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O'Donnell C, Ryan O, Hogan AE, Killick D, Crilly S, Dodd JD, Murphy DJ, Ryan S, O'Shea D. GLP-1 therapy increases visceral adipose tissue metabolic activity: lessons from a randomized controlled trial in obstructive sleep apnea. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024. [PMID: 39169732 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues are currently the most widely used pharmacotherapies for weight loss. Their primary mechanism of action is attributed to reduction in energy intake. Data from murine studies also support an additional impact of those agents on energy homeostasis through upregulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) metabolic activity, but this remains uncertain in humans. METHODS Here, we present data from a proof-of-concept study on 30 individuals with obstructive sleep apnea and obesity who were randomized to a GLP-1 therapy-based weight loss regimen, continuous positive airway pressure, or a combination of both for 24 weeks. At baseline and study completion, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) was performed to evaluate VAT metabolic activity, expressed as VAT target to background ratio. RESULTS Treatment with GLP-1, but not with continuous positive airway pressure, was associated with a significant increase in VAT target to background ratio. There was a strong correlation between the increase in VAT metabolic activity and the degree of weight loss. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that upregulation of VAT metabolic activity by GLP-1 contributes to its weight loss action in humans, and this subject warrants further detailed investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliona O'Donnell
- Pulmonary and Sleep Disorders Unit, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Odhrán Ryan
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- St. Columcille's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Desmond Killick
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane Crilly
- Department of Radiology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathan D Dodd
- Department of Radiology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Murphy
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Radiology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Silke Ryan
- Pulmonary and Sleep Disorders Unit, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- St. Columcille's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Feng JN, Jin T. Hepatic function of glucagon-like peptide-1 and its based diabetes drugs. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:312-325. [PMID: 39135602 PMCID: PMC11317081 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2024-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Incretins are gut-produced peptide-hormones that potentiate insulin secretion, especially after food intake. The concept of incretin was formed more than 100 years ago, even before insulin was isolated and utilized in the treatment of subjects with type 1 diabetes. The first incretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), was identified during later 1960's and early 1970's; while the second one, known as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), was recognized during 1980's. Today, GLP-1-based therapeutic agents [also known as GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, GLP-1RAs] are among the first line drugs for type 2 diabetes. In addition to serving as incretin, extra-pancreatic functions of GLP-1RAs have been broadly recognized, including those in the liver, despite the absence of GLP-1R in hepatic tissue. The existence of insulin-independent or gut-pancreas-liver axis-independent hepatic function of GLP-1RAs explains why those therapeutic agents are effective in subjects with insulin resistance and their profound effect on lipid homeostasis. Following a brief review on the discovery of GLP-1, we reviewed literature on the exploration of hepatic function of GLP-1 and GLP-1RAs and discussed recent studies on the role of hepatic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in mediating function of GLP-1RAs in animal models. This was followed by presenting our perspective views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Nuo Feng
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Fiorenza M, Checa A, Sandsdal RM, Jensen SBK, Juhl CR, Noer MH, Bogh NP, Lundgren JR, Janus C, Stallknecht BM, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Wheelock CE, Torekov SS. Weight-loss maintenance is accompanied by interconnected alterations in circulating FGF21-adiponectin-leptin and bioactive sphingolipids. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101629. [PMID: 38959886 PMCID: PMC11293340 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Weight loss is often followed by weight regain. Characterizing endocrine alterations accompanying weight reduction and regain may disentangle the complex biology of weight-loss maintenance. Here, we profile energy-balance-regulating metabokines and sphingolipids in adults with obesity undergoing an initial low-calorie diet-induced weight loss and a subsequent weight-loss maintenance phase with exercise, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog therapy, both combined, or placebo. We show that circulating growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and C16:0-C18:0 ceramides transiently increase upon initial diet-induced weight loss. Conversely, circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is downregulated following weight-loss maintenance with combined exercise and GLP-1 analog therapy, coinciding with increased adiponectin, decreased leptin, and overall decrements in ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate levels. Subgroup analyses reveal differential alterations in FGF21-adiponectin-leptin-sphingolipids between weight maintainers and regainers. Clinically, cardiometabolic health outcomes associate with selective metabokine-sphingolipid remodeling signatures. Collectively, our findings indicate distinct FGF21, GDF15, and ceramide responses to diverse phases of weight change and suggest that weight-loss maintenance involves alterations within the metabokine-sphingolipid axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fiorenza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Antonio Checa
- Unit of Integrative Metabolomics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rasmus M Sandsdal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon B K Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian R Juhl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel H Noer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai P Bogh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie R Lundgren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Janus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente M Stallknecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Unit of Integrative Metabolomics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Signe S Torekov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Zhao L, Li W, Zhang P, Wang D, Yang L, Yuan G. Liraglutide induced browning of visceral white adipose through regulation of miRNAs in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Endocrine 2024; 85:222-232. [PMID: 38378894 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is characterized by excessive accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT). Conversely, brown adipose tissue is protective against obesity. We recently reported liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), could inhibit high-fat-diet-induced obesity by browning of WAT. However, the molecular mechanism involved is not well defined. Hence, we aimed to explore whether GLP-1RA could promote brown remodeling in WAT by regulating miRNAs. METHODS After the obesity model was successfully constructed, C57BL/6J mice were treated with liraglutide (200 μg/kg/d) or equivoluminal saline subcutaneously for 12 weeks. Then, the deposition of abdominal fat was measured by CT scanning. At the end of the treatments, glucose and insulin tolerance in mice were assessed. Serum lipid levels were monitored and epididymal WAT (eWAT) were collected for analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analyses were conducted to evaluate the expression of genes and miRNAs associated with white fat browning. RESULTS Liraglutide significantly reduced body weight and visceral fat mass. Levels of lipid profile were also improved. Liraglutide upregulated the expression of browning-related genes in eWAT. Meanwhile, the expression level of miRNAs (miR-196a and miR-378a) positively associated with the browning of WAT were increased, while the expression of miR-155, miR-199a, and miR-382 negatively related with browning of WAT were decreased. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that liraglutide could promote brown remodeling of visceral WAT by bi-regulating miRNAs; this might be one of the mechanisms underlying its effect on weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenxin Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Taicang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taicang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Burak MF, Stanley TL, Lawson EA, Campbell SL, Lynch L, Hasty AH, Domingos AI, Dixit VD, Hotamışlıgil GS, Sheedy FJ, Dixon AE, Brinkley TE, Hill JA, Donath MY, Grinspoon SK. Adiposity, immunity, and inflammation: interrelationships in health and disease: a report from 24th Annual Harvard Nutrition Obesity Symposium, June 2023. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 120:257-268. [PMID: 38705359 PMCID: PMC11347817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapidly evolving field of immunometabolism explores how changes in local immune environments may affect key metabolic and cellular processes, including that of adipose tissue. Importantly, these changes may contribute to low-grade systemic inflammation. In turn, chronic low-grade inflammation affecting adipose tissue may exacerbate the outcome of metabolic diseases. Novel advances in our understanding of immunometabolic processes may critically lead to interventions to reduce disease severity and progression. An important example in this regard relates to obesity, which has a multifaceted effect on immunity, activating the proinflammatory pathways such as the inflammasome and disrupting cellular homeostasis. This multifaceted effect of obesity can be investigated through study of downstream conditions using cellular and systemic investigative techniques. To further explore this field, the National Institutes of Health P30 Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard, in partnership with Harvard Medical School, assembled experts to present at its 24th Annual Symposium entitled "Adiposity, Immunity, and Inflammation: Interrelationships in Health and Disease" on 7 June, 2023. This manuscript seeks to synthesize and present key findings from the symposium, highlighting new research and novel disease-specific advances in the field. Better understanding the interaction between metabolism and immunity offers promising preventative and treatment therapies for obesity-related immunometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Furkan Burak
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Molecular Metabolism and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Takara L Stanley
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sophia L Campbell
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ana I Domingos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vishwa D Dixit
- Department of Pathology, Department of Comparative Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, and Yale Center for Research on Aging, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Gökhan S Hotamışlıgil
- Department of Molecular Metabolism and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Frederick J Sheedy
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne E Dixon
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Tina E Brinkley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Marc Y Donath
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven K Grinspoon
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Yang X, Tang H, Sun X, Gui Q. M6A modification and T cells in adipose tissue inflammation. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4089. [PMID: 38978329 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue in the obese state can lead to low-grade chronic inflammation while inducing or exacerbating obesity-related metabolic diseases and impairing overall health.T cells, which are essential immune cells similar to macrophages, are widely distributed in adipose tissue and perform their immunomodulatory function; they also cross-talk with other cells in the vascular stromal fraction. Based on a large number of studies, it has been found that N6 methyl adenine (m6A) is one of the most representative of epigenetic modifications, which affects the crosstalk between T cells, as well as other immune cells, in several ways and plays an important role in the development of adipose tissue inflammation and related metabolic diseases. In this review, we first provide an overview of the widespread presence of T cells in adipose tissue and summarize the key role of T cells in adipose tissue inflammation. Next, we explored the effects of m6A modifications on T cells in adipose tissue from the perspective of adipose tissue inflammation. Finally, we discuss the impact of m6a-regulated crosstalk between T cells and immune cells on the prospects for improving adipose tissue inflammation research, providing additional new ideas for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Haojun Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qingjun Gui
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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7
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Ye Y, Wang H, Chen W, Chen Z, Wu D, Zhang F, Hu F. Dynamic changes of immunocyte subpopulations in thermogenic activation of adipose tissues. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1375138. [PMID: 38812501 PMCID: PMC11133676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1375138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The effects of cold exposure on whole-body metabolism in humans have gained increasing attention. Brown or beige adipose tissues are crucial in cold-induced thermogenesis to dissipate energy and thus have the potential to combat metabolic disorders. Despite the immune regulation of thermogenic adipose tissues, the overall changes in vital immune cells during distinct cold periods remain elusive. This study aimed to discuss the overall changes in immune cells under different cold exposure periods and to screen several potential immune cell subpopulations on thermogenic regulation. Methods Cibersort and mMCP-counter algorithms were employed to analyze immune infiltration in two (brown and beige) thermogenic adipose tissues under distinct cold periods. Changes in some crucial immune cell populations were validated by reanalyzing the single-cell sequencing dataset (GSE207706). Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and quantitative real-time PCR assays were performed to detect the proportion or expression changes in mouse immune cells of thermogenic adipose tissues under cold challenge. Results The proportion of monocytes, naïve, and memory T cells increased, while the proportion of NK cells decreased under cold exposure in brown adipose tissues. Conclusion Our study revealed dynamic changes in immune cell profiles in thermogenic adipose tissues and identified several novel immune cell subpopulations, which may contribute to thermogenic activation of adipose tissues under cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fang Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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8
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Chui ZSW, Shen Q, Xu A. Current status and future perspectives of FGF21 analogues in clinical trials. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:371-384. [PMID: 38423900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) biology and pharmacology have led to the development of several long-acting FGF21 analogues and antibody-based mimetics now in various phases of clinical trials for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic comorbidities. The efficacy of these FGF21 analogues/mimetics on glycaemic control and weight loss is rather mild and inconsistent; nevertheless, several promising therapeutic benefits have been reproducibly observed in most clinical studies, including amelioration of dyslipidaemia (particularly hypertriglyceridaemia) and hepatic steatosis, reduction of biomarkers of liver fibrosis and injury, and resolution of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Evidence is emerging that combination therapy with FGF21 analogues and other hormones (such as glucagon-like peptide 1; GLP-1) can synergise their pharmacological benefits, thus maximising the therapeutic efficacy for obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Siu Wa Chui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Qing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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9
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Peng Y, Zhao L, Li M, Liu Y, Shi Y, Zhang J. Plasticity of Adipose Tissues: Interconversion among White, Brown, and Beige Fat and Its Role in Energy Homeostasis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:483. [PMID: 38672499 PMCID: PMC11048349 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, characterized by the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, has emerged as a major public health concern worldwide. To develop effective strategies for treating obesity, it is essential to comprehend the biological properties of different adipose tissue types and their respective roles in maintaining energy balance. Adipose tissue serves as a crucial organ for energy storage and metabolism in the human body, with functions extending beyond simple fat storage to encompass the regulation of energy homeostasis and the secretion of endocrine factors. This review provides an overview of the key characteristics, functional differences, and interconversion processes among white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and beige adipose tissue. Moreover, it delves into the molecular mechanisms and recent research advancements concerning the browning of WAT, activation of BAT, and whitening of BAT. Although targeting adipose tissue metabolism holds promise as a potential approach for obesity treatment, further investigations are necessary to unravel the intricate biological features of various adipose tissue types and elucidate the molecular pathways governing their interconversion. Such research endeavors will pave the way for the development of more efficient and targeted therapeutic interventions in the fight against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai 519000, China; (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.)
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10
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Susca N, Leone P, Prete M, Cozzio S, Racanelli V. Adipose failure through adipocyte overload and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103502. [PMID: 38101692 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome poses a great worldwide threat to the health of the patients. Increased visceral adiposity is recognized as the main determinant of the detrimental clinical effects of insulin resistance. Inflammation and immune system activation in the adipose tissue (AT) have a central role in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome, but the mechanisms linking increased adiposity to immunity in the AT remain in part elusive. In this review, we support the central role of adipocyte overload and relative adipose failure as key determinants in triggering immune aggression to AT. This provides a mechanistic explanation of the relative metabolic wellness of metabolically normal obese people and the disruption in insulin signaling in metabolically obese lean people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Susca
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, 'Aldo Moro' University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, 'Aldo Moro' University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcella Prete
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, 'Aldo Moro' University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Susanna Cozzio
- U.O. di Medicina Interna, Ospedale di Rovereto, Azienda Sanitaria per i Servizi Provinciali di Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Centre for Medical Sciences - CISMed, University of Trento and Department of Internal Medicine, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy.
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11
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Domingo E, Marques P, Francisco V, Piqueras L, Sanz MJ. Targeting systemic inflammation in metabolic disorders. A therapeutic candidate for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases? Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107058. [PMID: 38218355 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. While many factors can contribute to CVD, atherosclerosis is the cardinal underlying pathology, and its development is associated with several metabolic risk factors including dyslipidemia and obesity. Recent studies have definitively demonstrated a link between low-grade systemic inflammation and two relevant metabolic abnormalities: hypercholesterolemia and obesity. Interestingly, both metabolic disorders are also associated with endothelial dysfunction/activation, a proinflammatory and prothrombotic phenotype of the endothelium that involves leukocyte infiltration into the arterial wall, one of the earliest stages of atherogenesis. This article reviews the current literature on the intricate relationship between hypercholesterolemia and obesity and the associated systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and discusses the effectiveness of present, emerging and in-development pharmacological therapies used to treat these metabolic disorders with a focus on their effects on the associated systemic inflammatory state and cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domingo
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patrice Marques
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vera Francisco
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Piqueras
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Maria-Jesus Sanz
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Spain.
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12
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Jiang Y, Gong F. Immune cells in adipose tissue microenvironment under physiological and obese conditions. Endocrine 2024; 83:10-25. [PMID: 37768512 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review will focus on the immune cells in adipose tissue microenvironment and their regulatory roles in metabolic homeostasis of adipose tissue and even the whole body under physiological and obese conditions. METHODS This review used PubMed searches of current literature to examine adipose tissue immune cells and cytokines, as well as the complex interactions between them. RESULTS Aside from serving as a passive energy depot, adipose tissue has shown specific immunological function. Adipose tissue microenvironment is enriched with a large number of immune cells and cytokines, whose physiological regulation plays a crucial role for metabolic homeostasis. However, obesity causes pro-inflammatory alterations in these adipose tissue immune cells, which have detrimental effects on metabolism and increase the susceptibility of individuals to the obesity related diseases. CONCLUSIONS Adipose tissue microenvironment is enriched with various immune cells and cytokines, which regulate metabolic homeostasis of adipose tissue and even the whole body, whether under physiological or obese conditions. Targeting key immune cells and cytokines in adipose tissue microenvironment for obesity treatment becomes an attractive research point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fengying Gong
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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13
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Tang C, Wang Y, Chen D, Zhang M, Xu J, Xu C, Liu J, Kan J, Jin C. Natural polysaccharides protect against diet-induced obesity by improving lipid metabolism and regulating the immune system. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113192. [PMID: 37689942 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Unhealthy dietary patterns-induced obesity and obesity-related complications pose a great threat to human health all over the world. Accumulating evidence suggests that the pathophysiology of obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders is closely associated with dysregulation of lipid and energy metabolism, and metabolic inflammation. In this review, three potential anti-obesity mechanisms of natural polysaccharides are introduced. Firstly, natural polysaccharides protect against diet-induced obesity directly by improving lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Since the immunity also affects lipid and energy metabolism, natural polysaccharides improve lipid and energy metabolism by regulating host immunity. Moreover, diet-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, prolonged endoplasmic reticulum stress, defective autophagy and microbial dysbiosis can disrupt lipid and/or energy metabolism in a direct and/or inflammation-induced manner. Therefore, natural polysaccharides also improve lipid and energy metabolism and suppress inflammation by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress, promoting autophagy and regulating gut microbiota composition. Specifically, this review comprehensively summarizes underlying anti-obesity mechanisms of natural polysaccharides and provides a theoretical basis for the development of functional foods. For the first time, this review elucidates anti-obesity mechanisms of natural polysaccharides from the perspectives of their hypolipidemic, energy-regulating and immune-regulating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Man Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingguo Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Quality and safety of agricultural product, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Kan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changhai Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
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14
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De Barra C, O'Shea D, Hogan AE. NK cells vs. obesity: A tale of dysfunction & redemption. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109744. [PMID: 37604354 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical in protecting the body against infection and cancer. NK cells can rapidly respond to these threats by directly targeting the infected or transformed cell using their cytotoxic machinery or by initiating and amplifying the immune response via their production of cytokines. Additionally, NK cells are resident across many tissues including adipose, were their role extends from host protection to tissue homeostasis. Adipose resident NK cells can control macrophage polarization via cytokine production, whilst also regulating stressed adipocyte fate using their cytotoxic machinery. Obesity is strongly associated with increased rates of cancer and a heightened susceptibility to severe infections. This is in part due to significant obesity-related immune dysregulation, including defects in both peripheral and adipose tissue NK cells. In this review, we detail the literature to date on NK cells in the setting of obesity - outlining the consequences, mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor De Barra
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland.
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Ishikawa H, Nagashima R, Kuno Y, Sasaki H, Kohda C, Iyoda M. Effects of NKT Cells on Metabolic Disorders Caused by High-Fat Diet Using CD1d-Knockout Mice. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:2855-2864. [PMID: 37744699 PMCID: PMC10517681 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s428190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate whether NKT cells play an important role in preventing or exacerbating diseases caused by high-fat diet (HFD) using CD1d-knockout (KO) mice which lack NKT cells. Methods Five-week-old male Balb/c (wild-type; WT) or CD1dKO mice were fed with control-diet (CTD) or HFD for 16 weeks. Results The present study revealed four main findings. First, CD1dKO mice were susceptible to obesity caused by HFD in comparison to WT mice. Second, clinical conditions of fatty liver caused by HFD were comparable between CD1dKO mice and WT mice. Third, HFD-fed WT mice showed high levels of serum biochemical markers, involved in lipid metabolisms, in comparison to WT mice fed a CTD. Notably, the serum concentrations of ALT, T-CHO, TG and HDL-C in CD1dKO mice fed a HFD were almost comparable to those of CD1dKO mice fed a CTD. Fourth, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), CD36 of epididymal adipose tissue enhanced and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type (PCSK) 9 in serum decreased. Conclusion NKT cells were responsible for protection against HFD-induced obesity. However, CD1dKO mice were resistant to serum biochemical marker abnormalities after HFD feeding. One possible explanation is that the epididymal adipose tissue of CD1dKO mice could take up greater amounts of excess lipids in serum in comparison to WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nagashima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kuno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
| | - Hiraku Sasaki
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Chikara Kohda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iyoda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
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16
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Le TDV, Fathi P, Watters AB, Ellis BJ, Besing GLK, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Perez MB, Sullivan AI, Rose JP, Baggio LL, Koehler J, Brown JL, Bales MB, Nwaba KG, Campbell JE, Drucker DJ, Potthoff MJ, Seeley RJ, Ayala JE. Fibroblast growth factor-21 is required for weight loss induced by the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide in male mice fed high carbohydrate diets. Mol Metab 2023; 72:101718. [PMID: 37030441 PMCID: PMC10131131 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists (GLP-1RA) and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) confer similar metabolic benefits. GLP-1RA induce FGF21, leading us to investigate mechanisms engaged by the GLP-1RA liraglutide to increase FGF21 levels and the metabolic relevance of liraglutide-induced FGF21. METHODS Circulating FGF21 levels were measured in fasted male C57BL/6J, neuronal GLP-1R knockout, β-cell GLP-1R knockout, and liver peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha knockout mice treated acutely with liraglutide. To test the metabolic relevance of liver FGF21 in response to liraglutide, chow-fed control and liver Fgf21 knockout (LivFgf21-/-) mice were treated with vehicle or liraglutide in metabolic chambers. Body weight and composition, food intake, and energy expenditure were measured. Since FGF21 reduces carbohydrate intake, we measured body weight in mice fed matched diets with low- (LC) or high-carbohydrate (HC) content and in mice fed a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet. This was done in control and LivFgf21-/- mice and in mice lacking neuronal β-klotho (Klb) expression to disrupt brain FGF21 signaling. RESULTS Liraglutide increases FGF21 levels independently of decreased food intake via neuronal GLP-1R activation. Lack of liver Fgf21 expression confers resistance to liraglutide-induced weight loss due to attenuated reduction of food intake in chow-fed mice. Liraglutide-induced weight loss was impaired in LivFgf21-/- mice when fed HC and HFHS diets but not when fed a LC diet. Loss of neuronal Klb also attenuated liraglutide-induced weight loss in mice fed HC or HFHS diets. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a novel role for a GLP-1R-FGF21 axis in regulating body weight in a dietary carbohydrate-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao D V Le
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Payam Fathi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Amanda B Watters
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Blair J Ellis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gai-Linn K Besing
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Nadejda Bozadjieva-Kramer
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Research Service, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Misty B Perez
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Andrew I Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Jesse P Rose
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Jacqueline Koehler
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Brown
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 N. Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Michelle B Bales
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn G Nwaba
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 N. Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Julio E Ayala
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Ye X, Chen Y, Qi J, Zhu S, Wu Y, Xiong J, Hu F, Guo Z, Liang X. Design and pharmaceutical evaluation of bifunctional fusion protein of FGF21 and GLP-1 in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175811. [PMID: 37245859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) may be useful for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previous studies have shown that GLP-1 may synergize with FGF21 in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Currently, no approved drug therapy is available for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here, we constructed and screened dual-targeting fusion proteins of GLP-1 and FGF21, connected by elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), to investigate whether a combination of these two hormones would have therapeutic effects in models of NASH. The temperature phase transition and release of the hormones under physiological conditions were studied to identify a bifunctional fusion protein of FGF21 and GLP-1 (GEF) that was highly stable and showed sustained release. We further evaluated the quality and therapeutic efficacy of GEF in three mouse models of NASH. We successfully synthesized a novel recombinant bifunctional fusion protein with high stability and low immunogenicity. The GEF protein synthesized ameliorated hepatic lipid accumulation, hepatocyte damage, and inflammation; prevented the progression of NASH in the three models; reduced glycemia; and caused weight loss. This novel GEF molecule may be suitable for clinical use for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Ye
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China.
| | - Yingli Chen
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Jianying Qi
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Shenglong Zhu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Fei Hu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China.
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18
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De Barra C, Khalil M, Mat A, O'Donnell C, Shaamile F, Brennan K, O'Shea D, Hogan AE. Glucagon-like peptide-1 therapy in people with obesity restores natural killer cell metabolism and effector function. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023. [PMID: 37157931 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with obesity (PWO) have functionally defective natural killer (NK) cells, with a decreased capacity to produce cytokines and kill target cells, underpinned by defective cellular metabolism. It is plausible that the changes in peripheral NK cell activity are contributing to the multimorbidity in PWO, which includes an increased risk of cancer. This study investigated whether therapy with long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, which are an effective treatment for obesity, could restore NK cell functionality in PWO. METHODS In a cohort of 20 PWO, this study investigated whether 6 months of once weekly GLP-1 therapy (semaglutide) could restore human NK cell function and metabolism using multicolor flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and cytotoxicity assays. RESULTS These data demonstrate that PWO who received GLP-1 therapy have improved NK cell function, as measured by cytotoxicity and interferon-γ/granzyme B production. In addition, the study demonstrates increases in a CD98-mTOR-glycolysis metabolic axis, which is critical for NK cell cytokine production. Finally, it shows that the reported improvements in NK cell function appear to be independent of weight loss. CONCLUSIONS The restoration, by GLP-1 therapy, of NK cell functionality in PWO may be contributing to the overall benefits being seen with this class of medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor De Barra
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Mohammed Khalil
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Arimin Mat
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Donnell
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ferrah Shaamile
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Donal O'Shea
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, County Kildare, Ireland
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Arvanitakis K, Koufakis T, Popovic D, Maltese G, Mustafa O, Doumas M, Giouleme O, Kotsa K, Germanidis G. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Obese Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: from Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Considerations and Practical Recommendations for Safe and Effective Use. Curr Obes Rep 2023:10.1007/s13679-023-00506-3. [PMID: 37081371 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-023-00506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss current literature and provide practical recommendations for the safe and effective use of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and/or obesity. The molecular mechanisms that justify the potential benefits of GLP-1 RA in IBD and the links between IBD, obesity, and cardiovascular disease are also discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Preliminary data suggest that GLP-1 RA can modulate crucial pathways in the pathogenesis of IBD, such as chronic inflammation circuits, intestinal tight junctions, and gut microbiome dysbiosis, setting the stage for human trials to investigate the role of these agents in the treatment of IBD among people with or without diabetes and obesity. However, gastrointestinal side effects related to GLP-1 RA need appropriate clinical management to mitigate risks and maximize the benefits of therapy in people with IBD. GLP-1 RA originally emerged as drugs for the treatment of hyperglycemia and are currently licensed for the management of T2D and/or overweight/obesity. However, their wealth of pleiotropic actions soon raised expectations that they might confer benefits on non-metabolic disorders. Future studies are expected to clarify whether GLP-1 RA deserve an adjunct place in the arsenal of drugs against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Arvanitakis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theocharis Koufakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Centre, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Djordje Popovic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Giuseppe Maltese
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Epsom & St Helier University Hospitals, Surrey, SM5 1AA, UK
- Unit for Metabolic Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - Omar Mustafa
- Department of Diabetes, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
- King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Doumas
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Giouleme
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Centre, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Germanidis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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20
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Yabut JM, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor-based Therapeutics for Metabolic Liver Disease. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:14-32. [PMID: 35907261 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) controls islet hormone secretion, gut motility, and body weight, supporting development of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. GLP-1RA exhibit a favorable safety profile and reduce the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in people with T2D. Considerable preclinical data, supported by the results of clinical trials, link therapy with GLP-RA to reduction of hepatic inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis. Mechanistically, the actions of GLP-1 on the liver are primarily indirect, as hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and stellate cells do not express the canonical GLP-1R. GLP-1RA reduce appetite and body weight, decrease postprandial lipoprotein secretion, and attenuate systemic and tissue inflammation, actions that may contribute to attenuation of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Here we discuss evolving concepts of GLP-1 action that improve liver health and highlight evidence that links sustained GLP-1R activation in distinct cell types to control of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, and reduction of experimental and clinical nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The therapeutic potential of GLP-1RA alone, or in combination with peptide agonists, or new small molecule therapeutics is discussed in the context of potential efficacy and safety. Ongoing trials in people with obesity will further clarify the safety of GLP-1RA, and pivotal studies underway in people with NASH will define whether GLP-1-based medicines represent effective and safe therapies for people with MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Yabut
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Le TDV, Fathi P, Watters AB, Ellis BJ, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Perez MB, Sullivan AI, Rose JP, Baggio LL, Koehler J, Brown JL, Bales MB, Nwaba KG, Campbell JE, Drucker DJ, Potthoff MJ, Seeley RJ, Ayala JE. Liver Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is Required for the Full Anorectic Effect of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide in Male Mice fed High Carbohydrate Diets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.03.522509. [PMID: 36711605 PMCID: PMC9881863 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.03.522509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) confer similar metabolic benefits. Studies report that GLP-1RA induce FGF21. Here, we investigated the mechanisms engaged by the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide to increase FGF21 levels and the metabolic relevance of liraglutide-induced FGF21. We show that liraglutide increases FGF21 levels via neuronal GLP-1R activation. We also demonstrate that lack of liver Fgf21 expression confers partial resistance to liraglutide-induced weight loss. Since FGF21 reduces carbohydrate intake, we tested whether the contribution of FGF21 to liraglutide-induced weight loss is dependent on dietary carbohydrate content. In control and liver Fgf21 knockout (Liv Fgf21 -/- ) mice fed calorically matched diets with low- (LC) or high-carbohydrate (HC) content, we found that only HC-fed Liv Fgf21 -/- mice were resistant to liraglutide-induced weight loss. Similarly, liraglutide-induced weight loss was partially impaired in Liv Fgf21 -/- mice fed a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet. Lastly, we show that loss of neuronal β-klotho expression also diminishes liraglutide-induced weight loss in mice fed a HC or HFHS diet, indicating that FGF21 mediates liraglutide-induced weight loss via neuronal FGF21 action. Our findings support a novel role for a GLP-1R-FGF21 axis in regulating body weight in the presence of high dietary carbohydrate content.
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22
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Przybysz JT, DiBrog AM, Kern KA, Mukherjee A, Japa JE, Waite MH, Mietlicki-Baase EG. Macronutrient intake: Hormonal controls, pathological states, and methodological considerations. Appetite 2023; 180:106365. [PMID: 36347305 PMCID: PMC10563642 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of studies to date has examined the roles of feeding-related peptides in the control of food intake. However, the influence of these peptides on the intake of particular macronutrient constituents of food - carbohydrate, fat, and protein - has not been as extensively addressed in the literature. Here, the roles of several feeding-related peptides in controlling macronutrient intake are reviewed. Next, the relationship between macronutrient intake and diseases including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and eating disorders are examined. Finally, some key considerations in macronutrient intake research are discussed. We hope that this review will shed light onto this underappreciated topic in ingestive behavior research and will help to guide further scientific investigation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan T Przybysz
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Adrianne M DiBrog
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Katherine A Kern
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Ashmita Mukherjee
- Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jason E Japa
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Mariana H Waite
- Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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23
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LeBlanc G, Kreissl F, Melamed J, Sobel AL, Constantinides MG. The role of unconventional T cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Semin Immunol 2022; 61-64:101656. [PMID: 36306662 PMCID: PMC9828956 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle LeBlanc
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Felix Kreissl
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Adam L. Sobel
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,These authors contributed equally
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24
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Qi Y, Hui XH. The Single-Cell Revelation of Thermogenic Adipose Tissue. Mol Cells 2022; 45:673-684. [PMID: 36254709 PMCID: PMC9589375 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed an upsurge in the appreciation of adipose tissue (AT) as an immuno-metabolic hub harbouring heterogeneous cell populations that collectively fine-tune systemic metabolic homeostasis. Technological advancements, especially single-cell transcriptomics, have offered an unprecedented opportunity for dissecting the sophisticated cellular networks and compositional dynamics underpinning AT remodelling. The "re-discovery" of functional brown adipose tissue dissipating heat energy in human adults has aroused tremendous interest in exploiting the mechanisms underpinning the engagement of AT thermogenesis for combating human obesity. In this review, we aim to summarise and evaluate the use of single-cell transcriptomics that contribute to a better appreciation of the cellular plasticity and intercellular crosstalk in thermogenic AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hannah Hui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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25
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Yao J, Wu D, Qiu Y. Adipose tissue macrophage in obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:977485. [PMID: 36119080 PMCID: PMC9478335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.977485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) has been appreciated for its critical contribution to obesity-associated metabolic diseases in recent years. Here, we discuss the regulation of ATM on both metabolic homeostatsis and dysfunction. In particular, the macrophage polarization and recruitment as well as the crosstalk between ATM and adipocyte in thermogenesis, obesity, insulin resistance and adipose tissue fibrosis have been reviewed. A better understanding of how ATM regulates adipose tissue remodeling may provide novel therapeutic strategies against obesity and associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Yao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifu Qiu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yifu Qiu,
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26
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Ma Y, Jun H, Wu J. Immune cell cholinergic signaling in adipose thermoregulation and immunometabolism. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:718-727. [PMID: 35931611 PMCID: PMC9727785 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Research focusing on adipose immunometabolism has been expanded from inflammation in white fat during obesity development to immune cell function regulating thermogenic fat, energy expenditure, and systemic metabolism. This opinion discusses our current understanding of how resident immune cells within the thermogenic fat niche may regulate whole-body energy homeostasis. Furthermore, various types of immune cells can synthesize acetylcholine (ACh) and regulate important physiological functions. We highlight a unique subset of cholinergic macrophages within subcutaneous adipose tissue, termed cholinergic adipose macrophages (ChAMs); these macrophages interact with beige adipocytes through cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 2 subunit (CHRNA2) signaling to induce adaptive thermogenesis. We posit that these newly identified thermoregulatory macrophages may broaden our view of immune system functions for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and potentially treating obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxu Ma
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Heejin Jun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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27
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Lecoutre S, Lambert M, Drygalski K, Dugail I, Maqdasy S, Hautefeuille M, Clément K. Importance of the Microenvironment and Mechanosensing in Adipose Tissue Biology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152310. [PMID: 35954152 PMCID: PMC9367348 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion of adipose tissue is an adaptive mechanism that increases nutrient buffering capacity in response to an overall positive energy balance. Over the course of expansion, the adipose microenvironment undergoes continual remodeling to maintain its structural and functional integrity. However, in the long run, adipose tissue remodeling, typically characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy, immune cells infiltration, fibrosis and changes in vascular architecture, generates mechanical stress on adipose cells. This mechanical stimulus is then transduced into a biochemical signal that alters adipose function through mechanotransduction. In this review, we describe the physical changes occurring during adipose tissue remodeling, and how they regulate adipose cell physiology and promote obesity-associated dysfunction in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lecoutre
- Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches Research Group (Nutri-Omics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, F-75013 Paris, France; (S.L.); (K.D.); (I.D.)
| | - Mélanie Lambert
- Labex Inflamex, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, F-93000 Bobigny, France;
| | - Krzysztof Drygalski
- Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches Research Group (Nutri-Omics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, F-75013 Paris, France; (S.L.); (K.D.); (I.D.)
| | - Isabelle Dugail
- Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches Research Group (Nutri-Omics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, F-75013 Paris, France; (S.L.); (K.D.); (I.D.)
| | - Salwan Maqdasy
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet Hospital, C2-94, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Mathieu Hautefeuille
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (UMR 7622), IBPS, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France;
| | - Karine Clément
- Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches Research Group (Nutri-Omics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, F-75013 Paris, France; (S.L.); (K.D.); (I.D.)
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Nutrition Department, CRNH Ile-de-France, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: or
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28
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Li R, Mai T, Zheng S, Zhang Y. Effect of metformin and exenatide on pregnancy rate and pregnancy outcomes in overweight or obese infertility PCOS women: long-term follow-up of an RCT. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2022; 306:1711-1721. [PMID: 35829765 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The majority of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are overweight or obese with increased infertility and high risk of pregnancy complications. We aim to compare efficacy of metformin and exenatide on spontaneous pregnancy rate, overall pregnancy rate after assisted reproductive technology treatment (ART) and pregnancy outcomes in overweight or obese infertility PCOS. METHODS In this long-term follow-up study, 160 overweight or obese infertility Chinese PCOS were randomized to exenatide or metformin treatment for 12 weeks. Afterward, all were treated with metformin alone until pregnancy confirmed and followed until delivery. If patients failed spontaneous pregnancy during the second 12 weeks, ART could be offered until end of 64 weeks. The primary outcome was spontaneous pregnancy rate. RESULTS At week 24, 29.2% of women in exenatide group conceived spontaneously while 14.7% in metformin group (p = 0.03). At week 64, total pregnancy rates were 79.2% in exenatide group and 76% in metformin group without significant difference (p = 0.65). Between two groups, there was no significant difference of pregnancy outcomes (p > 0.05). A stepwise logistic regression showed that spontaneous pregnancy was positively associated with body weight reduction and HOMA-IR improvement in either group. CONCLUSION In overweight or obese infertility Chinese PCOS, 12 weeks pregestational exenatide treatment resulted in more spontaneous pregnancy likely due to greater weight reduction and improvement of insulin resistance compared with metformin treatment without obvious benefit on overall pregnancy rate after ART or pregnancy outcomes of successful conceived women. TRIAL REGISTRATION This clinical trial was registered at Chinese Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR-IIR-16008084) on 13/3/2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyuan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Mai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Schmidt V, Hogan AE, Fallon PG, Schwartz C. Obesity-Mediated Immune Modulation: One Step Forward, (Th)2 Steps Back. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932893. [PMID: 35844529 PMCID: PMC9279727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, the relationship between the immune system and metabolism has become a major research focus. In this arena of immunometabolism the capacity of adipose tissue to secrete immunomodulatory molecules, including adipokines, within the underlying low-grade inflammation during obesity brought attention to the impact obesity has on the immune system. Adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, influence T cell differentiation into different T helper subsets and their activation during immune responses. Furthermore, within the cellular milieu of adipose tissue nutrient availability regulates differentiation and activation of T cells and changes in cellular metabolic pathways. Upon activation, T cells shift from oxidative phosphorylation to oxidative glycolysis, while the differential signaling of the kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the nuclear receptor PPARγ, amongst others, drive the subsequent T cell differentiation. While the mechanisms leading to a shift from the typical type 2-dominated milieu in lean people to a Th1-biased pro-inflammatory environment during obesity are the subject of extensive research, insights on its impact on peripheral Th2-dominated immune responses become more evident. In this review, we will summarize recent findings of how Th2 cells are metabolically regulated during obesity and malnutrition, and how these states affect local and systemic Th2-biased immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Schmidt
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrew E. Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Human Health Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
- Obesity Immunology Research, St. Vincent’s University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraic G. Fallon
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christian Schwartz,
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30
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Bendotti G, Montefusco L, Lunati ME, Usuelli V, Pastore I, Lazzaroni E, Assi E, Seelam AJ, El Essawy B, Jang Y, Loretelli C, D'Addio F, Berra C, Ben Nasr M, Zuccotti G, Fiorina P. The anti-inflammatory and immunological properties of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106320. [PMID: 35738455 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, a great interest has emerged in investigating the pleiotropic effects of Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs). While GLP-1RAs ability to lower plasma glucose and to induce weight loss has allowed them to be approved for the treatment of diabetes and obesity, consistent evidences from in vitro studies and preclinical models suggested that GLP-1RAs have anti-inflammatory properties and that may modulate the immune-system. Notably, such anti-inflammatory effects target different pathways in different tissues, underling the broad spectrum of GLP-1RAs actions. This review examines some of the currently proposed molecular mechanisms of GLP-1RAs actions and explores their potential benefits in reducing inflammatory responses, which may well suggest a future therapeutic use of GLP-1RAs in new indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bendotti
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Montefusco
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vera Usuelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ida Pastore
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Lazzaroni
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Assi
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andy Joe Seelam
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Basset El Essawy
- Transplantation Research Center, Nephrology Division, Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yun Jang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital and Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cristian Loretelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Addio
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Berra
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - GianVincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano and Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy; International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Adipose tissue is a complex dynamic organ with whole-body immunometabolic influence. Much of the work into understanding the role of immune cells in adipose tissue has been in the context of obesity. These investigations have also uncovered a range of typical (immune) and non-typical functions exerted by adipose tissue leukocytes. Here we provide an overview of the adipose tissue immune system, including its role as an immune reservoir in the whole-body response to infection and as a site of parasitic and viral infections. We also describe the functional roles of specialized immunological structures found within adipose tissue. However, our main focus is on the recently discovered 'non-immune' functions of adipose tissue immune cells, which include the regulation of adipocyte homeostasis, as well as responses to changing nutrient status and body temperature. In doing so, we outline the therapeutic potential of the adipose tissue immune system in health and disease.
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32
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The Association between Peptide Hormones with Obesity and Insulin Resistance Markers in Lean and Obese Individuals in the United Arab Emirates. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061271. [PMID: 35334929 PMCID: PMC8954130 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide hormones play a crucial role in body weight and glucose homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to explore this association and recruited 43 obese and 31 age- and sex-matched lean participants. We assessed their body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), percentage body fat (PBF), fasting blood levels of peptide hormones (GLP-1, GLP-2, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, CCK, and PYY), fasting blood sugar (FBS), and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). We tested the associations between peptide hormones and markers of obesity and insulin resistance (IR) by using the Independent-Samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U test, partial correlation, and logistic regression. FBS, insulin, HOMA-IR, GLP-1, GLP-2, and leptin were significantly higher in the obese group; ghrelin and CCK were significantly higher in lean participants, and no difference was seen for PYY. Controlling for BMI, GLP-1 was positively correlated with WtHR, while ghrelin was inversely correlated with WtHR. GLP-1 was correlated with HOMA-IR. GLP-1 was associated with obesity and IR markers in the regression model. Our results show that obese and lean adults display significant differences in plasma peptide hormone levels. GLP-1 levels were independently associated with markers of obesity and IR. Restoring the appetite hormone balance in obesity may represent a potential therapeutic target.
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33
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Oliveira FCB, Bauer EJ, Ribeiro CM, Pereira SA, Beserra BTS, Wajner SM, Maia AL, Neves FAR, Coelho MS, Amato AA. Liraglutide Activates Type 2 Deiodinase and Enhances β3-Adrenergic-Induced Thermogenesis in Mouse Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 12:803363. [PMID: 35069450 PMCID: PMC8771968 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.803363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Liraglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist used as an anti-hyperglycemic agent in type 2 diabetes treatment and recently approved for obesity management. Weight loss is attributed to appetite suppression, but therapy may also increase energy expenditure. To further investigate the effect of GLP-1 signaling in thermogenic fat, we assessed adipose tissue oxygen consumption and type 2 deiodinase (D2) activity in mice treated with liraglutide, both basally and after β3-adrenergic treatment. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to receive liraglutide (400 μg/kg, n=12) or vehicle (n=12). After 16 days, mice in each group were co-treated with the selective β3-adrenergic agonist CL316,243 (1 mg/kg, n=6) or vehicle (n=6) for 5 days. Adipose tissue depots were assessed for gene and protein expression, oxygen consumption, and D2 activity. Results Liraglutide increased interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) oxygen consumption and enhanced β3-adrenergic-induced oxygen consumption in iBAT and inguinal white adipose tissue (ingWAT). These effects were accompanied by upregulation of UCP-1 protein levels in iBAT and ingWAT. Notably, liraglutide increased D2 activity without significantly upregulating its mRNA levels in iBAT and exhibited additive effects to β3-adrenergic stimulation in inducing D2 activity in ingWAT. Conclusions Liraglutide exhibits additive effects to those of β3-adrenergic stimulation in thermogenic fat and increases D2 activity in BAT, implying that it may activate this adipose tissue depot by increasing intracellular thyroid activation, adding to the currently known mechanisms of GLP-1A-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C. B. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Eduarda J. Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Carolina M. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Sidney A. Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Bruna T. S. Beserra
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Simone M. Wajner
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana L. Maia
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francisco A. R. Neves
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Michella S. Coelho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Angelica A. Amato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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34
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Park CS, Shastri N. The Role of T Cells in Obesity-Associated Inflammation and Metabolic Disease. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e13. [PMID: 35291655 PMCID: PMC8901709 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays a critical role in the development of obesity-associated metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance. Obesity alters the microenvironment of adipose tissue and the intestines from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory, which promotes low grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in obese mice. Various T cell subsets either help maintain metabolic homeostasis in healthy states or contribute to obesity-associated metabolic syndromes. In this review, we will discuss the T cell subsets that reside in adipose tissue and intestines and their role in the development of obesity-induced systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Su Park
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nilabh Shastri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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35
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Huang D, Zhang Z, Dong Z, Liu R, Huang J, Xu G. Caloric restriction and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass promote white adipose tissue browning in mice. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:139-148. [PMID: 34232475 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Caloric restriction (CR) and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) are considered effective means of body weight control, but the mechanism by which CR and RYGB protect against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity remains elusive. The browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) is a potential approach to combat obesity. Here we assess whether browning of WAT is involved in CR- and RYGB-treatment. METHODS The average size of adipocytes was determined by histological analysis. Expression of thermogenic genes in both human subjects and mice were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS The average size of adipocytes was bigger, while the expression of thermogenic genes such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), nuclear factor erythroid-2 like 1 (NRF1) and PPARγ coactivator-1 α (PGC1α) were lower in the WAT of obese subjects when compared to lean controls. Both CR and RYGB promoted weight and fat loss. Increment of the average adipocytes size and down-regulation of thermogenic genes were significantly reversed by both CR and RYGB in the WAT of obese mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that CR and RYGB significantly improved high-fat diet-induced lipid accumulation by promoting the browning of WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Z Dong
- Department of Obesity and Metabolic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - R Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - J Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - G Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
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36
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Agueda-Oyarzabal M, Emanuelli B. Immune Cells in Thermogenic Adipose Depots: The Essential but Complex Relationship. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:839360. [PMID: 35360060 PMCID: PMC8963988 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.839360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a unique organ in mammals capable of dissipating energy in form of heat. Additionally, white adipose tissue (WAT) can undergo browning and perform thermogenesis. In recent years, the research community has aimed to harness thermogenic depot functions for new therapeutic strategies against obesity and the metabolic syndrome; hence a comprehensive understanding of the thermogenic fat microenvironment is essential. Akin to WAT, immune cells also infiltrate and reside within the thermogenic adipose tissues and perform vital functions. As highly plastic organs, adipose depots rely on crucial interplay with these tissue resident cells to conserve their healthy state. Evidence has accumulated to show that different immune cell populations contribute to thermogenic adipose tissue homeostasis and activation through complex communicative networks. Furthermore, new studies have identified -but still not fully characterized further- numerous immune cell populations present in these depots. Here, we review the current knowledge of this emerging field by describing the immune cells that sway the thermogenic adipose depots, and the complex array of communications that influence tissue performance.
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37
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Chen H, Sun L, Feng L, Yin Y, Zhang W. Role of Innate lymphoid Cells in Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:855197. [PMID: 35574038 PMCID: PMC9091334 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.855197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a growing chronic metabolic disease, greatly increases the risk of metabolic syndrome which includes type 2 diabetes, fatty liver and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity-associated metabolic diseases significantly contribute to mortality and reduce life expectancy. Recently, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as crucial regulators of metabolic homeostasis and tissue inflammation. This review focuses on the roles of ILCs in different metabolic tissues, including adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, and intestine. We briefly outline the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. We then discuss how ILCs in distinct metabolic organs may function to maintain metabolic homeostasis and contribute to obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. The potential of ILCs as the therapeutic target for obesity and insulin resistance is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Weizhen Zhang, ; Yue Yin,
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Weizhen Zhang, ; Yue Yin,
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Kane H, LaMarche NM, Ní Scannail Á, Garza AE, Koay HF, Azad AI, Kunkemoeller B, Stevens B, Brenner MB, Lynch L. Longitudinal analysis of invariant natural killer T cell activation reveals a cMAF-associated transcriptional state of NKT10 cells. eLife 2022; 11:76586. [PMID: 36458691 PMCID: PMC9831610 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate T cells, including CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, are characterized by their rapid activation in response to non-peptide antigens, such as lipids. While the transcriptional profiles of naive, effector, and memory adaptive T cells have been well studied, less is known about the transcriptional regulation of different iNKT cell activation states. Here, using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we performed longitudinal profiling of activated murine iNKT cells, generating a transcriptomic atlas of iNKT cell activation states. We found that transcriptional signatures of activation are highly conserved among heterogeneous iNKT cell populations, including NKT1, NKT2, and NKT17 subsets, and human iNKT cells. Strikingly, we found that regulatory iNKT cells, such as adipose iNKT cells, undergo blunted activation and display constitutive enrichment of memory-like cMAF+ and KLRG1+ populations. Moreover, we identify a conserved cMAF-associated transcriptional network among NKT10 cells, providing novel insights into the biology of regulatory and antigen-experienced iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Kane
- Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Nelson M LaMarche
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Áine Ní Scannail
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Amanda E Garza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Adiba I Azad
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Britta Kunkemoeller
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Brenneth Stevens
- Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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Recombinant human GLP-1 beinaglutide regulates lipid metabolism of adipose tissues in diet-induced obese mice. iScience 2021; 24:103382. [PMID: 34841227 PMCID: PMC8605346 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
GLP-1 analogs are a class of glucose-lowering agents with multiple benefits in diabetes, but its role in adipose tissues remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the action of recombinant human GLP-1 (rhGLP-1) Beinaglutide (BN) in the insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism of adipose tissues. We have shown that, after BN injection, obese mice displayed lower body weight, fat mass, and plasma lipid levels. In addition, BN promoted the insulin sensitivity in the white adipose tissues. Furthermore, we have found that the BN treatment caused significant changes in content and composition of different lipid classes, including glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids, as well as expression of genes in lipid metabolic pathways in the adipose tissues. Taken together, our data demonstrate that BN could resist HFD-induced obesity by targeting the composition of major lipid classes and the expression of genes in lipid metabolism of adipose tissues. Recombinant human GLP-1 Beinaglutide (BN) reduces high-fat-diet-induced obesity BN increases insulin sensitivity of adipocytes in vivo and in vitro BN alters lipidomic and transcriptomic profiles in adipose tissues of obese mice BN promotes thermogenic gene expression in adipose tissues
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40
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Tournissac M, Leclerc M, Valentin-Escalera J, Vandal M, Bosoi CR, Planel E, Calon F. Metabolic determinants of Alzheimer's disease: A focus on thermoregulation. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101462. [PMID: 34534683 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex age-related neurodegenerative disease, associated with central and peripheral metabolic anomalies, such as impaired glucose utilization and insulin resistance. These observations led to a considerable interest not only in lifestyle-related interventions, but also in repurposing insulin and other anti-diabetic drugs to prevent or treat dementia. Body temperature is the oldest known metabolic readout and mechanisms underlying its maintenance fail in the elderly, when the incidence of AD rises. This raises the possibility that an age-associated thermoregulatory deficit contributes to energy failure underlying AD pathogenesis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a central role in thermogenesis and maintenance of body temperature. In recent years, the modulation of BAT activity has been increasingly demonstrated to regulate energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization, which could also provide benefits for AD. Here, we review the evidence linking thermoregulation, BAT and insulin-related metabolic defects with AD, and we propose mechanisms through which correcting thermoregulatory impairments could slow the progression and delay the onset of AD.
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41
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Liu L, Hu J, Wang Y, Lei H, Xu D. The role and research progress of the balance and interaction between regulatory T cells and other immune cells in obesity with insulin resistance. Adipocyte 2021; 10:66-79. [PMID: 33472506 PMCID: PMC7834085 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1876375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic homoeostasis in adipose tissue plays a major role in obesity-related insulin resistance (IR). Regulatory T (Treg) cells have been recorded to regulate metabolic homoeostasis in adipose tissue. However, their specific mechanism is not yet known. This review aims to present the role of Treg cells and other immune cells in obesity-associated IR, focusing on the balance of numbers and functions of Treg cells and other immune cells as well as the crucial role of their interactions in maintaining adipose tissue homoeostasis. Th1 cells, Th17 cells, CD8+ T cells, and pro-inflammatory macrophages mediate the occurrence of obesity and IR by antagonizing Treg cells, while anti-inflammatory dendritic cells, eosinophils and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) regulate the metabolic homoeostasis of adipose tissue by promoting the proliferation and differentiation of Treg cells. γ δ T cells and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have complex effects on Treg cells, and their roles in obesity-associated IR are controversial. The balance of Treg cells and other immune cells can help maintain the metabolic homoeostasis of adipose tissue. Further research needs to explore more specific molecular mechanisms, thus providing more precise directions for the treatment of obesity with IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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42
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Resident and migratory adipose immune cells control systemic metabolism and thermogenesis. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 19:421-431. [PMID: 34837070 PMCID: PMC8891307 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is a vital source of energy for all mammals. The balance between glucose uptake, metabolism and storage determines the energy status of an individual, and perturbations in this balance can lead to metabolic diseases. The maintenance of organismal glucose metabolism is a complex process that involves multiple tissues, including adipose tissue, which is an endocrine and energy storage organ that is critical for the regulation of systemic metabolism. Adipose tissue consists of an array of different cell types, including specialized adipocytes and stromal and endothelial cells. In addition, adipose tissue harbors a wide range of immune cells that play vital roles in adipose tissue homeostasis and function. These cells contribute to the regulation of systemic metabolism by modulating the inflammatory tone of adipose tissue, which is directly linked to insulin sensitivity and signaling. Furthermore, these cells affect the control of thermogenesis. While lean adipose tissue is rich in type 2 and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, obesity tips the balance in favor of a proinflammatory milieu, leading to the development of insulin resistance and the dysregulation of systemic metabolism. Notably, anti-inflammatory immune cells, including regulatory T cells and innate lymphocytes, protect against insulin resistance and have the characteristics of tissue-resident cells, while proinflammatory immune cells are recruited from the circulation to obese adipose tissue. Here, we review the key findings that have shaped our understanding of how immune cells regulate adipose tissue homeostasis to control organismal metabolism.
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43
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Zhen Y, Shu W, Hou X, Wang Y. Innate Immune System Orchestrates Metabolic Homeostasis and Dysfunction in Visceral Adipose Tissue During Obesity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702835. [PMID: 34421909 PMCID: PMC8377368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Arising incidence of metabolic disorders and related diseases caused by obesity is a global health concern. Elucidating the role of the immune system in this process will help to understand the related mechanisms and develop treatment strategies. Here, we have focused on innate immune cells in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and summarized the roles of these cells in maintaining the homeostasis of VAT. Furthermore, this review reveals the importance of quantitative and functional changes of innate immune cells when the metabolic microenvironment changes due to obesity or excess lipids, and confirms that these changes eventually lead to the occurrence of chronic inflammation and metabolic diseases of VAT. Two perspectives are reviewed, which include sequential changes in various innate immune cells in the steady state of VAT and its imbalance during obesity. Cross-sectional interactions between various innate immune cells at the same time point are also reviewed. Through delineation of a comprehensive perspective of VAT homeostasis in obesity-induced chronic inflammation, and ultimately metabolic dysfunction and disease, we expect to clarify the complex interactive networks among distinct cell populations and propose that these interactions should be taken into account in the development of biotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wentao Shu
- Department of Biobank, Division of Clinical Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xintong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Biobank, Division of Clinical Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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44
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Landry T, Shookster D, Huang H. Circulating α-klotho regulates metabolism via distinct central and peripheral mechanisms. Metabolism 2021; 121:154819. [PMID: 34153302 PMCID: PMC8277751 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicates the circulating α-klotho protein as a prominent regulator of energy balance and substrate metabolism, with diverse, tissue-specific functions. Despite its well-documented ubiquitous role inhibiting insulin signaling, α-klotho elicits potent antidiabetic and anti-obesogenic effects. α-Klotho facilitates insulin release and promotes β cell health in the pancreas, stimulates lipid oxidation in liver and adipose tissue, attenuates hepatic gluconeogenesis, and increases whole-body energy expenditure. The mechanisms underlying α-klotho's peripheral functions are multifaceted, including hydrolyzing transient receptor potential channels, stimulating integrin β1➔focal adhesion kinase signaling, and activating PPARα via inhibition of insulin-like growth factor receptor 1. Moreover, until recently, potential metabolic roles of α-klotho in the central nervous system remained unexplored; however, a novel α-klotho➔fibroblast growth factor receptor➔PI3kinase signaling axis in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus has been identified as a critical regulator of energy balance and glucose metabolism. Overall, the role of circulating α-klotho in the regulation of metabolism is a new focus of research, but accumulating evidence identifies this protein as an encouraging therapeutic target for Type 1 and 2 Diabetes and obesity. This review analyzes the new literature investigating α-klotho-mediated regulation of metabolism and proposes impactful future directions to progress our understanding of this complex metabolic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Landry
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Shookster
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Hu Huang
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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45
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Cheong LY, Xu A. Intercellular and inter-organ crosstalk in browning of white adipose tissue: molecular mechanism and therapeutic complications. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:466-479. [PMID: 34185049 PMCID: PMC8530522 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is highly plastic and heterogeneous in response to environmental and nutritional changes. The development of heat-dissipating beige adipocytes in white AT (WAT) through a process known as browning (or beiging) has garnered much attention as a promising therapeutic strategy for obesity and its related metabolic complications. This is due to its inducibility in response to thermogenic stimulation and its association with improved metabolic health. WAT consists of adipocytes, nerves, vascular endothelial cells, various types of immune cells, adipocyte progenitor cells, and fibroblasts. These cells contribute to the formation of beige adipocytes through the release of protein factors that significantly influence browning capacity. In addition, inter-organ crosstalk is also important for beige adipocyte biogenesis. Here, we summarize recent findings on fat depot-specific differences, secretory factors participating in intercellular and inter-organ communications that regulate the recruitment of thermogenic beige adipocytes, as well as challenges in targeting beige adipocytes as a potential anti-obese therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Yee Cheong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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46
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Cohen P, Kajimura S. The cellular and functional complexity of thermogenic fat. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:393-409. [PMID: 33758402 PMCID: PMC8159882 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes are mitochondria-enriched cells capable of dissipating energy in the form of heat. These thermogenic fat cells were originally considered to function solely in heat generation through the action of the mitochondrial protein uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). In recent years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the ontogeny, bioenergetics and physiological functions of thermogenic fat. Distinct subtypes of thermogenic adipocytes have been identified with unique developmental origins, which have been increasingly dissected in cellular and molecular detail. Moreover, several UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanisms have been described, expanding the role of these cells in energy homeostasis. Recent studies have also delineated roles for these cells beyond the regulation of thermogenesis, including as dynamic secretory cells and as a metabolic sink. This Review presents our current understanding of thermogenic adipocytes with an emphasis on their development, biological functions and roles in systemic physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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47
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Marzook A, Tomas A, Jones B. The Interplay of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Trafficking and Signalling in Pancreatic Beta Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:678055. [PMID: 34040588 PMCID: PMC8143046 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.678055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which mediates the effects of GLP-1, an incretin hormone secreted primarily from L-cells in the intestine and within the central nervous system. The GLP-1R, upon activation, exerts several metabolic effects including the release of insulin and suppression of appetite, and has, accordingly, become an important target for the treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recently, there has been heightened interest in how the activated GLP-1R is trafficked between different endomembrane compartments, controlling the spatial origin and duration of intracellular signals. The discovery of "biased" GLP-1R agonists that show altered trafficking profiles and selective engagement with different intracellular effectors has added to the tools available to study the mechanisms and physiological importance of these processes. In this review we survey early and recent work that has shed light on the interplay between GLP-1R signalling and trafficking, and how it might be therapeutically tractable for T2D and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaara Marzook
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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48
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Akkermansia muciniphila secretes a glucagon-like peptide-1-inducing protein that improves glucose homeostasis and ameliorates metabolic disease in mice. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:563-573. [PMID: 33820962 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota, which includes Akkermansia muciniphila, is known to modulate energy metabolism, glucose tolerance, immune system maturation and function in humans1-4. Although A. muciniphila is correlated with metabolic diseases and its beneficial causal effects were reported on host metabolism5-8, the molecular mechanisms involved have not been identified. Here, we report that A. muciniphila increases thermogenesis and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced C57BL/6J mice by induction of uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue and systemic GLP-1 secretion. We apply fast protein liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry analysis to identify an 84 kDa protein, named P9, that is secreted by A. muciniphila. Using L cells and mice fed on an HFD, we show that purified P9 alone is sufficient to induce GLP-1 secretion and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Using ligand-receptor capture analysis, we find that P9 interacts with intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM-2). Interleukin-6 deficiency abrogates the effects of P9 in glucose homeostasis and downregulates ICAM-2 expression. Our results show that the interactions between P9 and ICAM-2 could be targeted by therapeutics for metabolic diseases.
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Winn NC, Cottam MA, Wasserman DH, Hasty AH. Exercise and Adipose Tissue Immunity: Outrunning Inflammation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:790-801. [PMID: 33899336 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is considered a precipitating factor and possibly an underlying cause of many noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic diseases, and some cancers. Obesity, which manifests in more than 650 million people worldwide, is the most common chronic inflammatory condition, with visceral adiposity thought to be the major inflammatory hub that links obesity and chronic disease. Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation is triggered or heightened in large part by (1) accelerated immune cell recruitment, (2) reshaping of the AT stromal-immuno landscape (e.g., immune cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocyte progenitors), and (3) perturbed AT immune cell function. Exercise, along with diet management, is a cornerstone in promoting weight loss and preventing weight regain. This review focuses on evidence that increased physical activity reduces AT inflammation caused by hypercaloric diets or genetic obesity. The precise cell types and mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effects of exercise on AT inflammation remain poorly understood. This review summarizes what is known about obesity-induced AT inflammation and immunomodulation and highlights mechanisms by which aerobic exercise combats inflammation by remodeling the AT immune landscape. Furthermore, key areas are highlighted that require future exploration and novel discoveries into the burgeoning field of how the biology of exercise affects AT immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Winn
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew A Cottam
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Davanzo GG, Castro G, Moraes-Vieira PMM. Immunometabolic regulation of adipose tissue resident immune cells. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 58:44-51. [PMID: 33878567 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) performs immunoregulatory functions beyond fat storage. In addition to adipocytes, AT has a diverse spectrum of resident and infiltrating immune cells in health and disease. Immune cells contribute to the homeostatic function of AT by adapting their metabolism in accordance with the microenvironment. However, how the metabolic reprogramming of immune cells affects their inflammatory profile and the subsequent implication for adipocyte function is not completely elucidated. Here, we discuss the available data on metabolic regulatory processes implicated in the control of adipose tissue-resident immune cells and their crosstalk with adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Gastão Davanzo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Castro
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Manoel M Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, SP, Brazil; Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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