1
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Parker HG, Harris AC, Plassais J, Dhawan D, Kim EM, Knapp DW, Ostrander EA. Genome-wide analyses reveals an association between invasive urothelial carcinoma in the Shetland sheepdog and NIPAL1. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:112. [PMID: 38778091 PMCID: PMC11111773 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring canine invasive urinary carcinoma (iUC) closely resembles human muscle invasive bladder cancer in terms of histopathology, metastases, response to therapy, and low survival rate. The heterogeneous nature of the disease has led to the association of large numbers of risk loci in humans, however most are of small effect. There exists a need for new and accurate animal models of invasive bladder cancer. In dogs, distinct breeds show markedly different rates of iUC, thus presenting an opportunity to identify additional risk factors and overcome the locus heterogeneity encountered in human mapping studies. In the association study presented here, inclusive of 100 Shetland sheepdogs and 58 dogs of other breeds, we identify a homozygous protein altering point mutation within the NIPAL1 gene which increases risk by eight-fold (OR = 8.42, CI = 3.12-22.71), accounting for nearly 30% of iUC risk in the Shetland sheepdog. Inclusion of six additional loci accounts for most of the disease risk in the breed and explains nearly 75% of the phenotypes in this study. When combined with sequence data from tumors, we show that variation in the MAPK signaling pathway is an overarching cause of iUC susceptibility in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi G Parker
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander C Harris
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jocelyn Plassais
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-UMR6290, University of Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Deepika Dhawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Erika M Kim
- Center for Biomedical Informatics & Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Deborah W Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Urizar AI, Prause M, Ingerslev LR, Wortham M, Sui Y, Sander M, Williams K, Barrès R, Larsen MR, Christensen GL, Billestrup N. Beta cell dysfunction induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 is associated with histone modifications and decreased NeuroD1 chromatin binding. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:399. [PMID: 37407581 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05906-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient insulin secretion is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes and has been attributed to beta cell identity loss characterized by decreased expression of several key beta cell genes. The pro-inflammatory factor BMP-2 is upregulated in islets of Langerhans from individuals with diabetes and acts as an inhibitor of beta cell function and proliferation. Exposure to BMP-2 induces expression of Id1-4, Hes-1, and Hey-1 which are transcriptional regulators associated with loss of differentiation. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which BMP-2 induces beta cell dysfunction and loss of cell maturity. Mouse islets exposed to BMP-2 for 10 days showed impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and beta cell proliferation. BMP-2-induced beta cell dysfunction was associated with decreased expression of cell maturity and proliferation markers specific to the beta cell such as Ins1, Ucn3, and Ki67 and increased expression of Id1-4, Hes-1, and Hey-1. The top 30 most regulated proteins significantly correlated with corresponding mRNA expression. BMP-2-induced gene expression changes were associated with a predominant reduction in acetylation of H3K27 and a decrease in NeuroD1 chromatin binding activity. These results show that BMP-2 induces loss of beta cell maturity and suggest that remodeling of H3K27ac and decreased NeuroD1 DNA binding activity participate in the effect of BMP-2 on beta cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michala Prause
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Roed Ingerslev
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew Wortham
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yinghui Sui
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Maike Sander
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kristine Williams
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Romain Barrès
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS and Université de Nice Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Nils Billestrup
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Wang RR, Qiu X, Pan R, Fu H, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Chen H, Wu QQ, Pan X, Zhou Y, Shan P, Wang S, Guo G, Zheng M, Zhu L, Meng ZX. Dietary intervention preserves β cell function in mice through CTCF-mediated transcriptional reprogramming. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213256. [PMID: 35652891 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell plasticity is the primary determinant of disease progression and remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the dynamic nature of β cell adaptation remains elusive. Here, we establish a mouse model exhibiting the compensation-to-decompensation adaptation of β cell function in response to increasing duration of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Comprehensive islet functional and transcriptome analyses reveal a dynamic orchestration of transcriptional networks featuring temporal alteration of chromatin remodeling. Interestingly, prediabetic dietary intervention completely rescues β cell dysfunction, accompanied by a remarkable reversal of HFD-induced reprogramming of islet chromatin accessibility and transcriptome. Mechanistically, ATAC-based motif analysis identifies CTCF as the top candidate driving dietary intervention-induced preservation of β cell function. CTCF expression is markedly decreased in β cells from obese and diabetic mice and humans. Both dietary intervention and AAV-mediated restoration of CTCF expression ameliorate β cell dysfunction ex vivo and in vivo, through transducing the lipid toxicity and inflammatory signals to transcriptional reprogramming of genes critical for β cell glucose metabolism and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Ran Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyuan Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ran Pan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongxing Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziyin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qintao Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haide Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing-Qian Wu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaowen Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanping Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengfei Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shusen Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.,NHC Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoji Guo
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingyun Zhu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuo-Xian Meng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Davidson RK, Weaver SA, Casey N, Kanojia S, Hogarth E, Aguirre RS, Sims EK, Evans-Molina C, Spaeth JM. The Chd4 subunit of the NuRD complex regulates Pdx1-controlled genes involved in β-cell function. J Mol Endocrinol 2022; 69:329-341. [PMID: 35521759 PMCID: PMC9260723 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with loss of transcription factors (TFs) from a subset of failing β-cells. Among these TFs is Pdx1, which controls the expression of numerous genes involved in maintaining β-cell function and identity. Pdx1 activity is modulated by transcriptional coregulators and has recently been shown, through an unbiased screen, to interact with the Chd4 ATPase subunit of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex. Chd4 contributes to the maintenance of cellular identity and functional status of numerous different cell types. Here, we demonstrated that Pdx1 dynamically interacts with Chd4 under physiological and stimulatory conditions within islet β-cells and established a fundamental role for Chd4 in regulating insulin secretion and modulating numerous Pdx1-bound genes in vitro, including the MafA TF, where we discovered Chd4 is bound to the MafA region 3 enhancer. Furthermore, we found that Pdx1:Chd4 interactions are significantly compromised in islet β-cells under metabolically induced stress in vivo and in human donor tissues with T2D. Our findings establish a fundamental role for Chd4 in regulating insulin secretion and modulating Pdx1-bound genes in vitro, and disruption of Pdx1:Chd4 interactions coincides with β-cell dysfunction associated with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Staci A. Weaver
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nolan Casey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sukrati Kanojia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Elise Hogarth
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Rebecca Schneider Aguirre
- Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emily K. Sims
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jason M. Spaeth
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Corresponding Author: Address: 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 2021, Indianapolis, IN 46202 (JMS), (JMS)
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5
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Alsheikh AJ, Wollenhaupt S, King EA, Reeb J, Ghosh S, Stolzenburg LR, Tamim S, Lazar J, Davis JW, Jacob HJ. The landscape of GWAS validation; systematic review identifying 309 validated non-coding variants across 130 human diseases. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:74. [PMID: 35365203 PMCID: PMC8973751 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01216-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The remarkable growth of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has created a critical need to experimentally validate the disease-associated variants, 90% of which involve non-coding variants. Methods To determine how the field is addressing this urgent need, we performed a comprehensive literature review identifying 36,676 articles. These were reduced to 1454 articles through a set of filters using natural language processing and ontology-based text-mining. This was followed by manual curation and cross-referencing against the GWAS catalog, yielding a final set of 286 articles. Results We identified 309 experimentally validated non-coding GWAS variants, regulating 252 genes across 130 human disease traits. These variants covered a variety of regulatory mechanisms. Interestingly, 70% (215/309) acted through cis-regulatory elements, with the remaining through promoters (22%, 70/309) or non-coding RNAs (8%, 24/309). Several validation approaches were utilized in these studies, including gene expression (n = 272), transcription factor binding (n = 175), reporter assays (n = 171), in vivo models (n = 104), genome editing (n = 96) and chromatin interaction (n = 33). Conclusions This review of the literature is the first to systematically evaluate the status and the landscape of experimentation being used to validate non-coding GWAS-identified variants. Our results clearly underscore the multifaceted approach needed for experimental validation, have practical implications on variant prioritization and considerations of target gene nomination. While the field has a long way to go to validate the thousands of GWAS associations, we show that progress is being made and provide exemplars of validation studies covering a wide variety of mechanisms, target genes, and disease areas. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01216-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar J Alsheikh
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA.
| | - Sabrina Wollenhaupt
- Information Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Emily A King
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Jonas Reeb
- Information Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sujana Ghosh
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | | | - Saleh Tamim
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Jozef Lazar
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - J Wade Davis
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Howard J Jacob
- Genomics Research Center, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
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6
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Han Z, Li W. Enhancer RNA: What we know and what we can achieve. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13202. [PMID: 35170113 PMCID: PMC9055912 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancers are important cis-acting elements that can regulate gene transcription and cell fate alongside promoters. In fact, many human cancers and diseases are associated with the malfunction of enhancers. Recent studies have shown that enhancers can produce enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) by RNA polymerase II. In this review, we discuss eRNA production, characteristics, functions and mechanics. eRNAs can determine chromatin accessibility, histone modification and gene expression by constructing a 'chromatin loop', thereby bringing enhancers to their target gene. eRNA can also be involved in the phase separation with enhancers and other proteins. eRNAs are abundant, and importantly, tissue-specific in tumours, various diseases and stem cells; thus, eRNAs can be a potential target for disease diagnosis and treatment. As eRNA is produced from the active transcription of enhancers and is involved in the regulation of cell fate, its manipulation will influence cell function, and therefore, it can be a new target for biological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Han
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Kaimala S, Kumar CA, Allouh MZ, Ansari SA, Emerald BS. Epigenetic modifications in pancreas development, diabetes, and therapeutics. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1343-1371. [PMID: 34984701 PMCID: PMC9306699 DOI: 10.1002/med.21878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A recent International Diabetes Federation report suggests that more than 463 million people between 20 and 79 years have diabetes. Of the 20 million women affected by hyperglycemia during pregnancy, 84% have gestational diabetes. In addition, more than 1.1 million children or adolescents are affected by type 1 diabetes. Factors contributing to the increase in diabetes prevalence are complex and include contributions from genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors. However, molecular regulatory mechanisms influencing the progression of an individual towards increased susceptibility to metabolic diseases such as diabetes are not fully understood. Recent studies suggest that the pathogenesis of diabetes involves epigenetic changes, resulting in a persistently dysregulated metabolic phenotype. This review summarizes the role of epigenetic mechanisms, mainly DNA methylation and histone modifications, in the development of the pancreas, their contribution to the development of diabetes, and the potential employment of epigenetic modulators in diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneesh Kaimala
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Challagandla Anil Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Mohammed Z Allouh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Suraiya Anjum Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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8
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Bartolomé A. Stem Cell-Derived β Cells: A Versatile Research Platform to Interrogate the Genetic Basis of β Cell Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:501. [PMID: 35008927 PMCID: PMC8745644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell dysfunction is a central component of diabetes progression. During the last decades, the genetic basis of several monogenic forms of diabetes has been recognized. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have also facilitated the identification of common genetic variants associated with an increased risk of diabetes. These studies highlight the importance of impaired β cell function in all forms of diabetes. However, how most of these risk variants confer disease risk, remains unanswered. Understanding the specific contribution of genetic variants and the precise role of their molecular effectors is the next step toward developing treatments that target β cell dysfunction in the era of personalized medicine. Protocols that allow derivation of β cells from pluripotent stem cells, represent a powerful research tool that allows modeling of human development and versatile experimental designs that can be used to shed some light on diabetes pathophysiology. This article reviews different models to study the genetic basis of β cell dysfunction, focusing on the recent advances made possible by stem cell applications in the field of diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bartolomé
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Miller EC, Wilczek A, Bello NA, Tom S, Wapner R, Suh Y. Pregnancy, preeclampsia and maternal aging: From epidemiology to functional genomics. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 73:101535. [PMID: 34871806 PMCID: PMC8827396 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Women live longer than men but experience greater disability and a longer period of illness as they age. Despite clear sex differences in aging, the impact of pregnancy and its complications, such as preeclampsia, on aging is an underexplored area of geroscience. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the complex links between pregnancy and age-related diseases, including evidence from epidemiology, clinical research, and genetics. We discuss the relationship between normal and pathological pregnancy and maternal aging, using preeclampsia as a primary example. We review the results of human genetics studies of preeclampsia, including genome wide association studies (GWAS), and attempted to catalog genes involved in preeclampsia as a gateway to mechanisms underlying an increased risk of later life cardio- and neuro- vascular events. Lastly, we discuss challenges in interpreting the GWAS of preeclampsia and provide a functional genomics framework for future research needed to fully realize the promise of GWAS in identifying targets for geroprotective prevention and therapeutics against preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza C. Miller
- Department of Neurology, Division of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Wilczek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalie A. Bello
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Tom
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurology Clinical Outcomes Research and Population Science and the Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald Wapner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Yousin Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Romanov SE, Kalashnikova DA, Laktionov PP. Methods of massive parallel reporter assays for investigation of enhancers. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:344-355. [PMID: 34901731 PMCID: PMC8627875 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct deployment of genetic programs for development and differentiation relies on finely coordinated regulation of specific gene sets. Genomic regulatory elements play an exceptional role in this process. There are few types of gene regulatory elements, including promoters, enhancers, insulators and silencers. Alterations of gene regulatory elements may cause various pathologies, including cancer, congenital disorders and autoimmune diseases. The development of high-throughput genomic assays has made it possible to significantly accelerate the accumulation of information about the characteristic epigenetic properties of regulatory elements. In combination with high-throughput studies focused on the genome-wide distribution of epigenetic marks, regulatory proteins and the spatial structure of chromatin, this significantly expands the understanding of the principles of epigenetic regulation of genes and allows potential regulatory elements to be searched for in silico. However, common experimental approaches used to study the local characteristics of chromatin have a number of technical limitations that may reduce the reliability of computational identification of genomic regulatory sequences. Taking into account the variability of the functions of epigenetic determinants and complex multicomponent regulation of genomic elements activity, their functional verification is often required. A plethora of methods have been developed to study the functional role of regulatory elements on the genome scale. Common experimental approaches for in silico identification of regulatory elements and their inherent technical limitations will be described. The present review is focused on original high-throughput methods of enhancer activity reporter analysis that are currently used to validate predicted regulatory elements and to perform de novo searches. The methods described allow assessing the functional role of the nucleotide sequence of a regulatory element, to determine its exact boundaries and to assess the influence of the local state of chromatin on the activity of enhancers and gene expression. These approaches have contributed substantially to the understanding of the fundamental principles of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Romanov
- Novosibirsk State University, Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Genomics Laboratory, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - D A Kalashnikova
- Novosibirsk State University, Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Genomics Laboratory, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P P Laktionov
- Novosibirsk State University, Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Genomics Laboratory, Novosibirsk, Russia
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11
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Thibodeau A, Khetan S, Eroglu A, Tewhey R, Stitzel ML, Ucar D. CoRE-ATAC: A deep learning model for the functional classification of regulatory elements from single cell and bulk ATAC-seq data. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009670. [PMID: 34898596 PMCID: PMC8699717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cis-Regulatory elements (cis-REs) include promoters, enhancers, and insulators that regulate gene expression programs via binding of transcription factors. ATAC-seq technology effectively identifies active cis-REs in a given cell type (including from single cells) by mapping accessible chromatin at base-pair resolution. However, these maps are not immediately useful for inferring specific functions of cis-REs. For this purpose, we developed a deep learning framework (CoRE-ATAC) with novel data encoders that integrate DNA sequence (reference or personal genotypes) with ATAC-seq cut sites and read pileups. CoRE-ATAC was trained on 4 cell types (n = 6 samples/replicates) and accurately predicted known cis-RE functions from 7 cell types (n = 40 samples) that were not used in model training (mean average precision = 0.80, mean F1 score = 0.70). CoRE-ATAC enhancer predictions from 19 human islet samples coincided with genetically modulated gain/loss of enhancer activity, which was confirmed by massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs). Finally, CoRE-ATAC effectively inferred cis-RE function from aggregate single nucleus ATAC-seq (snATAC) data from human blood-derived immune cells that overlapped with known functional annotations in sorted immune cells, which established the efficacy of these models to study cis-RE functions of rare cells without the need for cell sorting. ATAC-seq maps from primary human cells reveal individual- and cell-specific variation in cis-RE activity. CoRE-ATAC increases the functional resolution of these maps, a critical step for studying regulatory disruptions behind diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Thibodeau
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Shubham Khetan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Alper Eroglu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ryan Tewhey
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Stitzel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Duygu Ucar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
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12
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Simonett SP, Shin S, Herring JA, Bacher R, Smith LA, Dong C, Rabaglia ME, Stapleton DS, Schueler KL, Choi J, Bernstein MN, Turkewitz DR, Perez-Cervantes C, Spaeth J, Stein R, Tessem JS, Kendziorski C, Keleş S, Moskowitz IP, Keller MP, Attie AD. Identification of direct transcriptional targets of NFATC2 that promote β cell proliferation. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e144833. [PMID: 34491912 PMCID: PMC8553569 DOI: 10.1172/jci144833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NFATC2 induces β cell proliferation in mouse and human islets. However, the genomic targets that mediate these effects have not been identified. We expressed active forms of Nfatc2 and Nfatc1 in human islets. By integrating changes in gene expression with genomic binding sites for NFATC2, we identified approximately 2200 transcriptional targets of NFATC2. Genes induced by NFATC2 were enriched for transcripts that regulate the cell cycle and for DNA motifs associated with the transcription factor FOXP. Islets from an endocrine-specific Foxp1, Foxp2, and Foxp4 triple-knockout mouse were less responsive to NFATC2-induced β cell proliferation, suggesting the FOXP family works to regulate β cell proliferation in concert with NFATC2. NFATC2 induced β cell proliferation in both mouse and human islets, whereas NFATC1 did so only in human islets. Exploiting this species difference, we identified approximately 250 direct transcriptional targets of NFAT in human islets. This gene set enriches for cell cycle-associated transcripts and includes Nr4a1. Deletion of Nr4a1 reduced the capacity of NFATC2 to induce β cell proliferation, suggesting that much of the effect of NFATC2 occurs through its induction of Nr4a1. Integration of noncoding RNA expression, chromatin accessibility, and NFATC2 binding sites enabled us to identify NFATC2-dependent enhancer loci that mediate β cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane P. Simonett
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sunyoung Shin
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob A. Herring
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Rhonda Bacher
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Linsin A. Smith
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chenyang Dong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mary E. Rabaglia
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Donnie S. Stapleton
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Schueler
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeea Choi
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Daniel R. Turkewitz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carlos Perez-Cervantes
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jason Spaeth
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeffery S. Tessem
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sündüz Keleş
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ivan P. Moskowitz
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark P. Keller
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alan D. Attie
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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13
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Alonso L, Piron A, Morán I, Guindo-Martínez M, Bonàs-Guarch S, Atla G, Miguel-Escalada I, Royo R, Puiggròs M, Garcia-Hurtado X, Suleiman M, Marselli L, Esguerra JLS, Turatsinze JV, Torres JM, Nylander V, Chen J, Eliasson L, Defrance M, Amela R, Mulder H, Gloyn AL, Groop L, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL, Ferrer J, Mercader JM, Cnop M, Torrents D. TIGER: The gene expression regulatory variation landscape of human pancreatic islets. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109807. [PMID: 34644572 PMCID: PMC8864863 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified hundreds of signals associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). To gain insight into their underlying molecular mechanisms, we have created the translational human pancreatic islet genotype tissue-expression resource (TIGER), aggregating >500 human islet genomic datasets from five cohorts in the Horizon 2020 consortium T2DSystems. We impute genotypes using four reference panels and meta-analyze cohorts to improve the coverage of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and develop a method to combine allele-specific expression across samples (cASE). We identify >1 million islet eQTLs, 53 of which colocalize with T2D signals. Among them, a low-frequency allele that reduces T2D risk by half increases CCND2 expression. We identify eight cASE colocalizations, among which we found a T2D-associated SLC30A8 variant. We make all data available through the TIGER portal (http://tiger.bsc.es), which represents a comprehensive human islet genomic data resource to elucidate how genetic variation affects islet function and translates into therapeutic insight and precision medicine for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Alonso
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Anthony Piron
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium; Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels (IB2), Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Ignasi Morán
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Marta Guindo-Martínez
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Sílvia Bonàs-Guarch
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Barcelona 08013, Spain
| | - Goutham Atla
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Barcelona 08013, Spain
| | - Irene Miguel-Escalada
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Barcelona 08013, Spain
| | - Romina Royo
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Montserrat Puiggròs
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Xavier Garcia-Hurtado
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Barcelona 08013, Spain
| | - Mara Suleiman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Jonathan L S Esguerra
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö 214 28, Sweden
| | | | - Jason M Torres
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Vibe Nylander
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Ji Chen
- Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö 214 28, Sweden
| | - Matthieu Defrance
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Ramon Amela
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Hindrik Mulder
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö 214 28, Sweden
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Stanford Diabetes Research Centre, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leif Groop
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö 214 28, Sweden; Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö 214 28, Sweden; Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium; WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Barcelona 08013, Spain; Section of Epigenomics and Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josep M Mercader
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain; Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium; Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium.
| | - David Torrents
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain.
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14
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Kim SS, Hudgins AD, Yang J, Zhu Y, Tu Z, Rosenfeld MG, DiLorenzo TP, Suh Y. A comprehensive integrated post-GWAS analysis of Type 1 diabetes reveals enhancer-based immune dysregulation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257265. [PMID: 34529725 PMCID: PMC8445446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease, whereby immune cell-mediated killing leads to loss of the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 200 genetic variants associated with risk for T1D. The majority of the GWAS risk variants reside in the non-coding regions of the genome, suggesting that gene regulatory changes substantially contribute to T1D. However, identification of causal regulatory variants associated with T1D risk and their affected genes is challenging due to incomplete knowledge of non-coding regulatory elements and the cellular states and processes in which they function. Here, we performed a comprehensive integrated post-GWAS analysis of T1D to identify functional regulatory variants in enhancers and their cognate target genes. Starting with 1,817 candidate T1D SNPs defined from the GWAS catalog and LDlink databases, we conducted functional annotation analysis using genomic data from various public databases. These include 1) Roadmap Epigenomics, ENCODE, and RegulomeDB for epigenome data; 2) GTEx for tissue-specific gene expression and expression quantitative trait loci data; and 3) lncRNASNP2 for long non-coding RNA data. Our results indicated a prevalent enhancer-based immune dysregulation in T1D pathogenesis. We identified 26 high-probability causal enhancer SNPs associated with T1D, and 64 predicted target genes. The majority of the target genes play major roles in antigen presentation and immune response and are regulated through complex transcriptional regulatory circuits, including those in HLA (6p21) and non-HLA (16p11.2) loci. These candidate causal enhancer SNPs are supported by strong evidence and warrant functional follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Soo Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Hudgins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jiping Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yizhou Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhidong Tu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Rosenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Teresa P. DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Yousin Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Khetan S, Kales S, Kursawe R, Jillette A, Ulirsch JC, Reilly SK, Ucar D, Tewhey R, Stitzel ML. Functional characterization of T2D-associated SNP effects on baseline and ER stress-responsive β cell transcriptional activation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5242. [PMID: 34475398 PMCID: PMC8413311 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at >250 loci in the human genome to type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. For each locus, identifying the functional variant(s) among multiple SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium is critical to understand molecular mechanisms underlying T2D genetic risk. Using massively parallel reporter assays (MPRA), we test the cis-regulatory effects of SNPs associated with T2D and altered in vivo islet chromatin accessibility in MIN6 β cells under steady state and pathophysiologic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. We identify 1,982/6,621 (29.9%) SNP-containing elements that activate transcription in MIN6 and 879 SNP alleles that modulate MPRA activity. Multiple T2D-associated SNPs alter the activity of short interspersed nuclear element (SINE)-containing elements that are strongly induced by ER stress. We identify 220 functional variants at 104 T2D association signals, narrowing 54 signals to a single candidate SNP. Together, this study identifies elements driving β cell steady state and ER stress-responsive transcriptional activation, nominates causal T2D SNPs, and uncovers potential roles for repetitive elements in β cell transcriptional stress response and T2D genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Khetan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Susan Kales
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Romy Kursawe
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Jacob C Ulirsch
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Duygu Ucar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
- Institute of Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ryan Tewhey
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michael L Stitzel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA.
- Institute of Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA.
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16
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Graff SM, Johnson SR, Leo PJ, Dadi PK, Dickerson MT, Nakhe AY, McInerney-Leo AM, Marshall M, Zaborska KE, Schaub CM, Brown MA, Jacobson DA, Duncan EL. A KCNK16 mutation causing TALK-1 gain of function is associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young. JCI Insight 2021; 6:138057. [PMID: 34032641 PMCID: PMC8410089 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a heterogeneous group of monogenic disorders of impaired pancreatic β cell function. The mechanisms underlying MODY include β cell KATP channel dysfunction (e.g., KCNJ11 [MODY13] or ABCC8 [MODY12] mutations); however, no other β cell channelopathies have been associated with MODY to date. Here, we have identified a nonsynonymous coding variant in KCNK16 (NM_001135105: c.341T>C, p.Leu114Pro) segregating with MODY. KCNK16 is the most abundant and β cell-restricted K+ channel transcript, encoding the two-pore-domain K+ channel TALK-1. Whole-cell K+ currents demonstrated a large gain of function with TALK-1 Leu114Pro compared with TALK-1 WT, due to greater single-channel activity. Glucose-stimulated membrane potential depolarization and Ca2+ influx were inhibited in mouse islets expressing TALK-1 Leu114Pro with less endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ storage. TALK-1 Leu114Pro significantly blunted glucose-stimulated insulin secretion compared with TALK-1 WT in mouse and human islets. These data suggest that KCNK16 is a previously unreported gene for MODY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Graff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephanie R. Johnson
- Department of Endocrinology, Queensland Children’s Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul J. Leo
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Prasanna K. Dadi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew T. Dickerson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Arya Y. Nakhe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aideen M. McInerney-Leo
- Dermatology Research Centre, Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mhairi Marshall
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karolina E. Zaborska
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles M. Schaub
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew A. Brown
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Emma L. Duncan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Davison GW, Irwin RE, Walsh CP. The metabolic-epigenetic nexus in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:194-206. [PMID: 33429021 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to rise globally. Yet the aetiology and pathophysiology of this noncommunicable, polygenic disease, is poorly understood. Lifestyle factors, such as poor dietary intake, lack of exercise, and abnormal glycaemia, are purported to play a role in disease onset and progression, and these environmental factors may disrupt specific epigenetic mechanisms, leading to a reprogramming of gene transcription. The hyperglycaemic cell per se, alters epigenetics through chemical modifications to DNA and histones via metabolic intermediates such as succinate, α-ketoglutarate and O-GlcNAc. To illustrate, α-ketoglutarate is considered a salient co-factor in the activation of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) dioxygenases, which drives DNA demethylation. On the contrary, succinate and other mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, inhibit TET activity predisposing to a state of hypermethylation. Hyperglycaemia depletes intracellular ascorbic acid, and damages DNA by enhancing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); this compromised cell milieu exacerbates the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine alongside a destabilisation of TET. These metabolic connections may regulate DNA methylation, affecting gene transcription and pancreatic islet β-cell function in T2DM. This complex interrelationship between metabolism and epigenetic alterations may provide a conceptual foundation for understanding how pathologic stimuli modify and control the intricacies of T2DM. As such, this narrative review will comprehensively evaluate and detail the interplay between metabolism and epigenetic modifications in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W Davison
- Ulster University, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Rachelle E Irwin
- Ulster University, Genomic Medicine Research Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Colum P Walsh
- Ulster University, Genomic Medicine Research Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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18
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Aylward A, Okino ML, Benaglio P, Chiou J, Beebe E, Padilla JA, Diep S, Gaulton KJ. Glucocorticoid signaling in pancreatic islets modulates gene regulatory programs and genetic risk of type 2 diabetes. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009531. [PMID: 33983929 PMCID: PMC8183998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are key regulators of glucose homeostasis and pancreatic islet function, but the gene regulatory programs driving responses to glucocorticoid signaling in islets and the contribution of these programs to diabetes risk are unknown. In this study we used ATAC-seq and RNA-seq to map chromatin accessibility and gene expression from eleven primary human islet samples cultured in vitro with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone at multiple doses and durations. We identified thousands of accessible chromatin sites and genes with significant changes in activity in response to glucocorticoids. Chromatin sites up-regulated in glucocorticoid signaling were prominently enriched for glucocorticoid receptor binding sites and up-regulated genes were enriched for ion transport and lipid metabolism, whereas down-regulated chromatin sites and genes were enriched for inflammatory, stress response and proliferative processes. Genetic variants associated with glucose levels and T2D risk were enriched in glucocorticoid-responsive chromatin sites, including fine-mapped variants at 51 known signals. Among fine-mapped variants in glucocorticoid-responsive chromatin, a likely casual variant at the 2p21 locus had glucocorticoid-dependent allelic effects on beta cell enhancer activity and affected SIX2 and SIX3 expression. Our results provide a comprehensive map of islet regulatory programs in response to glucocorticoids through which we uncover a role for islet glucocorticoid signaling in mediating genetic risk of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Aylward
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology graduate program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mei-Lin Okino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Paola Benaglio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua Chiou
- Biomedical Sciences graduate program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Elisha Beebe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jose Andres Padilla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sharlene Diep
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kyle J. Gaulton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Eufrásio A, Perrod C, Ferreira FJ, Duque M, Galhardo M, Bessa J. In Vivo Reporter Assays Uncover Changes in Enhancer Activity Caused by Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. Diabetes 2020; 69:2794-2805. [PMID: 32912862 PMCID: PMC7679775 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with type 2 diabetes overlap with putative endocrine pancreatic enhancers, suggesting that these SNPs modulate enhancer activity and, consequently, gene expression. We performed in vivo mosaic transgenesis assays in zebrafish to quantitatively test the enhancer activity of type 2 diabetes-associated loci. Six out of 10 tested sequences are endocrine pancreatic enhancers. The risk variant of two sequences decreased enhancer activity, while in another two incremented it. One of the latter (rs13266634) locates in an SLC30A8 exon, encoding a tryptophan-to-arginine substitution that decreases SLC30A8 function, which is the canonical explanation for type 2 diabetes risk association. However, other type 2 diabetes-associated SNPs that truncate SLC30A8 confer protection from this disease, contradicting this explanation. Here, we clarify this incongruence, showing that rs13266634 boosts the activity of an overlapping enhancer and suggesting an SLC30A8 gain of function as the cause for the increased risk for the disease. We further dissected the functionality of this enhancer, finding a single nucleotide mutation sufficient to impair its activity. Overall, this work assesses in vivo the importance of disease-associated SNPs in the activity of endocrine pancreatic enhancers, including a poorly explored case where a coding SNP modulates the activity of an enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Eufrásio
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Chiara Perrod
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fábio J Ferreira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Duque
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Galhardo
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Bessa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Abstract
Background Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans are heterogeneous tissues consisting of multiple endocrine cell types that carry out distinct yet coordinated roles to regulate blood glucose homeostasis. Islet dysfunction and specifically failure of the beta cells to secrete adequate insulin are known precursors to type 2 diabetes (T2D) onset. However, the exact genetic, (epi)genomic, and environmental mechanisms that contribute to islet failure, and ultimately to T2D pathogenesis, require further elucidation. Scope of review This review summarizes efforts and advances in dissection of the complex genetic underpinnings of islet function and resilience in T2D pathogenesis. In this review, we will highlight results of the latest T2D genome-wide association study (GWAS) and discuss how these data are being combined with clinical measures in patients to uncover putative T2D subtypes and with functional (epi)genomic studies in islets to understand the genetic programming of islet cell identity, function, and adaptation. Finally, we discuss new and important opportunities to address major knowledge gaps in our understanding of islet (dys)function in T2D risk and progression. Major conclusions Genetic variation exerts clear effects on the islet epigenome, regulatory element usage, and gene expression. Future (epi)genomic comparative analyses between T2D and normal islets should incorporate genetics to distinguish patient-specific from disease-specific differences. Incorporating genotype information into future analyses and studies will also enable more precise insights into the molecular genetics of islet deficiency and failure in T2D risk, and should ultimately contribute to a stratified view of T2D and more precise treatment strategies. Islet cellular heterogeneity continues to remain a challenge for understanding the associations between islet failure and T2D development. Further efforts to obtain purified islet cell type populations and determine the specific genetic and environmental effects on each will help address this. Beyond observation of islets at steady state conditions, more research of islet stress and stimulation responses are needed to understand the transition of these tissues from a healthy to diseased state. Together, focusing on these objectives will provide more opportunities to prevent, treat, and manage T2D.
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21
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Skeletal muscle enhancer interactions identify genes controlling whole-body metabolism. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2695. [PMID: 32483258 PMCID: PMC7264154 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are metabolic disorders influenced by lifestyle and genetic factors that are characterized by insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, a prominent site of glucose disposal. Numerous genetic variants have been associated with obesity and T2D, of which the majority are located in non-coding DNA regions. This suggests that most variants mediate their effect by altering the activity of gene-regulatory elements, including enhancers. Here, we map skeletal muscle genomic enhancer elements that are dynamically regulated after exposure to the free fatty acid palmitate or the inflammatory cytokine TNFα. By overlapping enhancer positions with the location of disease-associated genetic variants, and resolving long-range chromatin interactions between enhancers and gene promoters, we identify target genes involved in metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle. The majority of these genes also associate with altered whole-body metabolic phenotypes in the murine BXD genetic reference population. Thus, our combined genomic investigations identified genes that are involved in skeletal muscle metabolism. Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are metabolic disorders characterized by insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Here, the authors map skeletal muscle enhancer elements dynamically regulated after exposure to free fatty acid palmitate or inflammatory cytokine TNFα and identify target genes involved in metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle.
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22
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Abreu D, Asada R, Revilla JMP, Lavagnino Z, Kries K, Piston DW, Urano F. Wolfram syndrome 1 gene regulates pathways maintaining beta-cell health and survival. J Transl Med 2020; 100:849-862. [PMID: 32060407 PMCID: PMC7286786 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolfram Syndrome 1 (WFS1) protein is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) factor whose deficiency results in juvenile-onset diabetes secondary to cellular dysfunction and apoptosis. The mechanisms guiding β-cell outcomes secondary to WFS1 function, however, remain unclear. Here, we show that WFS1 preserves normal β-cell physiology by promoting insulin biosynthesis and negatively regulating ER stress. Depletion of Wfs1 in vivo and in vitro causes functional defects in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin content, triggering Chop-mediated apoptotic pathways. Genetic proof of concept studies coupled with RNA-seq reveal that increasing WFS1 confers a functional and a survival advantage to β-cells under ER stress by increasing insulin gene expression and downregulating the Chop-Trib3 axis, thereby activating Akt pathways. Remarkably, WFS1 and INS levels are reduced in type-2 diabetic (T2DM) islets, suggesting that WFS1 may contribute to T2DM β-cell pathology. Taken together, this work reveals essential pathways regulated by WFS1 to control β-cell survival and function primarily through preservation of ER homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Abreu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, U.S.A
| | - Rie Asada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - John M. P. Revilla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zeno Lavagnino
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Experimental Imaging Center DIBIT, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Kelly Kries
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David W. Piston
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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23
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Lawlor N, Márquez EJ, Orchard P, Narisu N, Shamim MS, Thibodeau A, Varshney A, Kursawe R, Erdos MR, Kanke M, Gu H, Pak E, Dutra A, Russell S, Li X, Piecuch E, Luo O, Chines PS, Fuchbserger C, Sethupathy P, Aiden AP, Ruan Y, Aiden EL, Collins FS, Ucar D, Parker SCJ, Stitzel ML. Multiomic Profiling Identifies cis-Regulatory Networks Underlying Human Pancreatic β Cell Identity and Function. Cell Rep 2020; 26:788-801.e6. [PMID: 30650367 PMCID: PMC6389269 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
EndoC-βH1 is emerging as a critical human β cell model to study the genetic and environmental etiologies of β cell (dys)function and diabetes. Comprehensive knowledge of its molecular landscape is lacking, yet required, for effective use of this model. Here, we report chromosomal (spectral karyotyping), genetic (genotyping), epigenomic (ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq), chromatin interaction (Hi-C and Pol2 ChIA-PET), and transcriptomic (RNA-seq and miRNA-seq) maps of EndoC-βH1. Analyses of these maps define known (e.g., PDX1 and ISL1) and putative (e.g., PCSK1 and mir-375) β cell-specific transcriptional cis-regulatory networks and identify allelic effects on cis-regulatory element use. Importantly, comparison with maps generated in primary human islets and/or β cells indicates preservation of chromatin looping but also highlights chromosomal aberrations and fetal genomic signatures in EndoC-βH1. Together, these maps, and a web application we created for their exploration, provide important tools for the design of experiments to probe and manipulate the genetic programs governing β cell identity and (dys)function in diabetes. EndoC-βH1 is becoming an important cellular model to study genes and pathways governing human β cell identity and function, but its (epi)genomic similarity to primary human islets is unknown. Lawlor et al. complete and compare extensive EndoC and primary human islet multiomic maps to identify shared and distinct genomic circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Lawlor
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Eladio J Márquez
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Peter Orchard
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Narisu Narisu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Muhammad Saad Shamim
- Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Computer Science, Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Asa Thibodeau
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Arushi Varshney
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Romy Kursawe
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Michael R Erdos
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Huiya Gu
- Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Evgenia Pak
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amalia Dutra
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sheikh Russell
- Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Computer Science, Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xingwang Li
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Emaly Piecuch
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Oscar Luo
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Peter S Chines
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christian Fuchbserger
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Aviva Presser Aiden
- Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yijun Ruan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Erez Lieberman Aiden
- Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Computer Science, Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Duygu Ucar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Stephen C J Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael L Stitzel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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24
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Mattis KK, Gloyn AL. From Genetic Association to Molecular Mechanisms for Islet-cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:1551-1578. [PMID: 31945378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 400 signals robustly associated with risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). At the vast majority of these loci, the lead single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reside in noncoding regions of the genome, which hampers biological inference and translation of genetic discoveries into disease mechanisms. The study of these T2D risk variants in normoglycemic individuals has revealed that a significant proportion are exerting their disease risk through islet-cell dysfunction. The central role of the islet is also demonstrated by numerous studies, which have shown an enrichment of these signals in islet-specific epigenomic annotations. In recent years the emergence of authentic human beta-cell lines, and advances in genome-editing technologies coupled with improved protocols differentiating human pluripotent stem cells into beta-like cells has opened up new opportunities for T2D disease modeling. Here we review the current understanding on the genetic basis of T2D focusing on approaches, which have facilitated the identification of causal variants and their effector transcripts in human islets. We will present examples of functional studies based on animal and conventional cellular systems and highlight the potential of novel stem cell-based T2D disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia K Mattis
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK; National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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25
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Hossan T, Kundu S, Alam SS, Nagarajan S. Epigenetic Modifications Associated with the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:775-786. [PMID: 30827271 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190301145545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disorder. Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are the most common and crucial events of T2DM. Increasing evidence suggests the association of epigenetic modifications with the pathogenesis of T2DM through the changes in important biological processes including pancreatic β- cell differentiation, development and maintenance of normal β-cell function. Insulin sensitivity by the peripheral glucose uptake tissues is also changed by the altered epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we discussed the major epigenetic alterations and their effects on β-cell function, insulin secretion and insulin resistance in context of T2DM. METHODS We investigated the presently available epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs related to the pathogenesis of T2DM. Published literatures on this topic were searched both on Google Scholar and Pubmed with related keywords and investigated for relevant information. RESULTS The epigenetic modifications introduce changes in gene expression which are essential for appropriate β-cell development and functions, insulin secretion and sensitivity resulting in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Interestingly, T2DM could also be a prominent reason for the mentioned epigenetic alterations. CONCLUSION This review article emphasized on the epigenetic modifications associated with T2DM and discussed the consequences in deterioration of the disease condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Hossan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Shoumik Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Sayeda Sadia Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Sankari Nagarajan
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute (CRUK-CI), University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
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26
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Wesolowska-Andersen A, Zhuo Yu G, Nylander V, Abaitua F, Thurner M, Torres JM, Mahajan A, Gloyn AL, McCarthy MI. Deep learning models predict regulatory variants in pancreatic islets and refine type 2 diabetes association signals. eLife 2020; 9:e51503. [PMID: 31985400 PMCID: PMC7007221 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association analyses have uncovered multiple genomic regions associated with T2D, but identification of the causal variants at these remains a challenge. There is growing interest in the potential of deep learning models - which predict epigenome features from DNA sequence - to support inference concerning the regulatory effects of disease-associated variants. Here, we evaluate the advantages of training convolutional neural network (CNN) models on a broad set of epigenomic features collected in a single disease-relevant tissue - pancreatic islets in the case of type 2 diabetes (T2D) - as opposed to models trained on multiple human tissues. We report convergence of CNN-based metrics of regulatory function with conventional approaches to variant prioritization - genetic fine-mapping and regulatory annotation enrichment. We demonstrate that CNN-based analyses can refine association signals at T2D-associated loci and provide experimental validation for one such signal. We anticipate that these approaches will become routine in downstream analyses of GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grace Zhuo Yu
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Vibe Nylander
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Matthias Thurner
- Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anna L Gloyn
- Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical CentreChurchill HospitalOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical CentreChurchill HospitalOxfordUnited Kingdom
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27
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Chen Z, Yuan W, Liu T, Huang D, Xiang L. Bioinformatics analysis of hepatic gene expression profiles in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:4303-4312. [PMID: 31772629 PMCID: PMC6861877 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia. The liver has a critical role in regulating glucose homeostasis. The present study aimed to analyze hepatic gene expression profiles and to identify the key genes and pathways involved in T2DM. Gene expression profiles of 10 patients with T2DM and 7 subjects with normal glucose tolerance were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Subsequently, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and functional enrichment analysis was performed. In addition, a protein-protein interaction network was built and hub genes were identified. In total, 1,320 DEGs were identified, including 698 up- and 622 downregulated genes, and these were mainly enriched in positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, cell adhesion, inflammatory response, positive regulation of apoptotic process, signal transduction and the Tolllike receptor signaling pathway. A total of 8 hub genes (G-protein subunit gamma transducin 2, ubiquitinconjugating enzyme E2 D1, glutamate metabotropic receptor 1, G-protein signaling modulator 1, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9, neurotensin, purinergic receptor P2Y1 and ring finger protein 41) were screened from the network. The present study may contribute to the elucidation of the hepatic pathology of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Weiqu Yuan
- The Fourth Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Danping Huang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Department of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Lei Xiang, Department of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China, E-mail:
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28
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Vaiserman A, Lushchak O. Developmental origins of type 2 diabetes: Focus on epigenetics. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 55:100957. [PMID: 31473332 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, genetics and lifestyle are considered as main determinants of aging-associated pathological conditions. Accumulating evidence, however, suggests that risk of many age-related diseases is not only determined by genetic and adult lifestyle factors but also by factors acting during early development. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), an age-related disease generally manifested after the age of 40, is among such disorders. Since several age-related conditions, such as pro-inflammatory states, are characteristic of both T2D and aging, this disease is conceptualized by many authors as a kind of premature or accelerated aging. There is substantial evidence that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), induced by poor or unbalanced nutrient intake, exposure to xenobiotics, maternal substance abuse etc., may impair fetal development, thereby causing the fetal adipose tissue and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. Consequently, persisting adaptive changes may occur in the glucose-insulin metabolism, including reduced capacity for insulin secretion and insulin resistance. These changes can lead to an improved ability to store fat, thus predisposing to T2D development in later life. The modulation of epigenetic regulation of gene expression likely plays a central role in linking the adverse environmental conditions early in life to the risk of T2D in adulthood. In animal models of IUGR, long-term persistent changes in both DNA methylation and expression of genes implicated in metabolic processes have been repeatedly reported. Findings from human studies confirming the role of epigenetic mechanisms in linking early-life adverse experiences to the risk for T2D in adult life are scarce compared to data from animal studies, mainly because of limited access to suitable biological samples. It is, however, convincing evidence that these mechanisms may also operate in human beings. In this review, theoretical models and research findings evidencing the role of developmental epigenetic variation in the pathogenesis of T2D are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleh Lushchak
- Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
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29
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Ibarra Urizar A, Prause M, Wortham M, Sui Y, Thams P, Sander M, Christensen GL, Billestrup N. Beta-cell dysfunction induced by non-cytotoxic concentrations of Interleukin-1β is associated with changes in expression of beta-cell maturity genes and associated histone modifications. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 496:110524. [PMID: 31362031 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Decreased insulin secretory capacity in Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with beta-cell dedifferentiation and inflammation. We hypothesize that prolonged exposure of beta-cells to low concentrations of IL-1β induce beta-cell dedifferentiation characterized by impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, reduced expression of key beta-cell genes and changes in histone modifications at gene loci known to affect beta-cell function. Ten days exposure to IL-1β at non-cytotoxic concentrations reduced insulin secretion and beta-cell proliferation and decreased expression of key beta-cell identity genes, including MafA and Ucn3 and decreased H3K27ac at the gene loci, suggesting that inflammatory cytokines directly affects the epigenome. Following removal of IL-1β, beta-cell function was normalized and mRNA expression of beta-cell identity genes, such as insulin and Ucn3 returned to pre-stimulation levels. Our findings indicate that prolonged exposure to low concentrations of IL-1β induces epigenetic changes associated with loss of beta-cell identity as observed in Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ibarra Urizar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Michala Prause
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Matthew Wortham
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yinghui Sui
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Peter Thams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Maike Sander
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gitte Lund Christensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Metropolitan University College, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Nils Billestrup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark; Lead Contact Nils Billestrup, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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30
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Vandiedonck C. Genetic association of molecular traits: A help to identify causative variants in complex diseases. Clin Genet 2019; 93:520-532. [PMID: 29194587 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past 15 years, major progresses have been made in the understanding of the genetic basis of regulation of gene expression. These new insights have revolutionized our approach to resolve the genetic variation underlying complex diseases. Gene transcript levels were the first expression phenotypes that were studied. They are heritable and therefore amenable to genome-wide association studies. The genetic variants that modulate them are called expression quantitative trait loci. Their study has been extended to other molecular quantitative trait loci (molQTLs) that regulate gene expression at the various levels, from chromatin state to cellular responses. Altogether, these studies have generated a wealth of basic information on the genome-wide patterns of gene expression and their inter-individual variation. Most importantly, molQTLs have become an invaluable asset in the genetic study of complex diseases. Although the identification of the disease-causing variants on the basis of their overlap with molQTLs requires caution, molQTLs can help to prioritize the relevant candidate gene(s) in the disease-associated regions and bring a functional interpretation of the associated variants, therefore, bridging the gap between genotypes and clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vandiedonck
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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31
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Nishizaki SS, Ng N, Dong S, Porter RS, Morterud C, Williams C, Asman C, Switzenberg JA, Boyle AP. Predicting the effects of SNPs on transcription factor binding affinity. Bioinformatics 2019; 36:364-372. [PMID: 31373606 PMCID: PMC7999143 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Genome-wide association studies have revealed that 88% of disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reside in noncoding regions. However, noncoding SNPs remain understudied, partly because they are challenging to prioritize for experimental validation. To address this deficiency, we developed the SNP effect matrix pipeline (SEMpl). RESULTS SEMpl estimates transcription factor-binding affinity by observing differences in chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing signal intensity for SNPs within functional transcription factor-binding sites (TFBSs) genome-wide. By cataloging the effects of every possible mutation within the TFBS motif, SEMpl can predict the consequences of SNPs to transcription factor binding. This knowledge can be used to identify potential disease-causing regulatory loci. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION SEMpl is available from https://github.com/Boyle-Lab/SEM_CPP. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra S Nishizaki
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Natalie Ng
- Department of Human Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shengcheng Dong
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert S Porter
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cody Morterud
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Colten Williams
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Courtney Asman
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jessica A Switzenberg
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Scoville D, Lichti-Kaiser K, Grimm S, Jetten A. GLIS3 binds pancreatic beta cell regulatory regions alongside other islet transcription factors. J Endocrinol 2019; 243:JOE-19-0182.R2. [PMID: 31340201 PMCID: PMC6938561 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factor Gli-similar 3 (GLIS3) plays a critical role in the regulation of pancreatic beta cells, with global Glis3 knockout mice suffering from severe hyperglycemia and dying by post-natal day 11. In addition, GLIS3 has been shown to directly regulate the early endocrine marker Ngn3, as well as Ins2 gene expression in mature beta cells. We hypothesize that GLIS3 regulates several other genes critical to beta cell function, in addition to Ins2, by directly binding to regulatory regions. We therefore generated a pancreas-specific Glis3 deletion mouse model (Glis3Δpanc) using a Pdx1-driven Cre mouse line. Roughly 20% of these mice develop hyperglycemia by 8-weeks and lose most of their insulin expression. However, this did not appear to be due to loss of the beta cells themselves, as no change in cell death was observed. Indeed, presumptive beta cells appeared to persist as PDX1+/INS-/MAFA-/GLUT2- cells. Islet RNA-seq analysis combined with GLIS3 ChIP-seq analysis revealed apparent direct regulation of a variety of diabetes related genes, including Slc2a2 and Mafa. GLIS3 binding near these genes coincided with binding for other islet-enriched transcription factors, indicating these are distinct regulatory hubs. Our data indicates that GLIS3 not only regulates insulin expression, but several additional genes critical for beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scoville
- D Scoville, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, Durham, United States
| | - Kristin Lichti-Kaiser
- K Lichti-Kaiser, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, Durham, United States
| | - Sara Grimm
- S Grimm, Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, NIEHS, Durham, United States
| | - Anton Jetten
- A Jetten, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, Durham, United States
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Chen H, Kichaev G, Bien SA, MacDonald JW, Wang L, Bammler TK, Auer P, Pasaniuc B, Lindström S. Genetic associations of breast and prostate cancer are enriched for regulatory elements identified in disease-related tissues. Hum Genet 2019; 138:1091-1104. [PMID: 31230194 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of risk loci for breast and prostate cancer, only a few studies have characterized the GWAS association signals across functional genomic annotations with a particular focus on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in DNA regulatory elements. In this study, we investigated the enrichment pattern of GWAS signals for breast and prostate cancer in genomic functional regions located in normal tissue and cancer cell lines. We quantified the overall enrichment of SNPs with breast and prostate cancer association p values < 1 × 10-8 across regulatory categories. We then obtained annotations for DNaseI hypersensitive sites (DHS), typical enhancers, and super enhancers across multiple tissue types, to assess if significant GWAS signals were selectively enriched in annotations found in disease-related tissue. Finally, we quantified the enrichment of breast and prostate cancer SNP heritability in regulatory regions, and compared the enrichment pattern of SNP heritability with GWAS signals. DHS, typical enhancers, and super enhancers identified in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 were observed with the highest enrichment of genome-wide significant variants for breast cancer. For prostate cancer, GWAS signals were mostly enriched in DHS and typical enhancers identified in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. With progressively stringent GWAS p value thresholds, an increasing trend of enrichment was observed for both diseases in DHS, typical enhancers, and super enhancers located in disease-related tissue. Results from heritability enrichment analysis supported the selective enrichment pattern of functional genomic regions in disease-related cell lines for both breast and prostate cancer. Our results suggest the importance of studying functional annotations identified in disease-related tissues when characterizing GWAS results, and further demonstrate the role of germline DNA regulatory elements from disease-related tissue in breast and prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gleb Kichaev
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Bien
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James W MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul Auer
- Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Departments of Human Genetics, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara Lindström
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Bysani M, Agren R, Davegårdh C, Volkov P, Rönn T, Unneberg P, Bacos K, Ling C. ATAC-seq reveals alterations in open chromatin in pancreatic islets from subjects with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7785. [PMID: 31123324 PMCID: PMC6533306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired insulin secretion from pancreatic islets is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Altered chromatin structure may contribute to the disease. We therefore studied the impact of T2D on open chromatin in human pancreatic islets. We used assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) to profile open chromatin in islets from T2D and non-diabetic donors. We identified 57,105 and 53,284 ATAC-seq peaks representing open chromatin regions in islets of non-diabetic and diabetic donors, respectively. The majority of ATAC-seq peaks mapped near transcription start sites. Additionally, peaks were enriched in enhancer regions and in regions where islet-specific transcription factors (TFs), e.g. FOXA2, MAFB, NKX2.2, NKX6.1 and PDX1, bind. Islet ATAC-seq peaks overlap with 13 SNPs associated with T2D (e.g. rs7903146, rs2237897, rs757209, rs11708067 and rs878521 near TCF7L2, KCNQ1, HNF1B, ADCY5 and GCK, respectively) and with additional 67 SNPs in LD with known T2D SNPs (e.g. SNPs annotated to GIPR, KCNJ11, GLIS3, IGF2BP2, FTO and PPARG). There was enrichment of open chromatin regions near highly expressed genes in human islets. Moreover, 1,078 open chromatin peaks, annotated to 898 genes, differed in prevalence between diabetic and non-diabetic islet donors. Some of these peaks are annotated to candidate genes for T2D and islet dysfunction (e.g. HHEX, HMGA2, GLIS3, MTNR1B and PARK2) and some overlap with SNPs associated with T2D (e.g. rs3821943 near WFS1 and rs508419 near ANK1). Enhancer regions and motifs specific to key TFs including BACH2, FOXO1, FOXA2, NEUROD1, MAFA and PDX1 were enriched in differential islet ATAC-seq peaks of T2D versus non-diabetic donors. Our study provides new understanding into how T2D alters the chromatin landscape, and thereby accessibility for TFs and gene expression, in human pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudhan Bysani
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Agren
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Cajsa Davegårdh
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Petr Volkov
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tina Rönn
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Unneberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Bacos
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Ling
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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35
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Kuo T, Damle M, González BJ, Egli D, Lazar MA, Accili D. Induction of α cell-restricted Gc in dedifferentiating β cells contributes to stress-induced β-cell dysfunction. JCI Insight 2019; 5:128351. [PMID: 31120862 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic β cell failure is associated with β cell dedifferentiation. To identify effector genes of dedifferentiation, we integrated analyses of histone methylation as a surrogate of gene activation status and RNA expression in β cells sorted from mice with multiparity-induced diabetes. Interestingly, only a narrow subset of genes demonstrated concordant changes to histone methylation and RNA levels in dedifferentiating β cells. Notable among them was the α cell signature gene Gc, encoding a vitamin D-binding protein. While diabetes was associated with Gc induction, Gc-deficient islets did not induce β cell dedifferentiation markers and maintained normal ex vivo insulin secretion in the face of metabolic challenge. Moreover, Gc-deficient mice exhibited a more robust insulin secretory response than normal controls during hyperglycemic clamps. The data are consistent with a functional role of Gc activation in β cell dysfunction, and indicate that multiparity-induced diabetes is associated with altered β cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyi Kuo
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Manashree Damle
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bryan J González
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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36
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Pancreatic islet chromatin accessibility and conformation reveals distal enhancer networks of type 2 diabetes risk. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2078. [PMID: 31064983 PMCID: PMC6505525 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants affecting pancreatic islet enhancers are central to T2D risk, but the gene targets of islet enhancer activity are largely unknown. We generate a high-resolution map of islet chromatin loops using Hi-C assays in three islet samples and use loops to annotate target genes of islet enhancers defined using ATAC-seq and published ChIP-seq data. We identify candidate target genes for thousands of islet enhancers, and find that enhancer looping is correlated with islet-specific gene expression. We fine-map T2D risk variants affecting islet enhancers, and find that candidate target genes of these variants defined using chromatin looping and eQTL mapping are enriched in protein transport and secretion pathways. At IGF2BP2, a fine-mapped T2D variant reduces islet enhancer activity and IGF2BP2 expression, and conditional inactivation of IGF2BP2 in mouse islets impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Our findings provide a resource for studying islet enhancer function and identifying genes involved in T2D risk. Risk loci for type 2 diabetes (T2D) reside in pancreatic islet enhancers. Here, the authors generate high-resolution maps of islet chromatin conformation using Hi-C which they combine with ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq data to annotate candidate target genes of enhancers and validate IGF2BP2 activity in mouse islets.
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Ling C, Rönn T. Epigenetics in Human Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metab 2019; 29:1028-1044. [PMID: 30982733 PMCID: PMC6509280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms control gene activity and the development of an organism. The epigenome includes DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA-mediated processes, and disruption of this balance may cause several pathologies and contribute to obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This Review summarizes epigenetic signatures obtained from human tissues of relevance for metabolism-i.e., adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, pancreatic islets, liver, and blood-in relation to obesity and T2D. Although this research field is still young, these comprehensive data support not only a role for epigenetics in disease development, but also epigenetic alterations as a response to disease. Genetic predisposition, as well as aging, contribute to epigenetic variability, and several environmental factors, including exercise and diet, further interact with the human epigenome. The reversible nature of epigenetic modifications holds promise for future therapeutic strategies in obesity and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Ling
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Tina Rönn
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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38
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Kyono Y, Kitzman JO, Parker SCJ. Genomic annotation of disease-associated variants reveals shared functional contexts. Diabetologia 2019; 62:735-743. [PMID: 30756131 PMCID: PMC6451673 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Variation in non-coding DNA, encompassing gene regulatory regions such as enhancers and promoters, contributes to risk for complex disorders, including type 2 diabetes. While genome-wide association studies have successfully identified hundreds of type 2 diabetes loci throughout the genome, the vast majority of these reside in non-coding DNA, which complicates the process of determining their functional significance and level of priority for further study. Here we review the methods used to experimentally annotate these non-coding variants, to nominate causal variants and to link them to diabetes pathophysiology. In recent years, chromatin profiling, massively parallel sequencing, high-throughput reporter assays and CRISPR gene editing technologies have rapidly become indispensable tools. Rather than treating individual variants in isolation, we discuss the importance of accounting for context, both genetic (such as flanking DNA sequence) and environmental (such as cellular state or environmental exposure). Incorporating these features shows promise in terms of revealing biologically convergent molecular signatures across distant and seemingly unrelated loci. Studying regulatory elements in the proper context will be crucial for interpreting the functional significance of disease-associated variants and applying the resulting knowledge to improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kyono
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, 2049 Palmer Commons Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacob O Kitzman
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, 2049 Palmer Commons Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen C J Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, 2049 Palmer Commons Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Prenatal Malnutrition-Induced Epigenetic Dysregulation as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:3821409. [PMID: 30944826 PMCID: PMC6421750 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3821409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is commonly regarded as a disease originating from lifestyle-related factors and typically occurring after the age of 40. There is, however, consistent experimental and epidemiological data evidencing that the risk for developing T2D may largely depend on conditions early in life. In particular, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) induced by poor or unbalanced nutrient intake can impair fetal growth and also cause fetal adipose tissue and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. On account of these processes, persisting adaptive changes can occur in the glucose-insulin metabolism. These changes can include reduced ability for insulin secretion and insulin resistance, and they may result in an improved capacity to store fat, thereby predisposing to the development of T2D and obesity in adulthood. Accumulating research findings indicate that epigenetic regulation of gene expression plays a critical role in linking prenatal malnutrition to the risk of later-life metabolic disorders including T2D. In animal models of IUGR, changes in both DNA methylation and expression levels of key metabolic genes were repeatedly found which persisted until adulthood. The causal link between epigenetic disturbances during development and the risk for T2D was also confirmed in several human studies. In this review, the conceptual models and empirical data are summarized and discussed regarding the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms in developmental nutritional programming of T2D.
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40
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Obianom ON, Ai Y, Li Y, Yang W, Guo D, Yang H, Sakamuru S, Xia M, Xue F, Shu Y. Triazole-Based Inhibitors of the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway Improve Glucose and Lipid Metabolisms in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. J Med Chem 2019; 62:727-741. [PMID: 30605343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is implicated in the etiology and progression of metabolic disorders. Although lines of genetic evidence suggest that blockage of this pathway yields favorable outcomes in treating such ailments, few inhibitors have been used to validate the promising genetic findings. Here, we synthesized and characterized a novel class of triazole-based Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitors and assessed their effects on energy metabolism. One of the top inhibitors, compound 3a, promoted Axin stabilization, which led to the proteasome degradation of β-catenin and subsequent inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cells. Treatment of hepatocytes and high fat diet-fed mice with compound 3a resulted in significantly decreased hepatic lipid accumulation. Moreover, compound 3a improved glucose tolerance of high fat diet-fed mice without noticeable toxicity, while downregulating the genes involved in the glucose and fatty acid anabolisms. The new inhibitors are expected to be further developed for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna N Obianom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Yong Ai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Yingjun Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-3375 , United States
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-3375 , United States
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States.,School and Hospital of Stomatology , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510140 , China
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Lam YWF, Duggirala R, Jenkinson CP, Arya R. The Role of Pharmacogenomics in Diabetes. Pharmacogenomics 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812626-4.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
Chronic, noncommunicable, and inflammation-associated diseases remain the largest cause of morbidity and mortality globally and within the United States. This is mainly due to our limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie these complex pathologies. The available evidence indicates that studies of epigenetics (traditionally defined as the heritable changes to gene expression that are independent of changes to DNA) are significantly advancing our knowledge of these inflammatory conditions. This review will focus on epigenetic studies of three diseases, that are among the most burdensome globally: cardiovascular disease, the number one cause of deaths worldwide, type 2 diabetes and, Alzheimer’s disease. The current status of epigenetic research, including the ability to predict disease risk, and key pathophysiological defects are discussed. The significance of defining the contribution of epigenetic defects to nonresolving inflammation and aging, each associated with these diseases, is highlighted, as these are likely to provide new insights into inflammatory disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Stylianou
- Consultant Biomedical Scientist and Bioinformaticist, North Royalton, OH, USA,
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43
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Nammo T, Udagawa H, Funahashi N, Kawaguchi M, Uebanso T, Hiramoto M, Nishimura W, Yasuda K. Genome-wide profiling of histone H3K27 acetylation featured fatty acid signalling in pancreatic beta cells in diet-induced obesity in mice. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2608-2620. [PMID: 30284014 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Epigenetic regulation of gene expression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, detailed information, such as key transcription factors in pancreatic beta cells that mediate environmental effects, is not yet available. METHODS To analyse genome-wide cis-regulatory profiles and transcriptome of pancreatic islets derived from a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model, we conducted chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-Seq) of histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (histone H3K27ac) and high-throughput RNA sequencing. Transcription factor-binding motifs enriched in differential H3K27ac regions were examined by de novo motif analysis. For the predicted transcription factors, loss of function experiments were performed by transfecting specific siRNA in INS-1, a rat beta cell line, with and without palmitate treatment. Epigenomic and transcriptional changes of possible target genes were evaluated by ChIP and quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS After long-term feeding with a high-fat diet, C57BL/6J mice were obese and mildly glucose intolerant. Among 39,350 islet cis-regulatory regions, 13,369 and 4610 elements showed increase and decrease in ChIP-Seq signals, respectively, significantly associated with global change in gene expression. Remarkably, increased H3K27ac showed a distinctive genomic localisation, mainly in the proximal-promoter regions, revealing enriched elements for nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), GA repeat binding protein α (GABPA) and myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) by de novo motif analysis, whereas decreased H3K27ac was enriched for v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family protein K (MAFK), a known negative regulator of beta cells. By siRNA-mediated knockdown of NRF1, GABPA or MEF2A we found that INS-1 cells exhibited downregulation of fatty acid β-oxidation genes in parallel with decrease in the associated H3K27ac. Furthermore, in line with the epigenome in DIO mice, palmitate treatment caused increase in H3K27ac and induction of β-oxidation genes; these responses were blunted when NRF1, GABPA or MEF2A were suppressed. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results suggest novel roles for DNA-binding proteins and fatty acid signalling in obesity-induced epigenomic regulation of beta cell function. DATA AVAILABILITY The next-generation sequencing data in the present study were deposited at ArrayExpress. RNA-Seq: Dataset name: ERR2538129 (Control), ERR2538130 (Diet-induced obesity) Repository name and number: E-MTAB-6718 - RNA-Seq of pancreatic islets derived from mice fed a long-term high-fat diet against chow-fed controls. ChIP-Seq: Dataset name: ERR2538131 (Control), ERR2538132 (Diet-induced obesity) Repository name and number: E-MTAB-6719 - H3K27ac ChIP-Seq of pancreatic islets derived from mice fed a long-term high-fat diet (HFD) against chow-fed controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Nammo
- Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Haruhide Udagawa
- Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Funahashi
- Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Miho Kawaguchi
- Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Takashi Uebanso
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masaki Hiramoto
- Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishimura
- Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Narita, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Anatomy, Bio-imaging and Neuro-cell Science, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yasuda
- Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
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Khetan S, Kursawe R, Youn A, Lawlor N, Jillette A, Marquez EJ, Ucar D, Stitzel ML. Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Genetic Variants Regulate Chromatin Accessibility in Human Islets. Diabetes 2018; 67:2466-2477. [PMID: 30181159 PMCID: PMC6198349 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex disorder in which both genetic and environmental risk factors contribute to islet dysfunction and failure. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), most of which are noncoding, in >200 loci to islet dysfunction and T2D. Identification of the putative causal variants and their target genes and whether they lead to gain or loss of function remains challenging. Here, we profiled chromatin accessibility in pancreatic islet samples from 19 genotyped individuals and identified 2,949 SNPs associated with in vivo cis-regulatory element use (i.e., chromatin accessibility quantitative trait loci [caQTL]). Among the caQTLs tested (n = 13) using luciferase reporter assays in MIN6 β-cells, more than half exhibited effects on enhancer activity that were consistent with in vivo chromatin accessibility changes. Importantly, islet caQTL analysis nominated putative causal SNPs in 13 T2D-associated GWAS loci, linking 7 and 6 T2D risk alleles, respectively, to gain or loss of in vivo chromatin accessibility. By investigating the effect of genetic variants on chromatin accessibility in islets, this study is an important step forward in translating T2D-associated GWAS SNP into functional molecular consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Khetan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT
| | - Romy Kursawe
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Ahrim Youn
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Nathan Lawlor
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | | | | | - Duygu Ucar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT
- Institute of Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT
| | - Michael L Stitzel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT
- Institute of Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT
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45
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Abstract
The incidence of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity continue to increase. Although it is evident that the increasing incidence of diabetes confers a global societal and economic burden, the mechanisms responsible for the increased incidence of T2D are not well understood. Extensive efforts to understand the association of early-life perturbations with later onset of metabolic diseases, the founding principle of developmental origins of health and disease, have been crucial in determining the mechanisms that may be driving the pathogenesis of T2D. As the programming of the epigenome occurs during critical periods of development, it has emerged as a potential molecular mechanism that could occur early in life and impact metabolic health decades later. In this review, we critically evaluate human and animal studies that illustrated an association of epigenetic processes with development of T2D as well as intervention strategies that have been employed to reverse the perturbed epigenetic modification or reprogram the naturally occurring epigenetic marks to favor improved metabolic outcome. We highlight that although our understanding of epigenetics and its contribution toward developmental origins of T2D continues to grow, whether epigenetics is a cause, consequence, or merely a correlation remains debatable due to the many limitations/challenges of the existing epigenetic studies. Finally, we discuss the potential of establishing collaborative research efforts between different disciplines, including physiology, epigenetics, and bioinformatics, to help advance the developmental origins field with great potential for understanding the pathogenesis of T2D and developing preventive strategies for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Bansal
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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46
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Kycia I, Wolford BN, Huyghe JR, Fuchsberger C, Vadlamudi S, Kursawe R, Welch RP, Albanus RD, Uyar A, Khetan S, Lawlor N, Bolisetty M, Mathur A, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Ucar D, Mohlke KL, Boehnke M, Collins FS, Parker SCJ, Stitzel ML. A Common Type 2 Diabetes Risk Variant Potentiates Activity of an Evolutionarily Conserved Islet Stretch Enhancer and Increases C2CD4A and C2CD4B Expression. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:620-635. [PMID: 29625024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and functional genomics approaches implicate enhancer disruption in islet dysfunction and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. We applied genetic fine-mapping and functional (epi)genomic approaches to a T2D- and proinsulin-associated 15q22.2 locus to identify a most likely causal variant, determine its direction of effect, and elucidate plausible target genes. Fine-mapping and conditional analyses of proinsulin levels of 8,635 non-diabetic individuals from the METSIM study support a single association signal represented by a cluster of 16 strongly associated (p < 10-17) variants in high linkage disequilibrium (r2 > 0.8) with the GWAS index SNP rs7172432. These variants reside in an evolutionarily and functionally conserved islet and β cell stretch or super enhancer; the most strongly associated variant (rs7163757, p = 3 × 10-19) overlaps a conserved islet open chromatin site. DNA sequence containing the rs7163757 risk allele displayed 2-fold higher enhancer activity than the non-risk allele in reporter assays (p < 0.01) and was differentially bound by β cell nuclear extract proteins. Transcription factor NFAT specifically potentiated risk-allele enhancer activity and altered patterns of nuclear protein binding to the risk allele in vitro, suggesting that it could be a factor mediating risk-allele effects. Finally, the rs7163757 proinsulin-raising and T2D risk allele (C) was associated with increased expression of C2CD4B, and possibly C2CD4A, both of which were induced by inflammatory cytokines, in human islets. Together, these data suggest that rs7163757 contributes to genetic risk of islet dysfunction and T2D by increasing NFAT-mediated islet enhancer activity and modulating C2CD4B, and possibly C2CD4A, expression in (patho)physiologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Kycia
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Brooke N Wolford
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeroen R Huyghe
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Romy Kursawe
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Ryan P Welch
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ricardo d'Oliveira Albanus
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Asli Uyar
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Shubham Khetan
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Nathan Lawlor
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Mohan Bolisetty
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Anubhuti Mathur
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Duygu Ucar
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Institute of Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen C J Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael L Stitzel
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Institute of Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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Piao X, Yahagi N, Takeuchi Y, Aita Y, Murayama Y, Sawada Y, Shikama A, Masuda Y, Nishi-Tatsumi M, Kubota M, Izumida Y, Sekiya M, Matsuzaka T, Nakagawa Y, Sugano Y, Iwasaki H, Kobayashi K, Yatoh S, Suzuki H, Yagyu H, Kawakami Y, Shimano H. A candidate functional SNP rs7074440 in TCF7L2 alters gene expression through C-FOS in hepatocytes. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:422-433. [PMID: 29331016 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The SNP rs7903146 at the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) locus is established as the strongest known genetic marker for type 2 diabetes via genome-wide association studies. However, the functional SNPs regulating TCF7L2 expression remain unclear. Here, we show that the SNP rs7074440 is a candidate functional SNP highly linked with rs7903146. A reporter plasmid with rs7074440 normal allele sequence exhibited 15-fold higher luciferase activity compared with risk allele sequence in hepatocytes, demonstrating a strong enhancer activity at rs7074440. Additionally, we identified C-FOS as an activator binding to the rs7074440 enhancer using a TFEL genome-wide screen method. Consistently, knockdown of C-FOS significantly reduced TCF7L2 expression in hepatocytes. Collectively, a novel enhancer regulating TCF7L2 expression was revealed through searching for functional SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianying Piao
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoya Yahagi
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takeuchi
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aita
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Murayama
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Sawada
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akito Shikama
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukari Masuda
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makiko Nishi-Tatsumi
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Midori Kubota
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Izumida
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Motohiro Sekiya
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuzaka
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Nakagawa
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoko Sugano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iwasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yatoh
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yagyu
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawakami
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Keating ST, van Diepen JA, Riksen NP, El-Osta A. Epigenetics in diabetic nephropathy, immunity and metabolism. Diabetologia 2018; 61:6-20. [PMID: 29128937 PMCID: PMC6448927 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
When it comes to the epigenome, there is a fine line between clarity and confusion-walk that line and you will discover another fascinating level of transcription control. With the genetic code representing the cornerstone of rules for information that is encoded to proteins somewhere above the genome level there is a set of rules by which chemical information is also read. These epigenetic modifications show a different side of the genetic code that is diverse and regulated, hence modifying genetic transcription transiently, ranging from short- to long-term alterations. While this complexity brings exquisite control it also poses a formidable challenge to efforts to decode mechanisms underlying complex disease. Recent technological and computational advances have improved unbiased acquisition of epigenomic patterns to improve our understanding of the complex chromatin landscape. Key to resolving distinct chromatin signatures of diabetic complications is the identification of the true physiological targets of regulatory proteins, such as reader proteins that recognise, writer proteins that deposit and eraser proteins that remove specific chemical moieties. But how might a diverse group of proteins regulate the diabetic landscape from an epigenomic perspective? Drawing from an ever-expanding compendium of experimental and clinical studies, this review details the current state-of-play and provides a perspective of chromatin-dependent mechanisms implicated in diabetic complications, with a special focus on diabetic nephropathy. We hypothesise a codified signature of the diabetic epigenome and provide examples of prime candidates for chemical modification. As for the pharmacological control of epigenetic marks, we explore future strategies to expedite and refine the search for clinically relevant discoveries. We also consider the challenges associated with therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Keating
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (463), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Janna A van Diepen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (463), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (463), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin (ATAC-Seq) to Chart the Open Chromatin Landscape of Human Pancreatic Islets. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1766:197-208. [PMID: 29605854 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7768-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms that ensure an accurate control of gene transcription are central to cellular function, development and disease. Such mechanisms rely largely on noncoding regulatory sequences that allow the establishment and maintenance of cell identity and tissue-specific cellular functions.The study of chromatin structure and nucleosome positioning allowed revealing transcription factor accessible genomic sites with regulatory potential, facilitating the comprehension of tissue-specific cis-regulatory networks. Recently a new technique coupled with high-throughput sequencing named Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin (ATAC-seq) emerged as an efficient method to chart open chromatin genome wide. The application of such technique to different cell types allowed unmasking tissue-specific regulatory elements and characterizing cis-regulatory networks. Herein we describe the implementation of the ATAC-seq method to human pancreatic islets, a tissue playing a central role in the control of glucose metabolism.
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50
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Li L, Pan Z, Yang S, Shan W, Yang Y. Identification of key gene pathways and coexpression networks of islets in human type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2018; 11:553-563. [PMID: 30319280 PMCID: PMC6167975 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s178894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The number of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is growing rapidly worldwide. Islet β-cell dysfunction and failure are the main causes of T2D pathological processes. The aim of this study was to elucidate the underlying pathways and coexpression networks in T2D islets. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the data set GSE41762, which contained 57 nondiabetic and 20 diabetic samples, and developed Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, the modules from the PPI network, and the gene annotation enrichment of modules were analyzed as well. Moreover, a weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to screen critical gene modules and coexpression networks and explore the biological significance. RESULTS We filtered 957 DEGs in T2D islets. Then GO and KEGG analyses identified that key pathways like inflammatory response, type B pancreatic cell differentiation, and calcium ion-dependent exocytosis were involved in human T2D. Three significant modules were filtered from the PPI network. Ribosome biogenesis, extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway, and membrane depolarization during action potential were associated with the modules, respectively. Furthermore, coexpression network analysis by WGCNA identified 13 distinct gene modules of T2D islets and revealed four modules, which were strongly correlated with T2D and T2D biomarker hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Functional annotation showed that these modules mainly enriched KEGG pathways such as NF-kappa B signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway, and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The results provide potential gene pathways and underlying molecular mechanisms for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zongfu Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wenya Shan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China,
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