent extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to high accuracy/resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) with different ionization sources or (b) direct analysis of the solid by ambient mass spectrometry high accuracy/resolution TOFMS. The different ionization methods showed different selectivity and sensitivity for the different compound classes and were complementary. A variety of antioxidants, phthalates, UV filters, and flame retardants were found in most samples. Furthermore, some recently reported impurities or degradation products derived from flame retardants were identified, such as hydroxylated triphenyl phosphate and tetrabromobisphenol A monoglycidyl ether. Wide screening of plastic additives by direct probe injection (DIP)-APCI, LC-APCI and LC-ion booster ESI ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim Jonkers
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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41
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Matsukami H, Suzuki G, Takigami H. Compositional Analysis of Commercial Oligomeric Organophosphorus Flame Retardants Used as Alternatives for PBDEs: Concentrations and Potential Environmental Emissions of Oligomers and Impurities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12913-12921. [PMID: 26449156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Four commercial oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardants (o-PFRs) were characterized using a refractive index detector and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI)-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) compatible with gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Commercial o-PFRs consisted of approximately 90% or more oligomers and several impurities. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(dimethylphenyl) phosphate (TDMPP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and some new impurities were identified as byproducts of some manufacturing process of commercial o-PFRs for the first time. The concentrations of TPHP, TDMPP, and TCIPP were more than 1 weight %, whereas those of new impurities might be approximately 1 weight % by comparison among their abundances acquired through GPC-APPI-QTOF-MS analysis. Based on their vapor pressure and water solubility estimations, the potential environmental emissions of low molecular weight impurities were expected to be higher than those of oligomers. The presence and environmental emissions of low molecular weight impurities might be regarded as risk factors along with commercial o-PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsukami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) , 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) , 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Takigami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) , 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan
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42
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Weeden GS, Ling L, Soepriatna NH, Wang NHL. Size-exclusion simulated moving bed for separating organophosphorus flame retardants from a polymer. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1422:99-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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43
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Hendriks HS, Westerink RH. Neurotoxicity and risk assessment of brominated and alternative flame retardants. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 52:248-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Healy BF, English KR, Jagals P, Sly PD. Bisphenol A exposure pathways in early childhood: Reviewing the need for improved risk assessment models. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:544-556. [PMID: 26350983 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a plasticiser found in a number of household plastics, electronics, and food-packaging materials. Over the past 5 years, several human epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between BPA exposure and adverse health outcomes in children, including obesity, asthma, preterm birth, and neuro-behavioural disturbances. These findings are in conflict with international environmental risk assessment models, which predict daily exposure levels to BPA should not pose a risk to child health. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the evidence for different exposure sources and potential exposure pathways of BPA in early childhood. By collating the findings from experimental models and exposure associations observed in human bio-monitoring studies, we affirm the potential for non-dietary sources to make a substantial contribution to total daily exposure in young children. Infants and toddlers have distinctive exposure sources, physiology, and metabolism of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We recommend risk-assessment models implement new frameworks, which specifically address exposure and hazard in early childhood. This is particularly important for BPA, which is present in numerous products in the home and day-care environments, and for which animal studies report contradictory findings on its safety at environmentally relevant levels of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget F Healy
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karin R English
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Jagals
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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45
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Ionas AC, Ballesteros Gómez A, Leonards PEG, Covaci A. Identification strategies for flame retardants employing time-of-flight mass spectrometric detectors along with spectral and spectra-less databases. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1031-1038. [PMID: 28338271 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past, the preferred strategy for the identification of unknown compounds was to search in an appropriate mass spectral database for spectra obtained using either electron ionisation (GC-MS analyses) or collision-induced dissociation (LC-MS/MS analyses). Recently, an increase has been seen in the use of accurate mass instruments and spectra-less databases, based on monoisotopic accurate mass alone. In this article, we describe a systematic workflow for the screening and identification of new flame retardants. This approach utilises LC-quadrupole-time-of-flight MS and spectra-less databases based only on monoisotopic accurate mass for the identification of 'unknowns'. An in-house database was built, and the input parameters used in the data analysis process were optimised for flame retardant chemicals, so that it can be easily transferred to other laboratories. The procedure was successfully applied to dust, foam and textiles from car interiors and indoor consumer products. The developed method was demonstrated for the main new flame retardant present in Antiblaze V6 and for the three unreported reaction by-products/impurities present in the same technical mixture. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin C Ionas
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Ballesteros Gómez
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
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Determination of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in lipid-rich matrices using dispersive solid-phase extraction as a sample cleanup step and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 885:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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47
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Ballesteros-Gómez A, Van den Eede N, Covaci A. In vitro human metabolism of the flame retardant resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3897-904. [PMID: 25692932 DOI: 10.1021/es505857e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP) is widely used as a flame retardant in electrical/electronic products and constitutes a suitable alternative to decabrominated diphenyl ether. Due to its toxicity and its recently reported ubiquity in electronics and house dust, there are increasing concerns about human exposure to this emerging contaminant. With the aim of identifying human-specific biomarkers, the in vitro metabolism of RDP and its oligomers was investigated using human liver microsomes and human liver cytosol. Mono- and dihydroxy-metabolites, together with glucuronidated and sulfated metabolites, were detected. Regarding RDP oligomers, only a hydroxy-metabolite of the dimer could be detected. RDP and its oligomers were also readily hydrolyzed, giving rise to a variety of compounds, such as diphenyl phosphate, para-hydroxy-triphenyl phosphate, and para-hydroxy RDP, which were further metabolized. These degradation products or impurities are possibly of environmental importance in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- †Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Nele Van den Eede
- †Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- †Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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