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Di F, Han D, Wan J, Wang G, Zhu B, Wang Y, Yang S. New insights into toxicity reduction and pollutants removal during typical treatment of papermaking wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:169937. [PMID: 38199367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Papermaking wastewater contained various of toxic and hazardous pollutants that pose significant threats to both the ecosystem and human health. Despite these risks, limited research has addressed the detoxification efficiency and mechanism involved in the typical process treatment of papermaking wastewater. In this study, the acute toxicity of papermaking wastewater after different treatment processes was assessed using luminousbacteria, zebrafish and Daphnia magna (D. magna). Meanwhile, the pollution parament of the corresponding wastewater were measured, and the transformation of organic pollutant in the wastewater was identified by three-dimensional fluorescence and other techniques. Finally, the possible mechanism of toxicity variation in different treatment processes were explored in combination with correlation analyses. The results showed that raw papermaking wastewater displayed high acute toxicity to luminousbacteria, and exhibited slight acute toxicity and acute toxicity effect to zebrafish and D. magna, respectively. After physical and biochemical processes, not only the toxicity of the wastewater to zebrafish and D. magna was completely eliminated, but also the inhibitory effect on luminousbacteria was significantly reduced (TU value decreased from 11.07 to 1.66). Among them, the order of detoxification efficiency on luminousbacteria was air flotation > hydrolysis acidification > IC > aerobic process. Correlation analyses revealed a direct link between the reduced of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and the detoxification efficiency of the different processes on the wastewater. In particular, the removal of benzene-containing aromatic pollutant correlated positively with decreased toxicity. However, the Fenton process, despite lowering TOC and COD, increased of the acute toxicity of the luminousbacteria (TU value increased from 1.66 to 2.33). This may result from the transformation generation of organic pollutant and oxidant residues during the Fenton process. Hence, oxidation technologies such as the Fenton process, as a deep treatment process, should be more concerned about the ecological risks that may be caused while focusing on their effectiveness in removing pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Di
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Donghui Han
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510655, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Jinquan Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Guang Wang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510655, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Bin Zhu
- Guangdong Zihua Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan 528300, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Shou Yang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510655, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510655, China.
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Gupta GK, Kapoor RK. Recent advances in eco-friendly technology for decontamination of pulp and paper mill industrial effluent: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:275. [PMID: 38363444 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The economic development of a country directly depends upon industries. But this economic development should not be at the cost of our natural environment. A substantial amount of water is spent during paper production, creating water scarcity and generating wastewater. Therefore, the Pollution Control Board classifies this industry into red category. Water is used in different papermaking stages such as debarking, pulping or bleaching, washing, and finishing. The wastewater thus generated contains lignin and xenobiotic compounds such as resin acids, chlorinated lignin, phenols, furans, dioxins, chlorophenols, adsorbable organic halogens (AOX), extractable organic halogens (EOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls, plasticizers, and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. Nowadays, several microorganisms are used in the detoxification of these hazardous effluents. Researchers have found that microbial degradation is the most promising treatment method to remove high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater. Microorganisms also remove AOX toxicity, chlorinated compounds, suspended solids, color, lignin, derivatives, etc. from the pulp and paper mill effluents. But in the current scenario, mill effluents are known to deteriorate the environment and therefore it is highly desirable to deploy advanced technologies for effluent treatment. This review summarizes the eco-friendly advanced treatment technologies for effluents generated from pulp and paper mills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guddu Kumar Gupta
- Enzyme and Fermentation Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Kapoor
- Enzyme and Fermentation Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
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3
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Xie W, Li W, Wang P, Hao Y, Chen B, Hu L, Wang T, Zhang Q, Liang Y, Jiang G. Unexpected Dioxin Formation During Digestion of Soil with Oxidizing Acids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14717-14725. [PMID: 37682840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), are among the most toxic unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants, and their emission is of great concern. Herein, we discovered abundant dioxin formation in soil and various organic carbon-containing matrices after digestion with aqua regia. Σ17PCDD/Fs concentrations were in the range of 66.6-142,834 pg/g dw (5.6-17,021 pg WHO2005-TEQ/g dw) in 19 soil samples after digestion with aqua regia for 6 h. Σ17PCDD/Fs concentration was significantly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon content (R2 = 0.89; p < 0.01). Compared with cellulose and lignin, humic acid served as an important organic matter component that was converted to PCDD/Fs during soil digestion. Strong oxidation and production of reactive chlorine by aqua regia may be the key factors in the formation of PCDD/Fs. The yearly emission of PCDD/Fs due to digestion with strong acids by the inspection and testing industry was estimated to be 83.8 g TEQ in China in 2021 based on the highest level, which was ∼0.9% of the total dioxin inventory in China. Great attention should be paid to unexpected dioxin formation during digestion processes considering the potential risk of release from laboratories and enterprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yanfen Hao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Bolei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Thanh Wang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
- Department of Thematic Studies─Environmental Change (TemaM), Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Schröder S, Ortiz I, San-Román MF. Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in the electrochemical oxidation of polluted waters with pharmaceuticals used against COVID-19. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023; 11:109305. [PMID: 36647535 PMCID: PMC9833857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2023.109305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has produced a huge impact on our lives, increasing the consumption of certain pharmaceuticals, and with this, contributing to the intensification of their presence in wastewater and in the environment. This situation demands the implementation of efficient remediation technologies, among them, electrochemical oxidation (ELOX) is one the most applied. This work studies the application of ELOX with the aim of eliminate pharmaceuticals used in the fight against COVID-19, assessing its degradation rate, as well as the risk of formation of toxic trace by-products, such as unintentional POPs like polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). To this end, model solutions containing 10 mg L-1 of dexamethasone (DEX), paracetamol (PAR), amoxicillin (AMX), and sertraline (STR) with two different electrolytes (NaCl and Na2SO4) have been evaluated. However, electrochemical systems that contain chloride ions in solution together with PCDD/Fs precursor molecules may lead to the formation of these highly toxic by-products. So, PCDD/Fs were quantified under conditions of complete degradation of the drugs. Furthermore, the presence of PCDD/Fs precursors such as chlorophenols was determined, as well as the role of Cl-, Cl• and SO 4 • - radicals in the formation of the by-products and PCDD/Fs. The maximum measured concentration of PCDD/Fs was around 2700 pg L-1 for the amoxicillin case in NaCl medium. The obtained results emphasise the importance of not underestimating the potential formation of these highly toxic trace by-products, in addition to the correct selection of oxidation processes and operation variables, in order to avoid final higher toxicity in the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schröder
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Ma-Fresnedo San-Román
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
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5
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Shi J, Jiang J, Chen Q, Wang L, Nian K, Long T. Production of higher toxic intermediates of organic pollutants during chemical oxidation processes: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
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Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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7
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Ranjan J, Joshi V, Mandal T, Mandal DD. Ecotoxicological risk assessment of pentachlorophenol, an emerging DBP to plants: evaluation of oxidative stress and antioxidant responses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:27954-27965. [PMID: 33527244 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols are not only noticed in an effluvium of industries but also can emerge from the water treatment plants for domestic supply which poses a high threat for crop production and human health. Therefore, research on their risks to ecosystem and human health via ecotoxicological tests to derivate permissible environmental contaminant concentrations is necessary. The chlorophenols produced in the course of chlorination of potable water is an outcome of natural carboxylic acids/organic material and those chlorophenols occurred as emerging disinfection byproducts (EDBPs). Among chlorophenols, pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been recently identified as one of the important EDBPs. The main objective was to evaluate the PCP-induced genotoxicity and the oxidative damage in two plant species, i.e., Allium cepa and Vigna radiata. Genotoxicity of PCP was examined at three selected concentrations based on EC50 (half-maximal effective concentrations) values in both the plants along with the defense mechanism. EC50 value for A. cepa and V. radiata was 0.7 mg/L and 35 mg/L. Root length inhibition, DNA laddering, lipid peroxidation, H2O2 content, and antioxidant enzymatic assays evaluated revealed a dose-dependent response. PCP influenced defense enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) action in both plants and showed deprivement of catalase (CAT) with the increase of PCP concentrations. PCP-invaded toxicity management by these plants implied that A. cepa is more sensitive than V. radiata regarding PCP-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Ranjan
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Vayam Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Tamale Mandal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Dalia Dasgupta Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India.
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Schröder S, San-Román MF, Ortiz I. Dioxins and furans toxicity during the photocatalytic remediation of emerging pollutants. Triclosan as case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:144853. [PMID: 33513494 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of wastewater remediation technologies are offset in those cases where, as a result of operating conditions, harmful compounds are formed in the degradation routes of the original organic pollutants. This may be the case for the application of some advanced oxidation processes to wastewater containing precursors of dioxins and furans, as previously reported in the application of electrochemical and Fenton oxidation to degrade Triclosan and 2-chlorophenol. This work reports for the first time a detailed kinetic analysis of the formation of dioxins and furans during the photocatalytic treatment of aqueous samples containing 5-Chloro-2-[2,4-dichlorophenoxy] phenol, commercially known as Triclosan. After analysis of the PCDD/Fs concentration, the toxicity of the samples has been determined in terms of toxic equivalents (TEQ). TEQ values have been calculated, first with the group of 17 congeners with higher toxicity. Finally, a multivariable analysis and linear regression have been applied to reduce the significant number of congeners and optimize the analytical effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schröder
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Mª-Fresnedo San-Román
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain
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Li H, Liu W, Lu A, Li C, Die Q, Lei R, Wu X. PCDD/Fs emissions from secondary copper production synergistically controlled by fabric filters and desulfurization. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116065. [PMID: 33221088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of fabric filters and desulfurization systems during secondary copper smelting on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) concentrations, emission coefficients, and profiles were studied in an oxygen-rich smelting furnace and an anode furnace. In the anode furnace, the toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentration ranges were 0.106-1.04 ng World Health Organization (WHO)-TEQ/m3 at the fabric filters inlet and 0.027-0.17 ng WHO-TEQ/m3 at the outlet. For the oxygen-rich smelting furnace, the TEQ concentration ranges were 1.21-1.93 and 0.010-0.019 ng WHO-TEQ/m3 at the desulfurization system inlet and outlet, respectively. The TEQs in the outlet stack gases of the desulfurization system from the anode furnace were 0.0041-0.016 ng WHO-TEQ/m3. It is likely that PCDD/Fs that were taken away from the stack gases were adsorbed by the fly ash and gypsum. Solid residues were the dominant release routes for PCDD/Fs. PCDD/Fs congener and homologue profiles of stack gases from different smelting stages were similar. The contributions of more chlorinated homologues from the anode furnace decreased observably after the stack gases passed through the fabric filters. However, the desulfurization process did not greatly change the PCDD/Fs homologue profiles. Overall, both the fabric filters and desulfurization systems showed excellent removal efficiencies for PCDD/Fs in the stack gases, which reduced the TEQ emissions to well below the 0.5 ng WHO-TEQ/m3 to achieve standard discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Li
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing, 100097, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Anxiang Lu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Qingqi Die
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Rongrong Lei
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Abstract
5-Chloro-2-[2,4-dichlorophenoxy]-phenol, or triclosan (TCS), is an antimicrobial and antifungal agent with high resistance to conventional wastewater treatments, thus, more effective remediation technologies are necessary, where photocatalytic processes deserve special attention due to the high degradation rates of TCS, and the use of a renewable source of energy. However, different by-products may be formed during the treatment, sometimes more harmful than the parent compounds. Efforts to detail reaction pathways continually feed into related literature; however, knowing the transformation kinetics and the dependence on the operating variables is essential for the correct design of the abovementioned remediation technologies. This work contributes to increasing the knowledge necessary for the application of photocatalytic processes for the degradation of emerging pollutants, with TCS as a case study. First, an experimental plan to analyze the influence of the operating variables was carried out, determining time courses of the parent and intermediate compounds. Next, the kinetic model and parameters that are capable of predicting TCS concentration and its derivatives as a function of the operating conditions are provided. This constitutes a very useful tool to predict the performance of wastewater remediation treatment both in the degradation of the original pollutant and in the reduction of the toxicity in the treated water.
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Solá-Gutiérrez C, Schröder S, San-Román MF, Ortiz I. Critical review on the mechanistic photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of triclosan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 260:110101. [PMID: 32090818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The environmentally extended presence of triclosan, TCS, component of many pharmaceutical and personal care products, and its known persistent character have awoke the scientific and social concern leading to the study of effective remediation techniques. Advanced oxidation techniques stand out for the effectiveness in degrading many persistent compounds, and as a result, they have been addressed by many researchers. However, the powerful oxidation media might lead to the formation of undesirable by-products, concern that has also been widely addressed. With regard to the presence of TCS, photolytic and photocatalytic processes provide a very effective degradation yield and rate, with a large number of reports addressing its removal from different environmental matrices. But currently, there is no clear understanding of the mechanisms involved and the routes responsible for the formation of degradation products. Thus, this work presents an exhaustive and critical analysis of the state of the art related to the photo-degradation of TCS, with special focus on the formation of oxidation by-products, on the phenomena responsible and on the influence of operation variables. This report aims at offering valuable information to researchers dealing with this environmentally relevant problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Solá-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - Sophie Schröder
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - M Fresnedo San-Román
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005, Santander, Spain.
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12
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Three-dimensional electro-Fenton system with iron foam as particle electrode for folic acid wastewater pretreatment. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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13
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Condensation By-Products in Wet Peroxide Oxidation: Fouling or Catalytic Promotion? Part I. Evidences of an Autocatalytic Process. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work is aimed at the understanding of the condensation by-products role in wet peroxide oxidation processes. This study has been carried out in absence of catalyst to isolate the (positive or negative) effect of the condensation by-products on the kinetics of the process, and in presence of oxygen, to enhance the oxidation performance. This process was denoted as oxygen-assisted wet peroxide oxidation (WPO-O2) and was applied to the treatment of phenol. First, the influence of the reaction operating conditions (i.e., temperature, pH0, initial phenol concentration, H2O2 dose and O2 pressure) was evaluated. The initial phenol concentration and, overall, the H2O2 dose, were identified as the most critical variables for the formation of condensation by-products and thus, for the oxidation performance. Afterwards, a flow reactor packed with inert quartz beads was used to facilitate the deposition of such species and thus, to evaluate their impact on the kinetics of the process. It was found that as the quartz beads were covered by condensation by-products along reaction, the disappearance rates of phenol, total organic carbon (TOC) and H2O2 were increased. Consequently, an autocatalytic kinetic model, accounting for the catalytic role of the condensation by products, provides a well description of wet peroxide oxidation performance.
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Condensation By-Products in Wet Peroxide Oxidation: Fouling or Catalytic Promotion? Part II: Activity, Nature and Stability. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9060518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of condensation by-products onto the catalyst surface upon wet peroxide and wet air oxidation processes has usually been associated with catalyst deactivation. However, in Part I of this paper, it was demonstrated that these carbonaceous deposits actually act as catalytic promoters in the oxygen-assisted wet peroxide oxidation (WPO-O2) of phenol. Herein, the intrinsic activity, nature and stability of these species have been investigated. To achieve this goal, an up-flow fixed bed reactor packed with porous Al2O3 spheres was used to facilitate the deposition of the condensation by-products formed in the liquid phase. It was demonstrated that the condensation by-products catalyzed the decomposition of H2O2 and a higher amount of these species leads to a higher degree of oxidation degree The reaction rates, conversion values and intermediates’ distribution were analyzed. The characterization of the carbonaceous deposits on the Al2O3 spheres showed a significant amount of condensation by-products (~6 wt.%) after 650 h of time on stream. They are of aromatic nature and present oxygen functional groups consisting of quinones, phenols, aldehydes, carboxylics and ketones. The initial phenol concentration and H2O2 dose were found to be crucial variables for the generation and consumption of such species, respectively.
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Küçük D, Liman R. Cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of 2-chlorophenol on Allium cepa L. root meristem cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:36117-36123. [PMID: 30357725 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2-Chlorophenol (2-CP), a class of chlorinated organic pollutants like other chlorophenols, is used as intermediate in the synthesis of the higher chlorinated congeners, certain dyes, preservatives, herbicides, fungicides, and plastics. In this study, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of 2-CP were investigated on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa for its effects on root growth, mitotic index (MI), mitotic phases, chromosomal abnormalities (CAs), and DNA damage by using Allium anaphase-telophase and Comet assays. EC50 of 2-CP value was determined as approximately 25 mg/L by Allium root growth inhibition test. Three concentrations of 2-CP (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/L), distilled water (negative control), and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS, 10 mg/L, positive control) were applied to onion stem cells under different exposure periods (24, 48, 72, and 96 h). All the applied doses of 2-CP slightly decreased MIs. 2-CP induced total CAs such as disturbed anaphase-telophase, chromosome laggards, stickiness, and bridges and also DNA damage at significant levels. These results demonstrate that 2-CP has genotoxic effects in A. cepa root meristematic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Küçük
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Uşak University, 1 Eylül Campus, 64300, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Recep Liman
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Uşak University, 1 Eylül Campus, 64300, Uşak, Turkey.
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Zhu F, Li X, Lu JW, Hai J, Zhang J, Xie B, Hong C. Emission characteristics of PCDD/Fs in stack gas from municipal solid waste incineration plants in Northern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:23-29. [PMID: 29471165 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Emission characteristics including congener's profile, gas emissions and toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ) indicators of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in 57 stack gas samples from 6 municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) in Northern China were investigated by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS). Additionally, PCDD/Fs formation mechanisms from the MSWIs were briefly discussed. Results revealed that the concentrations and equivalent concentrations of PCDD/Fs emissions in stack gas from 6 MSWIs were in the range of 0.11-2.53 ng Nm-3 and 0.007-0.059 ng TEQ Nm-3, respectively. The emission factors of PCDD/Fs from 6 MSWIs varied from 0.027 to 0.225 μg I-TEQ tonne-1, with a mean value of 0.17 μg I-TEQ tonne-1 waste, which was estimated to an annual emission of 234.96 mg I-TEQ of PCDD/Fs from 6 MSWIs to the atmosphere. O8CDD, O8CDF and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H7CDD were the indicatory compounds of PCDD/Fs to apportion the sources of PCDD/Fs in environmental medium especially in ambient environment of MSWIs. 1,2,3,7,8,9-H6CDF and 1,2,3,4,7,8-H6CDF can be used as TEQ indicators for monitoring PCDD/Fs emission. Based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, eight factors were extracted by the PMF analysis. Formation of low-chlorinated PCDDs (1,2,3,7,8-P5CDD, 1,2,3,4,7,8-H6CDD, 1,2,3,6,7,8-H6CDD and 1,2,3,7,8,9-H6CDD) possessed strong correlation, and the chlorophenols maybe the important precursors of low-chlorinated PCDDs, which were generated within the low chlorinated content. Penta- and hexa-PCDFs formation in stack gas from MSWI may block catalytic sites for PCDFs formation from carbon. Meanwhile, possible formation mechanisms of high-chlorinated PCDDs (hepta- and octa-PCDDs) and high-chlorinated PCDFs (hepta- and octa-PCDFs) were respectively dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China; School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia-Wei Lu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Jing Hai
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Jieru Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bing Xie
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chengyang Hong
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
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17
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Zhu X, Zhang K, Lu N, Yu Y, Yuan X, Guan J. A label-free electrochemical system for comprehensive monitoring of o-chlorophenol. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:514-521. [PMID: 29329083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
o-Chlorophenol (OCP) is a priority pollutant that poses serious health threats to the public. The following study designs a simple electrochemical system to monitor the concentration and toxicity of OCP. This system was primarily characterized by the integration of both physicochemical and biological monitoring procedures that had a synergistic effect between the functionalized carbon nanotubes and rhodamine B. This resulted in excellent electrocatalytic activities toward OCP and cellular purine bases. The peak current of OCP was linear with concentrations ranging from 0.05-125.0 μM and the detection limit was 0.028 μM under optimal testing conditions. There was an enhanced voltammetric signal detected that was caused by the guanine/xanthine of human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. The cytotoxicity of OCP to HepG2 cells was assessed using the proposed system. The obtained IC50 value was 512.86 μM. This study provided a fast, label-free, and low-cost platform for the comprehensive assessment of OCP. This is highly beneficial for simplifying the environmental monitoring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, PR China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, PR China
| | - Nan Lu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, PR China
| | - Yangyang Yu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, PR China
| | - Xing Yuan
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, PR China.
| | - Jiunian Guan
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, PR China.
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18
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Efficient removal of cadmium and 2-chlorophenol in aqueous systems by natural clay: Adsorption and photo-Fenton degradation processes. CR CHIM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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19
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Shi J, Long T, Ying R, Wang L, Zhu X, Lin Y. Chemical oxidation of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether in the Fenton process: Kinetics, pathways and toxicity assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 180:117-124. [PMID: 28395149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether (BCEE) is a common chemical material and a frequently detected contaminant in groundwater. It has a strong toxicity and some other chemicals such as poly(vinyl chloride-co-isobutyl vinyl ether) contain similar chloroaliphatic ether structure. So the effective degradation method and transformation pathways for BCEE need to be learned. The present study compared the degradation rate of BCEE by Fenton's reagent and other common oxidation methods, and optimized the reaction conditions. Oxidation intermediates and pathways were also proposed and toxicities of the intermediates were investigated. Results showed that Fenton was highly effective to degrade BCEE. pH, Fe2+ and H2O2 concentration all affected the oxidation rate, among which Fe2+ was the most significant variable. A total of twelve chlorinated intermediates were detected. Three main reaction pathways involved cleavage of the ether bond, hydroxyl substitution for hydrogen, and radical coupling. The pathways could be well interpreted and supported by theoretical calculations. The reaction mixture showed a decreasing trend in TOC concentration and toxicity until totally harmless to Vibrio fischeri after 15 min, but it was noteworthy that toxicities of some dimeric intermediates were stronger than BCEE by calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Tao Long
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Rongrong Ying
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Yusuo Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
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Li Q, Li L, Su G, Huang X, Zhao Y, Li B, Miao X, Zheng M. Synergetic inhibition of PCDD/F formation from pentachlorophenol by mixtures of urea and calcium oxide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 317:394-402. [PMID: 27318736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols are structurally similar to PCDD/Fs and have been considered as highly potential precursors for PCDD/Fs formation. The suppressing effects of PCDD/F formation from pentachlorophenol (PCP) were investigated on various mass ratios of CaO and urea. The total concentration of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs, mostly dominated by OCDD, was determined to be 48.58-10186ng/mg in inhibitor-reaction systems, being much lower than that in blank reaction system (75654ng/mg). Interestingly, compared with pure CaO and urea reaction system, the concentration and TEQ of formed 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs in mixed urea/CaO reaction system were lower, especially with 5-20% urea reaction systems being respectively at decrease by 96.5-99.4% and 99.2-99.7%. The suppression efficiency of TEQ in 5-20% urea reaction systems could be always approximately 100% under 250-350°C. These results suggested that mixed inhibitors, especially 5-20% urea inhibitors, have a synergetic inhibition effect for PCDD/Fs formation from PCP. Mixed inhibitor generated several intermediates, involving CO2, H2O, NH3, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, HNCO, biuret and ammelide. The complex between PCP and Ca, N-doped species, lower chlorinated phenols and benzenediol, and organic acids were also determined. Synergetic inhibition mechanism may be attributed to accelerated facilitation of acid-base reaction and N doping. The decomposition of PCP itself also contributes to prevent PCDD/Fs formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liewu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guijin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xinchen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Binke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Fernández-Castro P, San Román MF, Ortiz I. Theoretical and experimental formation of low chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the Fenton oxidation of chlorophenol solutions. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:136-144. [PMID: 27424055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of chlorinated and non-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) has been experimentally investigated after the Fenton oxidation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP, 15.56 mM) aqueous solutions by assessing the influence of iron concentration (0.09-2.88 mM), hydrogen peroxide dose (40.44-202.20 mM), temperature (20-70 °C) and chloride concentration (0-56.35 mM). The presence of chloride in the medium together with room temperature and substoichiometric Fenton conditions (40.44 mM H2O2) led to an increase in total PCDD/Fs concentration from less than 1 ng L(-1) to 2 μg L(-1). Results showed a dominance of the dichlorinated species (DCDD/Fs) in the homologue profile of total PCDD/Fs reaching values up to 1.5 μg L(-1). Furthermore, the products distribution exhibited a gradual decrease in the homologue concentration as the chlorination degree increased from di-to octachloro-substituted positions. Considering the characteristics of the reaction medium, the experimental results, and the information gathered in bibliography with regard to the generation of active radicals from 2-chlorophenol, a mechanism describing the formation of low chlorinated PCDD/Fs in a Fenton oxidizing aqueous system has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fernández-Castro
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - M Fresnedo San Román
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005, Santander, Spain.
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22
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Arellano-González MÁ, González I, Texier AC. Mineralization of 2-chlorophenol by sequential electrochemical reductive dechlorination and biological processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 314:181-187. [PMID: 27131458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel approach was applied to obtain the mineralization of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) in an electrochemical-biological combined system where an electrocatalytic dehydrogenation process (reductive dechlorination) was coupled to a biological denitrification process. Reductive dechlorination of 2-CP was conducted in an ECCOCEL-type reactor on a Pd-Ni/Ti electrode at a potential of -0.40V vs Ag/AgCl(s)/KCl(sat), achieving 100 percent transformation of 2-CP into phenol. The electrochemically pretreated effluent was fed to a rotating cylinder denitrifying bioreactor where the totality of phenol was mineralized by denitrification, obtaining CO2 and N2 as the end products. The total time required for 2-CP mineralization in the combined electrochemical-biological process was 7.5h. This value is close to those previously reported for electrochemical and advanced oxidation processes but in this case, an efficient process was obtained without accumulation of by-products or generation of excessive energy costs due to the selective electrochemical pretreatment. This study showed that the use of electrochemical reductive pretreatment combined with biological processes could be a promising technology for the removal of recalcitrant molecules, such as chlorophenols, from wastewaters by more efficient, rapid, and environmentally friendly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Arellano-González
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Departamento de Química, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340 Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Ignacio González
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Departamento de Química, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340 Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Anne-Claire Texier
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Departamento de Biotecnología, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
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23
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Cheng H, Chen G, Qiu Y, Li B, Stenstrom MK. Factors that influence the degradation of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate by Fenton oxidation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12675h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TN and TOC removal of [C2mim][PF6] suggest a state of imidazole-ring-open during the Fenton degradation of [C2mim][PF6].
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- P. R. China
| | - Guangshi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- P. R. China
| | - Yuping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- P. R. China
| | - Ben Li
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department
- University of California
- Los Angeles 90095-1593
- USA
| | - Michael K. Stenstrom
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department
- University of California
- Los Angeles 90095-1593
- USA
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