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Bracci N, Baer A, Flor R, Petraccione K, Stocker T, Zhou W, Ammosova T, Dinglasan RR, Nekhai S, Kehn-Hall K. CK1 and PP1 regulate Rift Valley fever virus genome replication through L protein phosphorylation. Antiviral Res 2024; 226:105895. [PMID: 38679165 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus in the Phenuiviridae family identified initially by the large 'abortion storms' observed among ruminants; RVFV can also infect humans. In humans, there is a wide variation of clinical symptoms ranging from subclinical to mild febrile illness to hepatitis, retinitis, delayed-onset encephalitis, or even hemorrhagic fever. The RVFV is a tri-segmented negative-sense RNA virus consisting of S, M, and L segments. The L segment encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), termed the L protein, which is responsible for both viral mRNA synthesis and genome replication. Phosphorylation of viral RdRps is known to regulate viral replication. This study shows that RVFV L protein is serine phosphorylated and identified Casein Kinase 1 alpha (CK1α) and protein phosphatase 1 alpha (PP1α) as L protein binding partners. Inhibition of CK1 and PP1 through small molecule inhibitor treatment, D4476 and 1E7-03, respectively, caused a change in the phosphorylated status of the L protein. Inhibition of PP1α resulted in increased L protein phosphorylation whereas inhibition of CK1α decreased L protein phosphorylation. It was also found that in RVFV infected cells, PP1α localized to the cytoplasmic compartment. Treatment of RVFV infected cells with CK1 inhibitors reduced virus production in both mammalian and mosquito cells. Lastly, inhibition of either CK1 or PP1 reduced viral genomic RNA levels. These data indicate that L protein is phosphorylated and that CK1 and PP1 play a crucial role in regulating the L protein phosphorylation cycle, which is critical to viral RNA production and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bracci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
| | - Alan Baer
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Rafaela Flor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
| | - Kaylee Petraccione
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
| | - Timothy Stocker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Tatiana Ammosova
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Florida, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Sergei Nekhai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA.
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Srichawla BS, Manan MR, Kipkorir V, Dhali A, Diebel S, Sawant T, Zia S, Carrion-Alvarez D, Suteja RC, Nurani K, Găman MA. Neuroinvasion of emerging and re-emerging arboviruses: A scoping review. SAGE Open Med 2024; 12:20503121241229847. [PMID: 38711470 PMCID: PMC11072077 DOI: 10.1177/20503121241229847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Arboviruses are RNA viruses and some have the potential to cause neuroinvasive disease and are a growing threat to global health. Objectives Our objective is to identify and map all aspects of arbovirus neuroinvasive disease, clarify key concepts, and identify gaps within our knowledge with appropriate future directions related to the improvement of global health. Methods Sources of Evidence: A scoping review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Hinari. Eligibility Criteria: Original data including epidemiology, risk factors, neurological manifestations, neuro-diagnostics, management, and preventive measures related to neuroinvasive arbovirus infections was obtained. Sources of evidence not reporting on original data, non-English, and not in peer-reviewed journals were removed. Charting Methods: An initial pilot sample of 30 abstracts were reviewed by all authors and a Cohen's kappa of κ = 0.81 (near-perfect agreement) was obtained. Records were manually reviewed by two authors using the Rayyan QCRI software. Results A total of 171 records were included. A wide array of neurological manifestations can occur most frequently, including parkinsonism, encephalitis/encephalopathy, meningitis, flaccid myelitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain often reveals subcortical lesions, sometimes with diffusion restriction consistent with acute ischemia. Vertical transmission of arbovirus is most often secondary to the Zika virus. Neurological manifestations of congenital Zika syndrome, include microcephaly, failure to thrive, intellectual disability, and seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis often shows lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated albumin, and protein consistent with blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Conclusions Arbovirus infection with neurological manifestations leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for disease include living and traveling in an arbovirus endemic zone, age, pregnancy, and immunosuppressed status. The management of neuroinvasive arbovirus disease is largely supportive and focuses on specific neurological complications. There is a need for therapeutics and currently, management is based on disease prevention and limiting zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahadar S Srichawla
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Vincent Kipkorir
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Arkadeep Dhali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sebastian Diebel
- Department of Family Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Tirtha Sawant
- Department of Neurology, Spartan Health Sciences University, Spartan Drive St, Saint Lucia
| | - Subtain Zia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Richard C Suteja
- Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit, Jl, Raya Kampus Unud Jimbaran, Kec, Kuta Sel, Kabupaten Badung, Bukit Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Khulud Nurani
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, București, Romania
- Bucharest, Romania and Department of Hematology, Center of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, București, Romania
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3
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Connors KA, Frey ZD, Demers MJ, Wills ZP, Hartman AL. Acute Rift Valley fever virus infection induces inflammatory cytokines and cell death in ex vivo rat brain slice culture. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:001970. [PMID: 38546100 PMCID: PMC10995633 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging arboviral disease with pandemic potential. While infection is often self-limiting, a subset of individuals may develop late-onset encephalitis, accounting for up to 20 % of severe cases. Importantly, individuals displaying neurologic disease have up to a 53 % case fatality rate, yet the neuropathogenesis of RVFV infection remains understudied. In this study, we evaluated whether ex vivo postnatal rat brain slice cultures (BSCs) could be used to evaluate RVFV infection in the central nervous system. BSCs mounted an inflammatory response after slicing, which resolved over time, and they were viable in culture for at least 12 days. Infection of rat BSCs with pathogenic RVFV strain ZH501 induced tissue damage and apoptosis over 48 h. Viral replication in BSCs reached up to 1×107 p.f.u. equivalents/ml, depending on inoculation dose. Confocal immunofluorescent microscopy of cleared slices confirmed direct infection of neurons as well as activation of microglia and astrocytes. Further, RVFV-infected rat BSCs produced antiviral cytokines and chemokines, including MCP-1 and GRO/KC. This study demonstrates that rat BSCs support replication of RVFV for ex vivo studies of neuropathogenesis. This allows for continued and complementary investigation into RVFV infection in an ex vivo postnatal brain slice culture format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleigh A. Connors
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zachary D. Frey
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Demers
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zachary P. Wills
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy L. Hartman
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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4
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Turner EA, Christofferson RC. Exploring the transmission modalities of Bunyamwera virus. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10114. [PMID: 38510492 PMCID: PMC10954195 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) (Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus) has been found in Sub-Saharan Africa and demonstrated recently as cocirculating with Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV). Little is known regarding the breadth of transmission modalities of Bunyamwera. Given its co-occurence with RVFV, we hypothesized the transmission system of BUNV shared similarities to the RVFV system including transmission by Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and environmentally mediated transmission through fomites and environmental contamination. We exposed Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to BUNV and evaluated their ability to transmit both vertically and horizontally. Further, we investigated the potential for a novel transmission modality via environmental contamination. We found that the LSU colony of Ae. aegypti was not competent for the virus for either horizontal or vertical transmission; but, 20% of larva exposed to virus via contaminated aquatic habitat were positive. However, transstadial clearance of the virus was absolute. Finally, under simulated temperature conditions that matched peak transmission in Rwanda, we found that BUNV was stable in both whole blood and serum for up to 28 days at higher total volume in tubes at moderate quantities (103-5 genome copies/mL). In addition, infectiousness of these samples was demonstrated in 80% of the replicates. At lower volume samples (in plates), infectiousness was retained out to 6-8 days with a maximum infectious titer of 104 PFU/mL. Thus, the potential for contamination of the environment and/or transmission via contaminated fomites exists. Our findings have implications for biosafety and infection control, especially in the context of food animal production.
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Ebogo-Belobo JT, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Chavely GM, Groschup MH, Mbacham WF, Njouom R. First detection of Rift Valley fever virus antibodies in non-human primates in Cameroon. J Med Primatol 2024; 53:e12687. [PMID: 38083993 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
We tested for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) from at least 15 species of non-human primates. RVFV IgG/IgM antibodies were detected in 3.7% (2 out of 53) of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and in 1.4% (1 out of 72) of unidentified non-human primate species. This study was the first investigation of RVFV in monkeys in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Research on Health and Priority Pathologies, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Wilfred Fon Mbacham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Richard Njouom
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Confort MP, Ratinier M, Arnaud F. Validated Methods for Effective Decontamination and Inactivation of Rift Valley Fever Virus. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2824:81-89. [PMID: 39039407 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3926-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne, zoonotic, hemorrhagic fever virus that can cause severe diseases both in livestock and humans. The spread of RVFV in areas previously considered as non-endemic together with the absence of licensed vaccines for use in humans and animals poses a major health and economic threat worldwide. It is therefore crucial to make major progresses in our understanding and management of this virus and its zoonosis. RVFV is considered a bioterrorism pathogen, and, thus, only a few institutes, facilities, and personnel are legally authorized to detain it and handle it. Moreover, this virus must be manipulated in a biosafety level 3 (BSL3) laboratory following strict biosafety protocols to ensure that biosecurity's highest standards are met. Only certain attenuated strains such as the MP12 strain can be handled in BSL2 laboratories, depending on the country considered. To assist researchers in working with RVFV in the safest possible conditions, this chapter presents validated methods for effective RVFV decontamination and inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Confort
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL Research University, LYON, France
| | - Maxime Ratinier
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL Research University, LYON, France
| | - Frédérick Arnaud
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL Research University, LYON, France.
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Anderson CA, Barrera MD, Boghdeh NA, Smith M, Alem F, Narayanan A. Brilacidin as a Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of Enveloped, Acutely Infectious Viruses. Microorganisms 2023; 12:54. [PMID: 38257881 PMCID: PMC10819233 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses, belonging to the Togaviridae family, and bunyaviruses, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, are globally distributed and lack FDA-approved vaccines and therapeutics. The alphaviruses Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) are known to cause severe encephalitis, whereas Sindbis virus (SINV) causes arthralgia potentially persisting for years after initial infection. The bunyavirus Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) can lead to blindness, liver failure, and hemorrhagic fever. Brilacidin, a small molecule that was designed de novo based on naturally occurring host defensins, was investigated for its antiviral activity against these viruses in human small airway epithelial cells (HSAECs) and African green monkey kidney cells (Veros). This testing was further expanded into a non-enveloped Echovirus, a Picornavirus, to further demonstrate brilacidin's effect on early steps of the viral infectious cycle that leads to inhibition of viral load. Brilacidin demonstrated antiviral activity against alphaviruses VEEV TC-83, VEEV TrD, SINV, EEEV, and bunyavirus RVFV. The inhibitory potential of brilacidin against the viruses tested in this study was dependent on the dosing strategy which necessitated compound addition pre- and post-infection, with addition only at the post-infection stage not eliciting a robust inhibitory response. The inhibitory activity of brilacidin was only modest in the context of the non-enveloped Picornavirus Echovirus, suggesting brilacidin may be less potent against non-enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aarthi Narayanan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (C.A.A.); (M.D.B.); (N.A.B.); (M.S.); (F.A.)
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8
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Mhamadi M, Mencattelli G, Gaye A, Ndiaye EH, Sow AA, Faye M, Ndione MHD, Diagne MM, Mhamadi M, Faye O, Weidmann M, Faye O, Diallo M, Diagne CT. Rapid On-Site Detection of Arboviruses by a Direct RT-qPCR Assay. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:1035. [PMID: 38131795 PMCID: PMC10741549 DOI: 10.3390/bios13121035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne diseases currently constitute a source of major health concerns worldwide. They account for about 50% of global infectious diseases and cause nearly 700,000 deaths every year. Their rapid increase and spread constitute a huge challenge for public health, highlighting the need for early detection during epidemics, to curtail the virus spread, and to enhance outbreak management. Here, we compared a standard quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and a direct RT-qPCR assay for the detection of Zika (ZIKV), Chikungunya (CHIKV), and Rift Valley Fever (RVFV) viruses from experimentally infected-mosquitoes. The direct RT-qPCR could be completed within 1.5 h and required 1 µL of viral supernatant from homogenized mosquito body pools. Results showed that the direct RT-qPCR can detect 85.71%, 89%, and 100% of CHIKV, RVFV, and ZIKV samples by direct amplifications compared to the standard method. The use of 1:10 diluted supernatant is suggested for CHIKV and RVFV direct RT-qPCR. Despite a slight drop in sensitivity for direct PCR, our technique is more affordable, less time-consuming, and provides a better option for qualitative field diagnosis during outbreak management. It represents an alternative when extraction and purification steps are not possible because of insufficient sample volume or biosecurity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moufid Mhamadi
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (G.M.); (A.A.S.); (M.F.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.D.); (O.F.); (O.F.)
| | - Giulia Mencattelli
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (G.M.); (A.A.S.); (M.F.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.D.); (O.F.); (O.F.)
| | - Alioune Gaye
- Department of Medical Zoology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (A.G.); (E.H.N.)
| | - El Hadji Ndiaye
- Department of Medical Zoology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (A.G.); (E.H.N.)
| | - Aïssatou Aïcha Sow
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (G.M.); (A.A.S.); (M.F.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.D.); (O.F.); (O.F.)
| | - Martin Faye
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (G.M.); (A.A.S.); (M.F.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.D.); (O.F.); (O.F.)
| | - Marie Henriette Dior Ndione
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (G.M.); (A.A.S.); (M.F.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.D.); (O.F.); (O.F.)
| | - Moussa Moïse Diagne
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (G.M.); (A.A.S.); (M.F.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.D.); (O.F.); (O.F.)
| | - Moundhir Mhamadi
- DIATROPIX, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (G.M.); (A.A.S.); (M.F.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.D.); (O.F.); (O.F.)
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany;
| | - Oumar Faye
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (G.M.); (A.A.S.); (M.F.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.D.); (O.F.); (O.F.)
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- DIATROPIX, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (G.M.); (A.A.S.); (M.F.); (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.D.); (O.F.); (O.F.)
- DIATROPIX, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.M.); (M.D.)
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9
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Tinto B, Quellec J, Cêtre-Sossah C, Dicko A, Salinas S, Simonin Y. Rift Valley fever in West Africa: A zoonotic disease with multiple socio-economic consequences. One Health 2023; 17:100583. [PMID: 37664171 PMCID: PMC10474305 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus that causes Rift Valley fever (RVF), a zoonotic disease that mainly affects domestic and wildlife ruminants and humans. The first epidemic in North-Western and West Africa occurred in Senegal and Mauritania in 1987, two countries where RVF is now endemic. Slaughterhouse workers, farmers, herders and veterinarians are at high risk of exposure to RVF. Beyond the health threat, RVF is considered to cause major socio-economic problems, specifically in developing countries where livestock farming and trade are important economic activities. Indeed, the mortality rate linked to RVF infection can reach 95-100% in newborns and young animals. In West Africa, livestock production is a key factor for food production and for national economics. Epizootics caused by RVF can therefore have serious socio-economic consequences by impacting multisectoral economics, the psycho-social health of pastoral communities, and food security. Improving prevention strategies against RVF, including vaccination, enhancing knowledge of RVF and correcting any inappropriate behaviors by populations of endemics areas, as well as better monitoring of RVF ecological factors are effective ways to better foresee and control outbreaks of RVF and its socio-economical side-effects in countries at high risk of occurrence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachirou Tinto
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire National de Référence des Fièvres Hémorragiques Virale, Centre MURAZ, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Jordan Quellec
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Amadou Dicko
- Laboratoire central de référence, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Ministère de l'Agriculture, des ressources animales et halieutiques du Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France
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Aceng FL, Kayiwa J, Elyanu P, Ojwang J, Nyakarahuka L, Balinandi S, Byakika-Tusiime J, Wejuli A, Harris JR, Opolot J. Rift valley fever outbreak in Sembabule District, Uganda, December 2020. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2023; 5:16. [PMID: 38012800 PMCID: PMC10680244 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-023-00092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a viral zoonosis that can cause severe haemorrhagic fevers in humans and high mortality rates and abortions in livestock. On 10 December 2020, the Uganda Ministry of Health was notified of the death of a 25-year-old male who tested RVF-positive by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at the Uganda Virus Research Institute. We investigated to determine the scope of the outbreak, identify exposure factors, and institute control measures. METHODS A suspected case was acute-onset fever (or axillary temperature > 37.5 °C) and ≥ 2 of: headache, muscle or joint pain, unexpected bleeding, and any gastroenteritis symptom in a resident of Sembabule District from 1 November to 31 December 2020. A confirmed case was the detection of RVF virus nucleic acid by RT-PCR or serum IgM antibodies detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A suspected animal case was livestock (cattle, sheep, goats) with any history of abortion. A confirmed animal case was the detection of anti-RVF IgM antibodies by ELISA. We took blood samples from herdsmen who worked with the index case for RVF testing and conducted interviews to understand more about exposures and clinical characteristics. We reviewed medical records and conducted an active community search to identify additional suspects. Blood samples from animals on the index case's farm and two neighbouring farms were taken for RVF testing. RESULTS The index case regularly drank raw cow milk. None of the seven herdsmen who worked with him nor his brother's wife had symptoms; however, a blood sample from one herdsman was positive for anti-RVF-specific IgM and IgG. Neither the index case nor the additional confirmed case-patient slaughtered or butchered any sick/dead animals nor handled abortus; however, some of the other herdsmen did report high-risk exposures to animal body fluids and drinking raw milk. Among 55 animal samples collected (2 males and 53 females), 29 (53%) were positive for anti-RVF-IgG. CONCLUSIONS Two human RVF cases occurred in Sembabule District during December 2020, likely caused by close interaction between infected cattle and humans. A district-wide animal serosurvey, animal vaccination, and community education on infection prevention practices campaign could inform RVF exposures and reduce disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freda Loy Aceng
- Department of Integrated Epidemiology, Surveillance and Public Health Emergencies, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joshua Kayiwa
- Department of Integrated Epidemiology, Surveillance and Public Health Emergencies, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Uganda Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Elyanu
- Baylor College of Medicine - Children's Foundation, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ojwang
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Alfred Wejuli
- Department of Integrated Epidemiology, Surveillance and Public Health Emergencies, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julie Rebecca Harris
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Opolot
- Department of Integrated Epidemiology, Surveillance and Public Health Emergencies, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
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11
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Rivera J, Rengifo AC, Alvarez-Díaz D, Parra E, Usme-Ciro J, Castellanos J, Velandia M, Laiton-Donato K, Rico A, Pardo L, Caldas ML. Multisystem Failure in Fatal Dengue: Associations between the Infectious Viral Serotype and Clinical and Histopathological Findings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:908-916. [PMID: 37604466 PMCID: PMC10551070 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is the most important arthropod-borne viral infection of humans. However, its viral pathogenesis is still unknown. The information collected from dengue fatal cases is crucial for understanding the complex interactions between virulence and host factors. This study aimed to establish possible associations between the clinical characteristics, histopathological changes, replication, and tissue location of viral serotypes in dengue fatal cases. Clinical and histopathological characterizations, antigen localization in tissue, and detection of the infecting serotype and replication using real-time polymerase chain reaction were all performed on the dengue fatal cases. The majority of the cases involved people under the age of 20. Bleeding (48.3%), abdominal pain (44.8%), myalgia (52.9%), and headache (48.3%) were the most common clinical manifestations in the cases. There was multiorgan pathology, with histopathological changes primarily in the liver, spleen, and lung. Similarly, the viral antigen was found primarily in these organs; however, there were no associations between tissue changes, viral location, infecting serotypes, and replication processes. Dengue infection should be considered a multiorgan disease, the outcome of which is possibly not associated with the infecting viral serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rivera
- Grupo de Morfología Celular, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Aura Caterine Rengifo
- Grupo de Morfología Celular, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego Alvarez-Díaz
- Grupo de Morfología Celular, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Edgar Parra
- Grupo de Patología, Dirección de Redes en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - José Usme-Ciro
- Centro de Investigación en Salud para el Trópico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Jaime Castellanos
- Grupo Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas en Odontología (IBAPO), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Myriam Velandia
- Instituto de Virología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Katherine Laiton-Donato
- Grupo de Virología, Dirección de Redes en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Angélica Rico
- Grupo de Virología, Dirección de Redes en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lisseth Pardo
- Grupo de Virología, Dirección de Redes en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Leonor Caldas
- Grupo de Morfología Celular, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
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12
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Chianese A, Zannella C, Palma F, Di Clemente L, Monti A, Doti N, De Filippis A, Galdiero M. Melittin-Related Peptides Interfere with Sandfly Fever Naples Virus Infection by Interacting with Heparan Sulphate. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2446. [PMID: 37894104 PMCID: PMC10609114 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging viruses pose an important global public health challenge, and early action is needed to control their spread. The Bunyaviridae family contains a great number of arboviruses which are potentially pathogenic for humans. For example, phleboviruses affect a large range of hosts, including humans and animals. Some infections usually have an asymptomatic course, but others lead to severe complications, such as Toscana virus, which is able to cause meningitis and encephalitis. Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral treatments have been found. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of melittin-related peptides, namely the frog-derived RV-23 and AR-23, on sandfly fever Naples virus infection in vitro. Both peptides exhibited a strong antiviral activity by targeting the viral particles and blocking the virus-cell interaction. Their action was directed to an early phase of SFNV infection, in particular at viral adsorption on host cells, by interfering with the binding of common glycosaminoglycan receptors. Given the better antimicrobial behavior of AR-23 and RV-23 compared to melittin in terms of selectivity, our studies expand our understanding of the potential of these peptides as antimicrobials and stimulate further investigations in the direction of novel antiviral strategies against phlebovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Palma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Di Clemente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Monti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzianna Doti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
- Section of Virology and Microbiology, University Hospital of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
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13
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Rishi E, Thomas J, Fashina T, Kim L, Yeh S. Emerging Pathogenic Viral Infections of the Eye. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2023; 9:71-89. [PMID: 37018917 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-010504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Global health security threats and the public health impact resulting from emerging infectious diseases including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and recent Ebola virus disease outbreaks continuously emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to preparedness, management of disease outbreaks, and health sequelae associated with emergent pathogens. A spectrum of associated ophthalmic manifestations, along with the potential persistence of emerging viral pathogens in ocular tissues, highlight the importance of an ophthalmic approach to contributing to efforts in the response to public health emergencies from disease outbreaks. This article summarizes the ophthalmic and systemic findings, epidemiology, and therapeutics for emerging viral pathogens identified by the World Health Organization as high-priority pathogens with epidemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Rishi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; , ,
| | | | - Tolulope Fashina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; , ,
| | - Lucas Kim
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Augusta, Georgia, USA;
| | - Steven Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; , ,
- Global Center for Health Security, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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14
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Muturi M, Mwatondo A, Nijhof AM, Akoko J, Nyamota R, Makori A, Nyamai M, Nthiwa D, Wambua L, Roesel K, Thumbi SM, Bett B. Ecological and subject-level drivers of interepidemic Rift Valley fever virus exposure in humans and livestock in Northern Kenya. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15342. [PMID: 37714941 PMCID: PMC10504342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly a century after the first reports of Rift Valley fever (RVF) were documented in Kenya, questions on the transmission dynamics of the disease remain. Specifically, data on viral maintenance in the quiescent years between epidemics is limited. We implemented a cross-sectional study in northern Kenya to determine the seroprevalence, risk factors, and ecological predictors of RVF in humans and livestock during an interepidemic period. Six hundred seventy-six human and 1,864 livestock samples were screened for anti-RVF Immunoglobulin G (IgG). Out of the 1,864 livestock samples tested for IgG, a subset of 1,103 samples was randomly selected for additional testing to detect the presence of anti-RVFV Immunoglobulin M (IgM). The anti-RVF virus (RVFV) IgG seropositivity in livestock and humans was 21.7% and 28.4%, respectively. RVFV IgM was detected in 0.4% of the livestock samples. Participation in the slaughter of livestock and age were positively associated with RVFV exposure in humans, while age was a significant factor in livestock. We detected significant interaction between rainfall and elevation's influence on livestock seropositivity, while in humans, elevation was negatively associated with RVF virus exposure. The linear increase of human and livestock exposure with age suggests an endemic transmission cycle, further corroborated by the detection of IgM antibodies in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Muturi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Dahlem Research School of Biomedical Sciences (DRS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis-University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ard M Nijhof
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Univesität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Anita Makori
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis-University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Mutono Nyamai
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis-University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Lilian Wambua
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - S M Thumbi
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis-University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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15
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Muralitharan I, Sahoo AK, Augusthian PD, Samal A. Computational prediction of phytochemical inhibitors against the cap-binding domain of Rift Valley fever virus. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10702-x. [PMID: 37481749 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever is a zoonotic disease that can spread through livestock and mosquitoes, and its symptoms include retinitis, photophobia, hemorrhagic fever and neurological effects. The World Health Organization has identified Rift Valley fever as one of the viral infections that has potential to cause a future epidemic. Hence, efforts are urgently needed toward development of therapeutics and vaccine against this infectious disease. Notably, the causative virus namely, the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), utilizes the cap-snatching mechanism for viral transcription, rendering its cap-binding domain (CBD) as an effective antiviral target. To date, there are no published studies towards identification of potential small molecule inhibitors for the CBD of RVFV. Here, we employ a virtual screening workflow comprising of molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, to identify 5 potential phytochemical inhibitors of the CBD of RVFV. These 5 phytochemical inhibitors can be sourced from Indian medicinal plants, Ferula assa-foetida, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Leucas cephalotes, used in traditional medicine. In sum, the 5 phytochemical inhibitors of the CBD of RVFV identified by this purely computational study are promising drug lead molecules which can be considered for detailed experimental validation against RVFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwarya Muralitharan
- Computational Biology Group, The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Sahoo
- Computational Biology Group, The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Priya Dharshini Augusthian
- Computational Biology Group, The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Areejit Samal
- Computational Biology Group, The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai, 600113, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India.
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16
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Mohapatra RK, Kutikuppala LVS, Kandi V, Mishra S, Rabaan AA, Costa S, Al‐qaim ZH, Padhi BK, Sah R. Rift valley fever (RVF) viral zoonotic disease steadily circulates in the Mauritanian animals and humans: A narrative review. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1384. [PMID: 37404448 PMCID: PMC10315559 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Rift valley fever (RVF) virus (RVFV) is reportedly steadily circulating in Mauritania being repeated in 1987, 2010, 2012, 2015, and 2020. Mauritania seems a preferred niche for RVF virus due to its persistent outbreak there. Lately, nine Mauritanian wilayas confirmed 47 (23 fatalities with 49% CFR) human cases between August 30 and October 17, 2022. Most of the cases were largely among livestock breeders associated with animal husbandry activities. The review aimed at understanding the origin, cause, and measures to counter the virus. Methods The facts and figures from the various published articles sourced from databases including Pubmed, Web of Science, and the Scopus as also some primary data from health agencies like WHO, CDC, and so forth were evaluated and the efficacy of countermeasures reviewed. Results Among the reported confirmed cases, it was found that 3-70 year age-group males outnumbered the females. Deaths after fever occurred primarily due to acute hemorrhagic thrombocytopenia. Human infections often occurred through zoonotic transmission mainly through mosquitoes in the population contiguous to cattle outbreak, a conducive site for local RVFV transmission. Many transmission cases were through direct or indirect contact with blood or organs of the infected animal. Conclusion RVFV infection was predominant in the Mauritanian regions bordering Mali, Senegal, and Algeria. High human and domesticated animal density as also the existing zoonotic vectors further contributed to RVF virus circulation. Mauritanian RVF infection data confirmed that RVFV was zoonotic that included small ruminants, cattle, and camel. This observation hints at the role of transborder animal mobility in RVFV transmission. In light of this, preventive approaches with effective surveillance and monitoring system following the One Health model is extremely beneficial for a free and fair healthy world for all.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Venkataramana Kandi
- Department of MicrobiologyPrathima Institute of Medical SciencesKarimnagarTelanganaIndia
| | - Snehasish Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Campus‐11, KIIT Deemed‐to‐be‐UniversityBhubaneswarOdishaIndia
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco HealthcareDhahranSaudi Arabia
- College of MedicineAlfaisal UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and NutritionThe University of HaripurHaripurPakistan
| | - Sharo Costa
- College of Osteopathic MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | | | - Bijaya K. Padhi
- Department of Community MedicineSchool of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarhIndia
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching HospitalKathmanduNepal
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
- Department of Public Health DentistryDr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
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17
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Tabassum S, Naeem F, Azhar M, Naeem A, Oduoye MO, Dave T. Rift Valley fever virus outbreak in Mauritania yet again in 2022: No room for complacency. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1278. [PMID: 37216056 PMCID: PMC10196093 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever is an important yet ignored viral hemorrhagic fever claiming many lives of African and Arabian countries over the past decade. Unfortunately, a recent outbreak of Rift Valley fever is currently ravaging in Mauritania. Death toll is rising continuously with 23 deaths reported in the month of October, 2022. Our article aims to shed light on the ongoing Rift Valley fever outbreak and recommendations to eradicate this potential threat to public health. Online databases including PubMed, the Lancet, and Science Direct as well as conferences, news, and press releases were used to for data collection. All the available medical literature related to Rift Valley fever in Mauritania were taken into consideration while writing the manuscript. As of October 17, 2022, 47 cases have been documented out of which 23 are dead. Case fatality rate has been reached to 49% which has given a wakeup call to the authorities. Efforts are being made by the concerned authorities and World Health Organization to halt the progression of this outbreak. Further investigations are required to completely eradicate the recurrent outbreaks in Mauritania especially in the area of vaccine development. Active involvement of public with the government authorities is of extreme significance in combating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehroze Tabassum
- Department of Internal MedicineKing Edward Medical UniversityLahorePakistan
| | - Farhan Naeem
- Department of Internal MedicineKing Edward Medical UniversityLahorePakistan
| | - Masood Azhar
- Department of Internal MedicineKing Edward Medical UniversityLahorePakistan
| | - Aroma Naeem
- Department of Internal MedicineKing Edward Medical UniversityLahorePakistan
| | - Malik O. Oduoye
- College of Medical SciencesAhmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH)ShikaKaduna StateNigeria
| | - Tirth Dave
- Department of Internal MedicineBukovinian State Medical UniversityChernivtsiUkraine
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18
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Varghese J, De Silva I, Millar DS. Latest Advances in Arbovirus Diagnostics. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1159. [PMID: 37317133 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are a diverse family of vector-borne pathogens that include members of the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Phenuviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Reoviridae, Asfarviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Poxviridae families. It is thought that new world arboviruses such as yellow fever virus emerged in the 16th century due to the slave trade from Africa to America. Severe disease-causing viruses in humans include Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), yellow fever virus (YFV), dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Numerous methods have been developed to detect the presence of these pathogens in clinical samples, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), lateral flow assays (LFAs) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Most of these assays are performed in centralized laboratories due to the need for specialized equipment, such as PCR thermal cyclers and dedicated infrastructure. More recently, molecular methods have been developed which can be performed at a constant temperature, termed isothermal amplification, negating the need for expensive thermal cycling equipment. In most cases, isothermal amplification can now be carried out in as little as 5-20 min. These methods can potentially be used as inexpensive point of care (POC) tests and in-field deployable applications, thus decentralizing the molecular diagnosis of arboviral disease. This review focuses on the latest developments in isothermal amplification technology and detection techniques that have been applied to arboviral diagnostics and highlights future applications of these new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jano Varghese
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney 2042, Australia
| | - Imesh De Silva
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney 2042, Australia
| | - Douglas S Millar
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney 2042, Australia
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19
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Griffith EF, Schurer JM, Mawindo B, Kwibuka R, Turibyarive T, Amuguni JH. The Use of Drones to Deliver Rift Valley Fever Vaccines in Rwanda: Perceptions and Recommendations. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030605. [PMID: 36992189 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the recent emergence of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) in Rwanda and its profound impact on livelihoods and health, improving RVF prevention and control strategies is crucial. Vaccinating livestock is one of the most sustainable strategies to mitigate the impact of RVF on health and livelihoods. However, vaccine supply chain constraints severely limit the effectiveness of vaccination programs. In the human health sector, unmanned aerial vehicles, i.e., drones, are increasingly used to improve supply chains and last-mile vaccine delivery. We investigated perceptions of whether delivering RVF vaccines by drone in Rwanda might help to overcome logistical constraints in the vaccine supply chain. We conducted semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in the animal health sector and Zipline employees in Nyagatare District in the Eastern Province of Rwanda. We used content analysis to identify key themes. We found that stakeholders in the animal health sector and Zipline employees believe that drones could improve RVF vaccination in Nyagatare. The primary benefits study participants identified included decreased transportation time, improved cold chain maintenance, and cost savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan F Griffith
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Janna M Schurer
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
- Center for One Health, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali 6955, Rwanda
| | - Billy Mawindo
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Rita Kwibuka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences, and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Rwanda, Nyagatare 4285, Rwanda
| | - Thierry Turibyarive
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences, and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Rwanda, Nyagatare 4285, Rwanda
| | - Janetrix Hellen Amuguni
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
- Center for One Health, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali 6955, Rwanda
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20
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Escudero-Pérez B, Lalande A, Mathieu C, Lawrence P. Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030599. [PMID: 36992308 PMCID: PMC10060007 DOI: 10.3390/v15030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin are an ever-increasing public health risk and economic burden. The factors that determine if and when an animal virus is able to spill over into the human population with sufficient success to achieve ongoing transmission in humans are complex and dynamic. We are currently unable to fully predict which pathogens may appear in humans, where and with what impact. In this review, we highlight current knowledge of the key host–pathogen interactions known to influence zoonotic spillover potential and transmission in humans, with a particular focus on two important human viruses of zoonotic origin, the Nipah virus and the Ebola virus. Namely, key factors determining spillover potential include cellular and tissue tropism, as well as the virulence and pathogenic characteristics of the pathogen and the capacity of the pathogen to adapt and evolve within a novel host environment. We also detail our emerging understanding of the importance of steric hindrance of host cell factors by viral proteins using a “flytrap”-type mechanism of protein amyloidogenesis that could be crucial in developing future antiviral therapies against emerging pathogens. Finally, we discuss strategies to prepare for and to reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover occurrences in order to minimize the risk of new outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexandre Lalande
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Philip Lawrence
- CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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21
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Ayers VB, Huang YJS, Dunlop JI, Kohl A, Brennan B, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. Immunogenicity of a Candidate Live Attenuated Vaccine for Rift Valley Fever Virus with a Two-Segmented Genome. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:33-40. [PMID: 36399689 PMCID: PMC9885543 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging arbovirus that affects both ruminants and humans. RVFV causes severe and recurrent outbreaks in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula with a significant risk for emergence into new locations. Although there are a variety of RVFV veterinary vaccines for use in endemic areas, there is currently no licensed vaccine for human use; therefore, there is a need to develop and assess new vaccines. Herein, we report a live-attenuated recombinant vaccine candidate for RVFV, based on the previously described genomic reconfiguration of the conditionally licensed MP12 vaccine. There are two general strategies used to develop live-attenuated RVFV vaccines, one being serial passage of wild-type RVFV strains to select attenuated mutants such as Smithburn, Clone 13, and MP12 vaccine strains. The second strategy has utilized reverse genetics to attenuate RVFV strains by introducing deletions or insertions within the viral genome. The novel candidate vaccine characterized in this report contains a two-segmented genome that lacks the medium viral segment (M) and two virulence genes (nonstructural small and nonstructural medium). The vaccine candidate, named r2segMP12, was evaluated for the production of neutralizing antibodies to RVFV in outbred CD-1 mice. The immune response induced by the r2segMP12 vaccine candidate was directly compared to the immune response induced by the rMP12 parental strain vaccine. Our study demonstrated that a single immunization with the r2segMP12 vaccine candidate at 105 plaque-forming units elicited a higher neutralizing antibody response than the rMP12 vaccine at the same vaccination titer without the need for a booster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria B. Ayers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S. Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - James I. Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Dana L. Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Address correspondence to: Dr. Dana L. Vanlandingham, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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22
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In silico identification of multiple conserved motifs within the control region of Culicidae mitogenomes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21920. [PMID: 36536037 PMCID: PMC9763401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are important vectors for human and animal diseases. Genetic markers, like the mitochondrial COI gene, can facilitate the taxonomic classification of disease vectors, vector-borne disease surveillance, and prevention. Within the control region (CR) of the mitochondrial genome, there exists a highly variable and poorly studied non-coding AT-rich area that contains the origin of replication. Although the CR hypervariable region has been used for species differentiation of some animals, few studies have investigated the mosquito CR. In this study, we analyze the mosquito mitogenome CR sequences from 125 species and 17 genera. We discovered four conserved motifs located 80 to 230 bp upstream of the 12S rRNA gene. Two of these motifs were found within all 392 Anopheles (An.) CR sequences while the other two motifs were identified in all 37 Culex (Cx.) CR sequences. However, only 3 of the 304 non-Culicidae Dipteran mitogenome CR sequences contained these motifs. Interestingly, the short motif found in all 37 Culex sequences had poly-A and poly-T stretch of similar length that is predicted to form a stable hairpin. We show that supervised learning using the frequency chaos game representation of the CR can be used to differentiate mosquito genera from their dipteran relatives.
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23
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Huynh LN, Tran LB, Nguyen HS, Ho VH, Parola P, Nguyen XQ. Mosquitoes and Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Vietnam. INSECTS 2022; 13:1076. [PMID: 36554986 PMCID: PMC9781666 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases pose a significant threat to humans in almost every part of the world. Key factors such as global warming, climatic conditions, rapid urbanisation, frequent human relocation, and widespread deforestation significantly increase the number of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in Vietnam, and elsewhere around the world. In southeast Asia, and notably in Vietnam, national mosquito control programmes contribute to reducing the risk of mosquito-borne disease transmission, however, malaria and dengue remain a threat to public health. The aim of our review is to provide a complete checklist of all Vietnamese mosquitoes that have been recognised, as well as an overview of mosquito-borne diseases in Vietnam. A total of 281 mosquito species of 42 subgenera and 22 genera exist in Vietnam. Of those, Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex are found to be potential vectors for mosquito-borne diseases. Major mosquito-borne diseases in high-incidence areas of Vietnam include malaria, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis. This review may be useful to entomological researchers for future surveys of Vietnamese mosquitoes and to decision-makers responsible for vector control tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Na Huynh
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Quy Nhon (IMPE-QN), MoH Vietnam, Zone 8, Nhon Phu Ward, Quy Nhon City 590000, Vietnam
| | - Long Bien Tran
- Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Quy Nhon (IMPE-QN), MoH Vietnam, Zone 8, Nhon Phu Ward, Quy Nhon City 590000, Vietnam
| | - Hong Sang Nguyen
- Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Quy Nhon (IMPE-QN), MoH Vietnam, Zone 8, Nhon Phu Ward, Quy Nhon City 590000, Vietnam
| | - Van Hoang Ho
- Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Quy Nhon (IMPE-QN), MoH Vietnam, Zone 8, Nhon Phu Ward, Quy Nhon City 590000, Vietnam
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Xuan Quang Nguyen
- Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Quy Nhon (IMPE-QN), MoH Vietnam, Zone 8, Nhon Phu Ward, Quy Nhon City 590000, Vietnam
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24
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Bian T, Wang B, Fu G, Hao M, Chen Y, Fang T, Liu S, Yu C, Li J, Chen W. Single-dose of a replication-competent adenovirus-vectored vaccine provides sterilizing protection against Rift Valley fever virus challenge. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907675. [PMID: 36439179 PMCID: PMC9691644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is one of the most important virulent pathogens causing severe disease in animals and humans. However, there is currently no approved vaccine to prevent RVFV infection in humans. The use of human adenovirus serotype 4 (Ad4) as a vector for an RVFV vaccine has not been reported. Here, we report the generation of a replication-competent recombinant Ad4 vector expressing codon-optimized forms of the RVFV glycoproteins Gn and Gc (named Ad4-GnGc). Intramuscular immunization with Ad4-GnGc elicited robust neutralizing antibodies against RVFV and cellular immune responses in mice. A single low-dose vaccination with Ad4-GnGc completely protected interferon-α/β receptor-deficient A129 mice from lethal RVFV infection. More importantly, Ad4-GnGc efficacy was not affected by pre-existing immunity to adenovirus serotype 5, which currently exists widely in populations. These results suggest that Ad4-GnGc is a promising vaccine candidate against RVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Bian
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Busen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangcheng Fu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Hao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuling Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changming Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Frontier Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Rift Valley Fever Virus Non-Structural Protein S Is Associated with Nuclear Translocation of Active Caspase-3 and Inclusion Body Formation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112487. [PMID: 36366585 PMCID: PMC9698985 DOI: 10.3390/v14112487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) causes Rift Valley fever (RVF), an emerging zoonotic disease that causes abortion storms and high mortality rates in young ruminants as well as severe or even lethal complications in a subset of human patients. This study investigates the pathomechanism of intranuclear inclusion body formation in severe RVF in a mouse model. Liver samples from immunocompetent mice infected with virulent RVFV 35/74, and immunodeficient knockout mice that lack interferon type I receptor expression and were infected with attenuated RVFV MP12 were compared to livers from uninfected controls using histopathology and immunohistochemistry for RVFV nucleoprotein, non-structural protein S (NSs) and pro-apoptotic active caspase-3. Histopathology of the livers showed virus-induced, severe hepatic necrosis in both mouse strains. However, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence revealed eosinophilic, comma-shaped, intranuclear inclusions and an intranuclear (co-)localization of RVFV NSs and active caspase-3 only in 35/74-infected immunocompetent mice, but not in MP12-infected immunodeficient mice. These results suggest that intranuclear accumulation of RVFV 35/74 NSs is involved in nuclear translocation of active caspase-3, and that nuclear NSs and active caspase-3 are involved in the formation of the light microscopically visible inclusion bodies.
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26
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Development of a Versatile Half-Strip Lateral Flow Assay toward the Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus Antibodies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112664. [DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that is caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV); Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus. RVF disease can affect several different species, including ruminants, camels and humans and thus present a dual threat to public health and livestock food production in endemic regions. In livestock, the RVFV infection is characterised by an acute hepatitis, abortion and high mortality rates in new-born animals. The current RVF diagnostic techniques have shown good sensitivity. However, they require extensive sample processing and complex instrumentation. Owing to speed, low cost, ease of use, and most importantly, the ability to diagnose diseases at sites where they are managed, lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) are the most widely used point-of-care (POC) tools for disease diagnosis. In this study, a lateral flow assay (LFA) device that is able to detect antibodies against RVFV, with a minimum detectable concentration of 0.125 mg/mL, was successfully developed. The LFA also successfully detected RVFV antibodies in reference RVFV sera. Protein A (ProA), which has the ability to bind immunoglobulins from different species, was used in the detection probe, giving the developed RVFV LFA potential for multi-species diagnosis.
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27
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Exotic viral hepatitis: A review on epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1431-1443. [PMID: 35817222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Certain "exotic" viruses are known to cause clinical diseases with potential liver involvement. These include viruses, beyond regular hepatotropic viruses (hepatitis A, -B(D), -C, -E, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus), that can be found in (sub)tropical areas and can cause "exotic viral hepatitis". Transmission routes typically involve arthropods (Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever, dengue, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever). However, some of these viruses are transmitted by the aerosolised excreta of rodents (Hantavirus, Lassa fever), or via direct contact or contact with bodily fluids (Ebola). Although some exotic viruses are associated with high fatality rates, such as Ebola for example, the clinical presentation of most exotic viruses can range from mild flu-like symptoms, in most cases, right through to being potentially fatal. A smaller percentage of people develop severe disease with haemorrhagic fever, possibly with (fulminant) hepatitis. Liver involvement is often caused by direct tropism for hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, resulting in virus-mediated and/or immune-mediated necrosis. In all exotic hepatitis viruses, PCR is the most sensitive diagnostic method. The determination of IgM/IgG antibodies is a reasonable alternative, but cross-reactivity can be a problem in the case of flaviviruses. Licenced vaccines are available for yellow fever and Ebola, and they are currently under development for dengue. Therapy for exotic viral hepatitis is predominantly supportive. To ensure that preventive measures can be introduced to control possible outbreaks, the timely detection of these viruses is very important.
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28
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Intact Type I Interferon Receptor Signaling Prevents Hepatocellular Necrosis but Not Encephalitis in a Dose-Dependent Manner in Rift Valley Fever Virus Infected Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012492. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic and emerging disease, caused by the RVF virus (RVFV). In ruminants, it leads to “abortion storms” and enhanced mortality rates in young animals, whereas in humans it can cause symptoms like severe hemorrhagic fever or encephalitis. The role of the innate and adaptive immune response in disease initiation and progression is still poorly defined. The present study used the attenuated RVFV strain clone 13 to investigate viral spread, tissue tropism, and histopathological lesions after intranasal infection in C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and type I interferon (IFN-I) receptor I knockout (IFNAR−/−) mice. In WT mice, 104 PFU RVFV (high dose) resulted in a fatal encephalitis, but no hepatitis 7–11 days post infection (dpi), whereas 103 PFU RVFV (low dose) did not cause clinical disease or significant histopathological lesions in liver and the central nervous system (CNS). In contrast, IFNAR−/− mice infected with 103 PFU RVFV developed hepatocellular necrosis resulting in death at 2–5 dpi and lacked encephalitis. These results show that IFNAR signaling prevents systemic spread of the attenuated RVFV strain clone 13, but not the dissemination to the CNS and subsequent fatal disease. Consequently, neurotropic viruses may be able to evade antiviral IFN-I signaling pathways by using the transneuronal instead of the hematogenous route.
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29
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Geerling E, Murphy V, Mai MC, Stone ET, Casals AG, Hassert M, O’Dea AT, Cao F, Donlin MJ, Elagawany M, Elgendy B, Pardali V, Giannakopoulou E, Zoidis G, Schiavone DV, Berkowitz AJ, Agyemang NB, Murelli RP, Tavis JE, Pinto AK, Brien JD. Metal coordinating inhibitors of Rift Valley fever virus replication. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274266. [PMID: 36112605 PMCID: PMC9481026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a veterinary and human pathogen and is an agent of bioterrorism concern. Currently, RVFV treatment is limited to supportive care, so new drugs to control RVFV infection are urgently needed. RVFV is a member of the order Bunyavirales, whose replication depends on the enzymatic activity of the viral L protein. Screening for RVFV inhibitors among compounds with divalent cation-coordinating motifs similar to known viral nuclease inhibitors identified 47 novel RVFV inhibitors with selective indexes from 1.1–103 and 50% effective concentrations of 1.2–56 μM in Vero cells, primarily α-Hydroxytropolones and N-Hydroxypyridinediones. Inhibitor activity and selective index was validated in the human cell line A549. To evaluate specificity, select compounds were tested against a second Bunyavirus, La Crosse Virus (LACV), and the flavivirus Zika (ZIKV). These data indicate that the α-Hydroxytropolone and N-Hydroxypyridinedione chemotypes should be investigated in the future to determine their mechanism(s) of action allowing further development as therapeutics for RVFV and LACV, and these chemotypes should be evaluated for activity against related pathogens, including Hantaan virus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Valerie Murphy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maria C. Mai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Andreu Gazquez Casals
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Austin T. O’Dea
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Feng Cao
- John Cochran Division, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maureen J. Donlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Elagawany
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vasiliki Pardali
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Erofili Giannakopoulou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Grigoris Zoidis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel V. Schiavone
- Department of Chemistry and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Nana B. Agyemang
- Department of Chemistry and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryan P. Murelli
- Department of Chemistry and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - John E. Tavis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Msimang V, Rostal MK, Cordel C, Machalaba C, Tempia S, Bagge W, Burt FJ, Karesh WB, Paweska JT, Thompson PN. Factors affecting the use of biosecurity measures for the protection of ruminant livestock and farm workers against infectious diseases in central South Africa. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1899-e1912. [PMID: 35306739 PMCID: PMC9790579 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biosecurity measures have been introduced to limit economic losses and zoonotic exposures to humans by preventing and controlling animal diseases. However, they are implemented on individual farms with varying frequency. The goal of this study was to evaluate which biosecurity measures were used by farmers to prevent infectious diseases in ruminant livestock and to identify factors that influenced these decisions. We conducted a survey in 264 ruminant livestock farmers in a 40,000 km2 area in the Free State and Northern Cape provinces of South Africa. We used descriptive statistics, to characterize biosecurity measures and farm attributes, then multivariable binomial regression to assess the strength of the association between the attributes and the implementation of biosecurity measures including property fencing, separate equipment use on different species, separate rearing of species, isolation of sick animals, isolation of pregnant animals, quarantine of new animals, animal transport cleaning, vaccination, tick control and insect control. Ninety-nine percent of farmers reported using at least one of the 10 biosecurity measures investigated (median [M]: 6; range: 0-10). The most frequently used biosecurity measures were tick control (81%, 214 out of 264), vaccination (80%, 211 out of 264) and isolation of sick animals (72%, 190 out of 264). More biosecurity measures were used on farms with 65-282 animals (M: 6; odds ratio [OR]: 1.52) or farms with 283-12,030 animals (M: 7; OR: 1.87) than on farms with fewer than 65 animals (M: 4). Furthermore, farmers who kept two animal species (M: 7; OR: 1.41) or three or more species (M: 7) used more biosecurity measures than single-species operations (M: 4). Farmers with privately owned land used more biosecurity measures (M: 6; OR: 1.51) than those grazing their animals on communal land (M: 3.5). Farms that reported previous Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks used more biosecurity measures (M: 7; OR: 1.25) compared with farms without RVF reports (M: 6) and those that purchased animals in the 12 months prior to the survey (M: 7; OR: 1.19) compared with those that did not (M: 6). When introducing new animals into their herds (n = 122), most farmers used fewer biosecurity measures than they did for their existing herd: 34% (41 out of 122) used multiple biosecurity measures like those of vaccination, tick control, quarantine or antibiotic use, whereas 36% (44 out of 122) used only one and 30% (37 out of 122) used none. Certain farm features, primarily those related to size and commercialization, were associated with more frequent use of biosecurity measures. Given the variation in the application of biosecurity measures, more awareness and technical assistance are needed to support the implementation of a biosecurity management plan appropriate for the type of farm operation and available resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Msimang
- Epidemiology SectionDepartment of Production Animal StudiesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaOnderstepoortSouth Africa,Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic DiseasesNational Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceSandringhamSouth Africa
| | - Melinda K. Rostal
- EcoHealth Alliance, New YorkNew YorkNYUSA,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | | | - Stefano Tempia
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and MeningitisNational Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServicesJohannesburgSouth Africa,Faculty of Health SciencesSchool of Public HealthUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | | | - Felicity J. Burt
- Division of VirologyNational Health Laboratory ServiceUniversitasBloemfonteinSouth Africa,Division of VirologyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | | | - Janusz T. Paweska
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic DiseasesNational Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceSandringhamSouth Africa,Centre for Viral ZoonosesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Peter N. Thompson
- Epidemiology SectionDepartment of Production Animal StudiesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaOnderstepoortSouth Africa
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Sindato C, Karimuribo ED, Vairo F, Misinzo G, Rweyemamu MM, Hamid MMA, Haider N, Tungu PK, Kock R, Rumisha SF, Mbilu T, Ntoumi F, Zumla A, Mboera LEG. Rift Valley fever seropositivity in humans and domestic ruminants and associated risk factors in Sengerema, Ilala, and Rufiji districts, Tanzania. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:559-565. [PMID: 35811085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Data on Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) prevalence in urban settings and pastoral areas of Tanzania are scarce. We performed a cross-sectional study of RVFV seroprevalence and determinants in humans and animals from Ilala, Rufiji, and Sengerema districts of Tanzania. METHODS Blood samples from the study participants were tested for anti-RVFV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Logistic regression was used to determine association between exposure risk practices and RVFV seropositivity. RESULTS The study involved 664 humans, 361 cattle, 394 goats, and 242 sheep. The overall anti-RVFV IgG seroprevalence in humans and animals was 2.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01-0.04) and 9.5% (n = 95, 95% CI 0.08-0.12), respectively. Seroprevalence in humans in Rufiji, Ilala, and Sengerema was 3.0% (n = 225, 95% CI 0.01-0.06), 1.8% (n = 230, 95% CI-0.005- 0.04), and 1.4% (n = 209, 95% CI 0.01-0.04), respectively (P >0.05). Seroprevalence in animals in Sengerema, Rufiji, and Ilala was 12.1% (n = 40, 95% CI 0.09-0.16), 11.1% (n = 37, 95% CI 0.08-0.15), and 5.4% (n = 18, 95% CI 0.03-0.08), respectively (P = 0.006). Handling of carcasses increased the odds of RVFV seropositivity 12-fold (odds ratio 11.84, 95% CI 1.97-71.16). CONCLUSION The study confirms previous occurrence of RVFV in multiple species in the study districts. Animal handling practices appear to be essential determinants of seropositivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Sindato
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora Research Centre, Tabora, Tanzania.
| | - Esron D Karimuribo
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Francesco Vairo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Mark M Rweyemamu
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | | | - Najmul Haider
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
| | - Patrick K Tungu
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania.
| | - Richard Kock
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
| | - Susan F Rumisha
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Headquarters, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Malaria Atlas Project, Geospatial Health and Development, Telethon Kids Institute, West Perth, Australia.
| | - Togolai Mbilu
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora Research Centre, Tabora, Tanzania.
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo; Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Leonard E G Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
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Ramadan OPC, Berta KK, Wamala JF, Maleghemi S, Rumunu J, Ryan C, Ladu AI, Joseph JLK, Abenego AA, Ndenzako F, Olu OO. Analysis of the 2017-2018 Rift valley fever outbreak in Yirol East County, South Sudan: a one health perspective. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 42:5. [PMID: 36158935 PMCID: PMC9474954 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2022.42.1.33769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic diseases have threatened both human and animal health globally since their identification in the 20th century. Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus is a recurrent zoonotic disease in South Sudan, with the earliest RVF cases confirmed in 2007 in Kapoeta North County, Eastern Equatoria state. METHODS we analyzed national RVF outbreak data to describe the epidemiological pattern of the RVF outbreak in Yirol East county in Lakes State. The line list of cases (confirmed, probable, suspected, and non-cases) was used to describe the pattern and risk factors associated with the outbreak. The animal and human blood samples were tested using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) (Immunoglobulin IgG and IgM) and Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Qualitative data were collected from weekly RVF situation reports, and national guidelines and policies. RESULTS between December 2017 and December 2018, 58 suspected human RVF cases were reported. The cases were reclassified based on laboratory and investigations results, such that as of 16th December 2018, there were a total of six (10.3%) laboratory-confirmed, three (5.2%) probable, one (1.7%) suspected, and 48 (82.8%) non-cases were reported. A total of four deaths were reported during the outbreak (case fatality rate (CFR) 6.8% (4/58). A total of 28 samples were collected from animals; of these, six tested positives for RVF (positivity rate of 32.1% (9/28). The outbreak was announced in March 2018, after four months of the first reported suspected RVF case. Several factors were attributed to the delayed notification and outbreak announcement such as lack of multi-sectorial coordination at the state and county level, multi-sectoral coordination at national level mostly attended by public health experts from human health, inadequate animal health surveillance, poor coordination between livestock disease surveillance and public health surveillance, limited in-country laboratory diagnostic capacity, the laboratory results for the animal health took longer than expected, and lack of a national One Health approach strategy. CONCLUSION the outbreak demonstrated gaps to investigate and respond to zoonotic disease outbreaks in South Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otim Patrick Cossy Ramadan
- World Health Organization, East and South Africa, Sub Regional Office, Nairobi, Kenya,,Corresponding author Kibebu Kinfu, World Health Organization, Country Office, Juba, South Sudan.
| | | | | | | | - John Rumunu
- Ministry of Health, Juba, Republic of South Sudan
| | - Caroline Ryan
- World Health Organization, East and South Africa, Sub Regional Office, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alice Igale Ladu
- World Health Organization (WHO), WHO Country Office, Juba, South Sudan
| | | | | | - Fabian Ndenzako
- World Health Organization (WHO), WHO Country Office, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Olushayo Oluseun Olu
- World Health Organization, East and South Africa, Sub Regional Office, Nairobi, Kenya
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EGR1 Upregulation during Encephalitic Viral Infections Contributes to Inflammation and Cell Death. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061210. [PMID: 35746681 PMCID: PMC9227295 DOI: 10.3390/v14061210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early growth response 1 (EGR1) is an immediate early gene and transcription factor previously found to be significantly upregulated in human astrocytoma cells infected with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). The loss of EGR1 resulted in decreased cell death but had no significant impact on viral replication. Here, we extend these studies to determine the impacts of EGR1 on gene expression following viral infection. Inflammatory genes CXCL3, CXCL8, CXCL10, TNF, and PTGS2 were upregulated in VEEV-infected cells, which was partially dependent on EGR1. Additionally, transcription factors, including EGR1 itself, as well as ATF3, FOS, JUN, KLF4, EGR2, and EGR4 were found to be partially transcriptionally dependent on EGR1. We also examined the role of EGR1 and the changes in gene expression in response to infection with other alphaviruses, including eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Sindbis virus (SINV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), as well as Zika virus (ZIKV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), members of the Flaviviridae and Phenuiviridae families, respectively. EGR1 was significantly upregulated to varying degrees in EEEV-, CHIKV-, RVFV-, SINV-, and ZIKV-infected astrocytoma cells. Genes that were identified as being partially transcriptionally dependent on EGR1 in infected cells included ATF3 (EEEV, CHIKV, ZIKV), JUN (EEEV), KLF4 (SINV, ZIKV, RVFV), CXCL3 (EEEV, CHIKV, ZIKV), CXCL8 (EEEV, CHIKV, ZIKV, RVFV), CXCL10 (EEEV, RVFV), TNF-α (EEEV, ZIKV, RVFV), and PTGS2 (EEEV, CHIKV, ZIKV). Additionally, inhibition of the inflammatory gene PTGS2 with Celecoxib, a small molecule inhibitor, rescued astrocytoma cells from VEEV-induced cell death but had no impact on viral titers. Collectively, these results suggest that EGR1 induction following viral infection stimulates multiple inflammatory mediators. Managing inflammation and cell death in response to viral infection is of utmost importance, especially during VEEV infection where survivors are at-risk for neurological sequalae.
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Alamri MA, Mirza MU, Adeel MM, Ashfaq UA, Tahir ul Qamar M, Shahid F, Ahmad S, Alatawi EA, Albalawi GM, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A. Structural Elucidation of Rift Valley Fever Virus L Protein towards the Discovery of Its Potential Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060659. [PMID: 35745579 PMCID: PMC9228520 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift valley fever virus (RVFV) is the causative agent of a viral zoonosis that causes a significant clinical burden in domestic and wild ruminants. Major outbreaks of the virus occur in livestock, and contaminated animal products or arthropod vectors can transmit the virus to humans. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp; L protein) of the RVFV is responsible for viral replication and is thus an appealing drug target because no effective and specific vaccine against this virus is available. The current study reported the structural elucidation of the RVFV-L protein by in-depth homology modeling since no crystal structure is available yet. The inhibitory binding modes of known potent L protein inhibitors were analyzed. Based on the results, further molecular docking-based virtual screening of Selleckchem Nucleoside Analogue Library (156 compounds) was performed to find potential new inhibitors against the RVFV L protein. ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) and toxicity analysis of these compounds was also performed. Besides, the binding mechanism and stability of identified compounds were confirmed by a 50 ns molecular dynamic (MD) simulation followed by MM/PBSA binding free energy calculations. Homology modeling determined a stable multi-domain structure of L protein. An analysis of known L protein inhibitors, including Monensin, Mycophenolic acid, and Ribavirin, provide insights into the binding mechanism and reveals key residues of the L protein binding pocket. The screening results revealed that the top three compounds, A-317491, Khasianine, and VER155008, exhibited a high affinity at the L protein binding pocket. ADME analysis revealed good pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic profiles of these compounds. Furthermore, MD simulation and binding free energy analysis endorsed the binding stability of potential compounds with L protein. In a nutshell, the present study determined potential compounds that may aid in the rational design of novel inhibitors of the RVFV L protein as anti-RVFV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak A. Alamri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16273, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Usman Mirza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada;
| | - Muhammad Muzammal Adeel
- 3D Genomics Research Center, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (U.A.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (U.A.A.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.u.Q.); (K.S.A.)
| | - Farah Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (U.A.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Eid A. Alatawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ghadah M. Albalawi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (G.M.A.); (A.A.)
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Tabuk 47717, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S. Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (G.M.A.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.u.Q.); (K.S.A.)
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (G.M.A.); (A.A.)
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Drouin A, Chevalier V, Durand B, Balenghien T. Vector Competence of Mediterranean Mosquitoes for Rift Valley Fever Virus: A Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050503. [PMID: 35631024 PMCID: PMC9146998 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease caused by a virus mainly transmitted by Aedes and Culex mosquitoes. Infection leads to high abortion rates and considerable mortality in domestic livestock. The combination of viral circulation in Egypt and Libya and the existence of unregulated live animal trade routes through endemic areas raise concerns that the virus may spread to other Mediterranean countries, where there are mosquitoes potentially competent for RVF virus (RVFV) transmission. The competence of vectors for a given pathogen can be assessed through laboratory experiments, but results may vary greatly with the study design. This research aims to quantify the competence of five major potential RVFV vectors in the Mediterranean Basin, namely Aedes detritus, Ae. caspius, Ae. vexans, Culex pipiens and Cx. theileri, through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. We first computed the infection rate, the dissemination rate among infected mosquitoes, the overall dissemination rate, the transmission rate among mosquitoes with a disseminated infection and the overall transmission rate for these five mosquito species. We next assessed the influence of laboratory study designs on the variability of these five parameters. According to experimental results and our analysis, Aedes caspius may be the most competent vector among the five species considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Drouin
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.D.); (B.D.)
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34398 Montpellier, France;
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34398 Montpellier, France;
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Correspondence:
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.D.); (B.D.)
| | - Thomas Balenghien
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34398 Montpellier, France;
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Rabat 10101, Morocco
- IAV Hassan II, UR MIMC, Rabat 10101, Morocco
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Michaely LM, Rissmann M, Keller M, König R, von Arnim F, Eiden M, Rohn K, Baumgärtner W, Groschup M, Ulrich R. NSG-Mice Reveal the Importance of a Functional Innate and Adaptive Immune Response to Overcome RVFV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020350. [PMID: 35215938 PMCID: PMC8880686 DOI: 10.3390/v14020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease caused by RVF Phlebovirus (RVFV). The RVFV MP-12 vaccine strain is known to exhibit residual virulence in the case of a deficient interferon type 1 response. The hypothesis of this study is that virus replication and severity of lesions induced by the MP-12 strain in immunocompromised mice depend on the specific function of the disturbed pathway. Therefore, 10 strains of mice with deficient innate immunity (B6-IFNARtmAgt, C.129S7(B6)-Ifngtm1Ts/J, B6-TLR3tm1Flv, B6-TLR7tm1Aki, NOD/ShiLtJ), helper T-cell- (CD4tm1Mak), cytotoxic T-cell- (CD8atm1Mak), B-cell- (Igh-Jtm1DhuN?+N2), combined T- and B-cell- (NU/J) and combined T-, B-, natural killer (NK) cell- and macrophage-mediated immunity (NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1WjI/SzJ (NSG) mice) were subcutaneously infected with RVFV MP-12. B6-IFNARtmAgt mice were the only strain to develop fatal disease due to RVFV-induced severe hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis. Notably, no clinical disease and only mild multifocal hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis were observed in NSG mice, while immunohistochemistry detected the RVFV antigen in the liver and the brain. No or low virus expression and no lesions were observed in the other mouse strains. Conclusively, the interferon type 1 response is essential for early control of RVFV replication and disease, whereas functional NK cells, macrophages and lymphocytes are essential for virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mathias Michaely
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (M.K.); (R.K.); (F.v.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Markus Keller
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (M.K.); (R.K.); (F.v.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Rebecca König
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (M.K.); (R.K.); (F.v.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Felicitas von Arnim
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (M.K.); (R.K.); (F.v.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (M.K.); (R.K.); (F.v.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-8620; Fax: +49-511-953-8675
| | - Martin Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (M.K.); (R.K.); (F.v.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary-Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Johnson KN, Kalveram B, Smith JK, Zhang L, Juelich T, Atkins C, Ikegami T, Freiberg AN. Tilorone-Dihydrochloride Protects against Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection and Disease in the Mouse Model. Microorganisms 2021; 10:microorganisms10010092. [PMID: 35056541 PMCID: PMC8781158 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease endemic to Africa and the Middle East that can affect humans and ruminant livestock. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or therapeutics for the treatment of severe RVF disease in humans. Tilorone-dihydrochloride (Tilorone) is a broad-spectrum antiviral candidate that has previously shown efficacy against a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses, and which is clinically utilized for the treatment of respiratory infections in Russia and other Eastern European countries. Here, we evaluated the antiviral activity of Tilorone against Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). In vitro, Tilorone inhibited both vaccine (MP-12) and virulent (ZH501) strains of RVFV at low micromolar concentrations. In the mouse model, treatment with Tilorone significantly improved survival outcomes in BALB/c mice challenged with a lethal dose of RVFV ZH501. Treatment with 30 mg/kg/day resulted in 80% survival when administered immediately after infection. In post-exposure prophylaxis, Tilorone resulted in 30% survival at one day after infection when administered at 45 mg/kg/day. These findings demonstrate that Tilorone has potent antiviral efficacy against RVFV infection in vitro and in vivo and supports further development of Tilorone as a potential antiviral therapeutic for treatment of RVFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra N. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Birte Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (B.K.); (J.K.S.); (L.Z.); (T.J.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
| | - Jennifer K. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (B.K.); (J.K.S.); (L.Z.); (T.J.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (B.K.); (J.K.S.); (L.Z.); (T.J.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
| | - Terry Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (B.K.); (J.K.S.); (L.Z.); (T.J.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
| | - Colm Atkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (B.K.); (J.K.S.); (L.Z.); (T.J.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (B.K.); (J.K.S.); (L.Z.); (T.J.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (B.K.); (J.K.S.); (L.Z.); (T.J.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence:
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38
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Fatima I, Ahmad S, Abbasi SW, Ashfaq UA, Shahid F, Tahir Ul Qamar M, Rehman A, Allemailem KS. Designing of a multi-epitopes-based peptide vaccine against rift valley fever virus and its validation through integrated computational approaches. Comput Biol Med 2021; 141:105151. [PMID: 34942394 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) has been the source of numerous outbreaks in the Arab Peninsulas and Africa, wreaking havoc on humans and animals. The lack of therapeutics or licensed human vaccines limits the options for controlling RVFV outbreaks. Therefore, RVFV has been prioritized for rapid research and innovation of prevention strategies to control and prevent its outbreaks. The purpose of this study was to design a multi-epitope-based peptide vaccine (MEBPV) against RVFV. Bioinformatics approaches were used to design a potent MEBPV that can potentially activate both CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell immune responses, and several computational tools were employed to investigate its biological activities. Three antigenic proteins (Nucleocapsid (N), Glycoprotein C (GC), and Glycoprotein N (GN)) from the RVFV were chosen and potential immunogenic T- and B -cell epitopes were predicted from them. Based on in silico analysis, a MEBPV based on highly scored T and B-cell epitopes (6 CTL, 5 HTL, and 4 LBL) combined with linkers and adjuvants was developed. The finest predicted model was used for docking studies with Toll-like receptors (TLR3 and TLR8) and MHC molecules (MHC I and MHC II) after predicting and analyzing the tertiary structure of MEBPV. The designed MEBPV was then tested for stability with TLR3 and TLR8 receptors using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and MMGBSA analysis. The MEBPV -TLR3, MEBPV -TLR8, MEBPV-MHC I and MEBPV -MHC II docked models were found stable during simulation time in MD and MMGBSA studies. In silico analysis revealed that the constructed vaccine could elicit both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses simultaneously. The proposed MEBPV could be a strong candidate against RVFV, but it will need to be tested in the laboratory to guarantee its safety and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israr Fatima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Sumra Wajid Abbasi
- NUMS Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Farah Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | | | - Abdur Rehman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
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Asad Khan FM, Islam Z, Kazmi SK, Hasan MM, Yasmin F, Costa ACDS, Ahmad S, Essar MY. The concomitant viral epidemics of Rift Valley fever and COVID-19: A lethal combination for Kenya. Trop Doct 2021; 52:6-8. [PMID: 34866495 PMCID: PMC8891251 DOI: 10.1177/00494755211055247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zarmina Islam
- 66818Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, 271385Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farah Yasmin
- 66818Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Shoaib Ahmad
- Department of Medicine and General Surgery, 66721Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Sporadic Rift Valley Fever Outbreaks in Humans and Animals in Uganda, October 2017-January 2018. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 2021:8881191. [PMID: 34594384 PMCID: PMC8478567 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8881191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis. The Uganda Ministry of Health received alerts of suspected viral haemorrhagic fever in humans from Kiruhura, Buikwe, Kiboga, and Mityana districts. Laboratory results from Uganda Virus Research Institute indicated that human cases were positive for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) by polymerase chain reaction. We investigated to determine the scope of outbreaks, identify exposure factors, and recommend evidence-based control and prevention measures. Methods A suspected case was defined as a person with acute fever onset, negative malaria test result, and at least two of the following symptoms: headache, muscle or joint pain, bleeding, and any gastroenteritis symptom (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea) in a resident of Kiruhura, Buikwe, Mityana, and Kiboga districts from 1st October 2017 to 30th January 2018. A confirmed case was defined as a suspected case with laboratory confirmation by either detection of RVF nucleic acid by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or demonstration of serum IgM or IgG antibodies by ELISA. Community case finding was conducted in all affected districts. In-depth interviews were conducted with human cases that were infected with RVF who included herdsmen and slaughterers/meat handlers to identify exposure factors for RVF infection. A total of 24 human and 362 animal blood samples were tested. Animal blood samples were purposively collected from farms that had reported stormy abortions in livestock and unexplained death of animals after a short illness (107 cattle, 83 goats, and 43 sheep). Convenient sampling for the wildlife (10 zebras, 1 topi, and 1 impala) was conducted to investigate infection in animals from Kiruhura, Buikwe, Mityana, and Kiboga districts. Human blood was tested for anti-RVFV IgM and IgG and animal blood for anti-RVFV IgG. Environmental assessments were conducted during the outbreaks in all the affected districts. Results Sporadic RVF outbreaks occurred from mid-October 2017 to mid-January 2018 affecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Human cases were reported from Kiruhura, Buikwe, Kiboga, and Mityana districts. Of the 24 human blood samples tested, anti-RVFV IgG was detected in 7 (29%) human samples; 1 human sample had detectable IgM only, and 6 had both IgM and IgG. Three of the seven confirmed human cases died among humans. Results from testing animal blood samples obtained from Kiruhura district indicated that 44% (64/146) cattle, 46% (35/76) goats, and 45% (9/20) sheep tested positive for RVF. Among wildlife, (1/10) zebras, (1/1) topi, and (1/1) impala tested positive for RVFV by serological tests. One blood sample from sheep in Kiboga district tested RVFV positive. All the human cases were exposed through contact or consumption of meat from infected animals. Conclusion RVF outbreaks occurred in humans and animals in Kiruhura, Buikwe, Mityana, and Kiboga districts. Human cases were potentially infected through contact with infected animals and their products.
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Terasaki K, Kalveram B, Johnson KN, Juelich T, Smith JK, Zhang L, Freiberg AN, Makino S. Rift Valley fever virus 78kDa envelope protein attenuates virus replication in macrophage-derived cell lines and viral virulence in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009785. [PMID: 34516560 PMCID: PMC8460012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne bunyavirus with a wide host range including ruminants and humans. RVFV outbreaks have had devastating effects on public health and the livestock industry in African countries. However, there is no approved RVFV vaccine for human use in non-endemic countries and no FDA-approved antiviral drug for RVFV treatment. The RVFV 78kDa protein (P78), which is a membrane glycoprotein, plays a role in virus dissemination in the mosquito host, but its biological role in mammalian hosts remains unknown. We generated an attenuated RVFV MP-12 strain-derived P78-High virus and a virulent ZH501 strain-derived ZH501-P78-High virus, both of which expressed a higher level of P78 and carried higher levels of P78 in the virion compared to their parental viruses. We also generated another MP-12-derived mutant virus (P78-KO virus) that does not express P78. MP-12 and P78-KO virus replicated to similar levels in fibroblast cell lines and Huh7 cells, while P78-High virus replicated better than MP-12 in Vero E6 cells, fibroblast cell lines, and Huh7 cells. Notably, P78-High virus and P78-KO virus replicated less efficiently and more efficiently, respectively, than MP-12 in macrophage cell lines. ZH501-P78-High virus also replicated poorly in macrophage cell lines. Our data further suggest that inefficient binding of P78-High virus to the cells led to inefficient virus internalization, low virus infectivity and reduced virus replication in a macrophage cell line. P78-High virus and P78-KO virus showed lower and higher virulence than MP-12, respectively, in young mice. ZH501-P78-High virus also exhibited lower virulence than ZH501 in mice. These data suggest that high levels of P78 expression attenuate RVFV virulence by preventing efficient virus replication in macrophages. Genetic alteration leading to increased P78 expression may serve as a novel strategy for the attenuation of RVFV virulence and generation of safe RVFV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Terasaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infection and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KT); (SM)
| | - Birte Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kendra N. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terry Juelich
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Smith
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Institute of Human Infection and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shinji Makino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infection and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KT); (SM)
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Smith LJ, Schurer JM, Ntakiyisumba E, Shyaka A, Amuguni JH. Rift Valley fever knowledge, mitigation strategies and communication preferences among male and female livestock farmers in Eastern Province, Rwanda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009705. [PMID: 34424895 PMCID: PMC8412303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Government of Rwanda reported an outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in the Eastern Province in 2018. To respond to the outbreak, vaccination and education campaigns about the disease were carried out. Because RVF cases continue to be detected in Rwanda and the disease impacts livelihoods and health, accurate knowledge and communication are imperative. The objectives of this study were to evaluate knowledge and risk perceptions of RVF transmission among livestock farmers in Nyagatare District, Eastern Province, Rwanda, and to compare RVF knowledge, risk perceptions, and farming practices between male and female livestock farmers. This cross-sectional, quantitative study was conducted in selected sectors of Nyagatare District in the Eastern Province of Rwanda in June 2019. A 34-question survey was used to ask about demographics, livestock ownership, risk perceptions about zoonotic diseases and livestock management, RVF knowledge, preferred communication sources and information sharing strategies, and protective strategies for RVF mitigation while working with livestock. Livestock farmers were interviewed at three milk collection centers, two village meeting points, a farm cooperative meeting, and during door-to-door visits in villages. In total, 123 livestock farmers were interviewed. The survey found that most livestock farmers lacked knowledge about epizootic and zoonotic transmission of RVF, more male livestock farmers were familiar with RVF and risk mitigation strategies, and female livestock farmers are not viewed as reliable sources of information. Additionally, most livestock farmers had not vaccinated their animals against RVF despite past vaccination campaigns. Radio was the most popular communication channel. These findings show that RVF knowledge and information sharing are inadequate among livestock farmers in Eastern Province. Therefore, vaccination and education campaigns may need to be reevaluated within the context of these trends in order to prepare for future RVF outbreaks. This study was conducted in order to evaluate RVF knowledge and awareness as well as communication and mitigation strategies among livestock farmers in Eastern Province, Rwanda. Rwanda declared an outbreak of RVF in 2018 and cases have continued to be detected. Thus, evaluating the status of knowledge, preventive strategies, and information sharing among livestock farmers is crucial in mitigating future outbreaks. Our team conducted a survey of knowledge, risk perceptions, mitigation strategies, and communication practices among livestock farmers from selected sectors within Nyagatare District and compared them between male and female livestock farmers in order to analyze gender-nuanced differences between these groups. Sectors were chosen for sampling based on their proximity to previous outbreak areas. Survey questionnaire results showed that knowledge and risk perceptions differed between male and female livestock farmers, and that they could be generally improved among all livestock farmers. Female livestock farmers and non-farming community members were viewed as unreliable sources of information which could impact information dissemination. Many farmers also reported that their livestock herds were not vaccinated for the disease despite previous vaccination campaigns. Communication strategies and information sources also differed between male and female livestock farmers, which highlights a need to consider gender in improving RVF vaccination and education campaign coverage. These findings pose implications for future community-based public health interventions as well as policy development for RVF control and mitigating future RVF outbreaks within Rwanda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J. Smith
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Janna M. Schurer
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for One Health, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Eurade Ntakiyisumba
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Anselme Shyaka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Janetrix Hellen Amuguni
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Amaro F, Zé-Zé L, Lourenço J, Giovanetti M, Becker SC, Alves MJ. Phylogenetic Analysis of Massilia phlebovirus in Portugal. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071412. [PMID: 34372617 PMCID: PMC8310352 DOI: 10.3390/v13071412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, molecular surveys of arboviruses have enabled the identification of several new viruses, contributing to the knowledge of viral diversity and providing important epidemiological data regarding possible new emerging viruses. A combination of diagnostic assays, Illumina sequencing and phylogenetic inference are here used to characterize two new Massilia phlebovirus strains isolated from sandflies collected in the Arrábida region, Portugal. Whole genome sequence analysis enabled their identification as reassortants and the recognition of genomic variants co-circulating in Portugal. Much is still unknown about the life cycle, geographic range, evolutionary forces and public health importance of these viruses in Portugal and elsewhere, and more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Amaro
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade n. 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal; (L.Z.-Z.); (M.J.A.)
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, Ed. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Líbia Zé-Zé
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade n. 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal; (L.Z.-Z.); (M.J.A.)
- Campus da FCUL, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Edificio TecLabs, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK;
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos n. 6627, Pampula, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Christine Becker
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Maria João Alves
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade n. 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal; (L.Z.-Z.); (M.J.A.)
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, Ed. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
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First Serological Evidence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus and Rift Valley Fever Virus in Ruminants in Tunisia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060769. [PMID: 34207423 PMCID: PMC8234966 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV, Nairoviridae family) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV, Phenuiviridae family) are zoonotic vector-borne pathogens with clinical relevance worldwide. Our study aimed to determine seroprevalences of these viruses and potential risk factors among livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats) in Tunisia. Sera were tested for antibodies against CCHFV (n = 879) and RVFV (n = 699) using various enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and indirect immunofluorescence assays (IIFA). The overall seroprevalence of IgG antibodies was 8.6% (76/879) and 2.3% (16/699) against CCHFV and RVFV, respectively. For CCHF seropositivity bioclimatic zones and breed were potential risk factors for the three tested animal species; while the season was associated with cattle and sheep seropositivity, tick infestation was associated with cattle and goats seropositivity and age as a risk factor was only associated with cattle seropositivity. Age and season were significantly associated with RVFV seropositivity in sheep. Our results confirm the circulation of CCHFV and RVFV in Tunisia and identified the principal risk factors in ruminants. This knowledge could help to mitigate the risk of ruminant infections and subsequently also human infections.
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Kuthyar S, Anthony CL, Fashina T, Yeh S, Shantha JG. World Health Organization High Priority Pathogens: Ophthalmic Disease Findings and Vision Health Perspectives. Pathogens 2021; 10:442. [PMID: 33917710 PMCID: PMC8068131 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent Ebola epidemics, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and emerging infectious disease threats have highlighted the importance of global infectious diseases and responses to public health emergencies. Ophthalmologists are essential health care workers who provide urgent and emergent vision care services during outbreaks and address the ocular consequences of epidemic and pandemic infectious diseases. In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified high priority pathogens likely to cause a future epidemic with the goal of guiding research and development to improve diagnostic tests, vaccines, and medicines. These measures were necessary to better inform and respond to public health emergencies. Given the ocular complications associated with emerging infectious diseases, there is a need to recognize the ophthalmic sequelae for future vision health preparedness for potential future outbreaks. The WHO High Priority pathogens list provides a roadmap for ophthalmologists and subspecialty providers that will guide strategic areas of research for clinical care and preparedness for future pandemic threats. This review summarizes these key viral pathogens, summarizes major systemic disease findings, and delineates relevant ocular complications of the WHO High Priority pathogens list, including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Filovirus diseases (Ebola virus disease and Marburg hemorrhagic fever), human Coronaviruses, Lassa Fever, Nipah virus infection, Zika, and Rift Valley fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Kuthyar
- Emory Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.K.); (C.L.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Casey L. Anthony
- Emory Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.K.); (C.L.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Tolulope Fashina
- Emory Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.K.); (C.L.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Steven Yeh
- Emory Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.K.); (C.L.A.); (T.F.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Jessica G. Shantha
- Emory Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.K.); (C.L.A.); (T.F.)
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Venkatesh A, Patel R, Goyal S, Rajaratnam T, Sharma A, Hossain P. Ocular manifestations of emerging viral diseases. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:1117-1139. [PMID: 33514902 PMCID: PMC7844788 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-01376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are an increasing threat to public health on a global scale. In recent times, the most prominent outbreaks have constituted RNA viruses, spreading via droplets (COVID-19 and Influenza A H1N1), directly between humans (Ebola and Marburg), via arthropod vectors (Dengue, Zika, West Nile, Chikungunya, Crimean Congo) and zoonotically (Lassa fever, Nipah, Rift Valley fever, Hantaviruses). However, specific approved antiviral therapies and vaccine availability are scarce, and public health measures remain critical. Patients can present with a spectrum of ocular manifestations. Emerging infectious diseases should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of ocular inflammatory conditions in patients inhabiting or returning from endemic territories, and more general vigilance is advisable in the context of a global pandemic. Eye specialists are in a position to facilitate swift diagnosis, improve clinical outcomes, and contribute to wider public health efforts during outbreaks. This article reviews those emerging viral diseases associated with reports of ocular manifestations and summarizes details pertinent to practicing eye specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Venkatesh
- grid.5335.00000000121885934School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ravi Patel
- grid.439257.e0000 0000 8726 5837Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Simran Goyal
- grid.5335.00000000121885934School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy Rajaratnam
- grid.5335.00000000121885934School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anant Sharma
- grid.439257.e0000 0000 8726 5837Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Parwez Hossain
- grid.430506.4Eye Unit, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK ,grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297Clinical Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Univeristy of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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McEntire CRS, Song KW, McInnis RP, Rhee JY, Young M, Williams E, Wibecan LL, Nolan N, Nagy AM, Gluckstein J, Mukerji SS, Mateen FJ. Neurologic Manifestations of the World Health Organization's List of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases. Front Neurol 2021; 12:634827. [PMID: 33692745 PMCID: PMC7937722 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.634827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) monitors the spread of diseases globally and maintains a list of diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential. Currently listed diseases include Chikungunya, cholera, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease, Hendra virus infection, influenza, Lassa fever, Marburg virus disease, Neisseria meningitis, MERS-CoV, monkeypox, Nipah virus infection, novel coronavirus (COVID-19), plague, Rift Valley fever, SARS, smallpox, tularemia, yellow fever, and Zika virus disease. The associated pathogens are increasingly important on the global stage. The majority of these diseases have neurological manifestations. Those with less frequent neurological manifestations may also have important consequences. This is highlighted now in particular through the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and reinforces that pathogens with the potential to spread rapidly and widely, in spite of concerted global efforts, may affect the nervous system. We searched the scientific literature, dating from 1934 to August 2020, to compile data on the cause, epidemiology, clinical presentation, neuroimaging features, and treatment of each of the diseases of epidemic or pandemic potential as viewed through a neurologist's lens. We included articles with an abstract or full text in English in this topical and scoping review. Diseases with epidemic and pandemic potential can be spread directly from human to human, animal to human, via mosquitoes or other insects, or via environmental contamination. Manifestations include central neurologic conditions (meningitis, encephalitis, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, seizures), peripheral and cranial nerve syndromes (sensory neuropathy, sensorineural hearing loss, ophthalmoplegia), post-infectious syndromes (acute inflammatory polyneuropathy), and congenital syndromes (fetal microcephaly), among others. Some diseases have not been well-characterized from a neurological standpoint, but all have at least scattered case reports of neurological features. Some of the diseases have curative treatments available while in other cases, supportive care remains the only management option. Regardless of the pathogen, prompt, and aggressive measures to control the spread of these agents are the most important factors in lowering the overall morbidity and mortality they can cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R. S. McEntire
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kun-Wei Song
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert P. McInnis
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John Y. Rhee
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Young
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Erika Williams
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leah L. Wibecan
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Pediatric Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Neal Nolan
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amanda M. Nagy
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Pediatric Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Gluckstein
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)-Brigham Neurology Residency Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shibani S. Mukerji
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Farrah J. Mateen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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48
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Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic, vector-borne infectious disease of ruminants and camels transmitted mainly by the Aedes and Culex mosquito species. Contact with the blood or organs of infected animals may infect humans. Its etiological factor is the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) of the Phlebovirus genus and Bunyaviridae family. Sheep and goats are most susceptible to infection and newborns and young individuals endure the most severe disease course. High abortion rates and infant mortality are typical for RVF; its clinical signs are high fever, lymphadenitis, nasal and ocular secretions and vomiting. Conventional diagnosis is done by the detection of specific IgM or IgG antibodies and RVFV nucleic acids and by virus isolation. Inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines obtained from virulent RVFV isolates are available for livestock. RVF is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, but in the last two decades, it was also reported in other African regions. Seropositive animals were detected in Turkey, Tunisia and Libya. The wide distribution of competent vectors in non-endemic areas coupled with global climate change threaten to spread RVF transboundarily. The EFSA considers the movement of infected animals and vectors to be other plausible pathways of RVF introduction into Europe. A very low risk both of introduction of the virus through an infected animal or vector and of establishment of the virus, and a moderate risk of its transmission through these means was estimated for Poland. The risk of these specific modes of disease introduction into Europe is rated as very low, but surveillance and response capabilities and cooperation with the proximal endemic regions are recommended.
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49
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Wichgers Schreur PJ, Vloet RPM, Kant J, van Keulen L, Gonzales JL, Visser TM, Koenraadt CJM, Vogels CBF, Kortekaas J. Reproducing the Rift Valley fever virus mosquito-lamb-mosquito transmission cycle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1477. [PMID: 33446733 PMCID: PMC7809480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne bunyavirus that is pathogenic to ruminants and humans. The virus is endemic to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula where outbreaks are characterized by abortion storms and mortality of newborns, particularly in sheep herds. Vector competence experiments in laboratory settings have suggested that over 50 mosquito species are capable of transmitting RVFV. Transmission of mosquito-borne viruses in the field is however influenced by numerous factors, including population densities, blood feeding behavior, extrinsic incubation period, longevity of vectors, and viremia levels in vertebrate hosts. Animal models to study these important aspects of RVFV transmission are currently lacking. In the present work, RVFV was transmitted to European (Texel-swifter cross-breed) lambs by laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that were infected either by membrane feeding on a virus-spiked blood meal or by feeding on lambs that developed viremia after intravenous inoculation of RVFV. Feeding of mosquitoes on viremic lambs resulted in strikingly higher infection rates as compared to membrane feeding. Subsequent transmission of RVFV from lamb to lamb by infected mosquitoes was highly efficient in both models. The animal models described here can be used to study mosquito-mediated transmission of RVFV among the major natural target species and to evaluate the efficacy of vaccines against mosquito-mediated RVFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jet Kant
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jose L Gonzales
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa M Visser
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeroen Kortekaas
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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50
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Mahdi O, El Rayah EA, Harbach RE. Coquillettidia chrysosoma (Edwards) (Diptera: Culicidae) in White Nile State, Sudan. J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1893849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omaima Mahdi
- Medical Entomology Department, National Public Health Laboratory, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - El Amin El Rayah
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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