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Abioye SO, Majooni Y, Moayedi M, Rezvani H, Kapadia M, Yousefi N. Graphene-based nanomaterials for the removal of emerging contaminants of concern from water and their potential adaptation for point-of-use applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141728. [PMID: 38499073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Considering the plethora of work on the exceptional environmental performance of 2D nanomaterials, there is still a missing link in addressing their practical application in point-of-use (POU) water treatment. By reviewing the exceptional environmental performance of 2D nanomaterials with specific emphasis on graphene and its derivatives, this review aims at inspiring further discussions and research in graphene-based POU water treatment with particular focus on the removal of emerging contaminants of concern (ECCs), which is largely missing in the literature. We outlined the prevalence of ECCs in the environment, their health effects both on humans and marine life, and the potential of efficiently removing them from water using three-dimensional graphene-based macrostructures to ensure ease of adsorbent recovery and reuse compared to nanostructures. Given various successful studies showing superior adsorption capacity of graphene nanosheets, we give an account of the recent developments in graphene-based adsorbents. Moreover, several cost-effective materials which can be easily self-assembled with nanosheets to improve their environmental performance and safety for POU water treatment purposes were highlighted. We highlighted the strategy to overcome challenges of adsorbent regeneration and contaminant degradation; and concluded by noting the need for policy makers to act decisively considering the conservative nature of the water treatment industry, and the potential health risks from ingesting ECCs through drinking water. We further justified the need for the development of advanced POU water treatment devices in the face of the growing challenges regarding ECCs in surface water, and the rising cases of drinking water advisories across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Oluwafemi Abioye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 2K3, ON, Canada
| | - Yalda Majooni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 2K3, ON, Canada; Department of Aerospace Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 2K3, ON, Canada
| | - Mahsa Moayedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 2K3, ON, Canada
| | - Hadi Rezvani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 2K3, ON, Canada
| | - Mihir Kapadia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 2K3, ON, Canada
| | - Nariman Yousefi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 2K3, ON, Canada.
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Huang J, Li J, Meng W, Su G. A critical review on organophosphate esters in drinking water: Analysis, occurrence, sources, and human health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169663. [PMID: 38159759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in the environment. Copious studies assessed OPEs in various environmental media. However, there is limited summative information about OPEs in drinking water. This review provides comprehensive data for the analytical methods, occurrence, sources, and risk assessment of OPEs in drinking water. In general, liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction are the most common methods in the extraction of OPEs from drinking water, while gas chromatography and liquid chromatography are the most commonly used instrumental methods for detecting OPEs in drinking water. On the basis of these techniques, a variety of methods on OPEs pretreatment and determination have been developed to know the pollution situation of OPEs. Studies on the occurrence of OPEs in drinking water show that the total concentrations of OPEs vary seasonally and regionally, with tris(1-chloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate dominant among different kinds of drinking water. Source identification studies show that there are three main sources of OPEs in drinking water: 1) source water contamination; 2) residual in drinking water treatment process; 3) leakage from device or pipeline. Besides, risk assessments indicate that individual and total OPEs pose no or negligible health risk to human, but this result may be significantly underestimated. Finally, the current knowledge gaps on the research of OPEs in drinking water are discussed and some suggestions are provided for future environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weikun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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Glineur A, Nott K, Carbonnelle P, Ronkart S, Pollet T, Purcaro G. Occurrence and environmental risk assessment of 4 estrogenic compounds in surface water in Belgium in the frame of the EU Watch List. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:6857-6873. [PMID: 38153577 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The presence of natural estrogens estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and synthetic estrogen 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in the aquatic environment has raised concerns because of their high potency as endocrine disrupting chemicals. The European Commission (EC) established a Watch List of contaminants of emerging concerns including E1, E2 and EE2. The proposed environmental quality standards (EQSs) are 3.6, 0.4, 0.035 ng/L, for E1, E2, EE2, respectively. A thorough evaluation of analytical procedures developed by several studies aiming to perform sampling campaigns in different European countries highlighted that the required limits of quantification in surface water were not reached, especially for EE2 and to a lesser extent for E2. Moreover, data regarding the occurrence of these contaminants in Belgian surface water are very limited. A sampling campaign was therefore performed on a wide range of rivers in Belgium (accounting for a total of 63 samples). The detection frequencies of E1, E2, E3 and EE2 were 100, 98, 86 and 48%, respectively. E1 showed the highest mean concentration (= 4.433 ng/L). In contrast, the mean concentration of EE2 was 0.042 ng/L. The risk quotients (RQs) were calculated based on the respective EQS of each analyte. The frequency of exceedance of the EQS was 31.7% for E1, EE2, while it increased to 44.4% for E2. The extent of exceedance of the EQS, represented by the 95th percentile of the RQ dataset, was higher than 1 for E1, E2, EE2. The use of a confusion matrix was investigated to try to predict the risk posed by E2, EE2, based on the concentration of E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Glineur
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Katherine Nott
- La Société Wallonne Des Eaux, Rue de La Concorde 41, 4800, Verviers, Belgium
| | | | - Sébastien Ronkart
- La Société Wallonne Des Eaux, Rue de La Concorde 41, 4800, Verviers, Belgium
| | - Thomas Pollet
- Biodiversity and Landscape, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Avenue Maréchal Juin 27, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
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Maddalon A, Pierzchalski A, Krause JL, Bauer M, Finckh S, Brack W, Zenclussen AC, Marinovich M, Corsini E, Krauss M, Herberth G. Impact of chemical mixtures from wastewater treatment plant effluents on human immune cell activation: An effect-based analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167495. [PMID: 37804965 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are exposed to many different chemicals on a daily basis, mostly as chemical mixtures, usually from food, consumer products and the environment. Wastewater treatment plant effluent contains mixtures of chemicals that have been discarded or excreted by humans and not removed by water treatment. These effluents contribute directly to water pollution, they are used in agriculture and may affect human health. The possible effect of such chemical mixtures on the immune system has not been characterized. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of extracts obtained from four European wastewater treatment plant effluents on human primary immune cell activation. METHODS Immune cells were exposed to the effluent extracts and modulation of cell activation was performed by multi-parameter flow cytometry. Messenger-RNA (mRNA) expression of genes related to immune system and hormone receptors was measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS The exposure of immune cells to these extracts, containing 339 detected chemicals, significantly reduced the activation of human lymphocytes, mainly affecting T helper and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. In addition, basophil activation was also altered upon mixture exposure. Concerning mRNA expression, we observed that 12 transcripts were down-regulated by at least one extract while 11 were up-regulated. Correlation analyses between the analyzed immune parameters and the concentration of chemicals in the WWTP extracts, highlighted the most immunomodulatory chemicals. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that the mixture of chemicals present in the effluents of wastewater treatment plants could be considered as immunosuppressive, due to their ability to interfere with the activation of immune cells, a process of utmost importance for the functionality of the immune system. The combined approach of immune effect-based analysis and chemical content analysis used in our study provides a useful tool for investigating the effect of environmental mixtures on the human immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Maddalon
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Arkadiusz Pierzchalski
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jannike Lea Krause
- Schwiete Laboratory for Microbiota and Inflammation, German Rheumatism Research (DRFZ), Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Bauer
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Saskia Finckh
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ana C Zenclussen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Perinatal Immunology Research Group, Medical Faculty, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunda Herberth
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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Rapp-Wright H, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Álvarez-Muñoz D, Barceló D, Regan F, Barron LP, White B. International Comparison, Risk Assessment, and Prioritisation of 26 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Three European River Catchments in the UK, Ireland, and Spain. Molecules 2023; 28:5994. [PMID: 37630246 PMCID: PMC10458904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) constitute a wide variety of chemistries with diverse properties that may/can pose risks to both humans and the environment. Herein, a total of 26 compounds, including steroids, flame retardants, and plasticizers, were monitored in three major and heavily urbanized river catchments: the R. Liffey (Ireland), the R. Thames (UK), and the R. Ter (Spain), by using a single solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method. Occurrence and frequency rates were investigated across all locations over a 10-week period, with the highest concentration obtained for the flame retardant tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) at 4767 ng∙L-1 in the R. Thames in Central London. Geographical variations were observed between sites and were partially explained using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). In particular, discrimination between the R. Ter and the R. Thames was observed based on the presence and concentration of flame retardants, benzotriazole, and steroids. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) across sites showed that caffeine, a chemical marker, and bisphenol A (BPA), a plasticizer, were classified as high-risk for the R. Liffey and R. Thames, based on relative risk quotients (rRQs), and that caffeine was classified as high-risk for the R. Ter, based on RQs. The total risks at each location, namely ΣRQriver, and ΣrRQriver, were: 361, 455, and 723 for the rivers Liffey, Thames, and Ter, respectively. Caffeine, as expected, was ubiquitous in all 3 urban areas, though with the highest RQ observed in the R. Ter. High contributions of BPA were also observed across the three matrices. Therefore, these two compounds should be prioritized independently of location. This study represents a comprehensive EDC monitoring comparison between different European cities based on a single analytical method, which allowed for a geographically independent ERA prioritization to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Rapp-Wright
- DCU Water Institute, Water Hub SG57, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland; (F.R.); (B.W.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (D.Á.-M.); (D.B.)
- University of Girona (UdG), 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Diana Álvarez-Muñoz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (D.Á.-M.); (D.B.)
- University of Girona (UdG), 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (D.Á.-M.); (D.B.)
- University of Girona (UdG), 17004 Girona, Spain
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fiona Regan
- DCU Water Institute, Water Hub SG57, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland; (F.R.); (B.W.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leon P. Barron
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Blánaid White
- DCU Water Institute, Water Hub SG57, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland; (F.R.); (B.W.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
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Grobin A, Roškar R, Trontelj J. A robust multi-residue method for the monitoring of 25 endocrine disruptors at ultra-trace levels in surface waters by SPE-LC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [PMID: 37194301 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00602f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic endocrine disruptors are one of the biggest ecotoxicological threats in water that pose a significant ecological burden and health-risk for humans due to their high biological activity and proven additive effects. Therefore, we have developed and validated the most comprehensive and ultra-sensitive analytical method published to date, for reliable quantification of 25 high-risk endocrine disruptors at their ecologically relevant concentrations: naturally excreted hormones (estradiol, estrone, estriol, testosterone, corticosterone, and progesterone), synthetic hormones used for contraception and menopausal symptoms (ethinylestradiol, drospirenone, chlormadinone acetate, norgestrel, gestodene, tibolone, norethindrone, dienogest, and cyproterone) and bisphenols (BPS, BPA, BPF, BPE, BPAF, BPB, BPC, and BPZ). It is based on a solid-phase extraction of water samples, followed by a robust dansyl chloride derivatization with detection by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with a single sample preparation and two analytical methods using the same analytical column and mobile phases. The achieved limits of quantitation are in the sub-ng L-1 range, and detection limits as low as 0.02 ng L-1, meeting the newest proposal for environmental quality standards (EQS) by the EU water framework directive for estradiol and ethinylestradiol. The method was extensively validated and applied to seven representative Slovenian water samples, where we detected 21 out of 25 analytes; 13 were quantified in at least one sample. Estrone and progesterone were quantified in all samples, reaching levels up to 50 ng L-1; ethinylestradiol was higher than the current EQS (0.035 ng L-1) in three samples, and estradiol was above its EQS (0.4 ng L-1) in one sample, proving the method's applicability and the necessity for monitoring these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Grobin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Robert Roškar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jurij Trontelj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Czarny-Krzymińska K, Krawczyk B, Szczukocki D. Bisphenol A and its substitutes in the aquatic environment: Occurrence and toxicity assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137763. [PMID: 36623601 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A is classified as a high production volume chemical commonly used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins and thermal paper. The endocrine disrupting properties of this xenobiotic have led to the restriction and prohibition of its use in many consumer products. To date, many chemical compounds with a chemical structure similar to bisphenol A have been used in consumer products as its replacement. The ubiquitous occurrence of bisphenol A and its substitutes in the environment and their endocrine activity as well as adverse effects on aquatic organisms is a global concern, especially because many available literature reports show that many substitutes (e.g. bisphenol AF, bisphenol AP, bisphenol B, bisphenol C, bisphenol F, bisphenol G, bisphenol FL, tetrabromobisphenol A) exert adverse effects on aquatic organisms, similar to, or even stronger than bisphenol A. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the production, sources, occurrence and associated toxicity, as well as the endocrine activity of bisphenol A and its substitutes on aquatic species. The environmental levels and ecotoxicological data presented in this review allowed for a preliminary assessment and prediction of the risk of bisphenol A and its substitutes for aquatic organisms. Furthermore, the data collected in this paper highlight that several compounds applied in bisphenol A-free products are not safe alternatives and regulations regarding their use should be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Czarny-Krzymińska
- Laboratory of Environmental Threats, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 91-403, Lodz, Tamka 12, Poland.
| | - Barbara Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Environmental Threats, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 91-403, Lodz, Tamka 12, Poland
| | - Dominik Szczukocki
- Laboratory of Environmental Threats, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 91-403, Lodz, Tamka 12, Poland
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Ojemaye CY, Pampanin DM, Sydnes MO, Green L, Petrik L. The burden of emerging contaminants upon an Atlantic Ocean marine protected reserve adjacent to Camps Bay, Cape Town, South Africa. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12625. [PMID: 36619409 PMCID: PMC9816787 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence and levels of fifteen chemicals of emerging concerns, including five perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), two industrial chemicals, seven pharmaceuticals and one personal care product, were evaluated in biota, seawater and sediments obtained from near-shore coastal zone in Camps Bay, Cape Town, South Africa. Eight compounds were found in seawater, and between nine to twelve compounds were quantified in marine invertebrates, sediment and seaweed. Diclofenac was the prevalent pharmaceutical with a maximum concentration of 2.86 ng/L in seawater, ≥110.9 ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediments and ≥67.47 ng/g dw in marine biotas. Among PFCs, perfluoroheptanoic acid was predominant in seawater (0.21-0.46 ng/L). Accumulation of perfluorodecanoic acid (764 ng/g dw) as well as perfluorononanoic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid (504.52 and 597.04 ng/g dw, respectively) was highest in samples of seaweed. The environmental risk assessment carried out in this study showed that although individual pollutants pose a low acute and chronic risk, yet individual compounds each had a high bioaccumulation factor in diverse marine species, and their combination as a complex mixture in marine organisms might have adverse effects upon aquatic organisms. Data revealed that this Atlantic Ocean marine protected environment is affected by the presence of numerous and diverse emerging contaminants that could only have originated from sewage discharges. The complex mixture of persistent chemicals found bioaccumulating in marine organisms could bode ill for the propagation and survival of marine protected species, since many of these compounds are known toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Y. Ojemaye
- Environmental and Nano Science Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa,Corresponding author.
| | - Daniela M. Pampanin
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, N. O. 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Magne O. Sydnes
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, N. O. 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Lesley Green
- Environmental Humanities South and Department of Anthropology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leslie Petrik
- Environmental and Nano Science Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Arfaeinia H, Asadgol Z, Ramavandi B, Dobaradaran S, Kalantari RR, Poureshgh Y, Behroozi M, Asgari E, Asl FB, Sahebi S. Monitoring and eco-toxicity effect of paraben-based pollutants in sediments/seawater, north of the Persian Gulf. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:4499-4521. [PMID: 35129708 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current work is documented as the first record of the characteristics, removal efficiency, partitioning behavior, fate, and eco-toxicological effects of paraben congeners in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP, stabilization ponds) and hospital WWTPs (septic tank and activated sludge), as well as seawater-sediments collected from runoff estuarine stations (RES) and coastal stations (CS) of the north of the Persian Gulf. The median values of Σparabens at the raw wastewater and effluent of the studied WWTPs were 1884 ng/L and 468 ng/L, respectively. The activated sludge system had a greater removal efficiency (56.10%) in removing ∑parabens than the septic tank (45.05%) and stabilization pond (35.54%). The discharge rates of methyl paraben (MeP) was computed to be 2.23, 21.18, and 9.12 g/d/1000 people for stabilization ponds, septic tank, and activated sludge, respectively. Median concentrations of Σparabens in seawater (103.42 ng/L) and sediments (322.05 ng/g dw) from RES stations were significantly larger than from CS stations (61.2 and 262.0 ng/g dw in seawater and sediments, respectively) (P < 0.05). The median of field-based koc for Σparabens was 130.81 cm3/g in RES stations and 189.51 cm3/g in CS stations. It was observed that the concentration of parabens could have negative impacts on some living aquatic populations (invertebrates and bacteria), but the risk was not significant for fishes and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Zahra Asadgol
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Roshanak Rezaei Kalantari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yusef Poureshgh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Behroozi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Esrafil Asgari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Farshad Bahrami Asl
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Soleyman Sahebi
- Center of Excellence for Membrane Research and Technology, School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, Iran
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Senta I, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Corominas L, Covaci A, Petrovic M. Applicability of an on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry for the wastewater-based assessment of human exposure to chemicals from personal care and household products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157309. [PMID: 35839888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can be a useful complementary approach to assess human exposure to potentially harmful chemicals, including those from personal care and household products. In this work, a fully automated multiresidue method, based on on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry, was developed for the determination of 27 biomarkers of human exposure to selected chemicals from personal care and household products, including parabens, UV filters, phthalates and alternative plasticizers, phosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers (PFRs), and bisphenols. These biomarkers include both the parent compounds and their human metabolites. In addition, two oxidative stress biomarkers, 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α and 4-hydroxy nonenal mercapturic acid, were also considered in the study. The method was carefully optimized to tackle the challenges of analyzing compounds with different physico-chemical properties in a highly complex raw wastewater matrix, while model experiments were performed to investigate filtration losses and analyte stability. The applicability of the developed method was tested by analyzing raw wastewater from four European cities: Antwerp, Brussels (Belgium), Girona (Spain), and Zagreb (Croatia). Twenty-one biomarkers (10 parent compounds and 11 metabolites) were detected in all analyzed wastewater samples. The parent compounds with the highest mass loads were PFRs, parabens, and bisphenol S, while phthalate monoesters were the most prominent metabolites. The mass loads of most compounds were quite similar across cities, but geographic differences were observed for some biomarkers, such as metabolites of phthalates and alternative plasticizers. Exposure was then assessed for seven substances for which quantitative urinary excretion data are known. Our results indicate that safe reference values were exceeded for several contaminants, including butylated phthalates, bisphenol A, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, particularly for toddlers. With this relatively simple method, which requires less sample manipulation, it is possible to promptly identify and monitor exposure to harmful chemicals at the population level using the WBE approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Senta
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domenec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Lluís Corominas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domenec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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de Oliveira Santos AD, do Nascimento MTL, Sanson AL, Dos Santos RF, Felix LC, da Silva de Freitas A, Hauser-Davis RA, da Fonseca EM, Neto JAB, Bila DM. Pharmaceuticals, natural and synthetic hormones and phenols in sediments from an eutrophic estuary, Jurujuba Sound, Guanabara Bay, Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114176. [PMID: 36206614 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A screening for microcontaminants performed by gas chromatography detected several microcontaminants in 12 sediment samples from the eutrophic estuary Guanabara Bay (GB) in southeastern Brazil. Bisphenol A (BPA) ranged from 1.4 to 20.3 ng g-1, 4-octylphenol, from <limit of detection (LD) to 0.9 ng g-1, 4-nonylphenol, from <LD to 3 ng g-1, gemfibrozil, from <LD to 1.4 ng g-1, naproxen, from <LD to 15.5 ng g-1m Ibuprofen, from <LD ng g-1 and diclofenac, from <LD to 0.9 ng g-1. Among estrogens, estrone, estradiol, ethinylestradiol and estriol were detected, ranging, respectively from <LD to 5.7 ng g-1, <LD to 18.1 ng g-1, <LD to 22.9 ng g-1 and <LD to 0.5 ng g-1. A strong and positive correlation between 4-nonylphenol and estrone and a moderate and positive correlation between bisphenol A and estradiol were noted. These findings demonstrating high levels of the detected microcontaminants in all analyzed samples, indicating chronic GB pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dalva de Oliveira Santos
- Departamento de Geologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-340 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Ananda Lima Sanson
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia do Centro de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, NUPEB- UFOP, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Rejany Ferreira Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Louise Cruz Felix
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alex da Silva de Freitas
- Departamento de Geologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-340 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Estefan Monteiro da Fonseca
- Departamento de Geologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-340 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Baptista Neto
- Departamento de Geologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-340 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniele Maia Bila
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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12
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Brunelle LD, Huang IJ, Angeles LF, Running LS, Sirotkin HI, McElroy AE, Aga DS. Comprehensive assessment of chemical residues in surface and wastewater using passive sampling, chemical, biological, and fish behavioral assays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154176. [PMID: 35245556 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Effluents from ten full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that discharge into the Hudson River, surface waters, and wild-caught fish samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to examine the influence of wastewater discharge on the concentrations of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and their ecological impacts on fish. Analysis was based on targeted detection of 41 pharmaceuticals, and non-targeted analysis (suspect screening) of CECs. Biological effects of treated WWTP effluents were assessed using a larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) swimming behavior assay. Concentrations of residues in surface waters were determined in grab samples and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). In addition, vitellogenin peptides, used as biomarkers of endocrine disruption, were quantified using LC/MS/MS in the wild-caught fish plasma samples. Overall, 94 chemical residues were identified, including 63 pharmaceuticals, 10 industrial chemicals, and 21 pesticides. Eight targeted pharmaceuticals were detected in 100% of effluent samples with median detections of: bupropion (194 ng/L), carbamazepine (91 ng/L), ciprofloxacin (190 ng/L), citalopram (172 ng/L), desvenlafaxine (667 ng/L), iopamidol (3790 ng/L), primidone (86 ng/L), and venlafaxine (231 ng/L). Over 30 chemical residues were detected in wild-caught fish tissues. Notably, zebrafish larvae exposed to chemical extracts of effluents from 9 of 10 WWTPs, in at least one season, were significantly hyperactive. Vitellogenin expression in male or immature fish occurred 2.8 times more frequently in fish collected from the Hudson River as compared to a reference site receiving no direct effluent input. Due to the low concentrations of pharmaceuticals detected in effluents, it is likely that chemicals other than pharmaceuticals measured are responsible for the behavioral changes observed. The combined use of POCIS and non-target analysis demonstrated significant increase in the chemical coverage for CEC detection, providing a better insight on the impacts of WWTP effluents and agricultural practices on surface water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Brunelle
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Irvin J Huang
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Luisa F Angeles
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Logan S Running
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Howard I Sirotkin
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Anne E McElroy
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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13
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González-González RB, Parra-Arroyo L, Parra-Saldívar R, Ramirez-Mendoza RA, Iqbal HM. Nanomaterial-based catalysts for the degradation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals – A way forward to environmental remediation. MATERIALS LETTERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2021.131217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Wolf Y, Oster S, Shuliakevich A, Brückner I, Dolny R, Linnemann V, Pinnekamp J, Hollert H, Schiwy S. Improvement of wastewater and water quality via a full-scale ozonation plant? - A comprehensive analysis of the endocrine potential using effect-based methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149756. [PMID: 34492496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants (MPs), especially endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), are mainly released from WWTPs into surface water bodies and can subsequently lead to adverse effects in biota. Treatment with ozone proved to be a suitable method for eliminating such MPs. This method was implemented at the WWTP Aachen-Soers by commissioning the largest full-scale ozonation plant in Europe at the moment. Recently, effect-based methods (EBMs) have been successfully proved for compliance monitoring, e.g. estrogenic compounds. Therefore, the impact of ozone treatment on endocrine potential (agonistic and antagonistic) of treated wastewater was investigated using the ERα- and AR CALUX assays. Additionally, the impact on the receiving stream and a potential preload of the water body was assessed. Therefore, the current study could deal as a case study for small rivers being highly impacted by WWTPs. The estrogenic potential was nearly fully eliminated after ozone treatment. Contrary, the antagonistic (anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic) potential did not show a clear elimination pattern after ozone treatment independent of the applied ozone dosage and control system. Therefore, further investigations are required regarding the antagonistic potential. Additionally, preloading of the receiving stream was found during the study period. One significant impact is a rain overflow basin (ROB) located upstream of the WWTP effluent. The highest endocrine potential was found after a ROB overflow (2.7 ng EEQ/L, 2.4 μg TMX-EQ/L, 104 μg FLU-EQ/L), suggesting that such runoff events after a heavy rainfall may act as a driver of endocrine loading to the water body. This manuscript contributes significantly to the basic understanding of the efficiency of eliminating the endocrine potential of ozone treatment by, e.g., showing that there is a further need for improving the removal efficiency of antagonistic potential. Moreover, it highlights the need to include other point sources, such as ROBs, to assess polluted surface waters comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Wolf
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sophie Oster
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; iES Institute for Environmental Science, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Aliaksandra Shuliakevich
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology (E(3)T), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Regina Dolny
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Volker Linnemann
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Pinnekamp
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology (E(3)T), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology (E(3)T), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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15
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Zhao X, Zheng Y, Hu S, Qiu W, Jiang J, Gao C, Xiong J, Lu H, Quan F. Improving urban drainage systems to mitigate PPCPs pollution in surface water: A watershed perspective. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125047. [PMID: 33453662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are preservatives widely used in pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). This study investigated urban water pollution by parabens from a watershed perspective. Water and sediment samples were collected from one of the most polluted urban streams in China. Six parabens and five paraben metabolites were frequently detected in the samples, whereas the overall pollution level was intermediate according to a global comparison. The spatial distributions of the chemical concentrations along the river are influenced by multiple factors, and WWTPs appear to be a major factor. In general, the target pollutants were detected at higher concentrations in the dry season than in the wet season, but extraordinary concentration peaks in water were observed downstream of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), indicating a dominant contribution from combined sewage overflows (CSOs) during rainfall events. In a representative WWTP-influenced reach, CSOs account for its 97.3% of ∑parabens input and 96.9% of ∑metabolites input in a typical rainfall event. Converting the existing combined sewer systems to separate stormwater drainage systems could reduce the inputs of ∑parabens and ∑metabolites by 86.9-84.5%, respectively. This study highlights the role of urban drainage systems in preventing surface water pollution by PPCPs. CAPSULE: Urban drainage systems play a critical role in controlling pollution by parabens and their metabolites in urban surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Municipal Engineering Lab of Environmental IoT Technologies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shiyao Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiping Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuanzi Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianzhi Xiong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haiyan Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Feng Quan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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16
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Paraben Compounds—Part II: An Overview of Advanced Oxidation Processes for Their Degradation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Water scarcity represents a problem for billions of people and is expected to get worse in the future. To guarantee people’s water needs, the use of “first-hand water” or the reuse of wastewater must be done. Wastewater treatment and reuse are favorable for this purpose, since first-hand water is scarce and the economic needs for the exploration of this type of water are increasing. In wastewater treatment, it is important to remove contaminants of emerging concern, as well as pathogenic agents. Parabens are used in daily products as preservatives and are detected in different water sources. These compounds are related to different human health problems due to their endocrine-disrupting behavior, as well as several problems in animals. Thus, their removal from water streams is essential to achieve safe reusable water. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are considered very promising technologies for wastewater treatment and can be used as alternatives or as complements of the conventional wastewater treatments that are inefficient in the removal of such contaminants. Different AOP technologies such as ozonation, catalytic ozonation, photocatalytic ozonation, Fenton’s, and photocatalysis, among others, have already been used for parabens abatement. This manuscript critically overviews several AOP technologies used in parabens abatement. These treatments were evaluated in terms of ecotoxicological assessment since the resulting by-products of parabens abatement can be more toxic than the parent compounds. The economic aspect was also analyzed to evaluate and compare the considered technologies.
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17
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Paraben Compounds—Part I: An Overview of Their Characteristics, Detection, and Impacts. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11052307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used in different industries as preservatives and antimicrobial compounds. The evolution of analytical techniques allowed the detection of these compounds in different sources at µg/L and ng/L. Until today, parabens were already found in water sources, air, soil and even in human tissues. The impact of parabens in humans, animals and in ecosystems are a matter of discussion within the scientific community, but it is proven that parabens can act as endocrine disruptors, and some reports suggest that they are carcinogenic compounds. The presence of parabens in ecosystems is mainly related to wastewater discharges. This work gives an overview about the paraben problem, starting with their characteristics and applications. Moreover, the dangers related to their usage were addressed through the evaluation of toxicological studies over different species as well as of humans. Considering this, paraben detection in different water sources, wastewater treatment plants, humans and animals was analyzed based on literature results. A review of European legislation regarding parabens was also performed, presenting some considerations for the use of parabens.
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18
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Chiriac FL, Paun I, Pirvu F, Pascu LF, Galaon T. Occurrence and Fate of Bisphenol A and its Congeners in Two Wastewater Treatment Plants and Receiving Surface Waters in Romania. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:435-446. [PMID: 33179829 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the distribution and environmental fate of Bisphenol A (BPA), the 4-hydroxyacetophenone (4-HAP) metabolite, and 5 other bisphenol congeners in 2 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and their receiving rivers in Romania. Accordingly, a new, highly sensitive and accurate solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated. This technique generated low limit of quantitation values: below 2.3 ng/L for surface water and less than 2.4 and 2.7 ng/L for WWTP effluent and influent water. The sum of detected analytes in wastewater was between 1337 and 16 118 ng/L for influent samples and between 15 and 96 ng/L for effluent samples. In surface water, the total of all compounds was somewhere between 34 and 240 ng/L. The highest concentration observed was for BPA in all 3 types of analyzed water (up to 9140 ng/L for influent, as high as 75 ng/L for effluent, and a maximum of 135 ng/L in surface waters). All analyzed samples were free of bisphenols B, C, and F. For all analytes detected in surface water, the concentration values were higher than those determined in the effluent samples, which may be caused by intrinsic contamination of the 2 rivers (Danube and Jiu Rivers). Values of environmental risk coefficients, calculated for both effluents and surface waters, indicated a low ecological risk or no ecological risk for 3 types of organisms (algae, daphnia, and fish). Human risk assessment calculation suggests no risk to human health as a result of the presence of BPA in either of the 2 rivers. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:435-446. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina L Chiriac
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iuliana Paun
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florinela Pirvu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luoana F Pascu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Toma Galaon
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, Bucharest, Romania
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19
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Li Y, Taggart MA, McKenzie C, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Pap S, Gibb SW. A SPE-HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of prioritised pharmaceuticals and EDCs with high environmental risk potential in freshwater. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 100:18-27. [PMID: 33279030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the development, optimisation and validation of an analytical method for the rapid determination of 17 priority pharmaceutical compounds and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Rather than studying compounds from the same therapeutic class, the analyses aimed to determine target compounds with the highest risk potential (with particular regard to Scotland), providing a tool for further monitoring in different water matrices. Prioritisation was based on a systematic environmental risk assessment approach, using consumption data; wastewater treatment removal efficiency; environmental occurrence; toxicological effects; and pre-existing regulatory indicators. This process highlighted 17 compounds across various therapeutic classes, which were then quantified, at environmentally relevant concentrations, by a single analytical methodology. Analytical determination was achieved using a single-step solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The fully optimised method performed well for the majority of target compounds, with recoveries >71% for 15 of 17 analytes. The limits of quantification for most target analytes (14 of 17) ranged from 0.07 ng/L to 1.88 ng/L in river waters. The utility of this method was then demonstrated using real water samples associated with a rural hospital/setting. Eight compounds were targeted and detected, with the highest levels found for the analgesic, paracetamol (at up to 105,910 ng/L in the hospital discharge). This method offers a robust tool to monitor high priority pharmaceutical and EDC levels in various aqueous sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, KW147JD, UK; Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB158QH, UK.
| | - Mark A Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, KW147JD, UK
| | - Craig McKenzie
- Forensic Drug Research Group, Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, School of Science and Engineering, UK
| | - Zulin Zhang
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB158QH, UK
| | - Yonglong Lu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sabolc Pap
- Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, KW147JD, UK; University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, University of Novi Sad, 21000 NoviSad, Serbia
| | - Stuart W Gibb
- Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, KW147JD, UK
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20
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Liu ZH, Dang Z, Yin H, Liu Y. Making waves: Improving removal performance of conventional wastewater treatment plants on endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs): their conjugates matter. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116469. [PMID: 33011607 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are well known emerging contaminants, which have the capacity to elicit negative effects on endocrine systems of both humans and wildlife. As the conventional wastewater treatment plants cannot stably remove these EDCs, post-treatment with advanced chemical oxidation methods such as ozonation are proven effective to further remove EDCs, but this additional treatment increase the wastewater treatment cost, which is impractical for worldwide application. To find potential alternative effective method, this work presents the importance of EDCs conjugates. Specifically, two important facts are described: 1) concentrations of EDCs conjugates in raw municipal wastewater vary with temperature, and their existence results in underestimated removal performance of WWTPs; 2) Strategies to enhance the cleavage rates of EDCs conjugates are most effective to improve the observed removal performance of conventional WWTPs on EDCs. Further work should be performed to check whether effective solutions can be found to increase their cleavage rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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Zhang H, Hu S, Wang Z, Li Z, Zhu Y, Shen G. Measurement of free and conjugated estrogens in a cattle farm-farmland system by UHPLC–MS/MS. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Chen P, Zhong Y, Chen K, Guo C, Gong J, Wang D, Yang Y, Ma S, Yu Y. The impact of discharge reduction activities on the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in surface water from the Pearl River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30378-30389. [PMID: 32462621 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
"Swimming across the Pearl River" is an annual large-scale sporting event with great popularity in Guangzhou. To reduce the risk of swimmers' exposure to various contaminants in the Pearl River during swimming activities, the local government limits direct sewage and effluent discharge from urban channels during the event. However, the impact of discharge reduction on some contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), such as organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), bisphenol analogues (BPs), and triclosan remains unknown. In the present study, the concentrations of CECs, as well as ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), dissolved organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand, were measured in aqueous and suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the Guangzhou reaches of the Pearl River. The concentration ranges of sixteen OPFRs, eight BPs, and triclosan were 21.2-91.0, 8.46-37.3, and 1.47-5.62 ng/L, respectively, in aqueous samples, and 25.2-492, 14.0-86.3, and 0.69-17.5 ng/g, respectively, in SPM samples. Hydrophobic and π-π interactions could be contributing to the distribution of CECs. Principal component analysis indicated that consumer materials, manufacturing, and domestic sewage might be the main sources of the CECs. In addition, our study showed that the concentrations of CECs did not change considerably before or after discharge reduction activities, although NH3-N showed a substantial decrease following pollution control measure. The results demonstrated that temporary reductions of contaminant discharges to the Pearl River had only limited effect on the levels of CECs. Further research is needed to investigate the distributions and potential health risks of CECs in the Pearl River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuncai Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongshan Guo
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Dedong Wang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
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Borrull J, Colom A, Fabregas J, Borrull F, Pocurull E. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of 34 priority and emerging pollutants in water from the influent and effluent of a drinking water treatment plant. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461090. [PMID: 32360059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the applicability of a method based on the direct injection of a large volume of water samples to identify and quantify 34 priority and emerging substances, most of them discussed in Directive 2013/39/EU on priority substances in the field of water policy, and Decision 2018/840/EU (Watch List). The method directly injects 500 µL of filtered water sample and so does not use a pre-concentration step. The method was satisfactorily validated for influent and effluent water from a drinking water treatment plant, at three concentrations (1, 10 and 100 ng L-1) with precision and accuracies in the range 1-17% and 71-122% respectively. Sensitivity was good with detection limits in the range 0.15-10 ng L-1 and complied with EU limits in all cases except for estrone, 17-β-estradiol and 17-α-ethinylestradiol. For these hormones, an on-line solid phase extraction was developed and evaluated. The methods were applied to the analysis of water collected at the influent and effluent of a drinking water treatment plant and revealed the presence of 18 of the target compounds in the influent water and 8 in the effluent water. This showed that most the compounds had been efficiently removed by the processes of the drinking water treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Borrull
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094, 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Agustí Colom
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094, 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain
| | - Josepa Fabregas
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094, 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Li WL, Zhang ZF, Sparham C, Li YF. Validation of sampling techniques and SPE-UPLC/MS/MS for home and personal care chemicals in the Songhua Catchment, Northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:136038. [PMID: 31865080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of 18 home and personal care chemicals (HPCCs) in river water and wastewater was developed using solid-phase extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (SPE and UPLC/MS/MS). A series of tests were designed to find the potential background interference and loss of HPCCs during the sample preservation and pretreatment process. Our results suggested that a considerable amount of some target compounds were lost with increasing days of storage even at 4 °C. Accordingly, the samples were stored acidified and refrigerated, including during transportation, to reduce the losses. Experiments on filtration of water samples suggested that recoveries of many HPCCs were significantly affected by the filtration. It is therefore recommended to avoid filtration of water samples where possible. The internal standard corrected recoveries for the HPCCs ranged from 64.2 to 107.0%, except for benzisothiazolone which did not have an appropriate internal standard, in river water which was considered to be the most difficult matrix. The method detection limits for river water, influent and effluent samples were in the ranges of 0.17 to 42 ng/L, 13 to 5100 ng/L, and 0.50 to 200 ng/L, respectively. The validated method was applied for the determination of HPCCs in sewage water collected from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in a typical urban city in Northeast China and from river water upstream and downstream of the WWTP. Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate, caffeine, methyl paraben, benzalkonium chloride, triclocarban, and triclosan were the major compounds detected in the river water and wastewater samples. Sampling variability for the WWTP (intra-day and inter-day) and cross-river was also determined with the purpose of designing future monitoring requirements. Small variations in these samples confirmed that composite samples and a single sampling event would be representative for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Chris Sparham
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto M2N 6X9, Canada
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25
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Nowak I, Rykowska I, Ziemblińska-Bernart J. Orthogonal array design optimisation of an in situ ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the detection of phenol and endocrine-disrupting phenols in aqueous samples. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-019-01816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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26
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Ekowati Y, Ferrero G, Farré MJ, Kennedy MD, Buttiglieri G. Application of UVOX Redox ® for swimming pool water treatment: Microbial inactivation, disinfection byproduct formation and micropollutant removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:176-184. [PMID: 30583210 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alternative disinfection technologies may overcome some of the limitations of conventional treatment applied in swimming pools: chlorine-resistant pathogens (e.g. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts) and the formation of chlorinated disinfection byproducts. In this paper, results of full scale validation of an alternative disinfection technology UVOX Redox® (hereinafter referred to as UVOX) that combines ozonation and UV irradiation are presented. The performance was assessed in terms of microbial inactivation, disinfection byproduct formation and micropollutant removal. UVOX was able to achieve 1.4-2.7 log inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores at water flows between 20 and 76 m³/h. Lower formation of trichloromethane and dichloroacetic acid was observed with UVOX followed by chlorination when compared to chlorination alone. However, due to the use of ozone and the presence of bromide in the pool water, the formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids shifted to more brominated byproducts. Chlorine alone was able to remove the target micropollutants: acetaminophen, atenolol, caffeine, carbamazepine, estrone, estradiol, and venlafaxine (>97% removal) after 24 h, with the exception of ibuprofen (60% removal). The application of UVOX in chlorinated water enhanced the removal of ibuprofen. The application of UVOX could lower the usage of chlorine to the level that provides an adequate residual disinfection effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Ekowati
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Giuliana Ferrero
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Maria José Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/ Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria D Kennedy
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX, Delft, the Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Gianluigi Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/ Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain
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27
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Ma X, Wan Y, Wu M, Xu Y, Xu Q, He Z, Xia W. Occurrence of benzophenones, parabens and triclosan in the Yangtze River of China, and the implications for human exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 213:517-525. [PMID: 30248498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Humans could be exposed to ingredients in personal care products (PCPs) via ingestion of water originated from contaminated water source, yet little attention has been focused on the distribution of benzophenones, parabens and triclosan in the Yangtze River water from China so far. Benzophenones, parabens and triclosan were analyzed in the water samples from 20 various sites in the middle reach of the Yangtze River, China from March to July, and September during 2015. Among the targeted compounds, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA, a paraben metabolite) was found with the highest concentration (median: 510 ng/L), followed by benzophenone-1 (2.79 ng/L), methylparaben (MeP, median 2.72 ng/L) and triclosan (median: 1.85 ng/L). Significant differences were observed in seasonal variations for most observed compounds. Parabens and benzophenones showed higher concentrations in spring while triclosan and PHBA showed higher concentration in summer. Spatial variations of benzophenone-1 were observed among 20 sampling sites, whereas other benzophenones, parabens and triclosan distributed evenly comparatively. Human exposure assessment showed higher estimated daily intake of the detected compounds for infants and toddlers from water than adults, implicating that infants may experience a higher exposed risk than adults. This study provides evidence that parabens, benzophenones and triclosan commonly occurred in the Yangtze River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Lopardo L, Rydevik A, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. A new analytical framework for multi-residue analysis of chemically diverse endocrine disruptors in complex environmental matrices utilising ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:689-704. [PMID: 30467767 PMCID: PMC6338708 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript presents a comprehensive analytical framework for identification and quantification of chemically diverse endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) used in personal care and consumer products in diverse solid and liquid environmental matrices with an ultimate goal of evaluating public exposure to EDCs via water fingerprinting. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was used for targeted analysis of selected EDCs as well as to identify and quantify a few metabolites using post-acquisition data mining. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was applied to liquid matrices in order to reduce matrix effects and provide required sample concentration and ultimately, high sensitivity and selectivity of measurements. SPE recoveries in liquid samples ranged from 49 to 140% with method quantification limits not exceeding 1 ng L−1 for the majority of EDCs. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was applied to solid samples and when followed by SPE, it permitted the analysis of EDCs in digested sludge. MAE/SPE recoveries varied from 11 to 186% and MQLs between 0.03 and 8.1 ng g−1 with the majority of compounds showing MQLs below 2 ng g−1. Mass error for quantifier and qualifier ions was below 5 ppm when analysing river water and effluent wastewater and below 10 ppm when analysing influent wastewater and solid samples. The method was successfully applied to environmental samples, with 33 EDCs identified and quantified in wastewater and receiving waters. In addition, several EDCs were found in digested sludge, which confirms that for a more comprehensive understanding of exposure patterns and environmental impact, analysis of solids cannot be neglected. Finally, post-acquisition data mining permitted the identification and quantification of a metabolite of BPA and the identification of a metabolite of 4-Cl-3-methylphenol. ᅟ ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Lopardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Axel Rydevik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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29
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García-Córcoles MT, Rodríguez-Gómez R, de Alarcón-Gómez B, Çipa M, Martín-Pozo L, Kauffmann JM, Zafra-Gómez A. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Natural Water and Wastewater Samples: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:160-186. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1496010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. García-Córcoles
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - R. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B. de Alarcón-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M. Çipa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - J.-M. Kauffmann
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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30
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Li C, Jin F, Snyder SA. Recent advancements and future trends in analysis of nonylphenol ethoxylates and their degradation product nonylphenol in food and environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Lu J, Li H, Luo Z, Lin H, Yang Z. Occurrence, distribution, and environmental risk of four categories of personal care products in the Xiangjiang River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:27524-27534. [PMID: 30051289 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Xiangjiang River is the mother river of the Hunan Province; also, it is a stream receiving effluents from wastewater treatment plants and even sewage, providing raw water for drinking water and habitat for various kinds of aquatic organisms. Thus, the occurrence and distribution of personal care products (PCPs) in the Xiangjiang River, including seven preservatives, four anticorrosion agents, two antimicrobials, and six UV filters, were detected to evaluate their environmental risk. Of 13 detected PCPs, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, 1H-benzotriazole, 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole, triclosan, and triclocarban were detected with a high frequency (81.4-100%), and their concentrations were up to 3173.9, 1040.4, 520.5, 15.6, 20.0, and 13.3 ng/L, respectively. Seasonal and spatial differences of the PCP distributions were observed with p < 0.05. Compared with other 37 rivers around the world, the overall pollution level of the Xiangjiang River was moderate, characterized with higher preservatives, lower anticorrosion agents and UV filters in concentration. The risk assessment revealed that methyl paraben, propyl paraben, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, triclosan, and triclocarban were likely to have ecotoxicological effects on the fish, daphnias, and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhoufei Luo
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiju Lin
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Freixa A, Acuña V, Gutierrez M, Sanchís J, Santos LHMLM, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Farré M, Barceló D, Sabater S. Fullerenes Influence the Toxicity of Organic Micro-Contaminants to River Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1426. [PMID: 30018603 PMCID: PMC6037823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic micro-contaminants (OMCs) enter in freshwaters and interact with other contaminants such as carbon nanoparticles, becoming a problem of unknown consequences for river ecosystems. Carbon nanoparticles (as fullerenes C60) are good adsorbents of organic contaminants and their interaction can potentially affect their toxicity to river biofilms. We tested the C60 interactions with selected OMCs and their effects on river biofilms in different short-term experiments. In these, river biofilms were exposed to C60 and three OMCs (triclosan, diuron, or venlafaxine) and their respective mixtures with fullerenes (C60 + each OMC). The effects were evaluated on structural, molecular, and functional descriptors of river biofilms. Our results showed that C60 did not cause toxic effects in river biofilms, whereas diuron and triclosan significantly affected the heterotrophic and phototrophic components of biofilms and venlafaxine affected only the phototrophic component. The joint exposure of C60 with venlafaxine was not producing differences with respect to the former response of the toxicant, but the overall response was antagonistic (i.e., decreased toxicity) with diuron, and synergistic (i.e., increased toxicity) with triclosan. We suggest that differences in the toxic responses could be related to the respective molecular structure of each OMC, to the concentration proportion between OMC and C60, and to the possible competition between C60 pollutants on blocking the receptors of the biological cell membranes. We conclude that the presence of C60 at low concentrations modified the toxicity of OMC to river biofilms. These interactions should therefore be considered when predicting toxicity of OMC in river ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Freixa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, Girona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Acuña
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Josep Sanchís
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Marinella Farré
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, Girona, Spain.,Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Sabater
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, Girona, Spain.,Research Group on Ecology of Inland Waters, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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33
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Gao Y, Fang Z, Liang P, Huang X. Direct concentration of municipal sewage by forward osmosis and membrane fouling behavior. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 247:730-735. [PMID: 30060407 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) draws attention due to its advantages compares to traditional pressure-driven membrane processes. In this study, a FO membrane concentrating system was built for sewage concentration to investigate membrane rejection, concentrating effect, membrane fouling behavior. Sewage could be concentrated to 1/10 original volume by FO membrane, while pollutants concentrating multiple could not reach 10. The FO membrane had excellent rejecting effect, with effluent COD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus concentration of 18, 2.5, 2.8, 0.4mg/L, respectively. The FO membrane flux was mainly associated with the draw solution (DS) concentration, which increased with DS concentration but more severe membrane fouling engendered in the meantime. Scanning electronic microscope and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated the formation and constitution of the fouling layer, which included humic acid, protein, and polysaccharide. After concentration, fouled FO membrane was remitted by physical and chemical cleaning, with recovery of 90% and 96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhou Fang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Liang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Mafra G, Oenning AL, Dias AN, Merib J, Budziak D, Silveira CBD, Carasek E. Low-cost approach to increase the analysis throughput of bar adsorptive microextraction (BAµE) combined with environmentally-friendly renewable sorbent phase of recycled diatomaceous earth. Talanta 2017; 178:886-893. [PMID: 29136910 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel apparatus for bar adsorptive microextraction (BAµE) using a voltage regulator was proposed as an alternative tool to improve the analysis throughput. In addition, recycled diatomaceous earth obtained as a brewery residue was employed as a biosorbent coating for the determination of methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, benzophenone and triclocarban in water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The use of the extraction devices, comprised of floating adsorptive bars of 7.5mm length, in the extractions with magnetic stirrers linked to a voltage regulator enabled the analysis of multiple samples, simultaneously. The method optimization was carried out by univariate and multivariate analyses. The optimal conditions for the method were sample solution at pH 5, extraction time of 90min and liquid desorption in 100µL of acetonitrile:methanol (50:50, v/v) for 15min. The total sample preparation time was 17.5min per sample for a simultaneous batch of six extractions. The R2 values for the calibration curves obtained were higher than 0.9985. The limits of detection (LODs) varied from 0.19 to 2μgL-1 and the limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.63 to 6.9μgL-1. The method was applied to freshwater samples collected from Peri Lagoon (Florianópolis, SC, Brazil) and the relative recoveries ranged from 63% to 124% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of < 20% (n = 2). The RSD values for the reproducibility of the performance of the magnetic stirrers and inter-device extraction efficiency were lower than 14% (n = 3) and 11% (n = 3), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mafra
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Anderson Luiz Oenning
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Josias Merib
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Dilma Budziak
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Agronomia, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina 89520-000, Brazil
| | - Cristian Berto da Silveira
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Solos e Recursos Naturais, Lages, Santa Catarina 88509-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Carasek
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil.
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35
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Yang Y, Ok YS, Kim KH, Kwon EE, Tsang YF. Occurrences and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in drinking water and water/sewage treatment plants: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 596-597:303-320. [PMID: 28437649 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many of micropollutants have been widely detected because of continuous input of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) into the environment and newly developed state-of-the-art analytical methods. PPCP residues are frequently detected in drinking water sources, sewage treatment plants (STPs), and water treatment plants (WTPs) due to their universal consumption, low human metabolic capability, and improper disposal. When partially metabolized PPCPs are transferred into STPs, they elicit negative effects on biological treatment processes; therefore, conventional STPs are insufficient when it comes to PPCP removal. Furthermore, the excreted metabolites may become secondary pollutants and can be further modified in receiving water bodies. Several advanced treatment systems, including membrane filtration, granular activated carbon, and advanced oxidation processes, have been used for the effective removal of individual PPCPs. This review covers the occurrence patterns of PPCPs in water environments and the techniques adopted for their treatment in STP/WTP unit processes operating in various countries. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the removal and fate of PPCPs in different treatment facilities as well as the optimum methods for their elimination in STP and WTP systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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36
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Llorca M, Badia-Fabregat M, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Caminal G, Vicent T, Barceló D. Fungal treatment for the removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from reverse osmosis concentrate: Identification and monitoring of transformation products of benzotriazoles. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:1054-1070. [PMID: 28658740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The removal of 27 endocrine-disrupting compounds and related compounds (suspect effect) from a reverse osmosis concentrate using an alternative decontamination method based on a fungal treatment involving Trametes versicolor was assessed. In addition to chemical analysis, the toxicity of the treated water during the treatment was monitored using a bioluminescence inhibition test and estrogenic and anti-estrogenic tests. The compounds 1H-benzotriazole (BTZ) and two tolyltriazoles (TTZs), 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (4-MBTZ) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5-MBTZ), were present in the reverse osmosis concentrate at the highest concentrations (7.4 and 12.8 μg L-1, respectively) and were partially removed by the fungal treatment under sterile conditions (58% for BTZ and 92% for TTZs) and non-sterile conditions, although to lesser extents (32% for BTZ and 50% for TTZs). Individual biotransformation studies of BTZ and the TTZs by T. versicolor in a synthetic medium and further analysis via on-line turbulent flow chromatography coupled to an HRMS-Orbitrap allowed the tentative identification of the transformation products (TPs). Six TPs were postulated for BTZ, two TPs were postulated for 4-MBTZ, and four TPs were postulated for 5-MBTZ. Most of these TPs are suggested to have been generated by conjugation with some sugars and via the methylation of the triazole group. Only TP 148 A, postulated to be derived from the biotransformation of BTZ, was observed in the effluent of the bioreactor treating the reverse osmosis concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Llorca
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Badia-Fabregat
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - Glòria Caminal
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Vicent
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Pérez-Fernández V, Mainero Rocca L, Tomai P, Fanali S, Gentili A. Recent advancements and future trends in environmental analysis: Sample preparation, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 983:9-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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38
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Čelić M, Insa S, Škrbić B, Petrović M. Development of a sensitive and robust online dual column liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of natural and synthetic estrogens and their conjugates in river water and wastewater. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5427-5440. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Gros M, Blum KM, Jernstedt H, Renman G, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Haglund P, Andersson PL, Wiberg K, Ahrens L. Screening and prioritization of micropollutants in wastewaters from on-site sewage treatment facilities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 328:37-45. [PMID: 28076771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive screening of micropollutants was performed in wastewaters from on-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs) and urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Sweden. A suspect screening approach, using high resolution mass spectrometry, was developed and used in combination with target analysis. With this strategy, a total number of 79 micropollutants were successfully identified, which belong to the groups of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), pesticides, phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Results from this screening indicate that concentrations of micropollutants are similar in influents and effluents of OSSFs and WWTPs, respectively. Removal efficiencies of micropollutants were assessed in the OSSFs and compared with those observed in WWTPs. In general, removal of PFASs and PFRs was higher in package treatment OSSFs, which are based on biological treatments, while removal of PPCPs was more efficient in soil bed OSSFs. A novel comprehensive prioritization strategy was then developed to identify OSSF specific chemicals of environmental relevance. The strategy was based on the compound concentrations in the wastewater, removal efficiency, frequency of detection in OSSFs and on in silico based data for toxicity, persistency and bioaccumulation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Gros
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Henrik Jernstedt
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunno Renman
- Dept. of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering (SEED), Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Karin Wiberg
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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40
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Rivetti C, López-Perea JJ, Laguna C, Piña B, Mateo R, Eljarrat E, Barceló D, Barata C. Integrated environmental risk assessment of chemical pollution in a Mediterranean floodplain by combining chemical and biological methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:248-256. [PMID: 28119008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Tablas de Daimiel National Park (TDNP) is a unique floodplain ecosystem in central Spain, serving as permanent resting and breeding areas for many waterbird species. In the last decades, this biodiversity hotspot has been severely endangered by poorly treated wastewater discharges from upstream urban communities arriving through its two major contributors, the Cigüela and Guadiana rivers. In this work, we analysed the potential risk of this constant input of micropollutants (estrogens, dioxin-like compounds and other endocrine disruptors) for the resident wildlife. We sampled 12 locations in TDNP and in the nearby Navaseca Pond during 2013, and performed a series of in-vivo and in-vitro bioassays, including Daphnia magna post-exposure feeding inhibition and recombinant yeast-based assays for dioxin-like and estrogenic activities. These results were then compared with the chemical composition of the samples, analysed by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS, and evaluated according to their toxic potential as toxic equivalents or TEQ. The Navaseca Pond, heavily impacted by wastewater from the town of Daimiel, showed the highest levels of toxic compounds, estrogenic activity, and Daphnia toxicity. Conversely, the less impacted TDNP sites showed low residue levels of contaminants, low estrogenicity and dioxin-like activity and negligible toxicity. The results indicates that the current good chemical status of TDNP is menaced by both the inflow of wastewater treatment plants effluents from Guadiana and Cigüela rivers into TDNP tributaries and, as it occurs in the Navaseca Pond, by direct sewage discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rivetti
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jhon J López-Perea
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Celia Laguna
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Benjamín Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
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41
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Mulabagal V, Wilson C, Hayworth JS. An ultrahigh-performance chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry quantitative method for trace analysis of potential endocrine disrupting steroid hormones in estuarine sediments. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:419-429. [PMID: 27957780 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Estuaries are dynamic ecosystems, providing vital habitat for unique organisms of great ecological and commercial importance. The influx of natural and synthetic steroid hormones into estuaries poses risks to these organisms and to broader ecosystem health. However, detecting these trace level pollutants in estuarine water and sediment requires improved analytical techniques. METHODS We describe an optimized ultrahigh-performance chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) method for simultaneous quantitation of four classes of steroid hormones (estrogens, glucocorticoids, androgens and progestins) in sediment samples collected from an Alabama estuary. Sediment samples were homogenized using Hydromatrix (HM) sorbent and extracted with methanol and water (70%, v/v). Centrifuged extracts were purified using an Agilent Bond Elut QuEChERS dispersive-SPE kit to eliminate interfering substances that could negatively influence the ionization process. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Poroshell 120 Phenyl-Hexyl column using an Agilent 1290 Infinity II UHPLC pump. Quantitation was carried out using an Agilent triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a JetStream/ESI source in dual mode. RESULTS Chromatographic separation and better peak resolution were accomplished on an Agilent Poroshell 120 Phenyl-Hexyl column using a binary gradient method with a mobile phase consisting of 1 mM ammonium fluoride in water and a mixture of methanol/acetonitrile. A dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method was developed by optimizing various MS parameters. The method was used to analyze target steroid hormones in estuarine sediments. A total of ten steroid hormones were detected at trace amounts in estuarine sediments. CONCLUSIONS The optimized analytical method described here involves reasonably simple sample preparation and simultaneous trace level quantitation of four classes (estrogens, glucocorticoids, androgens and progestins) of steroid hormones in a single experimental run. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanisree Mulabagal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Caleb Wilson
- Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Joel S Hayworth
- Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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42
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Li D, Zhu J, Wang M, Bi W, Huang X, Chen DDY. Extraction of trace polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental waters by well-dispersed velvet-like magnetic carbon nitride nanocomposites. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1491:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Chen W, Huang H, Chen CE, Qi S, Price OR, Zhang H, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. Simultaneous determination of 20 trace organic chemicals in waters by solid-phase extraction (SPE) with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (QqQ-MS) and hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap high resolution MS (Q-Orbitrap-HRMS). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:99-107. [PMID: 27522181 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method for simultaneous determination of 20 trace organic chemicals (TOrCs, including preservatives, antioxidants, disinfectants, oestrogens, alkyl-phenols and bisphenol-A) in surface water and wastewater has been developed and validated based on the optimisation of solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. 500 mL acidified (pH = 2.5) water samples were pre-concentrated by Supel-Select HLB cartridge (200 mg, 6 mL) and eluted with 12 mL mixture of acetonitrile and ethyl acetate (50:50, v/v). This optimised SPE procedure could provide >75% recoveries for the majority of TOrCs. The instrumental methods were developed using two different LC-MS systems: a triple-quadrupole MS (QqQ-MS) and a hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap high resolution MS (Q-Orbitrap-HRMS). Both showed good performance data, but the former system provided better linearity and method precision, with the latter system providing 2-33 times lower detection limits. Different matrix effects were observed for both systems: No remarkable matrix effects were observed for Q-Orbitrap-HRMS but significant matrix effects were found in influent and river water samples for the QqQ-MS. This analytical method was subsequently employed to analyse the TOrCs in river waters and wastewaters from China successfully, which confirmed its applicability to environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (CUG), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (CUG), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Oliver R Price
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
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44
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Pérez RA, Albero B, Tadeo JL, Sánchez-Brunete C. Determination of endocrine-disrupting compounds in water samples by magnetic nanoparticle-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8013-8023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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García-Galán MJ, Petrovic M, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Barceló D. Multiresidue trace analysis of pharmaceuticals, their human metabolites and transformation products by fully automated on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2016; 158:330-341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Abdul Karim N’I, Wan Ibrahim WA, Sanagi MM, Abdul Keyon AS. Online preconcentration by electrokinetic supercharging for separation of endocrine disrupting chemical and phenolic pollutants in water samples. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2649-2656. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul ’I. Abdul Karim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Wan A. Wan Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Mohd M. Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Malaysia
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47
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Hopkins ZR, Blaney L. An aggregate analysis of personal care products in the environment: Identifying the distribution of environmentally-relevant concentrations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:301-316. [PMID: 27128715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 3-4 decades, per capita consumption of personal care products (PCPs) has steadily risen, resulting in increased discharge of the active and inactive ingredients present in these products into wastewater collection systems. PCPs comprise a long list of compounds employed in toothpaste, sunscreen, lotions, soaps, body washes, and insect repellants, among others. While comprehensive toxicological studies are not yet available, an increasing body of literature has shown that PCPs of all classes can impact aquatic wildlife, bacteria, and/or mammalian cells at low concentrations. Ongoing research efforts have identified PCPs in a variety of environmental compartments, including raw wastewater, wastewater effluent, surface water, wastewater solids, sediment, groundwater, and drinking water. Here, an aggregate analysis of over 5000 reported detections was conducted to better understand the distribution of environmentally-relevant PCP concentrations in, and between, these compartments. The distributions were used to identify whether aggregated environmentally-relevant concentration ranges intersected with available toxicity data. For raw wastewater, wastewater effluent, and surface water, a clear overlap was present between the 25th-75th percentiles and identified toxicity levels. This analysis suggests that improved wastewater treatment of antimicrobials, UV filters, and polycyclic musks is required to prevent negative impacts on aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Hopkins
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, ECS 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Lee Blaney
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, ECS 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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48
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Schröder P, Helmreich B, Škrbić B, Carballa M, Papa M, Pastore C, Emre Z, Oehmen A, Langenhoff A, Molinos M, Dvarioniene J, Huber C, Tsagarakis KP, Martinez-Lopez E, Pagano SM, Vogelsang C, Mascolo G. Status of hormones and painkillers in wastewater effluents across several European states-considerations for the EU watch list concerning estradiols and diclofenac. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:12835-66. [PMID: 27023823 PMCID: PMC4912981 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Present technologies for wastewater treatment do not sufficiently address the increasing pollution situation of receiving water bodies, especially with the growing use of personal care products and pharmaceuticals (PPCP) in the private household and health sector. The relevance of addressing this problem of organic pollutants was taken into account by the Directive 2013/39/EU that introduced (i) the quality evaluation of aquatic compartments, (ii) the polluter pays principle, (iii) the need for innovative and affordable wastewater treatment technologies, and (iv) the identification of pollution causes including a list of principal compounds to be monitored. In addition, a watch list of 10 other substances was recently defined by Decision 2015/495 on March 20, 2015. This list contains, among several recalcitrant chemicals, the painkiller diclofenac and the hormones 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinylestradiol. Although some modern approaches for their removal exist, such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), retrofitting most wastewater treatment plants with AOPs will not be acceptable as consistent investment at reasonable operational cost. Additionally, by-product and transformation product formation has to be considered. The same is true for membrane-based technologies (nanofiltration, reversed osmosis) despite of the incredible progress that has been made during recent years, because these systems lead to higher operation costs (mainly due to higher energy consumption) so that the majority of communities will not easily accept them. Advanced technologies in wastewater treatment like membrane bioreactors (MBR) that integrate biological degradation of organic matter with membrane filtration have proven a more complete elimination of emerging pollutants in a rather cost- and labor-intensive technology. Still, most of the presently applied methods are incapable of removing critical compounds completely. In this opinion paper, the state of the art of European WWTPs is reflected, and capacities of single methods are described. Furthermore, the need for analytical standards, risk assessment, and economic planning is stressed. The survey results in the conclusion that combinations of different conventional and advanced technologies including biological and plant-based strategies seem to be most promising to solve the burning problem of polluting our environment with hazardous emerging xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schröder
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions (EGEN), German Research Center for Health and Environment GmbH, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - B Helmreich
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - B Škrbić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - M Carballa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Papa
- Department of Civil Environmental Architectural Engineering & Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - C Pastore
- CNR-Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Bari, Italy
| | - Z Emre
- Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Oehmen
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Caparica, Portugal
| | - A Langenhoff
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University of Agrotechnology & Food Sciences, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Molinos
- University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - C Huber
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions (EGEN), German Research Center for Health and Environment GmbH, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - K P Tsagarakis
- Business and Environmental Economics Technology Lab (BETECO), Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
| | | | | | - C Vogelsang
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | - G Mascolo
- CNR-Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Bari, Italy
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49
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Avar P, Zrínyi Z, Maász G, Takátsy A, Lovas S, G-Tóth L, Pirger Z. β-Estradiol and ethinyl-estradiol contamination in the rivers of the Carpathian Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:11630-11638. [PMID: 26936475 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), which are environmental estrogens, have been determined with LC-MS in freshwater. Their sensitive analysis needs derivatization and therefore is very hard to achieve in multiresidue screening. We analyzed samples from all the large and some small rivers (River Danube, Drava, Mur, Sava, Tisza, and Zala) of the Carpathian Basin and from Lake Balaton. Freshwater was extracted on solid phase and derivatized using dansyl chloride. Separation was performed on a Kinetex XB-C18 column. Detection was achieved with a benchtop orbitrap mass spectrometer using targeted MS analysis for quantification. Limits of quantification were 0.05 ng/L (MS1) and 0.1 ng/L (MS/MS) for E2, and 0.001 ng/L (MS1) and 0.2 ng/L (MS/MS) for EE2. River samples contained n.d.-5.2 ng/L E2 and n.d.-0.68 ng/L EE2. Average levels of E2 and EE2 were 0.61 and 0.084 ng/L, respectively, in rivers, water courses, and Lake Balaton together, but not counting city canal water. EE2 was less abundant, but it was still present in almost all of the samples. In beach water samples from Lake Balaton, we measured 0.076-0.233 E2 and n.d.-0.133 EE2. A relative high amount of EE2 was found in river Zala (0.68 ng/L) and in Hévíz-Páhoki canal (0.52 ng/L), which are both in the catchment area of Lake Balaton (Hungary).
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Avar
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
| | - Zita Zrínyi
- Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Gábor Maász
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Anikó Takátsy
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Sándor Lovas
- Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - László G-Tóth
- Department of Hydrozoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
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50
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Gabarrón S, Gernjak W, Valero F, Barceló A, Petrovic M, Rodríguez-Roda I. Evaluation of emerging contaminants in a drinking water treatment plant using electrodialysis reversal technology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 309:192-201. [PMID: 26894293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (EC) have gained much attention with globally increasing consumption and detection in aquatic ecosystems during the last two decades from ng/L to lower ug/L. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and related compounds in a Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) treating raw water from the Mediterranean Llobregat River. The DWTP combined conventional treatment steps with the world's largest electrodialysis reversal (EDR) facility. 49 different PhACs, EDCs and related compounds were found above their limit of quantification in the influent of the DWTP, summing up to a total concentration of ECs between 1600-4200 ng/L. As expected, oxidation using chlorine dioxide and granular activated carbon filters were the most efficient technologies for EC removal. However, despite the low concentration detected in the influent of the EDR process, it was also possible to demonstrate that this process partially removed ionized compounds, thereby constituting an additional barrier against EC pollution in the product. In the product of the EDR system, only 18 out of 49 compounds were quantifiable in at least one of the four experimental campaigns, showing in all cases removals higher than 65% and often beyond 90% for the overall DWTP process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gabarrón
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - W Gernjak
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; ICREA-Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - F Valero
- ATLL CGCSA, Sant Martí de l'Erm, 30, 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Barceló
- ATLL CGCSA, Sant Martí de l'Erm, 30, 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; ICREA-Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - I Rodríguez-Roda
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (LEQUIA), Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain.
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