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Zollicoffer A, Strauss G, Luther L, Schiffman J, Sims B, Kambui H, Li H. The relationship between perceived family support and subclinical positive symptoms of psychosis among Black college students. Early Interv Psychiatry 2024. [PMID: 38769063 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
AIM Black individuals in the Unites States endure compounded and unique experiences of discrimination and structural racism that may not be as overtly evident in other countries. These distinctive forms of discrimination and racism can impact the mental health of Black individuals in the Unites States, in this case, their risk for psychosis. Adolescence and early adulthood are vulnerable periods in life where mental illness typically begins to manifest. Understanding the factors contributing to an increased likelihood of specific mental illnesses, such as psychosis, among youth in these vulnerable periods can inform intervention development. This is particularly important for those from minoritized backgrounds Unites States; this group is especially important to study given that Black American youth tend to experience higher psychosis rates and different symptom presentations than non-Black groups. METHODS This study examined the associations between perceived family support, a critical environmental factor known to be associated with full-psychosis, and attenuated positive symptoms and distress levels in a sample of 155 Black students from a Historically Black College and University (HBCU). Participants completed the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief that assessed psychosis risk and the Family Environment Scale that assessed three dimensions of family support (family cohesion, expressiveness, and conflict). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Positive symptom intensity (r = .30, p < .001) and distress (r = .34, p < .001) were significantly associated with higher family conflict for Black individuals in the Unites States. The findings inform novel intervention targets for psychoeducation and family therapy that have potential to reduce psychosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Strauss
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren Luther
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason Schiffman
- Department of Psychology, UC Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Brian Sims
- Department of Psychology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Hasseim Kambui
- Department of Psychology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Huijun Li
- Department of Psychology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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2
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Petersen LS, Vestergaard M, Meisner MW, Foldager M, Simonsen E. Atypical semantic cognition in schizotypal personality disorder and borderline personality disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2024; 46:218-232. [PMID: 38704611 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2024.2340813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Increased schizotypal traits have previously been associated with atypical semantic cognition in community samples. However, no study has yet examined whether adults diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) display atypical semantic fluency and memory. We hypothesized that 24 adults diagnosed with SPD would name more idiosyncratic words on the semantic fluency task and show decreased semantic recall for animal and fruit category words compared with 29 participants with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and a community sample of 96 age-matched controls. We examined whether atypical semantic cognition was specifically associated with disorganized and eccentric speech and thinking, or more broadly with pathological personality traits and personality functioning. Our main hypothesis was confirmed, as the SPD participants named more idiosyncratic words and recalled fewer semantically related words compared with controls. Surprisingly, participants with BPD likewise named more atypical words compared with controls. More idiosyncratic semantic fluency was associated with more eccentric speech and thinking. Increased idiosyncratic semantic fluency and reduced semantic recall were both coupled to increased detachment and lowered personality functioning, while reduced semantic recall further was related to increased interpersonal problems. Our findings suggest that persons with SPD, and to a lesser degree BPD, show atypical semantic cognition, which is associated with eccentric speech and thinking, and more broadly with impaired personality function, social withdrawal, and emotional flatness. The idiosyncratic semantic cognition may worsen difficulties with social reciprocity seen in SPD and BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea S Petersen
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatry Region Zealand, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Vestergaard
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatry Region Zealand, Denmark
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Psychiatry Region Zealand, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Maria W Meisner
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatry Region Zealand, Denmark
| | - Malene Foldager
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Psychiatry Region Zealand, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Erik Simonsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Services East, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatry Region Zealand, Denmark
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3
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Angers K, Suhr JA, Moe AM. Executively-mediated language skills are related to performance-based social functioning in the early psychosis spectrum. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 164:184-191. [PMID: 37352814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Social impairment is a core deficit in psychotic spectrum disorders (PSDs). Prior work shows that language abnormalities can predict psychosis onset and are related to social outcomes in PSDs. Few studies have investigated nuanced relationships between language/verbal abilities and social functioning in the early psychosis spectrum, including at-risk (schizotypy) and first episode of psychosis (FEP) individuals. This study aimed to examine the relationship to between language/verbal performance and performance-based and examiner-rated social functioning. We also aimed to replicate prior models that demonstrate neurocognition is related to social functioning through negative symptoms and social cognition. Low schizotypy (n = 42), high schizotypy (n = 44), and FEP (n = 15) participants completed a battery of language/verbal, social cognition, and social functioning measures. Regression analyses revealed that Proverb Test performance was uniquely and significantly associated with performance-based but not examiner-rated social functioning. Other language/verbal measures were not significantly related to social functioning. In mediational analyses, language/verbal performance was indirectly related to social functioning through negative traits, and also through social cognition. Findings extend support for negative symptom and social cognitive intervention in the early psychosis spectrum, and uniquely suggest that executively-mediated language skills may be an additional target to improve social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley Angers
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychology Section, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Julie A Suhr
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Aubrey M Moe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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4
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Rep C, Dubertret C, Pignon B, Sleurs D, Tebeka S, Le Strat Y. Psychotic-like experiences in general population: Psychiatric comorbidity and impact on quality of life across lifespan. Schizophr Res 2023; 256:52-62. [PMID: 37150148 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of Psychotics-Like Experiences according to age group and their association with psychiatric disorders through these different age-group, as well as their impact on quality of life. STUDY DESIGN Using data from the second wave of the NESARC, a large general population study, we considered 6 mutually exclusive groups according to the age at the interview: 20-29 years; 30-39 years; 40-49 years; 50-59 years; 60-69 years; 70+ years. We determined the frequency of PLEs defined as positive, negative, depressive, mania and disorganization symptoms with reference to the PANSS, and the association between the presence of PLEs in the previous year and the presence of lifetime psychiatric disorders and quality of life across different age groups. STUDY RESULTS The prevalence of PLEs decreased across age from a 34.7 % in the 20-29 years age group, to 19.7 % in the 70+ years age group. Across all age groups, individuals who reported PLEs in the previous year had higher risk of having any psychiatric disorder, (i.e any mood disorder, any anxiety disorder any substance abuse and any personality disorder) compared to individuals not reporting PLEs. All dimensions of quality of life on the SF12 scale were negatively associated with the presence of a PLE regardless of age group. CONCLUSION We found that the frequency of PLEs decreased with age and that the presence of PLE is associated with psychiatric disorders and with impaired quality of life in all age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Rep
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France.
| | - Caroline Dubertret
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France; Université de Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Pignon
- Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France Inserm, U955, Equipe 15 Psychiatrie génétique, Créteil, France AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie, Créteil, France Fondation FondaMental, fondation de cooperation scientifique, Créteil, France
| | - David Sleurs
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France; Université de Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, France
| | - Sarah Tebeka
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France; Université de Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, France
| | - Yann Le Strat
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France; Université de Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, France
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5
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Messaritaki E, Foley S, Barawi K, Ettinger U, Jones DK. Increased structural connectivity in high schizotypy. Netw Neurosci 2023; 7:213-233. [PMID: 37334008 PMCID: PMC10270715 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between brain structural connectivity and schizotypy was explored in two healthy participant cohorts, collected at two different neuroimaging centres, comprising 140 and 115 participants, respectively. The participants completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), through which their schizotypy scores were calculated. Diffusion-MRI data were used to perform tractography and to generate the structural brain networks of the participants. The edges of the networks were weighted with the inverse radial diffusivity. Graph theoretical metrics of the default mode, sensorimotor, visual, and auditory subnetworks were derived and their correlation coefficients with the schizotypy scores were calculated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that graph theoretical measures of structural brain networks are investigated in relation to schizotypy. A positive correlation was found between the schizotypy score and the mean node degree and mean clustering coefficient of the sensorimotor and the default mode subnetworks. The nodes driving these correlations were the right postcentral gyrus, the left paracentral lobule, the right superior frontal gyrus, the left parahippocampal gyrus, and the bilateral precuneus, that is, nodes that exhibit compromised functional connectivity in schizophrenia. Implications for schizophrenia and schizotypy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Messaritaki
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sonya Foley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kali Barawi
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Derek K. Jones
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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6
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Chu RST, Tong CCHY, Wong CSM, Chang WC, Tang WCY, Chan CCL, Lui SSY, Hui LM, Suen YN, Chan KW, Lee HM, Chen EYH. Effort-based decision making in schizotypy and its relationship with amotivation and psychosocial functioning. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1123046. [PMID: 36873206 PMCID: PMC9978481 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1123046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suboptimal effort-based decision-making with reduced willingness to expend effort for high-probability/high-value reward is observed in schizophrenia patients and is related to diminished motivation, but is understudied in schizotypy. This study aimed to examine effort-allocation in schizotypy individuals and its association with amotivation and psychosocial functioning. METHODS We recruited 40 schizotypy individuals and 40 demographically-matched healthy controls, based on Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B) score (top and bottom 10% SPQ-B scores, respectively), from 2400 young people aged 15-24 years participating a population-based mental health survey in Hong Kong and examined effort-allocation using the Effort Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT). Negative / amotivation symptoms and psychosocial functioning were assessed by the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) and the Social Functioning and Occupational Assessment Scale (SOFAS), respectively. Schizotypy individuals were categorized into high-amotivation and low-amotivation groups based on a median-split of BNSS amotivation domain score. RESULTS Our results showed no main group effect (in either two or three-group comparison) on effort task performance. Three-group comparison analyses on selected EEfRT performance indices revealed that high-amotivation schizotypy individuals displayed significantly less increase in effortful options from low-value to high-value reward (reward-difference score) and from low-probability/low-value to high-probability/high-value reward (probability/reward-difference score) than low-amotivation individuals and controls. Correlation analyses demonstrated trend-wise significance between BNSS amotivation domain score and several EEfRT performance indices in schizotypy group. Schizotypy individuals with poorer psychosocial functioning tended to exhibit smaller probability/reward-difference score relative to other two groups. DISCUSSION Our findings indicate subtle effort-allocation abnormalities in schizotypy individuals with high levels of diminished motivation, and suggest the link between laboratory-based effort-cost measures and real-world functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sai Ting Chu
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Co Co Ho Yi Tong
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Corine Sau Man Wong
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Chung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wesley Chor Yin Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Charlotte Cheuk Lok Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Simon S Y Lui
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lai Ming Hui
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Nam Suen
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kit Wa Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho Ming Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eric Yu Hai Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Bègue I, Brakowski J, Seifritz E, Dagher A, Tobler PN, Kirschner M, Kaiser S. Cerebellar and cortico-striatal-midbrain contributions to reward-cognition processes and apathy within the psychosis continuum. Schizophr Res 2022; 246:85-94. [PMID: 35728420 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Negative symptoms in the psychosis continuum are linked to impairments in reward processing and cognitive function. Processes at the interface of reward processing and cognition and their relation to negative symptoms remain little studied, despite evidence suggestive of integration in mechanisms and neural circuitry. Here, we investigated brain activation during reward-dependent modulation of working memory (WM) and their relationship to negative symptoms in subclinical and early stages of the psychosis continuum. We included 27 persons with high schizotypal personality traits and 23 patients with first episode psychosis as well as 27 healthy controls. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing an established 2-back WM task with two reward levels (5 CHF vs. no reward), which allowed us to assess common reward-cognition regions through whole-brain conjunction analyses and to investigate relations with clinical scores of negative symptoms. As expected for behavior, reward facilitated performance while cognitive load diminished it. At the neural level, the conjunction of high reward and high cognitive load contrasts across the psychosis continuum showed increased hemodynamic activity in the thalamus and the cerebellar vermis. During high cognitive load, more severe apathy but not diminished expression in the psychosis continuum was associated with reduced activity in right lateral orbitofrontal cortex, midbrain, posterior vermal cerebellum, caudate and lateral parietal cortex. Our results suggest that hypoactivity in the cerebellar vermis and the cortical-striatal-midbrain-circuitry in the psychosis continuum relates to apathy possibly via impaired flexible cognitive resource allocation for effective goal pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrit Bègue
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.
| | - Janis Brakowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kirschner
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kaiser
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
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8
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Tan EJ, Toh WL, Rossell SL. Examining relationships between state and trait psychotic symptoms and quality of life in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res 2022; 310:114450. [PMID: 35183988 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Positive and negative symptoms are core aspects of schizophrenia and have been shown to influence patient quality of life (QOL). Previous studies have largely focused on current or state symptoms, with limited work on the contributions of trait symptoms to QOL. This study sought to examine the relationship between both state and trait symptoms and objective and subjective QOL. Fifty-three schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients and 47 healthy controls were recruited. State symptomatology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale in the patients only. In all participants, trait symptoms were assessed using the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences, and QOL using Lehman's QOL Interview. Hierarchical linear regression analyses, controlling for depression and neurocognition, revealed that negative state symptoms were related to objective QOL within the patients, while negative trait symptoms were associated with both objective and subjective QOL in patients and healthy controls. No relationships were observed with positive state or trait symptoms and either QOL measure. The findings suggest a degree of complexity in the associations between symptoms and QOL, with primacy for negative symptoms at both state and trait levels. A greater appreciation of trait symptoms may help explain non-complementary QOL changes following symptom remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Josiah Tan
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Wei Lin Toh
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Susan Lee Rossell
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Klang A, Westerberg B, Humble MB, Bejerot S. The impact of schizotypy on quality of life among adults with autism spectrum disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:205. [PMID: 35305592 PMCID: PMC8934003 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizotypal personality disorder can be difficult to distinguish. Deficits in social relationships and social interaction, present in both conditions, are known to impair quality of life. The aim of the present study was to investigate if schizotypal symptoms affect quality of life among adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and to study the association between schizotypy and autistic traits among them. METHODS Participants diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (n = 110) completed questionnaires exploring schizotypy (Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire - Brief Revised (SPQ-BR)), autistic traits (The Ritvo Autism, Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised Screen 14 items), anxiety and depression (The Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale) and quality of life (Brunnsviken Brief Quality of Life Scale and the European quality of life index version 5D). RESULTS Schizotypy was found to be associated with anxiety, depressive and autistic symptoms, and poor quality of life. Although schizotypy was a predictor for impaired quality of life, this relationship was mediated by symptoms of anxiety and depression, plausibly inherent to autism. Autistic traits were positively associated with all higher order constructs of the SPQ-BR, i.e. positive and negative schizotypy, disorganization and social anxiety, as well as with poor quality of life. CONCLUSIONS There is considerable overlap between schizotypy and autism that needs to be considered in research. Prominent schizotypal traits in people with ASD may constitute an endophenotype coinciding with a particularly poor quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03570372 : Internet-based Treatment for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (MILAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin Klang
- grid.15895.300000 0001 0738 8966School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Britta Westerberg
- grid.15895.300000 0001 0738 8966School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden ,grid.15895.300000 0001 0738 8966University Health Care Research Centre, Region Örebro County, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, P.O. Box 1613, University Hospital, S-701, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mats B. Humble
- grid.15895.300000 0001 0738 8966School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Susanne Bejerot
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden. .,University Health Care Research Centre, Region Örebro County, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, P.O. Box 1613, University Hospital, S-701, Örebro, Sweden.
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10
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Dinzeo TJ, Thayasivam U. Schizotypy, Lifestyle Behaviors, and Health Indicators in a Young Adult Sample. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:179. [PMID: 34940114 PMCID: PMC8698323 DOI: 10.3390/bs11120179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Problematic lifestyle behaviors and high rates of physical illness are well documented in people with schizophrenia, contributing to premature mortality. Yet, there is a notable absence of research examining general lifestyle and health issues in participants at risk for psychosis. This form of research may help identify concerns that exist during prodromal periods related to future outcomes. Accordingly, the current study examined lifestyle and health in a nonclinical sample of 530 young adults with varying levels of schizotypy. Increasing symptom severity was associated with greater somatic symptoms and poorer sleep quality across positive, negative, and disorganized domains. Elevated negative and disorganized symptoms were associated with significantly reduced health-related quality of life, while evidence for reduced engagement in health behaviors was largely limited to those with elevated negative schizotypy. No relationships emerged between symptom presentation/severity and body mass index or substance use, although zero-order correlations suggested an association between disorganized schizotypy and nicotine use. The pattern of relationships in the current study was consistent with findings from the ultra-high risk and clinical literature suggesting that lifestyle and health concerns may exist on a continuum with psychosis. Future research should seek to clarify if these patterns are associated with long-term physical or mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Dinzeo
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Uma Thayasivam
- Department of Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA;
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11
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Polner B, Hupuczi E, Kéri S, Kállai J. Adaptive and maladaptive features of schizotypy clusters in a community sample. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16653. [PMID: 34404855 PMCID: PMC8371157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizotypal personality traits correlate with psychopathology and impaired functional outcome. Yet advantageous aspects of positive schizotypy may exist which could promote resilience and creativity, and several studies have identified a high positive but low negative schizotypy group with some signs of adaptation. The aim of our study was to clarify whether such individuals demonstrate only traits associated with well-being, or they also have traits that predict impairment. Participants (N = 643 students, 71.5% female) completed measures of schizotypy, resilience, self-esteem, self-concept clarity, and absorption. We identified four clusters: an overall low schizotypy, an overall high schizotypy, a disorganised-interpersonal schizotypy and a positive schizotypy cluster. The overall high schizotypy cluster seemed to be the most vulnerable as it was the least resilient and showed widespread maladaptation, whereas the high positive schizotypy cluster had intact self-esteem and high resilience and its elevated absorption may hold the promise for adaptive outcomes such as creativity and positive spirituality. However, the high positive schizotypy cluster lacked self-concept clarity. The results suggest that individuals showing high positive and low negative schizotypy demonstrate features promoting mental well-being to an extent that is higher than in all the other clusters, while their self-concept impairment is similar to that observed in the high and the disorganised-interpersonal schizotypy clusters. Better understanding of these factors could be informative for prevention and treatment of psychosis-spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ernő Hupuczi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Faculty, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Kállai
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Faculty, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary
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12
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Moussa-Tooks AB, Bailey AJ, Bolbecker AR, Viken RJ, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Bifactor Structure of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire Across the Schizotypy Spectrum. J Pers Disord 2021; 35:513-537. [PMID: 32039649 PMCID: PMC7415588 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2020_34_466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread use in schizophrenia-spectrum research, uncertainty remains around an empirically supported and theoretically meaningful factor structure of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Current identified structures are limited by reliance on exclusively nonclinical samples. The current study compared factor structures of the SPQ in a sample of 335 nonpsychiatric individuals, 292 schizotypy-spectrum individuals (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or schizotypal personality disorder), and the combined group (N = 627). Unidimensional, correlated, and hierarchical models were assessed in addition to a bifactor model, wherein subscales load simultaneously onto a general factor and a specific factor. The best-fitting model across samples was a two-specific factor bifactor model, consistent with the nine symptom dimensions of schizotypy as primarily a direct manifestation of a unitary construct. Such findings, for the first time demonstrated in a clinical sample, have broad implications for transdiagnostic approaches, including reifying schizotypy as a construct underlying diverse manifestations of phenomenology across a wide range of severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B. Moussa-Tooks
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - Allen J. Bailey
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Amanda R. Bolbecker
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Richard J. Viken
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - Brian F. O’Donnell
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana,Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington
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13
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Dong F, Calkins ME, Compton P, Medoff-Cooper B, Barzilay R, Taylor JH, Moore TM, Gur RC, Gur RE, Hodgson NA. Association between traumatic stressful events and schizotypal symptoms among a community-based sample of adolescents: A 2-year longitudinal study. Schizophr Res 2021; 233:44-51. [PMID: 34225026 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic stressful events (TSEs) are among the most studied risk factors for subsequent schizotypal symptoms. However, specificity and aggregate effects of trauma exposure on schizotypal symptoms remain unclear. This study investigates these relationships among a community-based sample of US adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS A sub-sample of 426 adolescents (51.6% female) from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort study were selected for longitudinal follow-up based on presence (n = 209) or absence (n = 217) of psychosis spectrum symptoms (PSS). At baseline, they completed assessments of demographic, TSEs, other psychopathology (e.g., PSS, anxiety, depression, and behavioral disorder) and family history of psychopathology. Schizotypal symptom dimensions (cognitive-perceptual, interpersonal and disorganized) were evaluated approximately two years later. RESULTS More than half of adolescents experienced at least one type of TSE. Adolescents with assaultive trauma reported about 1.5 times as many symptoms on all three schizotypal symptom dimensions, compared to adolescents with non-assaultive TSE, adjusting for demographic and family history variables. No statistical significance was found after further adjusting for other baseline psychopathology (p > 0.05). There was a significant aggregate effect of TSEs on cognitive-perceptual symptoms with small effect size (p < 0.001, Cohen's f2 = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of an association between aggregate TSEs and cognitive-perceptual symptoms, but trauma type was not associated with schizotypal symptom dimensions when controlling for potential confounders. Our findings highlight the importance of considering aggregate TSE effects and potential confounds when examining associations between TSEs and schizotypy. Trauma and psychosis spectrum screening may be important in the effort to provide trauma-informed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghong Dong
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peggy Compton
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Ran Barzilay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, CHOP, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jerome H Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, CHOP, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, CHOP, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, CHOP, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nancy A Hodgson
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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14
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An examination of the higher-order dimensionality and psychometric properties of a Romanian translation of the schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ). CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Giakoumaki SG, Karamaouna P, Karagiannopoulou L, Zouraraki C. Self-perceived cognitive lapses and psychological well-being in schizotypy: Generalized and domain-specific associations. Scand J Psychol 2020; 62:134-140. [PMID: 33373062 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A critical link between schizotypy and schizophrenia is impoverished cognitive functioning. In the majority of studies, though: (1) cognition is examined with standard neuropsychological tasks; and (2) high-schizotypal individuals are defined according to criteria applied in the respective study sample. Taking these considerations into account, the aims of the present study were to examine: (1) differences between four pre-defined, according to normative criteria, schizotypal (paranoid, negative, disorganized and cognitive-perceptual) and one control groups in self-perceived cognitive lapses; and (2) associations between schizotypal dimensions, self-perceived cognitive lapses and psychological well-being. Two hundred and sixty-one participants were administered the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and the Flourishing Scale, which assesses psychological well-being. Negative schizotypals reported higher scores in almost all CFQ measures compared with the control group (all p values < 0.01) along with poorer psychological well-being compared with the control and the cognitive-perceptual groups (both p values < 0.001). The disorganized group had higher scores in distractibility, blunders and total CFQ scores compared with the control group (all p values < 0.001). High psychological well-being was significantly associated with low negative schizotypy and CFQ blunders along with high cognitive-perceptual schizotypy (all p values < 0.05). To summarize, negative schizotypy is associated with a profile of "generalized" self-perceived cognitive lapses while disorganized schizotypy is characterized by self-perceived cognitive slips that have previously been shown to be mediated by a fronto-parietal network. Although psychological well-being is negatively associated with social-context specific cognitive failures and negative schizotypy, it is positively associated with cognitive-perceptual schizotypy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella G Giakoumaki
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Gallos University campus, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
| | - Penny Karamaouna
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Gallos University campus, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
| | - Leda Karagiannopoulou
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Gallos University campus, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Zouraraki
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Gallos University campus, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
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16
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Michielse S, Lange I, Bakker J, Goossens L, Verhagen S, Wichers M, Lieverse R, Schruers K, van Amelsvoort T, van Os J, Marcelis M. White matter microstructure and network-connectivity in emerging adults with subclinical psychotic experiences. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 14:1876-1888. [PMID: 31183775 PMCID: PMC7572337 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Group comparisons of individuals with psychotic disorder and controls have shown alterations in white matter microstructure. Whether white matter microstructure and network connectivity is altered in adolescents with subclinical psychotic experiences (PE) at the lowest end of the psychosis severity spectrum is less clear. DWI scan were acquired in 48 individuals with PE and 43 healthy controls (HC). Traditional tensor-derived indices: Fractional Anisotropy, Axial Diffusivity, Mean Diffusivity and Radial Diffusivity, as well as network connectivity measures (global/local efficiency and clustering coefficient) were compared between the groups. Subclinical psychopathology was assessed with the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) questionnaires and, in order to capture momentary subclinical expression of psychosis, the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) questionnaires. Within the PE-group, interactions between subclinical (momentary) symptoms and brain regions in the model of tensor-derived indices and network connectivity measures were investigated in a hypothesis-generating fashion. Whole brain analyses showed no group differences in tensor-derived indices and network connectivity measures. In the PE-group, a higher positive symptom distress score was associated with both higher local efficiency and clustering coefficient in the right middle temporal pole. The findings indicate absence of microstructural white matter differences between emerging adults with subclinical PE and controls. In the PE-group, attenuated symptoms were positively associated with network efficiency/cohesion, which requires replication and may indicate network alterations in emerging mild psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Michielse
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Iris Lange
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jindra Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Goossens
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Verhagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Wichers
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ritsaert Lieverse
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Koen Schruers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- King's Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, England
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Machteld Marcelis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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17
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Le TP, Lucas HD, Schwartz EK, Mitchell KR, Cohen AS. Frontal alpha asymmetry in schizotypy: electrophysiological evidence for motivational dysfunction. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2020; 25:371-386. [PMID: 32873177 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2020.1813096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Schizotypy is defined as personality traits reflecting an underlying risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. As yet, there is a dearth of suitable objective markers for measuring schizotypy. Frontal alpha asymmetry, characterised by reduced left versus right frontal region activity, reflects trait-like diminished approach-related systems and has been found in schizophrenia. Methods: The present study used electroencephalography (EEG) recorded on a consumer-grade mobile headset to examine asymmetric resting-state frontal alpha, beta, and gamma power within the multidimensional schizotypy (e.g. positive, negative, disorganised) during a three-minute "eyes closed" resting period in college undergraduates (n=49). Results: Findings suggest that schizotypy was exclusively related to reduced left versus right-lateralised power in the alpha frequency (8.1-12.9 Hz., R2= .16). Follow-up analysis suggested that positive schizotypy was uniquely associated with increased right alpha activity, indicating increased withdrawal motivation. Conclusions: Frontal asymmetry is a possible ecologically valid objective marker for schizotypy that may be detectable using easily accessible, consumer-grade technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh P Le
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Heather D Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Elana K Schwartz
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kyle R Mitchell
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alex S Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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18
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Minor KS, Hardin KL, Beaudette DM, Waters LC, White AL, Gonzenbach V, Robbins ML. Social functioning in schizotypy: How affect influences social behavior in daily life. J Clin Psychol 2020; 76:2212-2221. [PMID: 32613629 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social deficits are already exhibited by people at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Technological advances have made passive detection of social deficits possible at granular levels. METHOD In this real-world study, we tested if schizotypy status (high/low) predicted two types of social behavior: (1) being around other people; and (2) actively socializing with others. We also examined if schizotypy influences relationships between social behavior and affect using subjective and objective instruments. RESULTS Our findings revealed that socializing with others was significantly decreased in the high schizotypy group. Positive affect increased in social situations and predicted later social behavior in those low, but not high, in schizotypy. CONCLUSION Decreased social behavior in schizotypy may be explained, in part, by these individuals being less incentivized than their peers to pursue social situations. Future studies should test this explanation in larger samples exhibiting elevated positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Minor
- Department of Psychology, IUPUI School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kathryn L Hardin
- Department of Psychology, IUPUI School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Danielle M Beaudette
- Department of Psychology, IUPUI School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lesley C Waters
- Department of Psychology, IUPUI School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Anna L White
- Department of Psychology, IUPUI School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Megan L Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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19
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Jacquet J, Delpech L, Bronchain J, Raynal P. Creative Competencies and Cognitive Processes Associated with Creativity are Linked with Positive Schizotypy. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2020.1733895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Abstract
Introduction: Deficits in social competence have been identified in schizotypy; however, most studies rely on self-reports of these skills. Deficits in introspective accuracy (IA) have been identified within schizophrenia, and recent work suggests IA is impaired in schizotypy as well. Thus, the perception of poorer social competence among individuals high in schizotypy may be due to inaccurate self-assessments rather than actual skill deficits.Method: This study examined the relationship between schizotypy, perceived social competence, and observed social competence in 137 undergraduate students.Results: Differences in self-reported social competence were found such that individuals high in schizotypy reported greater deficits than individuals low in schizotypy. However, the groups performed comparably on an objective assessment of social competence. Within groups, individuals high in schizotypy underestimated their social competence, whereas controls overestimated their social competence. Thus, both groups demonstrated impairments in IA.Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that individuals high in schizotypal traits perceive that they have poor social competence despite displaying skills that are on par with their peers. Such perceptions may lead to avoidance of social interactions or employment opportunities and could contribute to deficits in social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassi R Springfield
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Amy E Pinkham
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
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21
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Le TP, Cowan T, Schwartz EK, Elvevåg B, Holmlund TB, Foltz PW, Barkus E, Cohen AS. The importance of loneliness in psychotic-like symptoms: Data from three studies. Psychiatry Res 2019; 282:112625. [PMID: 31662188 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Poor social connection or loneliness is a prominent feature of schizotypy and may exacerbate psychosis risk. Previous studies have examined the inter-relationships between loneliness and psychosis risk, but critically, they have largely been conducted in non-clinical samples or exclusively used laboratory questionnaires with limited consideration of the heterogeneity within schizotypy (i.e., positive, negative, disorganized factors). The present study examined links between loneliness and psychotic-like symptoms across the dimensions of schizotypy through cross-sectional, laboratory-based questionnaires (Study 1; N = 160), ambulatory assessment (Study 2; N = 118) in undergraduates, and ambulatory assessment in inpatients in a substance abuse treatment program (Study 3; N = 48). Trait positive schizotypy consistently predicted cross-sectional and state psychotic-like symptoms. Loneliness, assessed via cross-sectional and ambulatory means, was largely linked with psychotic-like symptoms. Importantly, psychotic-like symptoms were dynamic: psychotic-like symptoms largely increased with loneliness in individuals with elevated positive and disorganized schizotypal traits, though there were some inconsistency related to disorganized schizotypy and state psychotic-like symptoms. Negative schizotypy and loneliness did not significantly interact to predict psychotic-like symptoms, suggesting specificity to positive schizotypy. Ambulatory approaches provide the opportunity for ecologically valid identification of risk states across psychopathology, thus informing early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh P Le
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, United States.
| | - Tovah Cowan
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, United States
| | - Elana K Schwartz
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, United States
| | - Brita Elvevåg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - the Arctic University of Norway, Norway; The Norwegian Centre for eHealth Research, University Hospital of North Norway, Norway
| | - Terje B Holmlund
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - the Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Peter W Foltz
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, United States
| | - Emma Barkus
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, United States
| | - Alex S Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, United States
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22
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Ladea M, Szöke A, Bran M, Baudin G, Slavu R, Pirlog MC, Briciu V, Udristoiu I, Schürhoff F, Ferchiou A. Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief: Effect of invalid responding on factor structure analysis and scores of schizotypy. Encephale 2019; 46:7-12. [PMID: 31542212 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the effect of invalid responding on factor structure and on scores of schizotypy through the factor analysis of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B) in a sample of 580 Romanian students using 3 validity items and 5 social desirability items. METHODS We examined the factor structure of the SPQ-B, we compared the mean SPQ-B scores between reliable and unreliable responders and between high vs. low social desirability responders, and we re-run the factor analysis restricting the sample to the reliable or low social desirability responders. RESULTS Factor analysis resulted in a 3-factor solution: Cognitive-perceptual, Interpersonal and Disorganized dimensions. Unreliable responders had lower scores of positive, negative and total schizotypy. Subjects with high social desirability scores had lower scores of disorganized schizotypy. Factor analyses in the samples of "good" responders showed minor differences in reliable responders, whereas, after taking into account the effect of social desirability, 2 items correctly loaded on expected dimensions. CONCLUSIONS Random responding and social desirability could influence scores of schizotypy and factor structure. Simple methods could be used to identify invalid responses. The effect of social desirability could be linked to the phrasing of items.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ladea
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Szöke
- AP-HP, DHU PePSY, hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, pôle de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, Créteil, 94000, France; Inserm, U955, équipe 15, Créteil, 94000, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, 94000, France
| | - M Bran
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
| | - G Baudin
- Université François-Rabelais, Tours, 37000, France
| | - R Slavu
- Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry "Prof. Dr. Al. Obregia", Bucharest, Romania
| | - M C Pirlog
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | - V Briciu
- University Transilvania, Brasov, Romania
| | - I Udristoiu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | - F Schürhoff
- AP-HP, DHU PePSY, hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, pôle de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, Créteil, 94000, France; Inserm, U955, équipe 15, Créteil, 94000, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, 94000, France; UPEC, université Paris-Est, faculté de médecine, Créteil, 94000, France
| | - A Ferchiou
- AP-HP, DHU PePSY, hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, pôle de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, Créteil, 94000, France; Inserm, U955, équipe 15, Créteil, 94000, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, 94000, France.
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23
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Li LY, Fung CK, Moore MM, Martin EA. Differential emotional abnormalities among schizotypy clusters. Schizophr Res 2019; 208:285-292. [PMID: 30733171 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizotypy, a multidimensional personality organization that reflects liability to develop schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, has been associated with a number of emotional abnormalities. Yet, the exact nature of any emotional abnormalities in schizotypy is relatively unclear. Using an ethnically diverse nonclinical sample (N = 2637), the present study identified homogenous clusters of individuals based on positive and negative schizotypy dimensions and explored three interrelated domains of emotion traits closely tied to functional outcomes and quality of life: affective experience, emotional awareness, and meta-level emotions. Consistent with prior research, four schizotypy clusters were obtained: low ("nonschizotypic"), high positive, high negative, and mixed (high positive and high negative). Regarding emotion correlates of schizotypy clusters, the mixed cluster was found to be the most deviant on almost all emotion traits (e.g., heightened trait negative affect, diminished emotional clarity), suggesting that the effects of positive and negative schizotypy are additive. In addition, positive and negative schizotypy clusters were associated with differential abnormalities, with the negative cluster presenting a wider range of, and more severe, impairments compared to the low cluster (e.g., reduced trait positive affect and reduced attention to positive emotion). The current study highlights the heterogeneity in emotional traits among schizotypy dimensions and the importance of studying the mixed schizotypy in terms of emotional dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Yanqing Li
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christie K Fung
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Melody M Moore
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Martin
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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24
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Zartaloudi E, Polemikou A. Functional hemispheric asymmetry and nicotine dependency as variables mediating neurobiological vulnerability to schizotypy in a non-clinical population of college students. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Kállai J, Rózsa S, Hupuczi E, Hargitai R, Birkás B, Hartung I, Martin L, Herold R, Simon M. Cognitive fusion and affective isolation: Blurred self-concept and empathy deficits in schizotypy. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:178-186. [PMID: 30481696 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This is a cross-sectional nonclinical sample study to examine the different levels of the Ipsiety Disturbance Model (IDM) for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (introduced by Sass and Parnas, 2003). Three faces of schizotypy were studied: diminished self-presence, hyper-reflexivity, and distortion in experience of own self and another person's self-discrimination. A sample of college students (N = 1312) was provided a questionnaire packet that contained the Schizotypy Personality Questionnaire Brief-Revisited (SPQ-BR), the Self-Concept Clarity Sale, the Tellegen Absorption Scale, and Interpersonal Reactivity Index measures. Results: higher absorption capabilities predict higher scores on both the SPQ-BR cognitive and SPQ-BR disorganization factors. High scores in cognitive empathy predicted a low score on both SPQ-BR cognitive and SPQ-BR interpersonal scores. In contrast, higher affective empathy predicted high scores on the SPQ-BR interpersonal factor. The deficiency in self-concept clarity predicted an elevated score on the SPQ-BR cognitive, interpersonal, and disorganization schizotypy symptoms. We argue that a lack of self-concept clarity manifested in both the hyperreflexivity level (measured by absorption) and the metallization level (measured by empathy). We argue that the IDM is a reliable way to interpret functioning with different levels of schizotypy.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Kállai
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs 7625, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Rózsa
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Ernő Hupuczi
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs 7625, Hungary.
| | - Rita Hargitai
- Department of Personality and Clinical Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Béla Birkás
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs 7625, Hungary.
| | - István Hartung
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs 7625, Hungary.
| | - László Martin
- Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Kaposvári University, Kaposvár, Hungary.
| | - Róbert Herold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, Universi of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Mária Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, Universi of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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26
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Bronchain J, Chabrol H, Raynal P. Could schizotypy protect against the negative outcomes of borderline traits on alcohol consumption? A cluster analytic study. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:21-24. [PMID: 30145296 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizotypal and borderline personality traits seem to be differently associated to alcohol use in young adult. However, no study has explored co-occurring schizotypal and borderline traits in their link with alcohol consumption. Participants were 1572 students from different French universities who completed self-report questionnaires assessing these three dimensions. A cluster analysis based on the borderline and schizotypal traits scores yielded four distinct groups characterized by low schizotypal and borderline traits (LT), high borderline traits (HB), high schizotypal and borderline traits (HT) and high schizotypal traits (HS). The HS cluster had significantly lower alcohol use than the other three groups. LT and HT clusters did not differ significantly in their alcohol use. Comparison between clusters suggests that schizotypal traits may be protective against the negative impact of borderline traits on alcohol consumption. In the context of a co-occurrence between borderline and schizotypal traits, this study provides important information about their link with alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bronchain
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé, Université de Toulouse, UT2J, France.
| | - Henri Chabrol
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé, Université de Toulouse, UT2J, France
| | - Patrick Raynal
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé, Université de Toulouse, UT2J, France
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27
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Tortelli A, Nakamura A, Suprani F, Schürhoff F, Van der Waerden J, Szöke A, Tarricone I, Pignon B. Subclinical psychosis in adult migrants and ethnic minorities: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open 2018; 4:510-518. [PMID: 30564447 PMCID: PMC6293451 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2018.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that migration and ethnic minority status are risk factors for psychotic disorders. Recent studies have aimed to determine if they are also associated with subclinical psychosis (psychotic-like experiences and schizotypal traits). AIMS We aimed to determine to what extent migrant and ethnic minority groups are associated with higher risk of subclinical psychosis. METHOD We conducted a systematic review, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, and examined findings by ethnicity, migrant status, outcomes of subclinical psychosis and host country. A meta-analysis was carried out with robust variance estimation where possible, to handle statistically dependent effect size estimates. RESULTS We included 28 studies (19 studies on psychotic-like experiences and 9 studies on schizotypal traits) and found that ethnicity, but not migrant status, was associated with current and lifetime psychotic-like experiences. In the narrative analysis, we observed the effect of psychosocial risk factors on this association: Black ethnicity groups showed consistent increased prevalence of current and lifetime psychotic-like experiences compared with the reference population across countries. CONCLUSIONS More generalisable and standardised cohort studies of psychotic-like experiences and schizotypal traits in relation to migration/ethnicity are necessary to examine the effects of exposures and outcomes in different contexts, and to understand the underlying mechanisms of the association between subclinical psychosis and migrant and ethnic minority status. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tortelli
- U955-15, INSERM, Créteil and Pôle GHT Psychiatrie Précarité, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Nakamura
- UMR_S 1136, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sorbonne Universités, France
| | - Federico Suprani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna University, Italy
| | - Franck Schürhoff
- U955-15, INSERM and Pôle de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, DHU PePSY, Hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, AP-HP and Fondation FondaMental Scientific Cooperation Foundation, F-94010 Creteil and Faculté de médecine, University Paris-Est Créteil, France
| | - Judith Van der Waerden
- UMR_S 1136, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sorbonne Universités, l'université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Andrei Szöke
- U955-15, INSERM and Pôle de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, DHU PePSY, Hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, AP-HP and Fondation FondaMental, France
| | - Ilaria Tarricone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna University, Italy
| | - Baptiste Pignon
- U955-15, INSERM and Pôle de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, DHU PePSY, Hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, AP-HP and Fondation FondaMental and Faculté de médecine, University Paris-Est Créteil, France
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28
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Luther L, Coffin GM, Firmin RL, Bonfils KA, Minor KS, Salyers MP. A test of the cognitive model of negative symptoms: Associations between defeatist performance beliefs, self-efficacy beliefs, and negative symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:278-285. [PMID: 30172184 PMCID: PMC6230263 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive model of negative symptoms posits that defeatist performance beliefs-overgeneralized negative beliefs about one's ability to successfully perform tasks-contribute to the development and maintenance of negative symptoms. However, a conceptually similar construct, reduced generalized self-efficacy-diminished confidence in one's ability to effectively complete or respond to new or challenging tasks and situations-has also been linked to negative symptoms. To identify which beliefs might be most important to target to reduce negative symptoms, we examined: 1) the association between defeatist performance and self-efficacy beliefs and 2) which beliefs are more strongly associated with negative symptoms in a non-clinical sample of young adults (N = 941). Analyses revealed a significant, medium-sized correlation between defeatist performance and self-efficacy beliefs. Both beliefs types were significantly associated with negative symptoms, but defeatist performance beliefs were more strongly related to negative symptoms than self-efficacy beliefs. Defeatist performance and self-efficacy beliefs appear to be distinct yet overlapping constructs. Findings support the cognitive model and indicate that defeatist performance beliefs may have a greater role in the manifestation of negative symptoms than self-efficacy beliefs. Thus, defeatist performance beliefs may be a uniquely promising treatment target for reducing or preventing negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Luther
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 United States.
| | - George M Coffin
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 United States
| | - Ruth L Firmin
- University of California Los Angeles, Semel Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90046 United States
| | - Kelsey A Bonfils
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 United States; University of California Los Angeles, Semel Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90046 United States
| | - Kyle S Minor
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 United States
| | - Michelle P Salyers
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 United States
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29
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Steffens M, Meyhöfer I, Fassbender K, Ettinger U, Kambeitz J. Association of Schizotypy With Dimensions of Cognitive Control: A Meta-Analysis. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:S512-S524. [PMID: 29554369 PMCID: PMC6188506 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizotypy is defined as a time-stable multidimensional personality trait consisting of positive, negative, and disorganized facets. Schizotypy is considered as a model system of psychosis, as there is considerable overlap between the 2 constructs. High schizotypy is associated with subtle but fairly widespread cognitive alterations, which include poorer performance in tasks measuring cognitive control. Similar but more pronounced impairments in cognitive control have been described extensively in psychosis. We here sought to provide a quantitative estimation of the effect size of impairments in schizotypy in the updating, shifting, and inhibition dimensions of cognitive control. We included studies of healthy adults from both general population and college samples, which used either categorical or correlative designs. Negative schizotypy was associated with significantly poorer performance on shifting (g = 0.32) and updating (g = 0.11). Positive schizotypy was associated with significantly poorer performance on shifting (g = 0.18). There were no significant associations between schizotypy and inhibition. The divergence in results for positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy emphasizes the importance of examining relationships between cognition and the facets of schizotypy rather than using the overall score. Our findings also underline the importance of more detailed research to further understand and define this complex personality construct, which will also be of importance when applying schizotypy as a model system for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Steffens
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring, Bonn, Germany
| | - Inga Meyhöfer
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kaja Fassbender
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring, Bonn, Germany,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +49-228-734208, e-mail:
| | - Joseph Kambeitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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30
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Polner B, Simor P, Kéri S. Insomnia and intellect mask the positive link between schizotypal traits and creativity. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5615. [PMID: 30245937 PMCID: PMC6147126 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schizotypy is a set of personality traits that resemble the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia in the general population, and it is associated with various subclinical mental health problems, including sleep disturbances. Additionally, dimensions of schizotypy show specific but weak associations with creativity. Given that creativity demands cognitive control and mental health, and that sleep disturbances negatively impact cognitive control, we predicted that positive, impulsive and disorganised schizotypy will demonstrate stronger associations with indicators of creativity, if the effect of mental health, insomnia, and intellect are statistically controlled. Methods University students (N = 182) took part in the study. Schizotypy was assessed with the shortened Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (sO-LIFE). Creative achievements were measured with the Creative Achievement Questionnaire (CAQ), divergent thinking was assessed with the ‘Just suppose’ task, and remote association problem solving was tested with Compound Remote Associate (CRA) problems. Mental health was assessed with the 12-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and insomnia was examined with the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Verbal short term memory was measured with the forward digit span task, and intellect was assessed with the Rational-Experiential Inventory (REI). Multiple linear regressions were performed to examine the relationship between creativity and schizotypy. Indicators of creativity were the dependent variables. In the first block, dimensions of schizotypy, age, gender and smoking were entered, and in the second block, the models were extended with mental health, insomnia, verbal short term memory, and intellect. Results Positive schizotypy positively predicted real-life creative achievements, independently from the positive effect of intellect. Follow-up analyses revealed that positive schizotypy predicted creative achievements in art, while higher disorganised schizotypy was associated with creative achievements in science (when intellect was controlled for). Furthermore, disorganised schizotypy positively predicted remote association problem solving performance, if insomnia and verbal short term memory were statistically controlled. No dimension of schizotypy was significantly associated with divergent thinking. Discussion In line with previous findings, positive schizotypy predicted real-life creative achievements. The positive effects of disorganised schizotypy might be explained in terms of the simultaneous involvement of enhanced semantic priming and cognitive control in problem solving. We speculate that the lack of associations between divergent thinking and schizotypy might be related to instruction effects. Our study underscores the relevance of sleep impairment to the psychosis-spectrum, and refines our knowledge about the adaptive aspects of schizotypy in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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31
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Premkumar P, Onwumere J, Betts L, Kibowski F, Kuipers E. Schizotypal traits and their relation to rejection sensitivity in the general population: Their mediation by quality of life, agreeableness and neuroticism. Psychiatry Res 2018; 267:201-209. [PMID: 29929085 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizotypal traits are a cluster of personality styles suggesting a potential liability for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Interpersonal schizotypal traits include cognitive disorganisation which consists of social anxiety, and introvertive anhedonia which consists of a lack of pleasure in social activities. Rejection sensitivity is evident all along this continuum. This study aimed to determine whether psychosocial quality of life (QOL), neuroticism and agreeableness mediates the relation between schizotypy and rejection sensitivity. Three hundred and eighteen participants from a predominantly University student population completed an online survey measuring schizotypy, rejection sensitivity, quality of life, and the five-factor personality traits. A regression analysis determined the prediction of rejection sensitivity by schizotypy, quality of life, and the five personality traits. Analyses examined the mediation of the relation between interpersonal schizotypy and rejection sensitivity by psychological QOL, social QOL, neuroticism, and agreeableness. Cognitive disorganisation and introvertive anhedonia predicted greater rejection sensitivity, which in turn were mediated by psychological QOL, social QOL, neuroticism, and agreeableness. The findings show that interpersonal schizotypy relates to greater rejection sensitivity. Psychosocial factors that lower one's ability to have positive feelings, trusting relationships, and prosocial behaviour, and personality traits that increase worrying mediate this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Premkumar
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Juliana Onwumere
- King's College London, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Lucy Betts
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Fränze Kibowski
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Kuipers
- King's College London, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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32
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DeRosse P, Nitzburg GC, Blair M, Malhotra AK. Dimensional symptom severity and global cognitive function predict subjective quality of life in patients with schizophrenia and healthy adults. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:385-390. [PMID: 29056491 PMCID: PMC5908765 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several decades Quality of Life (QoL) has become increasingly important as an indicator of treatment outcomes; particularly in schizophrenia spectrum disorders because of its close association with functional disability. Numerous studies seeking to elucidate the factors that contribute to QoL in this population have implicated both symptom severity and cognition in determining QoL but the findings have been mixed. The critical factors that appear to impede the lack of consensus in the extant literature examining determinants of QoL include the heterogeneity of the samples and measures examined as well as medication effects across different studies. Thus, the present study sought to address some of these issues by examining the relationship between subjective QoL and both symptom severity and cognitive function in a relatively homogeneous patient sample of patients and a community control sample assessed for dimensional symptom severity. Our results suggest that both global cognitive function and psychiatric symptoms have a significant impact on the subjective QoL of both people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and psychiatrically healthy adults. Specifically, we found that a global index of cognition as well as self-reported avolitional and depressive symptoms were significantly predictive of QoL in both samples. These findings highlight the importance of addressing cognitive, depressive and avolitional symptoms in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and suggest that improvements in these domains may have a meaningful impact on their overall QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela DeRosse
- Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Hempstead, NY, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.
| | - George C. Nitzburg
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA,Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melanie Blair
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA,Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anil K. Malhotra
- Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Hempstead, NY, USA,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA,Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
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33
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Ödéhn N, Goulding A. Schizotypy and mental health in women and men from the general population. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2017.1410072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ödéhn
- Psychology Department, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anneli Goulding
- Psychology Department, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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34
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Abplanalp SJ, Buck B, Gonzenbach V, Janela C, Lysaker PH, Minor KS. Using lexical analysis to identify emotional distress in psychometric schizotypy. Psychiatry Res 2017; 255:412-417. [PMID: 28667929 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Through the use of lexical analysis software, researchers have demonstrated a greater frequency of negative affect word use in those with schizophrenia and schizotypy compared to the general population. In addition, those with schizotypy endorse greater emotional distress than healthy controls. In this study, our aim was to expand on previous findings in schizotypy to determine whether negative affect word use could be linked to emotional distress. Schizotypy (n=33) and non-schizotypy groups (n=33) completed an open-ended, semi-structured interview and negative affect word use was analyzed using a validated lexical analysis instrument. Emotional distress was assessed using subjective questionnaires of depression and psychological quality of life (QOL). When groups were compared, those with schizotypy used significantly more negative affect words; endorsed greater depression; and reported lower QOL. Within schizotypy, a trend level association between depression and negative affect word use was observed; QOL and negative affect word use showed a significant inverse association. Our findings offer preliminary evidence of the potential effectiveness of lexical analysis as an objective, behavior-based method for identifying emotional distress throughout the schizophrenia-spectrum. Utilizing lexical analysis in schizotypy offers promise for providing researchers with an assessment capable of objectively detecting emotional distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Abplanalp
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Benjamin Buck
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Virgilio Gonzenbach
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Carlos Janela
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Paul H Lysaker
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kyle S Minor
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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35
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Giakoumaki SG. Emotion processing deficits in the different dimensions of psychometric schizotypy. Scand J Psychol 2017; 57:256-70. [PMID: 27119257 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizotypy refers to a personality structure indicating "proneness" to schizophrenia. Around 10% of the general population has increased schizotypal traits, they also share other core features with schizophrenia and are thus at heightened risk for developing schizophrenia and spectrum disorders. A key aspect in schizophrenia-spectrum pathology is the impairment observed in emotion-related processes. This review summarizes findings on impairments related to central aspects of emotional processes, such as emotional disposition, alexithymia, facial affect recognition and speech prosody, in high schizotypal individuals in the general population. Although the studies in the field are not numerous, the current findings indicate that all these aspects of emotional processing are deficient in psychometric schizotypy, in accordance to the schizophrenia-spectrum literature. A disturbed frontotemporal neural network seems to be the critical link between these impairments, schizotypy and schizophrenia. The limitations of the current studies and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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36
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Fumero A, Rodríguez M, Roa A, Peñate W. Importancia diferencial de los componentes fundamentales de la esquizotipia: un metaanálisis. REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rlp.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Robustelli BL, Newberry RE, Whisman MA, Mittal VA. Social relationships in young adults at ultra high risk for psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2017; 247:345-351. [PMID: 27987484 PMCID: PMC5217827 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that individuals with schizophrenia have smaller social networks and less satisfying relationships. However, much is still unknown about the typical quantity and quality of social relationships in young adults during the ultra high-risk (UHR) period. Investigating these relationships holds significant importance for improving understanding of etiological processes, mapping the social environment, and highlighting treatment targets in a critical period. A total of 85 participants (44 UHR and 41 healthy controls) completed measures examining the participants' social relationships, social support, and loneliness. Mean differences between the UHR and healthy control participants and associations between social relationships and symptoms and functioning were examined. Results indicated significant differences between groups on several indices. Specifically, the UHR youth reported fewer close friends, less diverse social networks, less perceived social support, poorer relationship quality with family and friends, and more loneliness. Notably, within the UHR group, being lonely and having fewer and worse quality relationships was associated with greater symptom severity and lower overall functioning. This study suggests that youth at high-risk of developing psychosis have fewer and poorer quality social relationships. Interventions that focus on increasing the quantity and quality of young adults' social networks may be beneficial for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana L. Robustelli
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, United States,Correspondence to: University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, Telephone: 518-657-1202, Fax: 303-492-2967.
| | - Raeana E. Newberry
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, United States
| | - Mark A. Whisman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, United States
| | - Vijay A. Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Swift Hall 102, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, United States
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de Leede-Smith S, Roodenrys S, Horsley L, Matrini S, Mison E, Barkus E. Neurological soft signs: Effects of trait schizotypy, psychological distress and auditory hallucination predisposition. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2016; 7:1-7. [PMID: 28740822 PMCID: PMC5514310 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizotypy is regarded as a trait vulnerability for psychotic disorders, yet alone is insufficient for development of a diagnosable disorder. Additional symptoms and psychological distress are necessary for help seeking and transition from an at risk mental state to a clinical diagnosis. The present study investigated the interaction between trait schizotypy, state auditory verbal hallucination (AVH) predisposition, distress and handedness for the expression of neurological soft signs (NSS), a neurodevelopmental vulnerability factor for psychosis. Cluster analysis formed schizotypy groups statistically across the dimensions captured by the SPQ. It was hypothesized that schizotypy and AVH predisposition would interact, resulting in significantly greater NSS. Psychological distress and handedness were hypothesized to be significant covariates, accounting for some variance in the expression of NSS between the groups. A sample of University students (n = 327) completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale, General Health Questionnaire and the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES). Cluster Analysis revealed four schizotypy groups. Distress was not a significant covariate in any analysis. As expected, those with high overall schizotypy and high AVH predisposition expressed significantly greater Motor-Coordination NSS compared to those with high schizotypy and low AVH predisposition. Within the Mixed Interpersonal and Cognitive-Perceptual Schizotypy cluster, those with low AVH predisposition expressed significantly more Motor-Coordination NSS than those with high AVH predisposition. These findings suggest motor coordination NSS are detectable in schizotypy, and AVH predisposition appears to interact with these traits. This study highlights the importance of considering both trait and subclinical state risk factors when investigating risk for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia de Leede-Smith
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Steven Roodenrys
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Lauren Horsley
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Shannen Matrini
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Erin Mison
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Emma Barkus
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Garzitto M, Picardi A, Fornasari L, Gigantesco A, Sala M, Fagnani C, Stazi MA, Ciappolino V, Fabbro F, Altamura AC, Brambilla P. Normative data of the Magical Ideation Scale from childhood to adulthood in an Italian cohort. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 69:78-87. [PMID: 27423348 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of schizotypy allows to identify people at risk to develop psychosis. For this purpose, psychometric tools have been developed, such as the Magical Ideation Scale (MIS). This scale investigates attenuated forms of thought transmission experiences, thought withdrawal and aberrant beliefs, related to positive schizotypy. This study aims at providing an Italian version of the MIS and its normative data in the general population from childhood to adulthood, being the first study evaluating subjects under 17year-old. The Italian MIS version was translated by three independent operators and administered to 1378 non-clinical participants, stratified into four age groups (i.e., 8-13, 14-17, 18-24 and 25-34). The unidimensionality of the scale was supported, and its internal consistency was satisfactory (i.e., ordinal Cronbach's αs ranging from 0.86 to 0.90 in different age groups), as well as test-retest reliability (i.e., 1-month ICC of 0.82 in a retested sub-sample). Normative data for the age groups were provided. Specific gender and age-related differences in MIS score were found, i.e. females scored higher than males in the 25-34 age group, which in general, as a group, scored lower than all the other age groups. This study provided evidence of reliability for the Italian version of the MIS in childhood and adolescence, for the first time, as well as in adulthood, showing specific gender and age effects in the early adult cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelo Picardi
- Mental Health Unit, National Centre of Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Gigantesco
- Mental Health Unit, National Centre of Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Sala
- Department of Mental Health, Asti-Alessandria, Italy
| | - Corrado Fagnani
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, National Centre of Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Stazi
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, National Centre of Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Ciappolino
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Fabbro
- Scientific Institute IRCCS "Eugenio Medea", Italy; Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Italy
| | - Alfredo Carlo Altamura
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA.
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Badcock JC, Barkus E, Cohen AS, Bucks R, Badcock DR. Loneliness and Schizotypy Are Distinct Constructs, Separate from General Psychopathology. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1018. [PMID: 27458412 PMCID: PMC4935680 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loneliness is common in youth and associated with a significantly increased risk of psychological disorders. Although loneliness is strongly associated with psychosis, its relationship with psychosis proneness is unclear. Our aim in this paper was to test the hypothesis that loneliness and schizotypal traits, conveying risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, are similar but separate constructs. Pooling data from two non-clinical student samples (N = 551) we modeled the structure of the relationship between loneliness and trait schizotypy. Loneliness was assessed with the University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (UCLA-3), whilst negative (Social Anhedonia) and positive (Perceptual Aberrations) schizotypal traits were assessed with the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales-Brief (WSS-B). Fit statistics indicated that the best fitting model of UCLA-3 scores comprises three correlated factors (Isolation, Related Connectedness, and Collective Connectedness), consistent with previous reports. Fit statistics for a two factor model of positive and negative schizotypy were excellent. Next, bi-factor analysis was used to model a general psychopatholgy factor (p) across the three loneliness factors and separate negative and positive schizotypy traits. The results showed that all items (except 1) co-loaded on p. However, with the influence of p removed, additional variance remained within separate sub-factors, indicating that loneliness and negative and positive trait schizotypy are distinct and separable constructs. Similarly, once shared variance with p was removed, correlations between sub-factors of loneliness and schizotypal traits were non-significant. These findings have important clinical implications since they suggest that loneliness should not be conflated with the expression of schizotypy. Rather, loneliness needs to be specifically targeted for assessment and treatment in youth at risk for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna C Badcock
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emma Barkus
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Alex S Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Lousiana State University Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Romola Bucks
- School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - David R Badcock
- School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia Crawley, WA, Australia
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Janssens M, Boyette LL, Heering HD, Bartels-Velthuis AA, Lataster T. Developmental course of subclinical positive and negative psychotic symptoms and their associations with genetic risk status and impairment. Schizophr Res 2016; 174:177-182. [PMID: 27157801 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The proneness-persistence-impairment (PPI) model states that psychotic experiences are more likely to lead to impairment if their expression becomes persistent. Higher genetic risk for psychosis is known to affect proneness and persistence of subclinical positive symptoms. Less is known about potential effects of genetic risk on the course of subclinical negative symptoms, impairment, and their subsequent associations. The current study examined these issues in a large sample (n=1131), consisting of individuals with higher genetic risk (siblings of patients with psychotic disorders, n=703) and lower genetic risk (controls without a family member with lifetime psychosis, n=428). Psychotic experiences were assessed with the CAPE questionnaire, at two time points three years apart. Participants were allocated to one of four groups representing developmental course: stable low, decreasing, increasing or persisting subclinical positive/negative symptoms. Lifetime clinical psychosis was an exclusion criterion at baseline. Higher genetic risk status was found to be associated with a persisting course of both subclinical positive and negative symptoms, symptom-related distress and functional impairment. There is no evidence for an effect of genetic risk status on the association between developmental course and impairment. The results of the current study underline the importance of assessing psychotic experiences in the context of genetic risk, multidimensional and over time. Additionally, the current findings both underscore and contribute to the PPI model: psychotic experiences are more likely to lead to impairment if their expression becomes persistent, both in individuals with higher and lower genetic risk for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayke Janssens
- Maastricht University Medical Center, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Lindy-Lou Boyette
- Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Faculty of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte D Heering
- Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agna A Bartels-Velthuis
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke Lataster
- Maastricht University Medical Center, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Luther L, Salyers MP, Firmin RL, Marggraf MP, Davis B, Minor KS. Additional support for the cognitive model of schizophrenia: evidence of elevated defeatist beliefs in schizotypy. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 68:40-7. [PMID: 27234181 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cognitive model of poor functioning in schizophrenia posits that defeatist performance beliefs-overgeneralized negative beliefs about one's ability to perform tasks-develop prior to the onset of psychosis and contribute to the development and maintenance of negative symptoms and poor functioning. Although several studies with schizophrenia samples have provided support for the model, there is a paucity of research investigating these beliefs in individuals with schizotypy-those exhibiting traits reflecting a putative genetic liability for schizophrenia. This study had two aims: to examine whether defeatist performance beliefs (1) are elevated in schizotypy compared to controls and (2) are associated with decreased quality of life and working memory and increased negative but not positive schizotypy traits in the schizotypy group. METHODS Schizotypy (n=48) and control (n=53) groups completed measures of schizotypy traits, defeatist performance beliefs, quality of life, and working memory. RESULTS Analyses revealed that the schizotypy group reported significantly more defeatist performance beliefs than the control group. Within the schizotypy group, increased defeatist performance beliefs were significantly associated with greater negative schizotypy traits and lower quality of life. No significant associations were observed between defeatist performance beliefs and positive schizotypy traits and working memory. CONCLUSIONS Results generally support the theoretical validity of the cognitive model of poor functioning in schizophrenia and suggest that elevated defeatist performance beliefs may contribute to the manifestation of subclinical negative symptom traits and reduced quality of life among those with a latent vulnerability for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Luther
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Michelle P Salyers
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Ruth L Firmin
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Matthew P Marggraf
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Beshaun Davis
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Kyle S Minor
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Campellone TR, Elis O, Mote J, Sanchez AH, Kring AM. Negative symptoms in psychometrically defined schizotypy: The role of depressive symptoms. Psychiatry Res 2016; 240:181-186. [PMID: 27111211 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
People high in schizotypy, a risk factor for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, can have negative symptoms, including diminished experience of motivation/pleasure (MAP) and emotional expressivity (EXP). Additionally, people high in schizotypy often report elevated depressive symptoms, which are also associated with diminished MAP and EXP. In this study, we examined whether negative symptoms were related to schizotypy above and beyond the presence of depressive symptoms. Thirty-one people high in schizotypy and 24 people low in schizotypy were administered the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS), an interview-based measure of MAP and EXP negative symptoms and completed a self-report measure of cognitive and somatic-affective depressive symptoms. People high in schizotypy had more MAP negative symptoms than people low in schizotypy, but we found no group differences in EXP negative symptoms. Importantly, the relationship between MAP negative symptoms and schizotypy was fully mediated by cognitive depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that depressive symptoms, specifically cognitive depressive symptoms, may be a pathway for motivation and pleasure impairment, in people at elevated risk for developing schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Campellone
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3210, Tolman Hall, Berkeley 94720-1650, CA, USA.
| | - Ori Elis
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3210, Tolman Hall, Berkeley 94720-1650, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine Mote
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3210, Tolman Hall, Berkeley 94720-1650, CA, USA
| | - Amy H Sanchez
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3210, Tolman Hall, Berkeley 94720-1650, CA, USA
| | - Ann M Kring
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3210, Tolman Hall, Berkeley 94720-1650, CA, USA
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Haselgrove M, Le Pelley ME, Singh NK, Teow HQ, Morris RW, Green MJ, Griffiths O, Killcross S. Disrupted attentional learning in high schizotypy: Evidence of aberrant salience. Br J Psychol 2015; 107:601-624. [DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mike E. Le Pelley
- School of Psychology; UNSW Australia; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Hui Qi Teow
- School of Psychology; UNSW Australia; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Richard W. Morris
- School of Psychology; UNSW Australia; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Psychiatry; UNSW Australia; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Oren Griffiths
- School of Psychology; UNSW Australia; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Simon Killcross
- School of Psychology; UNSW Australia; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Fervaha G, Zakzanis KK, Foussias G, Agid O, Remington G. Distress related to subclinical negative symptoms in a non-clinical sample: Role of dysfunctional attitudes. Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:249-54. [PMID: 26365687 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Negative symptoms are a prominent feature of schizophrenia that are intimately linked to poor outcomes characterizing the illness. One mechanistic model suggests that these symptoms are produced and maintained, at least in part, through maladaptive attitudes. Beyond mechanisms, it remains phenomenologically unclear if these symptoms are particularly distressing. In the present study we examined whether subclinical negative symptoms evaluated in a non-clinical sample of young adults (N=370) were distressful or bothersome to participants and, further, whether these symptoms were associated with dysfunctional attitudes. We found that greater severity of subclinical negative symptoms such as amotivation and anhedonia were associated with higher ratings of distress specifically attributable to these symptoms. This relationship held even after controlling for severity of depressive symptoms. Moreover, greater negative symptom burden was associated with greater endorsement of defeatist performance beliefs. Negative symptoms expressed in the general population were found to be particularly distressing. Maladaptive cognitive schemas are implicated in the expression of these symptoms, as well as the amount of distress these symptoms instil. A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying negative symptoms, including both neurobiological and cognitive, is needed in order to effectively develop treatment strategies for these disabling symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Fervaha
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - George Foussias
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ofer Agid
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Brosey E, Woodward ND. Schizotypy and clinical symptoms, cognitive function, and quality of life in individuals with a psychotic disorder. Schizophr Res 2015; 166:92-7. [PMID: 26002072 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizotypy is a range of perceptual experiences and personality features related to risk and familial predisposition to psychosis. Despite evidence that schizotypy is related to psychosis vulnerability, very little is known about the expression of schizotypal traits in individuals with a psychotic disorder, and their relationship to clinical symptoms, cognition, and psychosocial functioning. METHODS 59 healthy subjects and 68 patients with a psychotic disorder (47 schizophrenia spectrum disorder; 21 bipolar disorder with psychotic features) completed four schizotypy scales, the Perceptual Aberration Scale, the Revised Physical and Social Anhedonia Scales, and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, a brief neuropsychological assessment, and a self-report measure of quality of life. Clinical symptoms of psychosis were quantified in patients with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). RESULTS Psychosis patients scored higher than healthy subjects on all schizotypy scales. Correlations between schizotypy and PANSS scores were modest, ranging from r=.06 to r=.43, indicating that less than 20% of the variance in self-reported schizotypy overlapped with clinical symptoms. After controlling for clinical symptoms, patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders reported higher levels of cognitive-perceptual disturbances and negative traits than patients with bipolar disorder. Elevated schizotypy was associated with lower cognitive functioning and self-reported quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Schizotypal personality traits are markedly elevated in psychotic disorders, especially schizophrenia spectrum disorders, relatively weakly correlated with positive and negative psychotic symptoms, and associated with greater cognitive impairment and lower quality of life. Assessing schizotypy in patients with psychosis may be useful for predicting functional outcome and differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Brosey
- Psychotic Disorders Program & Center for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Neil D Woodward
- Psychotic Disorders Program & Center for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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Abstract
A long-standing tradition in personality research in psychology, and nowadays increasingly in psychiatry, is that psychotic and psychotic-like thoughts are considered common experiences in the general population. Given their widespread occurrence, such experiences cannot merely reflect pathological functioning. Moreover, reflecting the multi-dimensionality of schizotypy, some dimensions might be informative for healthy functioning while others less so. Here, we explored these possibilities by reviewing research that links schizotypy to favorable functioning such as subjective wellbeing, cognitive functioning (major focus on creativity), and personality correlates. This research highlights the existence of healthy people with psychotic-like traits who mainly experience positive schizotypy (but also affective features mapping onto bipolar disorder). These individuals seem to benefit from a healthy way to organize their thoughts and experiences, that is, they employ an adaptive cognitive framework to explain and integrate their unusual experiences. We conclude that, instead of focusing only on the pathological, future studies should explore the behavioral, genetic, imaging, and psychopharmacological correlates that define the healthy expression of psychotic-like traits. Such studies would inform on protective or compensatory mechanisms of psychosis-risk and could usefully inform us on the evolutionary advantages of the psychosis dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mohr
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Gordon Claridge
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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48
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Ettinger U, Mohr C, Gooding DC, Cohen AS, Rapp A, Haenschel C, Park S. Cognition and brain function in schizotypy: a selective review. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41 Suppl 2:S417-26. [PMID: 25810056 PMCID: PMC4373634 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Schizotypy refers to a set of personality traits thought to reflect the subclinical expression of the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Here, we review the cognitive and brain functional profile associated with high questionnaire scores in schizotypy. We discuss empirical evidence from the domains of perception, attention, memory, imagery and representation, language, and motor control. Perceptual deficits occur early and across various modalities. While the neural mechanisms underlying visual impairments may be linked to magnocellular dysfunction, further effects may be seen downstream in higher cognitive functions. Cognitive deficits are observed in inhibitory control, selective and sustained attention, incidental learning, and memory. In concordance with the cognitive nature of many of the aberrations of schizotypy, higher levels of schizotypy are associated with enhanced vividness and better performance on tasks of mental rotation. Language deficits seem most pronounced in higher-level processes. Finally, higher levels of schizotypy are associated with reduced performance on oculomotor tasks, resembling the impairments seen in schizophrenia. Some of these deficits are accompanied by reduced brain activation, akin to the pattern of hypoactivations in schizophrenia spectrum individuals. We conclude that schizotypy is a construct with apparent phenomenological overlap with schizophrenia and stable interindividual differences that covary with performance on a wide range of perceptual, cognitive, and motor tasks known to be impaired in schizophrenia. The importance of these findings lies not only in providing a fine-grained neurocognitive characterization of a personality constellation known to be associated with real-life impairments, but also in generating hypotheses concerning the aetiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany;
| | - Christine Mohr
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diane C. Gooding
- Department of Psychology and,Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Alex S. Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Alexander Rapp
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Sohee Park
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Cohen AS, Mohr C, Ettinger U, Chan RCK, Park S. Schizotypy as an organizing framework for social and affective sciences. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41 Suppl 2:S427-35. [PMID: 25810057 PMCID: PMC4373637 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizotypy, defined in terms of commonly occurring personality traits related to the schizophrenia spectrum, has been an important construct for understanding the neurodevelopment and stress-diathesis of schizophrenia. However, as schizotypy nears its sixth decade of application, it is important to acknowledge its impressively rich literature accumulating outside of schizophrenia research. In this article, we make the case that schizotypy has considerable potential as a conceptual framework for understanding individual differences in affective and social functions beyond those directly involved in schizophrenia spectrum pathology. This case is predicated on (a) a burgeoning literature noting anomalies in a wide range of social functioning, affiliative, positive and negative emotional, expressive, and social cognitive systems, (b) practical and methodological features associated with schizotypy research that help facilitate empirical investigation, and (c) close ties to theoretical constructs of central importance to affective and social science (eg, stress diathesis, neural compensation). We highlight recent schizotypy research, ie providing insight into the nature of affective and social systems more generally. This includes current efforts to clarify the neurodevelopmental, neurobiological, and psychological underpinnings of affiliative drives, hedonic capacity, social cognition, and stress responsivity systems. Additionally, we discuss neural compensatory and resilience factors that may mitigate the expression of stress-diathesis and functional outcome, and highlight schizotypy's potential role for understanding cultural determinants of social and affective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S. Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, US; tel: 225-578-7017, fax: 225-578-4125, e-mail:
| | - Christine Mohr
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Raymond C. K. Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Fervaha G, Zakzanis KK, Jeffay E, Graff-Guerrero A, Foussias G, Agid O, Remington G. Amotivation as central to negative schizotypy and their predictive value for happiness. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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