1
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Sun M, Gao Y, Li Z, Yang L, Liu G, Xu Z, Guo R, You Y, Yang Z. ERK signaling expands mammalian cortical radial glial cells and extends the neurogenic period. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314802121. [PMID: 38498715 PMCID: PMC10990156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314802121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis for cortical expansion during evolution remains largely unknown. Here, we report that fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling promotes the self-renewal and expansion of cortical radial glial (RG) cells. Furthermore, FGF-ERK signaling induces bone morphogenic protein 7 (Bmp7) expression in cortical RG cells, which increases the length of the neurogenic period. We demonstrate that ERK signaling and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling mutually inhibit each other in cortical RG cells. We provide evidence that ERK signaling is elevated in cortical RG cells during development and evolution. We propose that the expansion of the mammalian cortex, notably in human, is driven by the ERK-BMP7-GLI3R signaling pathway in cortical RG cells, which participates in a positive feedback loop through antagonizing SHH signaling. We also propose that the relatively short cortical neurogenic period in mice is partly due to mouse cortical RG cells receiving higher SHH signaling that antagonizes ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Yanjing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Zhenmeiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Guoping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Zhejun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Rongliang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Yan You
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
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2
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Gruol DL. The Neuroimmune System and the Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023:10.1007/s12311-023-01624-3. [PMID: 37950146 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The recognition that there is an innate immune system of the brain, referred to as the neuroimmune system, that preforms many functions comparable to that of the peripheral immune system is a relatively new concept and much is yet to be learned. The main cellular components of the neuroimmune system are the glial cells of the brain, primarily microglia and astrocytes. These cell types preform many functions through secretion of signaling factors initially known as immune factors but referred to as neuroimmune factors when produced by cells of the brain. The immune functions of glial cells play critical roles in the healthy brain to maintain homeostasis that is essential for normal brain function, to establish cytoarchitecture of the brain during development, and, in pathological conditions, to minimize the detrimental effects of disease and injury and promote repair of brain structure and function. However, dysregulation of this system can occur resulting in actions that exacerbate or perpetuate the detrimental effects of disease or injury. The neuroimmune system extends throughout all brain regions, but attention to the cerebellar system has lagged that of other brain regions and information is limited on this topic. This article is meant to provide a brief introduction to the cellular and molecular components of the brain immune system, its functions, and what is known about its role in the cerebellum. The majority of this information comes from studies of animal models and pathological conditions, where upregulation of the system facilitates investigation of its actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Gruol
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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3
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Yasmin N, Collier AD, Karatayev O, Abdulai AR, Yu B, Fam M, Khalizova N, Leibowitz SF. Subpopulations of hypocretin/orexin neurons differ in measures of their cell proliferation, dynorphin co-expression, projections, and response to embryonic ethanol exposure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8448. [PMID: 37231149 PMCID: PMC10213024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35432-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies in animals demonstrate that embryonic exposure to ethanol (EtOH) at low-moderate doses stimulates neurogenesis and increases the number of hypothalamic neurons expressing the peptide, hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt). A recent study in zebrafish showed that this effect on the Hcrt neurons in the anterior hypothalamus (AH) is area specific, evident in the anterior (aAH) but not posterior (pAH) part of this region. To understand specific factors that may determine the differential sensitivity to EtOH of these Hcrt subpopulations, we performed additional measures in zebrafish of their cell proliferation, co-expression of the opioid dynorphin (Dyn), and neuronal projections. In association with the increase in Hcrt neurons in the aAH but not pAH, EtOH significantly increased only in the aAH the proliferation of Hcrt neurons and their number lacking Dyn co-expression. The projections of these subpopulations differed markedly in their directionality, with those from the pAH primarily descending to the locus coeruleus and those from the aAH ascending to the subpallium, and they were both stimulated by EtOH, which induced specifically the most anterior subpallium-projecting Hcrt neurons to become ectopically expressed beyond the aAH. These differences between the Hcrt subpopulations suggest they are functionally distinct in their regulation of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nushrat Yasmin
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Adam D Collier
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Olga Karatayev
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Abdul R Abdulai
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Boyi Yu
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Milisia Fam
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nailya Khalizova
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sarah F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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4
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Collier AD, Yasmin N, Karatayev O, Abdulai AR, Yu B, Khalizova N, Fam M, Leibowitz SF. Neuronal chemokine concentration gradients mediate effects of embryonic ethanol exposure on ectopic hypocretin/orexin neurons and behavior in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1447. [PMID: 36702854 PMCID: PMC9880007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic ethanol exposure in zebrafish and rats, while stimulating hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) neurons along with alcohol consumption and related behaviors, increases the chemokine receptor Cxcr4 that promotes neuronal migration and may mediate ethanol's effects on neuronal development. Here we performed a more detailed anatomical analysis in zebrafish of ethanol's effects on the Cxcl12a/Cxcr4b system throughout the entire brain as it relates to Hcrt neurons developing within the anterior hypothalamus (AH) where they are normally located. We found that ethanol increased these Hcrt neurons only in the anterior part of the AH and induced ectopic Hcrt neurons further anterior in the preoptic area, and these effects along with ethanol-induced behaviors were completely blocked by a Cxcr4 antagonist. Analysis of cxcl12a transcripts and internalized Cxcr4b receptors throughout the brain showed they both exhibited natural posterior-to-anterior concentration gradients, with levels lowest in the posterior AH and highest in the anterior telencephalon. While stimulating their density in all areas and maintaining these gradients, ethanol increased chemokine expression only in the more anterior and ectopic Hcrt neurons, effects blocked by the Cxcr4 antagonist. These findings demonstrate how increased chemokine expression acting along natural gradients mediates ethanol-induced anterior migration of ectopic Hcrt neurons and behavioral disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Collier
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nushrat Yasmin
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Olga Karatayev
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Abdul R Abdulai
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Boyi Yu
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nailya Khalizova
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Milisia Fam
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sarah F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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5
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Li Y, Yu H, Feng J. Role of chemokine-like factor 1 as an inflammatory marker in diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085154. [PMID: 36865551 PMCID: PMC9971601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoinflammatory mechanisms have been incrementally found to be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, with chemokines being the main drivers of immune cell infiltration in the inflammatory response. Chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1), a novel chemokine, is highly expressed in the human peripheral blood leukocytes and exerts broad-spectrum chemotactic and pro-proliferative effects by activating multiple downstream signaling pathways upon binding to its functional receptors. Furthermore, the relationship between CKLF1 overexpression and various systemic diseases has been demonstrated in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. In this context, it is promising that clarifying the downstream mechanism of CKLF1 and identifying its upstream regulatory sites can yield new strategies for targeted therapeutics of immunoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Li
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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6
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Huynh C, Brussee JM, Pouzol L, Fonseca M, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE, Dingemanse J, Sidharta PN. Target engagement of the first-in-class CXCR7 antagonist ACT-1004-1239 following multiple-dose administration in mice and humans. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112363. [PMID: 34794236 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonism of the chemokine receptor CXCR7 has shown promising effects in diverse disease areas through modulation of its ligands, CXCL11 and CXCL12. Preclinical data of the first-in-class CXCR7 antagonist, ACT-1004-1239, showed efficacy in animal models of multiple sclerosis and acute lung injury. In healthy humans, single-dose administration of ACT-1004-1239 revealed a favorable clinical profile. Here, we report the target engagement of ACT-1004-1239 in healthy mice and humans after multiple doses using CXCL11 and CXCL12 as biomarkers. In addition, safety/tolerability, concentration-QTc relationship, and pharmacokinetics (PK) were assessed in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 1 clinical study. Multiple-dose ACT-1004-1239 dose-dependently increased CXCL12 plasma concentration across the investigated dose range in mice and humans (mice: 1-100 mg/kg b.i.d.; humans: 30-200 mg o.d.) when compared to vehicle/placebo demonstrating target engagement. Mouse and human PK/PD models predicted that CXCL12 concentration approached a plateau within these dose ranges. In humans, ACT-1004-1239 was rapidly absorbed (tmax: 1.75-3.01 h) and the terminal t1/2 was approximately 19 h. Steady-state conditions were reached by Day 3 with an accumulation index of 1.2. Female subjects had overall higher exposure compared to males. Multiple-dose ACT-1004-1239 was well tolerated up to 200 mg once daily in humans. There was no evidence of ACT-1004-1239-mediated QTc interval prolongation. Overall, multiple oral doses of ACT-1004-1239 showed target engagement with CXCR7 in healthy mice and humans, therefore, assessment of CXCL12 as translational tool for further investigations in patients is warranted. Favorable safety/tolerability and PK profiles allow for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Huynh
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Janneke M Brussee
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Pouzol
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Department of Pharmacology Immunology, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Marlene Fonseca
- BlueClinical Phase 1, Hospital de Prelada, 4250-449 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patricia N Sidharta
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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7
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Najafi M, Amini R, Maghsood AH, Fallah M, Foroughi-Parvar F. Co Expression of GMFβ, IL33, CCL2 and SDF1 Genes in the Acute Stage of Toxoplasmosis in Mice Model and Relation for Neuronal Impairment. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 16:426-434. [PMID: 34630588 PMCID: PMC8476739 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i3.7096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that migrates through macrophages or dendritic cells to neurons and nerve cells. Glia Maturation Factor (GMF) is a pre-inflammatory protein that is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). GMFβ expression is related to IL33 and CCL2 and SDF1 in some neurodegenerative diseases. According to the importance of GMFβ in neurodegenerative diseases and its association with IL33, CCL2 and SDF1 genes, this study was designed to determine the level of expression of these genes in the brains of mice with acute toxoplasmosis. Methods Tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strains were injected to 5 Swiss Albino mice. At the same time, healthy mice were inoculated with the Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Their brains were removed and kept at -70 °C in order to RNA extraction, cDNA syntheses and Real Time PCR performance. The level of gene expression was investigated with SYBR Green Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Results GMFβ gene expression increased significantly (P=0.003) 3.26 fold in Toxoplasma infected mice in comparison to the control. GMFβ gene expression was associated with increased expression level of IL33, CCL2, and SDF1 genes. Conclusion Considering the prominent role of GMFβ in CNS as well as the immune system, the elevation of GMFβ, IL33, CCL2 and SDF1 genes expression in the early stage of toxoplasmosis is associated with the occurrence of neuropathological alterations. Detection of these genes as an indication of brain damage in the early stages of Toxoplasma infection can prevent neurodegenerative disorders following acquired toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Najafi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Maghsood
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fallah
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Faeze Foroughi-Parvar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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8
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Sánchez-Sánchez AV, García-España A, Sánchez-Gómez P, Font-de-Mora J, Merino M, Mullor JL. The Embryonic Key Pluripotent Factor NANOG Mediates Glioblastoma Cell Migration via the SDF1/CXCR4 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910620. [PMID: 34638956 PMCID: PMC8508935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
NANOG is a key transcription factor required for maintaining pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Elevated NANOG expression levels have been reported in many types of human cancers, including lung, oral, prostate, stomach, breast, and brain. Several studies reported the correlation between NANOG expression and tumor metastasis, revealing itself as a powerful biomarker of poor prognosis. However, how NANOG regulates tumor progression is still not known. We previously showed in medaka fish that Nanog regulates primordial germ cell migration through Cxcr4b, a chemokine receptor known for its ability to promote migration and metastasis in human cancers. Therefore, we investigated the role of human NANOG in CXCR4-mediated cancer cell migration. Of note, we found that NANOG regulatory elements in the CXCR4 promoter are functionally conserved in medaka fish and humans, suggesting an evolutionary conserved regulatory axis. Moreover, CXCR4 expression requires NANOG in human glioblastoma cells. In addition, transwell assays demonstrated that NANOG regulates cancer cell migration through the SDF1/CXCR4 pathway. Altogether, our results uncover NANOG-CXCR4 as a novel pathway controlling cellular migration and support Nanog as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of Nanog-dependent tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Virginia Sánchez-Sánchez
- Bionos Biotech, SL, Biopolo Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (A.V.S.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonio García-España
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43005 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Pilar Sánchez-Gómez
- Neurooncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Crtra/Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jaime Font-de-Mora
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Marián Merino
- Bionos Biotech, SL, Biopolo Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (A.V.S.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - José Luis Mullor
- Bionos Biotech, SL, Biopolo Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (A.V.S.-S.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-961243219
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9
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Britton C, Poznansky MC, Reeves P. Polyfunctionality of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in health and disease: Implications for therapeutic interventions in cancer and immune-mediated diseases. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21260. [PMID: 33715207 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001273r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Historically the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its canonical ligand CXCL12 are associated with the bone marrow niche and hematopoiesis. However, CXCL12 exhibits broad tissue expression including brain, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, and bone marrow. CXCR4 can be considered as a node which is integrating and transducing inputs from a range of ligand-receptor interactions into a responsive and divergent network of intracellular signaling pathways that impact multiple cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, and stress resistance. Dysregulation of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis and consequent fundamental cellular processes, are associated with a panoply of disease. This review frames the polyfunctionality of the receptor at a molecular, physiological, and pathophysiological levels. Transitioning our perspective of this axis from a single gene/protein:single function model to a polyfunctional signaling cascade highlights the potential for finer therapeutic intervention and cautions against a reductionist approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Britton
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - P Reeves
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England
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10
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Calinescu AA, Kauss MC, Sultan Z, Al-Holou WN, O'Shea SK. Stem cells for the treatment of glioblastoma: a 20-year perspective. CNS Oncol 2021; 10:CNS73. [PMID: 34006134 PMCID: PMC8162173 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2020-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the deadliest form of primary brain tumor, remains a disease without cure. Treatment resistance is in large part attributed to limitations in the delivery and distribution of therapeutic agents. Over the last 20 years, numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of stem cells as antiglioma agents, leading to the development of trials to test these therapies in the clinic. In this review we present and analyze these studies, discuss mechanisms underlying their beneficial effect and highlight experimental progress, limitations and the emergence of promising new therapeutic avenues. We hope to increase awareness of the advantages brought by stem cells for the treatment of glioblastoma and inspire further studies that will lead to accelerated implementation of effective therapies. Glioblastoma is the deadliest and most common form of brain tumor, for which there is no cure. It is very difficult to deliver medicine to the tumor cells, because they spread out widely into the normal brain, and local blood vessels represent a barrier that most medicines cannot cross. It was shown, in many studies over the last 20 years, that stem cells are attracted toward the tumor and that they can deliver many kinds of therapeutic agents directly to brain cancer cells and shrink the tumor. In this review we analyze these studies and present new discoveries that can be used to make stem cell therapies for glioblastoma more effective to prolong the life of patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - McKenzie C Kauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,College of Literature Science & Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zain Sultan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wajd N Al-Holou
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sue K O'Shea
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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11
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Huynh C, Henrich A, Strasser DS, Boof ML, Al-Ibrahim M, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE, Dingemanse J, Ufer M. A Multipurpose First-in-Human Study With the Novel CXCR7 Antagonist ACT-1004-1239 Using CXCL12 Plasma Concentrations as Target Engagement Biomarker. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 109:1648-1659. [PMID: 33406277 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The C-X-C chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) has evolved as a promising, druggable target mainly in the immunology and oncology fields modulating plasma concentrations of its ligands CXCL11 and CXCL12 through receptor-mediated internalization. This "scavenging" activity creates concentration gradients of these ligands between blood vessels and tissues that drive directional cell migration. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled first-in-human study assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of ACT-1004-1239, a first-in-class drug candidate small-molecule CXCR7 antagonist. Food effect and absolute bioavailability assessments were also integrated in this multipurpose study. Healthy male subjects received single ascending oral doses of ACT-1004-1239 (n = 36) or placebo (n = 12). At each of six dose levels (1-200 mg), repeated blood sampling was done over 144 hours for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic assessments using CXCL11 and CXCL12 as biomarkers of target engagement. ACT-1004-1239 was safe and well tolerated up to the highest tested dose of 200 mg. CXCL12 plasma concentrations dose-dependently increased and more than doubled compared with baseline, indicating target engagement, whereas CXCL11 concentrations remained unchanged. An indirect-response pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model well described the relationship between ACT-1004-1239 and CXCL12 concentrations across the full dose range, supporting once-daily dosing for future clinical studies. At doses ≥ 10 mg, time to reach maximum plasma concentration ranged from 1.3 to 3.0 hours and terminal elimination half-life from 17.8 to 23.6 hours. The exposure increase across the dose range was essentially dose-proportional and no relevant food effect on pharmacokinetics was determined. The absolute bioavailability was 53.0% based on radioactivity data after oral vs. intravenous 14 C-radiolabeled microtracer administration of ACT-1004-1239. Overall, these comprehensive data support further clinical development of ACT-1004-1239.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Huynh
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mike Ufer
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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12
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Sanfilippo C, Castrogiovanni P, Imbesi R, Nunnari G, Di Rosa M. Postsynaptic damage and microglial activation in AD patients could be linked CXCR4/CXCL12 expression levels. Brain Res 2020; 1749:147127. [PMID: 32949560 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia with still unknown pathogenesis. Several cytokines and chemokines are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Among the chemokines, the CXCR4/CXCL12 complex has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenetic development of AD. We investigated the expression levels of CXCR4 / CXCL12 in fifteen brain regions of healthy non-demented subjects (NDHC) (2139 sample) and AD patients (1170 sample) stratified according to sex and age. Furthermore, we correlated their expressions with the Neurogranin (NRGN) and CHI3L1 levels, two inflamm-aging markers. We highlighted that CXCR4 gene expression levels were age-correlated in the brain of NDHC subjects and that AD nullified this correlation. A similar trend, but diametrically opposite was observed for CXCL12. Its expression was decreased during the aging in both sexes, and in the brains of AD patients, it underwent an inversion of the trend, only and exclusively in females. Brains of AD patients expressed high CXCR4 and CHI3L1, and low CXCL12 and Neurogranin levels compared to NDHC subjects. Both CXCR4 and CXCL12 correlated significantly with CHI3L1 and Neurogranin expression levels, regardless of disease. Furthermore, we showed a selective modulation of CXCL12 and CXCR4 only in specific brain regions. Taken together our results demonstrate that CXCL12 and CXCR4 are linked to Neurogranin and CHI3L1 expression levels and the relationship between postsynaptic damage and microglial activation in AD could be shown using all these genes. Further confirmations are needed to demonstrate the close link between these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sanfilippo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Strada Statale 113, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Imbesi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy.
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Muñoz-Cueto JA, Zmora N, Paullada-Salmerón JA, Marvel M, Mañanos E, Zohar Y. The gonadotropin-releasing hormones: Lessons from fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 291:113422. [PMID: 32032603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fish have been of paramount importance to our understanding of vertebrate comparative neuroendocrinology and the mechanisms underlying the physiology and evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) and their genes. This review integrates past and recent knowledge on the Gnrh system in the fish model. Multiple Gnrh isoforms (two or three forms) are present in all teleosts, as well as multiple Gnrh receptors (up to five types), which differ in neuroanatomical localization, pattern of projections, ontogeny and functions. The role of the different Gnrh forms in reproduction seems to also differ in teleost models possessing two versus three Gnrh forms, Gnrh3 being the main hypophysiotropic hormone in the former and Gnrh1 in the latter. Functions of the non-hypothalamic Gnrh isoforms are still unclear, although under suboptimal physiological conditions (e.g. fasting), Gnrh2 may increase in the pituitary to ensure the integrity of reproduction under these conditions. Recent developments in transgenesis and mutagenesis in fish models have permitted the generation of fish lines expressing fluorophores in Gnrh neurons and to elucidate the dynamics of the elaborate innervations of the different neuronal populations, thus enabling a more accurate delineation of their reproductive roles and regulations. Moreover, in combination with neuronal electrophysiology, these lines have clarified the Gnrh mode of actions in modulating Lh and Fsh activities. While loss of function and genome editing studies had the premise to elucidate the exact roles of the multiple Gnrhs in reproduction and other processes, they have instead evoked an ongoing debate about these roles and opened new avenues of research that will no doubt lead to new discoveries regarding the not-yet-fully-understood Gnrh system.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Muñoz-Cueto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences and INMAR, University of Cádiz, CEIMAR, The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
| | - Nilli Zmora
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - José A Paullada-Salmerón
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences and INMAR, University of Cádiz, CEIMAR, The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Miranda Marvel
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evaristo Mañanos
- Institute of Aquaculture of Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain
| | - Yonathan Zohar
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Expression and Functional Analysis of CXCL12 and Its Receptors in Human Term Trophoblast Cells. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:46-54. [PMID: 32046406 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-019-00134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4/CXCR7 play a pivotal role in many physiological and pathological situations, while the expression and function in human term trophoblast cells remain largely unknown. In the study, the expression and function of CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4/CXCR7 in human term trophoblast cells were investigated. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry showed that the expression of CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 could be detected in term trophoblast cells while expression level differed. The secretion of CXCL12 in human term trophoblast cells was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In order to reveal the function of CXCL12, exogenetic recombinant human CXCL12 protein (rhCXCL12) was added to the cultured term trophoblast cells; results showed that cell proliferation ability was increased while cell apoptosis rate was decreased. Moreover, the effects of rhCXCL12 on term trophoblast cells could be diminished or attenuated by antibodies against CXCL12, CXCR4, or CXCR7, respectively. Therefore, these results revealed the important role of CXCL12 on human term trophoblast cells. Our study will provide new insights into understanding the role of CXCL12 on human term trophoblast cells.
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15
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Chen L, Lv D, Wang S, Wang D, Chen X, Liu Y, Hong Z, Zhu Z, Cao Y, Chai Y. Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Membrane Protein-Targeted Active Ingredients Recognition Strategy: Construction and Implementation in Ligand Screening from Herbal Medicines. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3972-3980. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Langdong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Diya Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Shaozhan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201999, PR China
| | - Dongyao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zhanying Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yan Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Subramanian L, Calcagnotto ME, Paredes MF. Cortical Malformations: Lessons in Human Brain Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 13:576. [PMID: 32038172 PMCID: PMC6993122 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating a functional cerebral cortex requires a series of complex and well-coordinated developmental steps. These steps have evolved across species with the emergence of cortical gyrification and coincided with more complex behaviors. The presence of diverse progenitor cells, a protracted timeline for neuronal migration and maturation, and diverse neuronal types are developmental features that have emerged in the gyrated cortex. These factors could explain how the human brain has expanded in size and complexity. However, their complex nature also renders new avenues of vulnerability by providing additional cell types that could contribute to disease and longer time windows that could impact the composition and organization of the cortical circuit. We aim to discuss the unique developmental steps observed in human corticogenesis and propose how disruption of these species-unique processes could lead to malformations of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Subramanian
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mercedes F Paredes
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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17
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Transcriptomic Profiles in Zebrafish Liver Permit the Discrimination of Surface Water with Pollution Gradient and Different Discharges. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15081648. [PMID: 30081495 PMCID: PMC6122030 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the potential of transcriptomic profiles in evaluating the impacts of complex mixtures of pollutants at environmentally relevant concentrations on aquatic vertebrates. The changes in gene expression were determined using microarray in the liver of male zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to surface water collected from selected locations on the Hun River, China. The numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each treatment ranged from 728 to 3292, which were positively correlated with chemical oxygen demand (COD). Predominant transcriptomic responses included peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling and steroid biosynthesis. Key pathways in immune system were also affected. Notably, two human diseases related pathways, insulin resistance and Salmonella infection were enriched. Clustering analysis and principle component analysis with DEGs differentiated the upstream and downstream site of Shenyang City, and the mainstream and the tributary sites near the junction. Comparison the gene expression profiles of zebrafish exposed to river surface water with those to individual chemicals found higher similarity of the river water with estradiol than several other organic pollutants and metals. Results suggested that the transcriptomic profiles of zebrafish is promising in differentiating surface water with pollution gradient and different discharges and in providing valuable information to support discharge management.
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18
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Abstract
Background The placenta is the central regulator of maternal and fetal interactions. Perturbations of placental structure and function have been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes later in life. Placental CpG methylation represents an epigenetic modification with the potential to impact placental function, fetal development and child health later in life. Study design Genome-wide placental CpG methylation levels were compared between spontaneous versus indicated deliveries from extremely preterm births (EPTBs) (n = 84). The association between the identified differentially methylated CpG sites and neurocognitive outcome at ten years of age was then evaluated. Results Spontaneous EPTB was associated with differential CpG methylation levels in 250 CpG sites (217 unique genes) with the majority displaying hypermethylation. The identified genes are known to play a role in neurodevelopment and are enriched for basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor binding sites. The placental CpG methylation levels for 17 of these sites predicted cognitive function at ten years of age. Conclusion A hypermethylation signature is present in DNA from placentas in infants with spontaneous EPTB. CpG methylation levels of critical neurodevelopment genes in the placenta predicted later life cognitive function, supporting the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis (DOHaD).
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Martinez-Ordoñez A, Seoane S, Cabezas P, Eiro N, Sendon-Lago J, Macia M, Garcia-Caballero T, Gonzalez LO, Sanchez L, Vizoso F, Perez-Fernandez R. Breast cancer metastasis to liver and lung is facilitated by Pit-1-CXCL12-CXCR4 axis. Oncogene 2018; 37:1430-1444. [PMID: 29321662 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of human tumors is driven by accumulation of alterations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes in cells. The POU1F1 transcription factor (also known Pit-1) is expressed in the mammary gland and its overexpression induces profound phenotypic changes in proteins involved in breast cancer progression. Patients with breast cancer and elevated expression of Pit-1 show a positive correlation with the occurrence of distant metastasis and poor overall survival. However, some mediators of Pit-1 actions are still unknown. Here, we show that CXCR4 chemokine receptor and its ligand CXCL12 play a critical role in the pro-tumoral process induced by Pit-1. We found that Pit-1 increases mRNA and protein in both CXCR4 and CXCL12. Knock-down of CXCR4 reduces tumor growth and spread of Pit-1 overexpressing cells in a zebrafish xenograft model. Furthermore, we described for the first time pro-angiogenic effects of Pit-1 through the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis, and that extravasation of Pit-1 overexpressing breast cancer cells is strongly reduced in CXCL12-deprived target tissues. Finally, in breast cancer patients, expression of Pit-1 in primary tumors was found to be positively correlated with CXCR4 and CXCL12, with specific metastasis in liver and lung, and with clinical outcome. Our results suggest that Pit-1-CXCL12-CXCR4 axis could be involved in chemotaxis guidance during the metastatic process, and may represent prognostic and/or therapeutic targets in breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxo Martinez-Ordoñez
- Department of Physiology-Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Department of Physiology-Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Cabezas
- Department of Genetics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, Lugo, Spain
| | - Noemi Eiro
- Research Unit, Hospital Fundacion de Jove, Gijón, Spain
| | - Juan Sendon-Lago
- Department of Physiology-Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Macia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomas Garcia-Caballero
- Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Laura Sanchez
- Department of Genetics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Roman Perez-Fernandez
- Department of Physiology-Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Abstract
With the growing recognition of the extent and prevalence of human cerebellar disorders, an understanding of developmental programs that build the mature cerebellum is necessary. In this chapter we present an overview of the basic epochs and key molecular regulators of the developmental programs of cerebellar development. These include early patterning of the cerebellar territory, the genesis of cerebellar cells from multiple spatially distinct germinal zones, and the extensive migration and coordinated cellular rearrangements that result in the formation of the exquisitely foliated and laminated mature cerebellum. This knowledge base is founded on extensive analysis of animal models, particularly mice, due in large part to the ease of genetic manipulation of this important model organism. Since cerebellar structure and function are largely conserved across species, mouse cerebellar development is highly relevant to humans and has led to important insights into the developmental pathogenesis of human cerebellar disorders. Human fetal cerebellar development remains largely undescribed; however, several human-specific developmental features are known which are relevant to human disease and underline the importance of ongoing human fetal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Derek Dang
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Yu L, Yu L, Pham Q, Wang TTY. Transcriptional and translational-uncoupling in regulation of the CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4, 7 in THP-1 monocytes and macrophages. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 6:106-116. [PMID: 29105376 PMCID: PMC5818454 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 and 7 play crucial roles in the immune system. In the present study, regulation of this pathway was further examined using the in-vitro model of undifferentiated human THP-1 monocytes (u-THP-1) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated THP-1 macrophages (d-THP-1), to assess the effects of differentiation and the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the pathway. METHODS/RESULTS Differentiation did not affect the CXCR4, 7 mRNA levels. Interestingly, the CXCL12 and CXCR7 proteins but not CXCR4 were found to be up-regulated during differentiation. LPS, through CD14-dependent pathway, induced CXCL12 and CXCR4, 7 mRNA levels to a greater magnitude in d- than u-THP-1. The induction effect on CXCL12 stimulated by LPS was confirmed using ELISA. Increased migration of u-THP-1 was observed using conditioned medium from LPS-treated d-THP-1. Additionally, d-THP-1, although expressed higher CXCR7 protein levels, failed to migrate toward CXCL12. In contrast, LPS did not affect CXCR4, 7 protein levels. CONCLUSION Hence, this study indicated that CXCL12, CXCR4, and CXCR7 were differentially expressed and regulated in u-THP-1 and d-THP-1 cells in response to external stimuli. Importantly, we reported here a novel observation that uncoupling exists between transcriptional and translational regulation of CXCR4, 7 expressions by differentiation and TLR stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Quynhchi Pham
- USDA, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- USDA, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
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Cheng X, Wang H, Zhang X, Zhao S, Zhou Z, Mu X, Zhao C, Teng W. The Role of SDF-1/CXCR4/CXCR7 in Neuronal Regeneration after Cerebral Ischemia. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:590. [PMID: 29123467 PMCID: PMC5662889 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 is a chemoattractant produced by bone marrow stromal cell lines. It is recognized as a critical factor in the immune and central nervous systems (CNSs) as well as exerting a role in cancer. SDF-1 activates two G protein-coupled receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7; these are expressed in both developing and mature CNSs and participate in multiple physiological and pathological events, e.g., inflammatory response, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, cancer metastasis, and HIV infection. After an ischemic stroke, SDF-1 levels robustly increase in the penumbra regions and participate in adult neural functional repair. Here we will review recent findings about SDF-1 and its receptor, analyse their functions in neurogeneration after brain ischemic injury: i.e., how the system promotes the proliferation, differentiation and migration of neural precursor cells and mediates axonal elongation and branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huibin Wang
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiuchun Zhang
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhike Zhou
- Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaopeng Mu
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiyu Teng
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Sowa JE, Ślusarczyk J, Trojan E, Chamera K, Leśkiewicz M, Regulska M, Kotarska K, Basta-Kaim A. Prenatal stress affects viability, activation, and chemokine signaling in astroglial cultures. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 311:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Yokoyama JS, Karch CM, Fan CC, Bonham LW, Kouri N, Ross OA, Rademakers R, Kim J, Wang Y, Höglinger GU, Müller U, Ferrari R, Hardy J, Momeni P, Sugrue LP, Hess CP, James Barkovich A, Boxer AL, Seeley WW, Rabinovici GD, Rosen HJ, Miller BL, Schmansky NJ, Fischl B, Hyman BT, Dickson DW, Schellenberg GD, Andreassen OA, Dale AM, Desikan RS. Shared genetic risk between corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and frontotemporal dementia. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:825-837. [PMID: 28271184 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and a subset of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by tau inclusions in neurons and glia (tauopathies). Although clinical, pathological and genetic evidence suggests overlapping pathobiology between CBD, PSP, and FTD, the relationship between these disorders is still not well understood. Using summary statistics (odds ratios and p values) from large genome-wide association studies (total n = 14,286 cases and controls) and recently established genetic methods, we investigated the genetic overlap between CBD and PSP and CBD and FTD. We found up to 800-fold enrichment of genetic risk in CBD across different levels of significance for PSP or FTD. In addition to NSF (tagging the MAPT H1 haplotype), we observed that SNPs in or near MOBP, CXCR4, EGFR, and GLDC showed significant genetic overlap between CBD and PSP, whereas only SNPs tagging the MAPT haplotype overlapped between CBD and FTD. The risk alleles of the shared SNPs were associated with expression changes in cis-genes. Evaluating transcriptome levels across adult human brains, we found a unique neuroanatomic gene expression signature for each of the five overlapping gene loci (omnibus ANOVA p < 2.0 × 10-16). Functionally, we found that these shared risk genes were associated with protein interaction and gene co-expression networks and showed enrichment for several neurodevelopmental pathways. Our findings suggest: (1) novel genetic overlap between CBD and PSP beyond the MAPT locus; (2) strong ties between CBD and FTD through the MAPT clade, and (3) unique combinations of overlapping genes that may, in part, influence selective regional or neuronal vulnerability observed in specific tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chun C Fan
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Luke W Bonham
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Naomi Kouri
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- NORMENT; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Institut for Humangenetik, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Parastoo Momeni
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Leo P Sugrue
- Neuroradiology Section, L-352, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 92037-0841, USA
| | - Christopher P Hess
- Neuroradiology Section, L-352, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 92037-0841, USA
| | - A James Barkovich
- Neuroradiology Section, L-352, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 92037-0841, USA
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Nicholas J Schmansky
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Departments of Radiology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rahul S Desikan
- Neuroradiology Section, L-352, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 92037-0841, USA.
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25
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Coly PM, Gandolfo P, Castel H, Morin F. The Autophagy Machinery: A New Player in Chemotactic Cell Migration. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:78. [PMID: 28261054 PMCID: PMC5311050 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved self-degradative process that plays a key role in diverse cellular processes such as stress response or differentiation. A growing body of work highlights the direct involvement of autophagy in cell migration and cancer metastasis. Specifically, autophagy has been shown to be involved in modulating cell adhesion dynamics as well as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. After providing a general overview of the mechanisms controlling autophagosome biogenesis and cell migration, we discuss how chemotactic G protein-coupled receptors, through the repression of autophagy, may orchestrate membrane trafficking and compartmentation of specific proteins at the cell front in order to support the critical steps of directional migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Michaël Coly
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), DC2NRouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in BiomedicineRouen, France
| | - Pierrick Gandolfo
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), DC2NRouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in BiomedicineRouen, France
| | - Hélène Castel
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), DC2NRouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in BiomedicineRouen, France
| | - Fabrice Morin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), DC2NRouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in BiomedicineRouen, France
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26
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Haldipur P, Dang D, Aldinger KA, Janson OK, Guimiot F, Adle-Biasette H, Dobyns WB, Siebert JR, Russo R, Millen KJ. Phenotypic outcomes in Mouse and Human Foxc1 dependent Dandy-Walker cerebellar malformation suggest shared mechanisms. eLife 2017; 6:20898. [PMID: 28092268 PMCID: PMC5271606 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXC1 loss contributes to Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM), a common human cerebellar malformation. Previously, we found that complete Foxc1 loss leads to aberrations in proliferation, neuronal differentiation and migration in the embryonic mouse cerebellum (Haldipur et al., 2014). We now demonstrate that hypomorphic Foxc1 mutant mice have granule and Purkinje cell abnormalities causing subsequent disruptions in postnatal cerebellar foliation and lamination. Particularly striking is the presence of a partially formed posterior lobule which echoes the posterior vermis DW 'tail sign' observed in human imaging studies. Lineage tracing experiments in Foxc1 mutant mouse cerebella indicate that aberrant migration of granule cell progenitors destined to form the posterior-most lobule causes this unique phenotype. Analyses of rare human del chr 6p25 fetal cerebella demonstrate extensive phenotypic overlap with our Foxc1 mutant mouse models, validating our DWM models and demonstrating that many key mechanisms controlling cerebellar development are likely conserved between mouse and human. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20898.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiv Haldipur
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Derek Dang
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Olivia K Janson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | | | | | - William B Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Joseph R Siebert
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Rosa Russo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, University Medical Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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27
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Gentile G, Ceccarelli M, Micheli L, Tirone F, Cavallaro S. Functional Genomics Identifies Tis21-Dependent Mechanisms and Putative Cancer Drug Targets Underlying Medulloblastoma Shh-Type Development. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:449. [PMID: 27965576 PMCID: PMC5127835 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently generated a novel medulloblastoma (MB) mouse model with activation of the Shh pathway and lacking the MB suppressor Tis21 (Patched1+/-/Tis21KO ). Its main phenotype is a defect of migration of the cerebellar granule precursor cells (GCPs). By genomic analysis of GCPs in vivo, we identified as drug target and major responsible of this defect the down-regulation of the promigratory chemokine Cxcl3. Consequently, the GCPs remain longer in the cerebellum proliferative area, and the MB frequency is enhanced. Here, we further analyzed the genes deregulated in a Tis21-dependent manner (Patched1+/-/Tis21 wild-type vs. Ptch1+/-/Tis21 knockout), among which are a number of down-regulated tumor inhibitors and up-regulated tumor facilitators, focusing on pathways potentially involved in the tumorigenesis and on putative new drug targets. The data analysis using bioinformatic tools revealed: (i) a link between the Shh signaling and the Tis21-dependent impairment of the GCPs migration, through a Shh-dependent deregulation of the clathrin-mediated chemotaxis operating in the primary cilium through the Cxcl3-Cxcr2 axis; (ii) a possible lineage shift of Shh-type GCPs toward retinal precursor phenotype, i.e., the neural cell type involved in group 3 MB; (iii) the identification of a subset of putative drug targets for MB, involved, among the others, in the regulation of Hippo signaling and centrosome assembly. Finally, our findings define also the role of Tis21 in the regulation of gene expression, through epigenetic and RNA processing mechanisms, influencing the fate of the GCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gentile
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council Catania, Italy
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Micheli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Tirone
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy
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28
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Coly PM, Perzo N, Le Joncour V, Lecointre C, Schouft MT, Desrues L, Tonon MC, Wurtz O, Gandolfo P, Castel H, Morin F. Chemotactic G protein-coupled receptors control cell migration by repressing autophagosome biogenesis. Autophagy 2016; 12:2344-2362. [PMID: 27715446 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1235125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotactic migration is a fundamental behavior of cells and its regulation is particularly relevant in physiological processes such as organogenesis and angiogenesis, as well as in pathological processes such as tumor metastasis. The majority of chemotactic stimuli activate cell surface receptors that belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. Although the autophagy machinery has been shown to play a role in cell migration, its mode of regulation by chemotactic GPCRs remains largely unexplored. We found that ligand-induced activation of 2 chemotactic GPCRs, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and the urotensin 2 receptor UTS2R, triggers a marked reduction in the biogenesis of autophagosomes, in both HEK-293 and U87 glioblastoma cells. Chemotactic GPCRs exert their anti-autophagic effects through the activation of CAPNs, which prevent the formation of pre-autophagosomal vesicles from the plasma membrane. We further demonstrated that CXCR4- or UTS2R-induced inhibition of autophagy favors the formation of adhesion complexes to the extracellular matrix and is required for chemotactic migration. Altogether, our data reveal a new link between GPCR signaling and the autophagy machinery, and may help to envisage therapeutic strategies in pathological processes such as cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Michaël Coly
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Nicolas Perzo
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Vadim Le Joncour
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Céline Lecointre
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Schouft
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Laurence Desrues
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Marie-Christine Tonon
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Olivier Wurtz
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Pierrick Gandolfo
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Hélène Castel
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Fabrice Morin
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
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29
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Panitz N, Theisgen S, Samsonov SA, Gehrcke JP, Baumann L, Bellmann-Sickert K, Köhling S, Pisabarro MT, Rademann J, Huster D, Beck-Sickinger AG. The structural investigation of glycosaminoglycan binding to CXCL12 displays distinct interaction sites. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1209-1221. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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30
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Andrae J, Gouveia L, Gallini R, He L, Fredriksson L, Nilsson I, Johansson BR, Eriksson U, Betsholtz C. A role for PDGF-C/PDGFRα signaling in the formation of the meningeal basement membranes surrounding the cerebral cortex. Biol Open 2016; 5:461-74. [PMID: 26988758 PMCID: PMC4890675 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) is one of three known ligands for the tyrosine kinase receptor PDGFRα. Analysis ofPdgfcnull mice has demonstrated roles for PDGF-C in palate closure and the formation of cerebral ventricles, but redundancy with other PDGFRα ligands might obscure additional functions. In search of further developmental roles for PDGF-C, we generated mice that were double mutants forPdgfc(-/-)andPdgfra(GFP/+) These mice display a range of severe phenotypes including spina bifida, lung emphysema, abnormal meninges and neuronal over-migration in the cerebral cortex. We focused our analysis on the central nervous system (CNS), where PDGF-C was identified as a critical factor for the formation of meninges and assembly of the glia limitans basement membrane. We also present expression data onPdgfa,PdgfcandPdgfrain the cerebral cortex and microarray data on cerebral meninges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Andrae
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Leonor Gouveia
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Radiosa Gallini
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Linda Fredriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Bengt R Johansson
- The Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Ulf Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
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SDF1-CXCR4 Signaling Contributes to the Transition from Acute to Chronic Pain State. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2763-2775. [PMID: 27011380 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated the involvement of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1, also known as CXCL12)-CXCR4 signaling in a variety of pain state. However, the underlying mechanisms of SDF1-CXCR4 signaling leading to the maintenance of chronic pain states are poorly understood. In the present study, we sought to explore the role of SDF1-CXCR4 signaling in the forming of neuroplasticity by applying a model of the transition from acute to chronic pain state, named as hyperalgesic priming. Utilizing intraplantar bee venom (BV) injection, we successfully established hyperalgesic priming state and found that peripheral treating with AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, or knocking down CXCR4 by intraganglionar CXCR4 small interfering RNA (siRNA) injection could prevent BV-induced primary mechanical hyperalgesia and hyperalgesic priming. Moreover, we showed that single intraplantar active SDF1 protein injection is sufficient to induce acute mechanical hyperalgesia and hyperalgesic priming through CXC4. Intraplantar coinjection of ERK inhibitor, U0126, and PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, as well as two protein translation inhibitors, temsirolimus and cordycepin, prevented the development of SDF1-induced acute mechanical hyperalgesia and hyperalgesic priming. Finally, on the models of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced chronic inflammatory pain and spared nerve injury (SNI)-induced chronic neuropathic pain, we observed that knock-down of CXCR4 could both prevent the development and reverse the maintenance of chronic pain state. In conclusion, our present data suggested that through regulating ERK and PI3K-AKT pathways-mediated protein translation SDF1-CXCR4 signaling mediates the transition from acute pain to chronic pain state and finally contributes to the development and maintenance of chronic pain.
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32
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Pusnik M, Imeri M, Deppierraz G, Bruinink A, Zinn M. The agar diffusion scratch assay--A novel method to assess the bioactive and cytotoxic potential of new materials and compounds. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20854. [PMID: 26861591 PMCID: PMC4748257 DOI: 10.1038/srep20854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A profound in vitro evaluation not only of the cytotoxic but also of bioactive potential of a given compound or material is crucial for predicting potential effects in the in vivo situation. However, most of the current methods have weaknesses in either the quantitative or qualitative assessment of cytotoxicity and/or bioactivity of the test compound. Here we describe a novel assay combining the ISO 10993-5 agar diffusion test and the scratch also termed wound healing assay. In contrast to these original tests this assay is able to detect and distinguish between cytotoxic, cell migration modifying and cytotoxic plus cell migration modifying compounds, and this at higher sensitivity and in a quantitative way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascha Pusnik
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Minire Imeri
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Deppierraz
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Arie Bruinink
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology - Empa, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Zinn
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
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33
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Comparative transcriptomic profiling of hydrogen peroxide signaling networks in zebrafish and human keratinocytes: Implications toward conservation, migration and wound healing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20328. [PMID: 26846883 PMCID: PMC4742856 DOI: 10.1038/srep20328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wounds need to be repaired rapidly after injury to restore proper skin barrier function. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a conserved signaling factor that has been shown to promote a variety of skin wound repair processes, including immune cell migration, angiogenesis and sensory axon repair. Despite growing research on H2O2 functions in wound repair, the downstream signaling pathways activated by this reactive oxygen species in the context of injury remain largely unknown. The goal of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of gene expression changes in the epidermis upon exposure to H2O2 concentrations known to promote wound repair. Comparative transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq data from larval zebrafish and previously reported microarray data from a human epidermal keratinocyte line shows that H2O2 activates conserved cell migration, adhesion, cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic programs in both zebrafish and human keratinocytes. Further assessment of expression characteristics and signaling pathways revealed the activation of three major H2O2–dependent pathways, EGF, FOXO1, and IKKα. This study expands on our current understanding of the clinical potential of low-level H2O2 for the promotion of epidermal wound repair and provides potential candidates in the treatment of wound healing deficits.
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34
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Loss of the neuron-specific F-box protein FBXO41 models an ataxia-like phenotype in mice with neuronal migration defects and degeneration in the cerebellum. J Neurosci 2015; 35:8701-17. [PMID: 26063905 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2133-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is crucial for sensorimotor coordination. The cerebellar architecture not only requires proper development but also long-term integrity to ensure accurate functioning. Developmental defects such as impaired neuronal migration or neurodegeneration are thus detrimental to the cerebellum and can result in movement disorders including ataxias. In this study, we identify FBXO41 as a novel CNS-specific F-box protein that localizes to the centrosome and the cytoplasm of neurons and demonstrate that cytoplasmic FBXO41 promotes neuronal migration. Interestingly, deletion of the FBXO41 gene results in a severely ataxic gait in mice, which show delayed neuronal migration of granule neurons in the developing cerebellum in addition to deformities and degeneration of the mature cerebellum. We show that FBXO41 is a critical factor, not only for neuronal migration in the cerebellum, but also for its long-term integrity.
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35
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Heidari N, Saki N, De Filippis L, Shahjahani M, Teimouri A, Ahmadzadeh A. Central nervous system niche involvement in the leukemia. Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 18:240-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Polarized Macrophages Have Distinct Roles in the Differentiation and Migration of Embryonic Spinal-cord-derived Neural Stem Cells After Grafting to Injured Sites of Spinal Cord. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1077-1091. [PMID: 25794051 PMCID: PMC4817764 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) frequently provokes serious detrimental outcomes because neuronal regeneration is limited in the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, the creation of a permissive environment for transplantation therapy with neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) is a promising strategy to replace lost neuronal cells, promote repair, and stimulate functional plasticity after SCI. Macrophages are important SCI-associated inflammatory cells and a major source of secreted factors that modify the lesion milieu. Here, we used conditional medium (CM) from bone marrow-derived M1 or M2 polarized macrophages to culture murine NS/PCs. The NS/PCs showed enhanced astrocytic versus neuronal/oligodendrocytic differentiation in the presence of M1- versus M2-CM. Similarly, cotransplantation of NS/PCs with M1 and M2 macrophages into intact or injured murine spinal cord increased the number of engrafted NS/PC-derived astrocytes and neurons/oligodendrocytes, respectively. Furthermore, when cotransplantated with M2 macrophages, the NS/PC-derived neurons integrated into the local circuitry and enhanced locomotor recovery following SCI. Interesting, engrafted M1 macrophages promoted long-distance rostral migration of NS/PC-derived cells in a chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4)-dependent manner, while engrafted M2 macrophages resulted in limited cell migration of NS/PC-derived cells. Altogether, these findings suggest that the cotransplantation of NS/PCs together with polarized macrophages could constitute a promising therapeutic approach for SCI repair.
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Ślusarczyk J, Trojan E, Głombik K, Budziszewska B, Kubera M, Lasoń W, Popiołek-Barczyk K, Mika J, Wędzony K, Basta-Kaim A. Prenatal stress is a vulnerability factor for altered morphology and biological activity of microglia cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:82. [PMID: 25814933 PMCID: PMC4357262 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that the dysregulation of the immune system is an important factor in the development of depression. Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system and a key player in innate immunity of the brain. We hypothesized that prenatal stress (an animal model of depression) as a priming factor could affect microglial cells and might lead to depressive-like disturbances in adult male rat offspring. We investigated the behavioral changes (sucrose preference test, Porsolt test), the expression of C1q and CD40 mRNA and the level of microglia (Iba1 positive) in 3-month-old control and prenatally stressed male offspring rats. In addition, we characterized the morphological and biochemical parameters of potentially harmful (NO, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, CXCL12, CCR2, CXCR4) and beneficial (insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)) phenotypes in cultures of microglia obtained from the cortices of 1–2 days old control and prenatally stressed pups. The adult prenatally stressed rats showed behavioral (anhedonic- and depression-like) disturbances, enhanced expression of microglial activation markers and an increased number of Iba1-immunopositive cells in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. The morphology of glia was altered in cultures from prenatally stressed rats, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Moreover, in these cultures, we observed enhanced expression of CD40 and MHC II and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α and IL-6. Prenatal stress significantly up-regulated levels of the chemokines CCL2, CXCL12 and altered expression of their receptors, CCR2 and CXCR4 while IGF-1 production was suppressed in cultures of microglia from prenatally stressed rats. Our results suggest that prenatal stress may lead to excessive microglia activation and contribute to the behavioral changes observed in depression in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ślusarczyk
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Głombik
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Kubera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysław Lasoń
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wędzony
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
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38
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Haldipur P, Gillies GS, Janson OK, Chizhikov VV, Mithal DS, Miller RJ, Millen KJ. Foxc1 dependent mesenchymal signalling drives embryonic cerebellar growth. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25513817 PMCID: PMC4281880 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of Foxc1 is associated with Dandy-Walker malformation, the most common human cerebellar malformation characterized by cerebellar hypoplasia and an enlarged posterior fossa and fourth ventricle. Although expressed in the mouse posterior fossa mesenchyme, loss of Foxc1 non-autonomously induces a rapid and devastating decrease in embryonic cerebellar ventricular zone radial glial proliferation and concurrent increase in cerebellar neuronal differentiation. Subsequent migration of cerebellar neurons is disrupted, associated with disordered radial glial morphology. In vitro, SDF1α, a direct Foxc1 target also expressed in the head mesenchyme, acts as a cerebellar radial glial mitogen and a chemoattractant for nascent Purkinje cells. Its receptor, Cxcr4, is expressed in cerebellar radial glial cells and conditional Cxcr4 ablation with Nes-Cre mimics the Foxc1-/- cerebellar phenotype. SDF1α also rescues the Foxc1-/- phenotype. Our data emphasizes that the head mesenchyme exerts a considerable influence on early embryonic brain development and its disruption contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiv Haldipur
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Gwendolyn S Gillies
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Olivia K Janson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Victor V Chizhikov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, United States
| | - Divakar S Mithal
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Richard J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
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Xu C, Hasan SS, Schmidt I, Rocha SF, Pitulescu ME, Bussmann J, Meyen D, Raz E, Adams RH, Siekmann AF. Arteries are formed by vein-derived endothelial tip cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5758. [PMID: 25502622 PMCID: PMC4275597 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue vascularization entails the formation of a blood vessel plexus, which remodels into arteries and veins. Here we show, by using time-lapse imaging of zebrafish fin regeneration and genetic lineage tracing of endothelial cells in the mouse retina, that vein-derived endothelial tip cells contribute to emerging arteries. Our movies uncover that arterial-fated tip cells change migration direction and migrate backwards within the expanding vascular plexus. This behaviour critically depends on chemokine receptor cxcr4a function. We show that the relevant Cxcr4a ligand Cxcl12a selectively accumulates in newly forming bone tissue even when ubiquitously overexpressed, pointing towards a tissue-intrinsic mode of chemokine gradient formation. Furthermore, we find that cxcr4a mutant cells can contribute to developing arteries when in association with wild-type cells, suggesting collective migration of endothelial cells. Together, our findings reveal specific cell migratory behaviours in the developing blood vessel plexus and uncover a conserved mode of artery formation. Sprouting of new blood vessels depends on the migration of endothelial tip cells into surrounding tissue. Here the authors reveal the existence of a distinct migratory signalling circuit that guides endothelial cells from developing veins to the leading tip position in developing arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sana S Hasan
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Inga Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Susana F Rocha
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Mara E Pitulescu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jeroen Bussmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Dana Meyen
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- 1] Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149 Muenster, Germany [2] University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Arndt F Siekmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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Errede M, Girolamo F, Rizzi M, Bertossi M, Roncali L, Virgintino D. The contribution of CXCL12-expressing radial glia cells to neuro-vascular patterning during human cerebral cortex development. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:324. [PMID: 25360079 PMCID: PMC4197642 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted on human developing brain by laser confocal and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to make a detailed analysis of important features of blood-brain barrier (BBB) microvessels and possible control mechanisms of vessel growth and differentiation during cerebral cortex vascularization. The BBB status of cortex microvessels was examined at a defined stage of cortex development, at the end of neuroblast waves of migration, and before cortex lamination, with BBB-endothelial cell markers, namely tight junction (TJ) proteins (occludin and claudin-5) and influx and efflux transporters (Glut-1 and P-glycoprotein), the latter supporting evidence for functional effectiveness of the fetal BBB. According to the well-known roles of astroglia cells on microvessel growth and differentiation, the early composition of astroglia/endothelial cell relationships was analyzed by detecting the appropriate astroglia, endothelial, and pericyte markers. GFAP, chemokine CXCL12, and connexin 43 (Cx43) were utilized as markers of radial glia cells, CD105 (endoglin) as a marker of angiogenically activated endothelial cells (ECs), and proteoglycan NG2 as a marker of immature pericytes. Immunolabeling for CXCL12 showed the highest level of the ligand in radial glial (RG) fibers in contact with the growing cortex microvessels. These specialized contacts, recognizable on both perforating radial vessels and growing collaterals, appeared as CXCL12-reactive en passant, symmetrical and asymmetrical, vessel-specific RG fiber swellings. At the highest confocal resolution, these RG varicosities showed a CXCL12-reactive dot-like content whose microvesicular nature was confirmed by ultrastructural observations. A further analysis of RG varicosities reveals colocalization of CXCL12 with Cx43, which is possibly implicated in vessel-specific chemokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Girolamo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Rizzi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine Bari, Italy
| | - Mirella Bertossi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Roncali
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine Bari, Italy
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41
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Beck-Sickinger AG, Panitz N. Semi-synthesis of chemokines. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 22:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Merino JJ, Bellver-Landete V, Oset-Gasque MJ, Cubelos B. CXCR4/CXCR7 Molecular Involvement in Neuronal and Neural Progenitor Migration: Focus in CNS Repair. J Cell Physiol 2014; 230:27-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Joaquín Merino
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dept II; Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación; Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM; Madrid Spain
| | - Victor Bellver-Landete
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dept II; Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Madrid Spain
| | - María Jesús Oset-Gasque
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dept II; Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación; Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM; Madrid Spain
| | - Beatriz Cubelos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
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Chen G, Wang W, Meng S, Zhang L, Wang W, Jiang Z, Yu M, Cui Q, Li M. CXC chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri): structure, expression and function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98231. [PMID: 24858548 PMCID: PMC4032326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small secreted proteins functionally involved in the immune system's regulation of lymphocyte migration across numerous mammalian species. Given its growing popularity in immunological models, we investigated the structure and function of chemokine CXCL12 protein in tree shrews. We found that CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 in tree shrew had structural similarities to their homologous human proteins. Phylogenetic analysis supports the view that tree shrew is evolutionarily-close to the primates. Our results also showed that the human recombinant CXCL12 protein directly enhanced the migration of tree shrew's lymphocytes in vitro, while AMD3100 enhanced the mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from bone marrow into peripheral blood in tree shrew in vivo. Collectively, these findings suggested that chemokines in tree shrews may play the same or similar roles as those in humans, and that the tree shrew is a viable animal model for studying human immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shengke Meng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenxue Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Zongmin Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Meizhang Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
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Abe P, Mueller W, Schütz D, MacKay F, Thelen M, Zhang P, Stumm R. CXCR7 prevents excessive CXCL12-mediated downregulation of CXCR4 in migrating cortical interneurons. Development 2014; 141:1857-63. [PMID: 24718993 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway is involved in the development of numerous neuronal and non-neuronal structures. Recent work established that the atypical second CXCL12 receptor, CXCR7, is essential for the proper migration of interneuron precursors in the developing cerebral cortex. Two CXCR7-mediated functions were proposed in this process: direct modulation of β-arrestin-mediated signaling cascades and CXCL12 scavenging to regulate local chemokine availability and ensure responsiveness of the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway in interneurons. Neither of these functions has been proven in the embryonic brain. Here, we demonstrate that migrating interneurons efficiently sequester CXCL12 through CXCR7. CXCR7 ablation causes excessive phosphorylation and downregulation of CXCR4 throughout the cortex in mice expressing CXCL12, but not in CXCL12-deficient animals. Cxcl12(-/-) mice lack activated CXCR4 in embryonic brain lysates and display a similar interneuron positioning defect as Cxcr4(-/-), Cxcr7(-/-) and Cxcl12(-/-);Cxcr7(-/-) animals. Thus, CXCL12 is the only CXCR4-activating ligand in the embryonic brain and deletion of one of the CXCL12 receptors is sufficient to generate a migration phenotype that corresponds to the CXCL12-deficient pathway. Our findings imply that interfering with the CXCL12-scavenging activity of CXCR7 causes loss of CXCR4 function as a consequence of excessive CXCL12-mediated CXCR4 activation and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Abe
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07747, Germany
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45
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Pitcher J, Abt A, Myers J, Han R, Snyder M, Graziano A, Festa L, Kutzler M, Garcia F, Gao WJ, Fischer-Smith T, Rappaport J, Meucci O. Neuronal ferritin heavy chain and drug abuse affect HIV-associated cognitive dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:656-69. [PMID: 24401274 DOI: 10.1172/jci70090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of the chemokine CXCL12 with its receptor CXCR4 promotes neuronal function and survival during embryonic development and throughout adulthood. Previous studies indicated that μ-opioid agonists specifically elevate neuronal levels of the protein ferritin heavy chain (FHC), which negatively regulates CXCR4 signaling and affects the neuroprotective function of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. Here, we determined that CXCL12/CXCR4 activity increased dendritic spine density, and also examined FHC expression and CXCR4 status in opiate abusers and patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which is typically exacerbated by illicit drug use. Drug abusers and HIV patients with HAND had increased levels of FHC, which correlated with reduced CXCR4 activation, within cortical neurons. We confirmed these findings in a nonhuman primate model of SIV infection with morphine administration. Transfection of a CXCR4-expressing human cell line with an iron-deficient FHC mutant confirmed that increased FHC expression deregulated CXCR4 signaling and that this function of FHC was independent of iron binding. Furthermore, examination of morphine-treated rodents and isolated neurons expressing FHC shRNA revealed that FHC contributed to morphine-induced dendritic spine loss. Together, these data implicate FHC-dependent deregulation of CXCL12/CXCR4 as a contributing factor to cognitive dysfunction in neuroAIDS.
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Abstract
Roundabout receptors (Robo) and their Slit ligands were discovered in the 1990s and found to be key players in axon guidance. Slit was initially described s an extracellular matrix protein that was expressed by midline glia in Drosophila. A few years later, it was shown that, in vertebrates and invertebrates, Slits acted as chemorepellents for axons crossing the midline. Robo proteins were originally discovered in Drosophila in a mutant screen for genes involved in the regulation of midline crossing. This ligand-receptor pair has since been implicated in a variety of other neuronal and non-neuronal processes ranging from cell migration to angiogenesis, tumourigenesis and even organogenesis of tissues such as kidneys, lungs and breasts.
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CXC chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) affects the migration of GnRH neurons by regulating CXCL12 availability. J Neurosci 2013; 33:17527-37. [PMID: 24174685 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0857-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are neuroendocrine cells, located in the hypothalamus, that play an essential role in mammalian reproduction. These neurons originate in the nasal placode and migrate during embryonic development, in association with olfactory/vomeronasal nerves, first in the nose, then through the cribriform plate to enter the forebrain, before settling in the hypothalamus. One of the molecules required for their early migration in the nose is the chemokine CXCL12, which is expressed in the embryonic nasal mesenchyme in an increasing ventral to dorsal gradient, presumably guiding GnRH neurons toward the forebrain. Mice lacking CXCR4, the receptor for CXCL12, exhibit defective GnRH cell movement and a significant reduction in their number, suggesting that CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling is important in the migration and survival of these neurons. Here, we investigated the role of the more recently identified second CXCL12 receptor, CXCR7, in GnRH neuron development. We demonstrate that CXCR7 is expressed along the migratory path of GnRH neurons in the nasal cavity and, although not expressed by GnRH neurons, it affects their migration as indicated by the ectopic accumulation of these cells in the nasal compartment in CXCR7(-/-) mice. Absence of CXCR7 caused abnormal accumulation of CXCL12-RFP at CXCR4-positive sites in the nasal area of CXCL12-RFP-transgenic mice and excessive CXCL12-dependent intracellular clustering of CXCR4 in GnRH neurons, suggesting internalization. These findings imply that CXCR7 regulates CXCL12 availability by acting as a scavenger along the migratory path of GnRH neurons and, thus, influences the migration of these cells in a noncell-autonomous manner.
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Kwon HB, Fukuhara S, Asakawa K, Ando K, Kashiwada T, Kawakami K, Hibi M, Kwon YG, Kim KW, Alitalo K, Mochizuki N. The parallel growth of motoneuron axons with the dorsal aorta depends on Vegfc/Vegfr3 signaling in zebrafish. Development 2013; 140:4081-90. [PMID: 24046321 PMCID: PMC3913045 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels and neurons grow often side by side. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying their parallel development remain unclear. Here, we report that a subpopulation of secondary motoneurons extends axons ventrally outside of the neural tubes and rostrocaudally as a fascicle beneath the dorsal aorta (DA) in zebrafish. We tried to clarify the mechanism by which these motoneuron axons grow beneath the DA and found that Vegfc in the DA and Vegfr3 in the motoneurons were essential for the axon growth. Forced expression of either Vegfc in arteries or Vegfr3 in motoneurons resulted in enhanced axon growth of motoneurons over the DA. Both vegfr3 morphants and vegfc morphants lost the alignment of motoneuron axons with DA. In addition, forced expression of two mutant forms of Vegfr3 in motoneurons, potentially trapping endogenous Vegfc, resulted in failure of growth of motoneuron axons beneath the DA. Finally, a vegfr3 mutant fish lacked the motoneuron axons beneath the DA. Collectively, Vegfc from the preformed DA guides the axon growth of secondary motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyouk-Bum Kwon
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Rizzo F, Riboldi G, Salani S, Nizzardo M, Simone C, Corti S, Hedlund E. Cellular therapy to target neuroinflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:999-1015. [PMID: 24100629 PMCID: PMC3928509 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the selective vulnerability and progressive loss of discrete neuronal populations. Non-neuronal cells appear to significantly contribute to neuronal loss in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson, and Alzheimer’s disease. In ALS, there is deterioration of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord, which control voluntary muscle groups. This results in muscle wasting, paralysis, and death. Neuroinflammation, characterized by the appearance of reactive astrocytes and microglia as well as macrophage and T-lymphocyte infiltration, appears to be highly involved in the disease pathogenesis, highlighting the involvement of non-neuronal cells in neurodegeneration. There appears to be cross-talk between motor neurons, astrocytes, and immune cells, including microglia and T-lymphocytes, which are subsequently activated. Currently, effective therapies for ALS are lacking; however, the non-cell autonomous nature of ALS may indicate potential therapeutic targets. Here, we review the mechanisms of action of astrocytes, microglia, and T-lymphocytes in the nervous system in health and during the pathogenesis of ALS. We also evaluate the therapeutic potential of these cellular populations, after transplantation into ALS patients and animal models of the disease, in modulating the environment surrounding motor neurons from pro-inflammatory to neuroprotective. We also thoroughly discuss the recent advances made in the field and caveats that need to be overcome for clinical translation of cell therapies aimed at modulating non-cell autonomous events to preserve remaining motor neurons in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rizzo
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulietta Riboldi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Salani
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Nizzardo
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Simone
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius v. 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Cojoc M, Peitzsch C, Trautmann F, Polishchuk L, Telegeev GD, Dubrovska A. Emerging targets in cancer management: role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1347-61. [PMID: 24124379 PMCID: PMC3794844 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s36109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 (SDF-1) and its cell surface receptor CXCR4 were first identified as regulators of lymphocyte trafficking to the bone marrow. Soon after, the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis was proposed to regulate the trafficking of breast cancer cells to sites of metastasis. More recently, it was established that CXCR4 plays a central role in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and dissemination in the majority of malignant diseases. The stem cell concept of cancer has revolutionized the understanding of tumorigenesis and cancer treatment. A growing body of evidence indicates that a subset of cancer cells, referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs), plays a critical role in tumor initiation, metastatic colonization, and resistance to therapy. Although the signals generated by the metastatic niche that regulate CSCs are not yet fully understood, accumulating evidence suggests a key role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. In this review we focus on physiological functions of the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway and its role in cancer and CSCs, and we discuss the potential for targeting this pathway in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cojoc
- OncoRay National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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