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Chen Y, Wang L, Li Z, Tang Y, Huan Z. Unveiling critical ADHD biomarkers in limbic system and cerebellum using a binary hypothesis testing approach. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2024; 21:5803-5825. [PMID: 38872559 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2024256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood developmental disorder. In recent years, pattern recognition methods have been increasingly applied to neuroimaging studies of ADHD. However, these methods often suffer from limited accuracy and interpretability, impeding their contribution to the identification of ADHD-related biomarkers. To address these limitations, we applied the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) results for the limbic system and cerebellar network as input data and conducted a binary hypothesis testing framework for ADHD biomarker detection. Our study on the ADHD-200 dataset at multiple sites resulted in an average classification accuracy of 93%, indicating strong discriminative power of the input brain regions between the ADHD and control groups. Moreover, our approach identified critical brain regions, including the thalamus, hippocampal gyrus, and cerebellum Crus 2, as biomarkers. Overall, this investigation uncovered potential ADHD biomarkers in the limbic system and cerebellar network through the use of ALFF realizing highly credible results, which can provide new insights for ADHD diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213159, China
| | - Lele Wang
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213159, China
| | - Zhixin Li
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213159, China
| | - Yibin Tang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China
| | - Zhan Huan
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213159, China
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Zhang R, Murray SB, Duval CJ, Wang DJJ, Jann K. Functional connectivity and complexity analyses of resting-state fMRI in pre-adolescents demonstrating the behavioral symptoms of ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2024; 334:115794. [PMID: 38367454 PMCID: PMC10947856 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been characterized by impairments among distributed functional brain networks, e.g., the frontoparietal network (FPN), default mode network (DMN), reward and motivation-related circuits (RMN), and salience network (SAL). In the current study, we evaluated the complexity and functional connectivity (FC) of resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) in pre-adolescents with the behavioral symptoms of ADHD, for pathology-relevant networks. We leveraged data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The final study sample included 63 children demonstrating the behavioral features of ADHD and 92 healthy control children matched on age, sex, and pubertal development status. For selected regions in the relevant networks, ANCOVA compared multiscale entropy (MSE) and FC between the groups. Finally, differences in the association between MSE and FC were evaluated. We found significantly reduced MSE along with increased FC within the FPN of pre-adolescents demonstrating the behavior symptoms of ADHD compared to matched healthy controls. Significant partial correlations between MSE and FC emerged in the FPN and RMN in the healthy controls however the association was absent in the participants demonstrating the behavior symptoms of ADHD. The current findings of complexity and FC in ADHD pathology support hypotheses of altered function of inhibitory control networks in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christina J Duval
- Department of Psychology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Danny J J Wang
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Kay Jann
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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Tonkaz GY, Özyurt G, Çakir A, Turan B, Utlu B, Özbay AD. Evaluation of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer, Ganglion Cell Thickness, and Macular Thickness in Children With Comorbid Specific Learning Disorder and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2024; 61:128-136. [PMID: 37882187 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20230906-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the changes in ocular optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in the comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and specific learning disorder (SLD). METHODS This study included 40 individuals diagnosed as having ADHD along with comorbid SLD, 40 individuals diagnosed as having only ADHD, and 40 individuals with no psychiatric disorders. OCT assessments were performed on eyes of the participants to obtain retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness, and macular thickness measurements. RESULTS In total, 240 eyes were evaluated. The right and left eyes were not significantly different in terms of RNFL, GCL, and macular thickness within groups (P > .05). RNFL thickness was measured and compared across four quadrants (superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal). Although these values were not significantly different between the groups (P > .05), RNFL was observed to be thinner in children with comorbid ADHD and SLD in all quadrants. Similarly, GCL and macular thickness measurements were also not different between the groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Considering that retinal nerve fibers can be seen as an extension of the brain in the embryologic context, the results showed that OCT findings alone are not sufficient to detect the changes in ADHD and SLD comorbidity. The authors suggest that OCT is more useful in the etiology and follow-up of neurodegenerative diseases rather than neurodevelopmental disorders. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2024;61(2):128-136.].
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Wang M, Wang T, Li X, Yuan Y. Low-intensity ultrasound stimulation modulates cortical neurovascular coupling in an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder rat model. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11646-11655. [PMID: 37874023 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is accompanied by changes in cranial nerve function and cerebral blood flow (CBF). Low-intensity ultrasound stimulation can modulate brain neural activity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, to date, the modulatory effects of low-intensity ultrasound stimulation on CBF and neurovascular coupling in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have not been reported. To address this question, Sprague-Dawley, Wistar-Kyoto, and spontaneously hypertensive (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) rat model) rats were divided into the control and low-intensity ultrasound stimulation (LIUS) groups. Cortical electrical stimulation was used to induce cortical excitability in different types of rats, and a penetrable laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) system and electrodes were used to evaluate the electrical stimulation-induced CBF, cortical excitability, and neurovascular coupling in free-moving rats. The CBF, cortical excitability, and neurovascular coupling (NVC) under cortical electrical stimulation in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder rats were significantly different from those in the Sprague-Dawley and Wistar-Kyoto rats. We also found that low-intensity ultrasound stimulation significantly interfered with the cortical excitability and neurovascular coupling induced by cortical electrical stimulation in rats with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Our findings suggest that neurovascular coupling is a potential biomarker for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Furthermore, low-intensity ultrasound stimulation can improve abnormal brain function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and lay a research foundation for its application in the clinical treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Teng Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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Farias CP, Soares PSM, Barros FC, Menezes AMB, Gonçalves H, Wehrmeister FC, Pinheiro RT, Quevedo LDA, Horta BL. [Birth conditions and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) in adults in the Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohorts of 1982 and 1993]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2023; 39:e00138122. [PMID: 37820233 PMCID: PMC10566560 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xpt138122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the association of birth conditions with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) in adults using data from two birth cohorts in the city of Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. In 1982 and 1993 all births in the city were identified and have been prospectively monitored. In the follow-ups at 30 and 22 years of the 1982 (n = 3,574) and 1993 (n = 3,780) cohorts, respectively, participants were examined, and trained psychologists applied the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). Those individuals who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria were defined as positive for ADHD. Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment was used to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) adjusted for sex, maternal skin color, family income, maternal age, maternal schooling during pregnancy, maternal marital status, parity, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. The prevalence of adult ADHD was 4.4% and 4.5% in the 1982 and 1993 cohorts, respectively. The prevalence of ADHD was higher in those born with lower weight, but no linear trend was observed, and those born with weight between 3,000 and 3,499 grams (PR = 1.40; 95%CI: 1.05-1.86) had the highest risk. For gestational age, we observed an inversely proportional relationship for the presence of ADHD: preterm infants had a 33% higher risk (95%CI: 0.90-1.96) of being considered as having ADHD than those born at 39 or more weeks, but as the confidence interval included nullity, this association may have occurred at random. These results indicate that birth weight and gestational age may be associated with adult ADHD.
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Wu X, Guo Y, Xue J, Dong Y, Sun Y, Wang B, Xiang J, Liu Y. Abnormal and Changing Information Interaction in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Based on Network Motifs. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1331. [PMID: 37759932 PMCID: PMC10526475 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Network motif analysis approaches provide insights into the complexity of the brain's functional network. In recent years, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been reported to result in abnormal information interactions in macro- and micro-scale functional networks. However, most existing studies remain limited due to potentially ignoring meso-scale topology information. To address this gap, we aimed to investigate functional motif patterns in ADHD to unravel the underlying information flow and analyze motif-based node roles to characterize the different information interaction methods for identifying the abnormal and changing lesion sites of ADHD. The results showed that the interaction functions of the right hippocampus and the right amygdala were significantly increased, which could lead patients to develop mood disorders. The information interaction of the bilateral thalamus changed, influencing and modifying behavioral results. Notably, the capability of receiving information in the left inferior temporal and the right lingual gyrus decreased, which may cause difficulties for patients in processing visual information in a timely manner, resulting in inattention. This study revealed abnormal and changing information interactions based on network motifs, providing important evidence for understanding information interactions at the meso-scale level in ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubin Wu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (X.W.); (J.X.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Yuxiang Guo
- School of Software, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China;
| | - Jiayue Xue
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (X.W.); (J.X.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Yanqing Dong
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (X.W.); (J.X.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Yumeng Sun
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (X.W.); (J.X.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (X.W.); (J.X.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Jie Xiang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; (X.W.); (J.X.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan 030013, China
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Dipnall LM, Hourani D, Darling S, Anderson V, Sciberras E, Silk TJ. Fronto-parietal white matter microstructure associated with working memory performance in children with ADHD. Cortex 2023; 166:243-257. [PMID: 37406409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with many functional impairments thought to be underpinned by difficulties in executive function domains such as working memory. The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) plays an integral role in the development of working memory in neurotypical children. Neuroimaging research suggests reduced white matter organization of the SLF may contribute to working memory difficulties commonly seen in ADHD. This study aimed to examine the relationship between white matter organization of the SLF and working memory in children with ADHD. METHODS We examined the association of tract volume and apparent fibre density (AFD) of the SLF with working memory in children with ADHD (n = 64) and controls (n = 58) aged 9-11years. Children completed a computerized spatial n-back task and underwent diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI). Constrained spherical deconvolution-based tractography was used to construct the three branches of the SLF bilaterally and examine volume and AFD of the SLF. RESULTS Regression analyses revealed children with ADHD exhibited poorer working memory, and lower volume and AFD of the left SLF-II compared to healthy controls. There was also an association between reaction time and variability (RT and RT-V) and the left SLF-II. Further analyses revealed volume of the left SLF-II mediated the relationship between ADHD and working memory performance (RT and RT-V). DISCUSSION These findings add to the current body of ADHD literature, revealing the potential role of frontoparietal white matter in working memory difficulties in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danah Hourani
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simone Darling
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Vicki Anderson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma Sciberras
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Timothy J Silk
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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8
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Zhang R, Murray SB, Duval CJ, Wang DJ, Jann K. Functional Connectivity and Complexity Analyses of Resting-State fMRI in Pre-Adolescents with ADHD. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.08.17.23294136. [PMID: 37662367 PMCID: PMC10473793 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.17.23294136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been characterized by impairments among distributed functional brain networks, e.g., the frontoparietal network (FPN), default mode network (DMN), and reward and motivation-related circuits (RMN). In the current study, we evaluated the complexity and functional connectivity (FC) of resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) in pre-adolescents with ADHD for pathology-relevant networks. We leveraged data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The final study sample included 63 children with ADHD and 92 healthy control children matched on age, sex, and pubertal development status. For selected regions in relevant networks, ANCOVA compared multiscale entropy (MSE) and FC between the groups. Finally, differences in the association between MSE and FC were evaluated. We found significantly reduced MSE along with increased FC within the FPN of pre-adolescents with ADHD compared to matched healthy controls. Significant partial correlations between MSE and FC emerged in fewer regions in the participants with ADHD than in the controls. The observation of reduced entropy is consistent with existing literature using rsfMRI and other neuroimaging modalities. The current findings of complexity and FC in ADHD support hypotheses of altered function of inhibitory control networks in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christina J. Duval
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Danny J.J. Wang
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kay Jann
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Sunderji A, Gallant HD, Hall A, Davis AD, Pokhvisneva I, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP, Sassi RB, Hall GB. Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene network moderates the impact of prenatal maternal adversity on orbitofrontal cortical thickness in middle childhood. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287289. [PMID: 37319261 PMCID: PMC10270637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In utero, the developing brain is highly susceptible to the environment. For example, adverse maternal experiences during the prenatal period are associated with outcomes such as altered neurodevelopment and emotion dysregulation. Yet, the underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigate whether the function of a network of genes co-expressed with the serotonin transporter in the amygdala moderates the impact of prenatal maternal adversity on the structure of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in middle childhood and/or the degree of temperamental inhibition exhibited in toddlerhood. T1-weighted structural MRI scans were acquired from children aged 6-12 years. A cumulative maternal adversity score was used to conceptualize prenatal adversity and a co-expression based polygenic risk score (ePRS) was generated. Behavioural inhibition at 18 months was assessed using the Early Childhood Behaviour Questionnaire (ECBQ). Our results indicate that in the presence of a low functioning serotonin transporter gene network in the amygdala, higher levels of prenatal adversity are associated with greater right OFC thickness at 6-12 years old. The interaction also predicts temperamental inhibition at 18 months. Ultimately, we identified important biological processes and structural modifications that may underlie the link between early adversity and future deviations in cognitive, behavioural, and emotional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleeza Sunderji
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Heather D. Gallant
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew D. Davis
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences and Brain–Body Initiative, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patricia P. Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roberto B. Sassi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Geoffrey B. Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Yde Ohki CM, Walter NM, Bender A, Rickli M, Ruhstaller S, Walitza S, Grünblatt E. Growth rates of human induced pluripotent stem cells and neural stem cells from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patients: a preliminary study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:243-252. [PMID: 36800023 PMCID: PMC10033475 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental polygenic disorder that affects more than 5% of children and adolescents around the world. Genetic and environmental factors play important roles in ADHD etiology, which leads to a wide range of clinical outcomes and biological phenotypes across the population. Brain maturation delays of a 4-year lag are commonly found in patients, when compared to controls of the same age. Possible differences in cellular growth rates might reflect the clinical observations in ADHD patients. However, the cellular mechanisms are still not elucidated. To test this hypothesis, we analysed the proliferation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from male children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and with genetic predisposition to it (assessed using polygenic risk scores), as well as their respective matched controls. In the current pilot study, it was noticeable that NSCs from the ADHD group proliferate less than controls, while no differences were seen at the iPSC developmental stage. Our results from two distinct proliferation methods indicate that the functional and structural delays found in patients might be associated with these in vitro phenotypic differences, but start at a distinct neurodevelopmental stage. These findings are the first ones in the field of disease modelling of ADHD and might be crucial to better understand the pathophysiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Marie Yde Ohki
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biomedicine PhD Program, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Monet Walter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Bender
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Rickli
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sina Ruhstaller
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Translational Molecular Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
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East PL, Doom JR, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. Iron Deficiency in Infancy and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD Symptoms in Childhood and Adolescence. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2023; 52:259-270. [PMID: 34519599 PMCID: PMC8918441 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1969653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether iron deficiency in infancy is associated with sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) or attention-deficit/hyperactive-impulsive (AD-HI) symptoms in childhood and adolescence, and whether such behaviors contribute concurrently and predictively to lower verbal and mathematical abilities. METHOD Chilean children (N = 959; 50% male, of Spanish or indigenous descent from working-class backgrounds) were rated by mothers for SCT or AD-HI symptoms at ages 5, 10, and 16 years. Children completed standardized tests assessing verbal and mathematical abilities at ages 5, 10, and 16. At ages 12 and 18 months, children were assessed for iron deficiency. RESULTS Adjusting for a comprehensive panel of covariates, greater severity of iron deficiency in infancy was associated with more frequent SCT and AD-HI symptoms at all ages studied. Most effects of iron deficiency on children's verbal and math skills were indirect, mediated through AD-HI behaviors. Children's AD-HI symptoms related to lower verbal and math test scores within age and across age. CONCLUSIONS The long-term associations found between infant iron deficiency and SCT and AD-HI behaviors suggest that the neurodevelopmental alterations that stem from postnatal iron deficiency might play an etiological role in the development of ADHD. Screening for early-life nutritional deficiencies among children with SCT or ADHD symptoms might prove useful, and behavioral screening of children with a history of iron deficiency seems warranted. Interventions that support brain development after early nutritional deprivation also would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L East
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Estela Blanco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego
- Department of Public Health, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
| | - Raquel Burrows
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego
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Soler-Gutiérrez AM, Pérez-González JC, Mayas J. Evidence of emotion dysregulation as a core symptom of adult ADHD: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280131. [PMID: 36608036 PMCID: PMC9821724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder, with an onset in childhood, that accompanies the person throughout their life, with prevalence between 3 and 5% in adults. Recent studies point towards a fourth core symptom of the disorder related to the emotional information processing that would explain the repercussions that ADHD has on the social, academic, and professional life of the people affected. This review aims to describe emotion dysregulation features as well as the brain activity associated in adults with ADHD. A search of the scientific literature was launched in specialized databases: PsycInfo, Medline, Eric, PsycArticle, Psicodoc and Scopus, following PRISMA guidelines. Twenty-two articles met the inclusion criteria: (a) an ADHD clinical diagnosis, (b) participants over 18 years old, (c) emotion regulation measurement, (d) empirical studies, and (c) in English. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies included, they were classified into three sections: measures and features of emotion regulation (ER) in people with ADHD, neurological and psychophysiological activity related to ER, and treatments. The studies found that meet the selection criteria are scarce and very heterogeneous both in aims and in sample features. Adults with ADHD show a more frequent use of non-adaptive emotion regulation strategies compared to people without ADHD symptoms. Moreover, emotion dysregulation was associated with symptom severity, executive functioning, psychiatric comorbidities, and even with criminal conviction. Different patterns of brain activity were observed when people with and without ADHD were compared. These results may suggest that psychopharmacological treatments as well as behavioral therapies could be useful tools for improving emotional difficulties in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-María Soler-Gutiérrez
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la UNED (EIDUNED), Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Julia Mayas
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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13
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Gagnon A, Descoteaux M, Bocti C, Takser L. Better characterization of attention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in children with ADHD: The key to understanding the underlying white matter microstructure. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 327:111568. [PMID: 36434901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The apparent increase in the prevalence of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis raises many questions regarding the variability of the subjective diagnostic method. This comprehensive review reports findings in studies assessing white matter (WM) bundles in diffusion MRI and symptom severity in children with ADHD. These studies suggested the involvement of the connections between the frontal, parietal, and basal ganglia regions. This review discusses the limitations surrounding diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and suggests novel imaging techniques allowing for a more reliable representation of the underlying biology. We propose a more inclusive approach to studying ADHD that includes known endophenotypes within the ADHD diagnosis. Aligned with the Research Domain Criteria Initiative, we also propose to investigate attentional capabilities and impulsive behaviours outside of the borders of the diagnosis. We support the existing hypothesis that ADHD originates from a developmental error and propose that it could lead to an accumulation in time of abnormalities in WM microstructure and pathways. Finally, state-of-the-art diffusion processing and novel artificial intelligence approaches would be beneficial to fully understand the pathophysiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Gagnon
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxime Descoteaux
- Sherbrooke Connectivity Imaging Laboratory (SCIL), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; Imeka Solutions Inc, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Bocti
- Department of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Larissa Takser
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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14
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Dutta CN, Christov-Moore L, Ombao H, Douglas PK. Neuroprotection in late life attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of pharmacotherapy and phenotype across the lifespan. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:938501. [PMID: 36226261 PMCID: PMC9548548 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.938501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, psychostimulants have been the gold standard pharmaceutical treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In the United States, an astounding 9% of all boys and 4% of girls will be prescribed stimulant drugs at some point during their childhood. Recent meta-analyses have revealed that individuals with ADHD have reduced brain volume loss later in life (>60 y.o.) compared to the normal aging brain, which suggests that either ADHD or its treatment may be neuroprotective. Crucially, these neuroprotective effects were significant in brain regions (e.g., hippocampus, amygdala) where severe volume loss is linked to cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Historically, the ADHD diagnosis and its pharmacotherapy came about nearly simultaneously, making it difficult to evaluate their effects in isolation. Certain evidence suggests that psychostimulants may normalize structural brain changes typically observed in the ADHD brain. If ADHD itself is neuroprotective, perhaps exercising the brain, then psychostimulants may not be recommended across the lifespan. Alternatively, if stimulant drugs are neuroprotective, then this class of medications may warrant further investigation for their therapeutic effects. Here, we take a bottom-up holistic approach to review the psychopharmacology of ADHD in the context of recent models of attention. We suggest that future studies are greatly needed to better appreciate the interactions amongst an ADHD diagnosis, stimulant treatment across the lifespan, and structure-function alterations in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintya Nirvana Dutta
- Biostatistics Group, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- School of Modeling, Simulation, and Training, and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Leonardo Christov-Moore
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hernando Ombao
- Biostatistics Group, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pamela K. Douglas
- School of Modeling, Simulation, and Training, and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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15
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Darchia N, Campbell IG, Basishvili T, Eliozishvili M, Tchintcharauli T, Oniani N, Sakhelashvili I, Feinberg I. Sleep electroencephalogram evidence of delayed brain maturation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a longitudinal study. Sleep 2022; 45:6648473. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
This study investigates whether longitudinally measured changes in adolescent brain electrophysiology corroborate the maturational lag associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) reported in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies and cross-sectional sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) data.
Methods
Semiannually nine adolescents diagnosed with ADHD (combined presentation, DSM-V criteria, mean age 12.39 ± 0.61 years at first time-point, two females) and nine typically developing controls (12.08 ± 0.35 years, four females) underwent all-night laboratory polysomnography, yielding four recordings.
Results
Sleep macrostructure was similar between groups. A quadratic model of the age change in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) delta (1.07–4 Hz) power, with sex effects accounted for, found that delta power peaked 0.92 ± 0.37 years later in the ADHD group. A Gompertz function fit to the same data showed that the age of most rapid delta power decline occurred 0.93 ± 0.41 years later in the ADHD group (p = 0.037), but this group difference was not significant (p = 0.38) with sex effects accounted for. For very low frequency (0.29–1.07 Hz) EEG, the ADHD lag (1.07 ± 0.42 years later, p = 0.019) was significant for a Gompertz model with sex effects accounted for (p = 0.044). Theta (4–7.91 Hz) showed a trend (p = 0.064) toward higher power in the ADHD group. Analysis of the EEG decline across the night found that standardized delta and theta power in NREMP1 were significantly (p < 0.05 for both) lower in adolescents with ADHD.
Conclusions
This is the first longitudinal study to reveal electrophysiological evidence of a maturational lag associated with ADHD. In addition, our findings revealed basically unaltered sleep macrostructure but altered sleep homeostasis associated with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nato Darchia
- Tengiz Oniani Laboratory of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle Study, Ilia State University , Tbilisi , Georgia
| | - Ian G Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Tamar Basishvili
- Tengiz Oniani Laboratory of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle Study, Ilia State University , Tbilisi , Georgia
| | - Marine Eliozishvili
- Tengiz Oniani Laboratory of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle Study, Ilia State University , Tbilisi , Georgia
| | | | - Nikoloz Oniani
- Tengiz Oniani Laboratory of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle Study, Ilia State University , Tbilisi , Georgia
| | - Irine Sakhelashvili
- Tengiz Oniani Laboratory of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle Study, Ilia State University , Tbilisi , Georgia
| | - Irwin Feinberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
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16
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Gray matter volumetric correlates of attention deficit and hyperactivity traits in emerging adolescents. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11367. [PMID: 35790754 PMCID: PMC9256746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated reduction in cortical and subcortical, including basal ganglia (BG), gray matter volumes (GMV) in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental condition that is more prevalent in males than in females. However, the volumetric deficits vary across studies. Whether volumetric reductions are more significant in males than females; to what extent these neural markers are heritable and relate to cognitive dysfunction in ADHD remain unclear. To address these questions, we followed published routines and performed voxel-based morphometry analysis of a data set (n = 11,502; 5,464 girls, 9–10 years) curated from the Adolescent Brain Cognition Development project, a population-based study of typically developing children. Of the sample, 634 and 2,826 were identified as monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins/siblings, respectively. In linear regressions, a cluster in the hypothalamus showed larger GMV, and bilateral caudate and putamen, lateral orbitofrontal and occipital cortex showed smaller GMVs, in correlation with higher ADHD scores in girls and boys combined. When examined separately, boys relative to girls showed more widespread (including BG) and stronger associations between GMV deficits and ADHD scores. ADHD traits and the volumetric correlates demonstrated heritability estimates (a2) between 0.59 and 0.79, replicating prior findings of the genetic basis of ADHD. Further, ADHD traits and the volumetric correlates (except for the hypothalamus) were each negatively and positively correlated with N-back performance. Together, these findings confirm volumetric deficits in children with more prominent ADHD traits. Highly heritable in both girls and boys and potentially more significant in boys than in girls, the structural deficits underlie diminished capacity in working memory and potentially other cognitive deficits in ADHD.
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17
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Cortese S, Sabé M, Chen C, Perroud N, Solmi M. Half a century of research on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a scientometric study. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 140:104769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Fu Z, Yuan J, Pei X, Zhang K, Xu C, Hu N, Xie R, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Yang L, Cao Q. Shared and Unique Effects of Long-Term Administration of Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine on Degree Centrality in Medication-Naïve Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 25:709-719. [PMID: 35524732 PMCID: PMC9515135 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although methylphenidate (MPH) and atomoxetine (ATX) can improve clinical symptoms and functional impairments in attention deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD), the underlying psychopharmacological mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to explore the shared and unique neurologic basis of these 2 medications in alleviating the clinical symptoms and functional impairments observed in ADHD. METHODS Sixty-seven ADHD and 44 age-matched children with typical development were included and underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans at baseline. Then patients were assigned to MPH, ATX, or untreated subgroups, based on the patients' and their parents' choice, for a 12-week follow-up and underwent a second functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. The treatment effect on degree centrality (DC) was identified and correlated with clinical symptoms and functional impairments in the ADHD group. RESULTS Both MPH and ATX normalized the DC value in extensive brain regions mainly involving fronto-cingulo-parieto-cerebellum circuits. However, ATX showed limited significant effects on the cerebellum compared with ADHD at baseline. The improvements in clinical symptoms were correlated with increased DC in the right inferior temporal gyrus in both MPH and ATX subgroups but showed opposite effects. The alleviation of functional impairments in the school/learning domain negatively correlated with decreased DC in the bilateral cerebellum after MPH treatment, and the family functional domain positively correlated with decreased DC in the cerebellum and negatively correlated with decreased DC in the postcentral gyrus after ATX treatment. CONCLUSIONS Both MPH and ATX can normalize abnormal brain functions that mainly involve the fronto-cingulo-parieto-cerebellum circuit in ADHD. Furthermore, the 2 medications showed shared and unique effects on brain functions to alleviate clinical symptoms and functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Fu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuyao Pei
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, PR China
| | - Kangfuxi Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, PR China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, PR China
| | - Na Hu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, PR China
| | - Rao Xie
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, PR China (Mr Fu, Ms Yuan, Ms Pei, Ms Zhang, Ms Xu, Mr Hu, Ms Xie, Ms Zhao, Dr Wang, Dr Yang, and Dr Cao)
| | - Yilu Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, PR China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Li Yang, MD, PhD, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 51 HuayuanBei Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China ()
| | - Qingjiu Cao
- Correspondence: Qingjiu Cao, MD, PhD, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 51 HuayuanBei Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China ()
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19
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Evidence of a maturational disruption in non-rapid eye movement sleep slow wave activity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity, learning and internalizing disorders. Sleep Med 2022; 90:230-237. [PMID: 35217303 PMCID: PMC8923949 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep slow wave activity (SWA) peaks during childhood and declines in the transition to adolescence during typical development (TD). It remains unknown whether this trajectory differs in youth with neuropsychiatric disorders. METHODS We analyzed sleep EEGs of 664 subjects 6 to 21 y (449 TD, 123 unmedicated, 92 medicated) and 114 subjects 7-12 y (median 10.5 y) followed-up at 18-22 y (median 19 y). SWA (0.4-4 Hz) power was calculated during non-rapid eye movement sleep. RESULTS TD and unmedicated youth showed cubic central and frontal SWA trajectories from 6 to 21 y (p-cubic<0.05), with TD youth showing peaks in central SWA at 6.8 y and frontal at 8.2 y. Unmedicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) and/or learning disorders (LD) showed peak central SWA 2 y later (at 9.6 y, coinciding with peak frontal SWA) than TD, followed by a 67% steeper slope by 19 y. Frontal SWA peak and slope in unmedicated ADHD/LD, and that of central and frontal in internalizing disorders (ID), were similar to TD. Unmedicated ADHD/LD did not differ in the longitudinal SWA percent change by 18-22 y; unmedicated ID showed a lower longitudinal change in frontal SWA than TD. Medicated youth showed a linear decline in central and frontal SWA from 6 to 21 y (p-linear<0.05). CONCLUSIONS ADHD/LD youth show a maturational delay and potential topographical disruption in SWA during childhood and steeper decline throughout adolescence, suggesting faster synaptic pruning. Youth with ID experience less changes in frontal SWA by late adolescence. Psychotropic medications may impact the maturational trajectory of SWA, but not the magnitude of developmental decline by late adolescence.
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20
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Kurth F, Levitt JG, Gaser C, Alger J, Loo SK, Narr KL, O'Neill J, Luders E. Preliminary evidence for a lower brain age in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1019546. [PMID: 36532197 PMCID: PMC9755736 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1019546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a debilitating disorder with apparent roots in abnormal brain development. Here, we quantified the level of individual brain maturation in children with ADHD using structural neuroimaging and a recently developed machine learning algorithm. More specifically, we compared the BrainAGE index between three groups matched for chronological age (mean ± SD: 11.86 ± 3.25 years): 89 children diagnosed with ADHD, 34 asymptomatic siblings of those children with ADHD, and 21 unrelated healthy control children. Brains of children with ADHD were estimated significantly younger (-0.85 years) than brains of healthy controls (Cohen's d = -0.33; p = 0.028, one-tailed), while there were no significant differences between unaffected siblings and healthy controls. In addition, more severe ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with younger appearing brains. Altogether, these results are in line with the proposed delay of individual brain maturation in children with ADHD. However, given the relatively small sample size (N = 144), the findings should be considered preliminary and need to be confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kurth
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer G Levitt
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christian Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jeffry Alger
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sandra K Loo
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Katherine L Narr
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joseph O'Neill
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eileen Luders
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Chen Y, Fei X, Wu T, Li H, Xiong N, Shen R, Wang Y, Liang A, Wang H. The relationship between motor development and social adaptability in autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1044848. [PMID: 36506435 PMCID: PMC9726915 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1044848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autism spectrum disorders(ASD)describe a wide range of pervasive developmental disorders by core symptoms including deficits in social communication and interaction, as well as restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors. At the same time, some children with autism are accompanied by motor development disorder. Many studies have confirmed that the motor development impairment was significantly associated with the social problems associated with ASD. Thus, this study aimed to investigate how motor development affects social adaptability in children with ASD to provide references for early ASD intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS The case data of children's health care were selected in 2021. Motor development was assessed with the Developmental Behavior Assessment Scale for Children Aged 0-6 years. Social adaptability was measured using the Japanese S-M Social Living Skills Scale. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 22.0 software package. Data were analyzed using independent samples t-test and logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 198 cases comprising 140 boys (70.71%) and 58 girls (29.29%) were included, and the average age of participants was 3.40 ± 1.06 years, with 3.33 ± 1.18 years in the typical development (TD) children group and 3.46 ± 0.95 years in the ASD group. The social adaptability of 107 ASD children was abnormal, including 37 children (34.5%) with marginal, 48 children (44.9%) with mild, 17 children (15.9%) with moderate, and 5 children (4.7%) with severe. In 91 TD children, there were 51 children (56.04%) with normal social adaptability, 38 children (41.75%) with marginal, 2 children (2.19%) with mild, and nobody with moderate or severe. The ASD children had lower levels of developmental behavior than those of TD children, and the difference was statistically significant. The results of logistic regression showed that fine motor increased by 1 unit, and the OR value of one level decreased in social adaptability was 2.24 times (OR = e0.807 = 2.24). CONCLUSION In children with ASD, not only motor development is delayed, but also social adaptability is affected, and fine motor skill may be important for social adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanJie Chen
- Department of Children's Health Care Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Fei
- School of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - TianChen Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - HongJuan Li
- School of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - NiNa Xiong
- Department of Children's Health Care Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - RuiYun Shen
- Department of Children's Health Care Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Children's Health Care Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - AiMin Liang
- Department of Children's Health Care Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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22
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Kaymak D, Gündoğmuş İ, Dalkıran M, Küçükevcilioğlu M, Uzun Ö. Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Its Relationship With Executive Functions in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Patients. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:1171-1179. [PMID: 34872241 PMCID: PMC8721295 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2021.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) with controls in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to examine the relationship between RNFL thickness and the level of performance in disease severity and executive function tests in ADHD cases. METHODS The study included 38 volunteer patients diagnosed with ADHD and 30 healthy volunteers. Adult ADHD self-report scale was used for ADHD symptom severity. Executive functions were evaluated by Digit Span Test, Verbal Fluency Test, Stroop Test, and Trail Making Test. RNFL thickness of all participants was evaluated using optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS In the comparison of RNFL values, it was found that right mean, right temporal, right temporal inferior, left mean, left nasal, and left nasal inferior quadrant values were statistically thinner in ADHD cases compared to the control group (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between the mean RNFL thickness values of the right and left eyes of ADHD cases and the symptom severity and performance levels in executive function tests. CONCLUSION This study is a guide in terms of being the first study investigating the relationship between RNFL thickness, symptom severity, and various neuropsychological tests in adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Kaymak
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Gündoğmuş
- Department of Psychiatry, Kırıkkale Yüksek İhtisas Hospital, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Mihriban Dalkıran
- Department of Psychiatry, Health Science University Şişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Küçükevcilioğlu
- Department of Ophtalmology, Health Science University Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özcan Uzun
- Department of Psychiatry, Health Science University Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Akkaya S, Ulusoy DM, Doğan H, Arslan ME. Assessment of the lamina cribrosa in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 69:3607-3611. [PMID: 34827004 PMCID: PMC8837350 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_562_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of the lamina cribrosa thickness (LCT) and lamina cribrosa depth (LCD) in adolescence with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and compare with those receiving methylphenidate (MPH) and healthy controls. Methods: Fifty-five children with ADHD (9.23 ± 1.92 years, mean ± standard deviation), 41 children with ADHD given MPH (9.24 ± 1.84 years), and 86 healthy controls (9.95 ± 2.16 years) were recruited for the study. All subjects were subjected to a complete eye exam and optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to assess LCT and LCD. The severity of ADHD symptoms was evaluated by using parent-report measures, including Conners’s Parent Rating Scale–Revised: Short Form (CPRS-R: S) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Parent Form (SDQ: P). Results: The study showed a significant finding between the research groups with regard to LCT. LCT was shown to be significantly increased in ADHD subjects given MPH compared with the controls. However, LCD was not significantly different between cohorts. Also, a significant inverse correlation was found between the SDQ: P–Emotional Problems Subscale and LCT (r = −0.253; P = 0.030) in ADHD patients. Conclusion: Changes in lamina cribrosa (LC) in ADHD children receiving MPH suggest that the mechanism of action for MPH may target developing LC structures. More studies to define the relationship between MPH medications and the LC variations are defensible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Akkaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Döndü M Ulusoy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hatice Doğan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mahmut E Arslan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
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Chen Y, Su S, Dai Y, Wen Z, Qian L, Zhang H, Liu M, Fan M, Chu J, Yang Z. Brain Volumetric Measurements in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Comparative Study Between Synthetic and Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:711528. [PMID: 34759789 PMCID: PMC8573371 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.711528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the profiles of brain volumetric measurements in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and the consistency of these brain volumetric measurements derived from the synthetic and conventional T1 weighted MRI (SyMRI and cT1w MRI). Methods: Brain SyMRI and cT1w images were prospectively collected for 38 pediatric patients with ADHD and 38 healthy children (HC) with an age range of 6–14 years. The gray matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), non-WM/GM/CSF (NoN), myelin, myelin fraction (MYF), brain parenchyma volume (BPV), and intracranial volume (ICV) were automatically estimated from SyMRI data, and the four matching measurements (GMV, WMV, BPV, ICV) were extracted from cT1w images. The group differences of brain volumetric measurements were performed, respectively, using analysis of covariance. Pearson correlation analysis and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were applied to evaluate the association between synthetic and cT1w MRI-derived measurements. Results: As for the brain volumetric measurements extracted from SyMRI, significantly decreased GMV, WMV, BPV, and increased NON volume (p < 0.05) were found in the ADHD group compared with HC; No group differences were found in ICV, CSF, myelin volume and MYF (p > 0.05). With regard to GMV, WMV, BPV, and ICV estimated from cT1w images, the group differences between ADHD and HC were consistent with the results estimated from SyMRI. And these four measurements showed noticeable correlation between the two approaches (r = 0.692, 0.643, 0.898, 0.789, respectively, p < 0.001; ICC values are 0.809, 0.782, 0.946, 0.873, respectively). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated a global brain development disability, but normal whole-brain myelination in children with ADHD. Moreover, our results demonstrated the high consistency of brain volumetric indices between synthetic and cT1w MRI in children, which indicates the high reliability of SyMRI in the child-brain volumetric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Su
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Wen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Qian
- MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meina Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Fan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Chu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyun Yang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Kerekes N, Sanchéz-Pérez AM, Landry M. Neuroinflammation as a possible link between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and pain. Med Hypotheses 2021; 157:110717. [PMID: 34717072 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and pathological pain are two complex syndromes of multifactorial origin. Despite their prevalence and broad impacts, these conditions are seldom recognized and managed simultaneously. The co-existence of neuropsychiatric conditions (such as ADHD) and altered pain perception and chronic pain has been noted in children, and the comorbidity of ADHD and chronic pain is well documented in adults. Pathophysiological studies have suggested dysfunction of the dopaminergic system as a common neurochemical basis for comorbid ADHD and pain. Considerable evidence supports the role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of both. We suggest that central neuroinflammation underlies altered pain perception and pain sensitization in persons with ADHD. Based on our hypothesis, targeting neuroinflammation may serve as a potential new therapeutic intervention to treat ADHD and comorbid pain in children and adolescents and a preventive strategy for the development of chronic pain in adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Kerekes
- Department of Health Sciences, University West, Trollhättan 461 86, Sweden.
| | - Ana Maria Sanchéz-Pérez
- Neurobiotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), University Jaume I, Castellon 120 71, Spain
| | - Marc Landry
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenrative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Häger LA, Åsberg Johnels J, Kropotov JD, Weidle B, Hollup S, Zehentbauer PG, Gillberg C, Billstedt E, Ogrim G. Biomarker support for ADHD diagnosis based on Event Related Potentials and scores from an attention test. Psychiatry Res 2021; 300:113879. [PMID: 33882399 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
ADHD is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder associated with dysfunctions in several brain systems. Objective markers of brain dysfunction for clinical assessment are lacking. Many studies applying electroencephalography (EEG) and neuropsychological tests find significant differences between ADHD and controls, but the effect sizes (ES) are often too small for diagnostic purposes. This study aimed to compute a diagnostic index for ADHD by combining behavioral test scores from a cued visual go/no-go task and Event Related Potentials (ERPs). Sixty-one children (age 9-12 years) diagnosed with ADHD and 69 age- and gender-matched typically developing children (TDC) underwent EEG-recording while tested on a go/no-go task. Based on comparisons of ERP group-means and task-performance, variables that differed significantly between the groups with at least moderate ES were converted to a five points percentile scale and multiplied by the ES of the variable. The sum-scores of the variables constituted the diagnostic index. The index discriminated significantly between patients and TDC with a large ES. This index was applied to an independent sample (20 ADHD, 21 TDC), distinguishing the groups with an even larger ES. The diagnostic index described has the potential to support assessment. Further research establishing diagnostic indexes for differential diagnoses is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Häger
- Neuropsychiatric Team, Åsebråten Clinic, Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - J Åsberg Johnels
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Speech and Language Pathology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J D Kropotov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Department of Neuropsychology, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Poland
| | - B Weidle
- St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Central Norway
| | - S Hollup
- Institute of Psychology, Norwegian Institute of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - C Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E Billstedt
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G Ogrim
- Neuropsychiatric Team, Åsebråten Clinic, Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Psychology, Norwegian Institute of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
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27
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Krieger V, Amador-Campos JA. Clinical presentations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents: comparison of neurocognitive performance. Child Neuropsychol 2021; 27:1024-1053. [PMID: 33928840 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1917530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare performance in working memory (WM), processing speed (PRS), and attention measures in children and adolescents with typical development (TD) and with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (inattentive [ADHD-I] or combined [ADHD-C]) presentations, and to determine the predictive ability of the measures mentioned to discriminate between ADHD presentations and TD. 260 children and adolescents, 138 with ADHD (70 ADHD-I and 68 ADHD-C) and 122 TD in two age cohorts (8-12 years; 13-16 years), were assessed with WM and PRS indexes of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) and the d2 attention test. Significant differences between ADHD and TD groups in the WISC-IV GAI scores were found in children but not in adolescents. Children and adolescents with both ADHD presentations performed poorly on the PRS index, while on the WM index only children exhibited difficulties. In the attention test, children with ADHD-C showed more impulsivity and more difficulties for processing speed, concentration and accuracy than ADHD-I and TD. In addition, both ADHD presentations had higher inattention scores than TD. ADHD adolescents performed worse than TD in processing speed, concentration and accuracy. ADHD groups showed more impulsivity and inattention than TD. Digit Span and Symbol Search (WISC-IV) and processing speed and accuracy (d2) successfully classified ADHD and TD in children, but in adolescents, only coding (WISC-IV) and accuracy (d2) successfully classified ADHD presentations and TD. The WISC-IV and d2 yield neuropsychological profiles which reflect age-related cognitive changes and may allow the adaptation of more tailored early interventions for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Krieger
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Amador-Campos
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (UBneuro), Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Hyde C, Sciberras E, Efron D, Fuelscher I, Silk T. Reduced fine motor competence in children with ADHD is associated with atypical microstructural organization within the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:727-737. [PMID: 32333317 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent work in healthy adults suggests that white matter organization within the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) may, at least partly, explain individual differences in fine motor skills. The SLF is also often implicated in the neurobiology underlying attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as part of the attention network connecting frontal and parietal regions. While ADHD is primarily characterized by inattention, impulsivity and/or hyperactivity, atypical fine motor control is a common comorbid feature. This study aimed to investigate the association between reduced fine motor skills in ADHD and microstructural properties within the SLF. Participants were 55 right-handed children with ADHD and 61 controls aged 9-11 years. Fine motor control was assessed using the Grooved Pegboard task. Children underwent high angular resolution diffusion MRI. Following pre-processing, constrained spherical deconvolution tractography was performed to delineate the three SLF branches bilaterally. Children with ADHD showed significantly poorer fine motor performance relative to controls in the non-dominant hand, indicated by significantly slower left handed Grooved Pegboard task performance. This slower response time for the non-dominant (left) hand was significantly associated with reduced apparent fibre density within the right SLF I, and reduced right SLF I, II and III volume. This finding was independent of spatial attention performance. These data support previous reports indicating that children with ADHD have poorer fine motor performance than controls in their non-dominant hand, and indicates that the neurobiological basis for impaired fine motor control may involve white matter properties within the contralateral SLF. This suggests that white matter properties in fronto-parietal areas may have broader implications than attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hyde
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Emma Sciberras
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daryl Efron
- Developmental Imaging, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian Fuelscher
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Silk
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Developmental Imaging, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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29
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Wood WLM, Lewandowski LJ, Lovett BJ. Profiles of Diagnosed and Undiagnosed College Students Meeting ADHD Symptom Criteria. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:646-656. [PMID: 30744469 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718824991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study compared the psychological profiles of college students who self-reported an ADHD diagnosis in contrast to students without a diagnosis who reported above-threshold ADHD symptoms. Method: A large sample of college students yielded four subgroups: students with a self-reported diagnosis who met symptom criteria (Diagnosed, n = 40), students with a self-reported diagnosis who did not meet symptom criteria (Low Symptoms, n = 47), students who had no diagnosis and did not meet symptom criteria (Controls, n = 87), and students who had no diagnosis yet met symptom criteria (Undiagnosed, n = 38). All participants completed a battery of self-report rating scales assessing a variety of symptom and impairment domains. Results: The Diagnosed and Undiagnosed groups differed significantly from Controls on all domains, while the Low Symptom group did not differ significantly from Controls in any domain. Conclusion: Implications for engaging with reported diagnosis of ADHD in the college population are discussed.
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Parke EM, Becker ML, Graves SJ, Baily AR, Paul MG, Freeman AJ, Allen DN. Social Cognition in Children With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:519-529. [PMID: 30541372 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718816157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Despite evidence of social skill deficits in children with ADHD, there is no consensus regarding a social cognitive profile and whether these skills predict behavior. Therefore, a comprehensive battery was used to investigate the relationship between social cognition and behavioral functioning. Method: Children ages 7 to 13 with ADHD (n = 25) and controls (n = 25) completed tests assessing social cognitive domains (affect recognition and theory of mind [ToM]). Parents completed measures of social cognition (pragmatic language ability and empathy), behavioral symptoms, and adaptive functioning. Results: Children with ADHD performed significantly worse on measures of cognitive ToM and affect recognition and received lower ratings of pragmatic language and cognitive empathy than typically developing peers. These domains, particularly pragmatic language, predicted parent ratings of problematic and adaptive behaviors. Conclusion: Results establish a relationship between specific social cognitive abilities and daily functioning, which has implications for treatment.
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Darchia N, Campbell IG, Basishvili T, Eliozishvili M, Tchintcharauli T, Oniani N, Sakhelashvili I, Shetekauri T, Oniani T, Feinberg I. Longitudinal assessment of NREM sleep EEG in typically developing and medication-free ADHD adolescents: first year results. Sleep Med 2021; 80:171-175. [PMID: 33601229 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical observation and structural MRI studies suggest that delayed brain maturation is a major cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) which exhibits major changes across adolescence provides an opportunity to investigate brain electrophysiology evidence for maturational delay. We present data from an ongoing longitudinal study of sleep EEG in medication-free ADHD and typically developing adolescents to investigate brain electrophysiological evidence for this maturational delay. METHODS Nine adolescents diagnosed with ADHD (combined presentation, DSM-V criteria, mean age 12.39 ± 0.61 years, 2 females), and nine typically developing controls (12.08 ± 0.35 years, 4 females) were recruited. Subjects underwent an adaptation night and all night polysomnography twice yearly at the Laboratory. RESULTS Basic sleep structure did not differ between the ADHD and control groups. In addition, we found no group differences on delta power (p = 0.77), but found a possible trend toward higher theta power (p = 0.057) for the ADHD group. The decline of standardized delta power across the 4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) periods differed by group (p < 0.05) with the percent delta power in the first NREM period being lower in the ADHD group. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the preponderant evidence that basic sleep structure is unaltered with ADHD. Our data do suggest altered sleep homeostatic recuperative processes in ADHD. The theta findings from the first two recordings are suggestive of a maturational delay associated with ADHD, but follow-up data-points are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nato Darchia
- Tengiz Oniani Laboratory of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle Study, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Ian Glenn Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Tamar Basishvili
- Tengiz Oniani Laboratory of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle Study, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Marine Eliozishvili
- Tengiz Oniani Laboratory of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle Study, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Nikoloz Oniani
- Tengiz Oniani Laboratory of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle Study, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Irine Sakhelashvili
- Tengiz Oniani Laboratory of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle Study, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tamar Shetekauri
- Tengiz Oniani Laboratory of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle Study, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tengiz Oniani
- Tengiz Oniani Laboratory of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle Study, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Irwin Feinberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
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Schäfer T, Mann C, Bletsch A, Zimmermann J, Seelemeyer H, Herøy N, Ecker C. Die Kortexdicke bei Autismus-Spektrum-Störung wird moduliert durch eine komorbide Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung. KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 2021. [DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Autismus-Spektrum-Störung (ASS) ist eine neuronale Entwicklungsstörung und tritt häufig gemeinsam mit der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) auf. Bisher wurde jedoch nur selten untersucht, wie sich Personen mit ASS von Personen mit ASS und komorbider ADHS, sowie von einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe (KG) auf neuroanatomischer Ebene unterscheiden. Fragestellung: In der vorliegenden Studie wurde an 101 Jugendlichen untersucht, ob die Kortexdicke bei ASS von komorbid auftretenden ADHS-Symptomen moduliert wird. Methode: Für jeden Proband_innen berechneten wir auf Basis struktureller T1-gewichteter Magnetresonanztomographie Scans die Kortexdicke an jedem Punkt der Gehirnoberfläche. Ergebnisse: Es zeigten sich signifikante Unterschiede zwischen autistischen Proband_innen mit und ohne ADHS im posterioren Cingulum, der Lingualwindung sowie dem Precuneus der linken Hemisphäre. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse implizieren, dass die kortikale Dicke bei ASS durch das gleichzeitige Vorliegen einer ADHS moduliert wird. Diese Erkenntnisse könnten in zukünftigen Studien zur Untersuchung neuroanatomischer Ursachen von ASS und der Unterteilung von Proband_innen in homogenere Subgruppen von Nutzen sein und so der zukünftigen Entwicklung individualisierter Therapien dienen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schäfer
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum,Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Caroline Mann
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum,Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Anke Bletsch
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum,Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Jennifer Zimmermann
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum,Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Hanna Seelemeyer
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum,Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Njål Herøy
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum,Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
| | - Christine Ecker
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum,Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,King’s College, London
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Development of lateral pulvinar resting state functional connectivity and its role in attention. Cortex 2020; 136:77-88. [PMID: 33486158 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The lateral pulvinar nucleus (LPN) has a well-established role in visual attention. Oscillatory activity of the LPN is critical for cortico-cortical communication within and among occipital and temporal visual processing regions. However, the functional development of the LPN and its role in attention deficits is not understood. This study examined the development of thalamic functional connectivity and its relation to attention abilities. METHOD Resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging images from 950 participants (ages 8-21) in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC) were used to examine age effects. Follow-up General Linear Models were performed to examine brain-behavior effects with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptom ratings and D-prime scores from the Penn Continuous Performance Task, a behavioral measure of selective attention. RESULTS LPN functional connectivity with ventral visual stream regions of the occipital and temporal cortices decreased with age, while LPN functional connectivity with the supplementary motor area increased with age. Weaker LPN connectivity in the inferior parietal lobule, supramarginal gyrus, posterior insula, and inferior frontal gyrus was associated with more ADHD symptoms; stronger pulvinar-cerebellar connectivity was also associated with more ADHD symptoms. Better D-prime scores were associated with greater connectivity between the pulvinar and superior parietal gyrus; better D-prime scores were associated with weaker pulvinar connectivity with striatal, middle temporal gyrus, and medial prefrontal cortex regions. CONCLUSION These findings implicate the LPN in the development of the ventral visual processing stream between late childhood and early adulthood and suggest that LPN connectivity with higher order attention networks is important for attention abilities.
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Sudre G, Frederick J, Sharp W, Ishii-Takahashi A, Mangalmurti A, Choudhury S, Shaw P. Mapping associations between polygenic risks for childhood neuropsychiatric disorders, symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cognition, and the brain. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2482-2492. [PMID: 30700802 PMCID: PMC6667324 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There are now large-scale data on which common genetic variants confer risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here, we use mediation analyses to explore how cognitive and neural features might explain the association between common variant (polygenic) risk for ADHD and its core symptoms. In total, 544 participants participated (mean 21 years, 212 (39%) with ADHD), most with cognitive assessments, neuroanatomic imaging, and imaging of white matter tract microstructure. We found that polygenic risk for ADHD was associated with symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity but not inattention. This association was mediated across multiple PRS thresholds by white matter microstructure, specifically by axial diffusivity of the right corona radiata, (maximum indirect effect β = -0.034 (CI: -0.065 to -0.01), by thickness of the left dorsomedial prefrontal (β = -0.029; CI: -0.061 to -0.0047) and area of the right lateral temporal cortex (β = 0.024; CI: 0.0034-0.054). In addition, modest serial mediation was found, mapping a pathway from polygenic risk, to white matter microstructure of the anterior corona radiata, then cognition (working memory, focused attention), and finally to hyperactivity-impulsivity (working memory β = -0.014 (CI: -0.038 to -0.0026); focused attention β = -0.011 (CI: -0.033 to -0.0017). These mediation pathways were diagnostically specific and were not found for polygenic risk for ASD or schizophrenia. In conclusion, using a deeply phenotyped cohort, we delineate a pathway from polygenic risk for ADHD to hyperactive-impulsive symptoms through white matter microstructure, cortical anatomy, and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Sudre
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer Frederick
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wendy Sharp
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ayaka Ishii-Takahashi
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aman Mangalmurti
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Saadia Choudhury
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Philip Shaw
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, NHGRI/NIH, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Dönmez YE, Özcan ÖÖ, Çankaya C, Berker M, Atas PBU, Güntürkün PN, Ceylan OM. Is contrast sensitivity a physiological marker in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? Med Hypotheses 2020; 145:110326. [PMID: 33075582 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood-onset psychiatric disorders. Although the etiology is complex and has not yet been clarified, dopamine is thought to play a role in the etiology. Methylphenidate (MPH) is a psychostimulant drug used as first-line treatment for ADHD and it inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters. Dopamine also has an effect on retina and contrast sensitivity. Despite evidence indicating the effects of dopamine on contrast sensitivity, the results of studies examining contrast sensitivity in ADHD patients are inconsistent. Also, no studies have been encountered examining the possible effect of MPH on contrast sensitivity. The hypotheses of this study are that children with ADHD who have not used MPH will have lower contrast sensitivity levels than the members of the control group, that contrast sensitivity levels increase after the use of MPH, and that contrast sensitivity is a potential physiological marker for ADHD. The study was conducted with 30 children with ADHD and 30 children without ADHD. Psychiatric evaluations of the participants were conducted with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime-Turkish version, Conner's Parent Rating Scale-Revised Short form and the Turgay DSM-IV-based Child and Adolescent Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale. Photopic contrast sensitivity was measured using the Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT). Results showed that FACT mean values of the control group were significantly higher than those of the ADHD group (pre-treatment) in all spatial frequencies. In four spatial frequencies (CPD 1.5, 3, 12 and 18), the FACT mean values of the control group were significantly higher than the ADHD group (during the OROS-MPH treatment). At all spatial frequencies, the mean values of the ADHD group during the OROS-MPH treatment were significantly higher than before the OROS-MPH treatment. In conclusion, the present study showed that contrast sensitivity is low in children with ADHD and increases significantly after OROS-MPH medication, but still did not reach the levels of the children without ADHD. Our findings suggest that contrast sensitivity may be a potential physiological marker in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Emre Dönmez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Özel Özcan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Cem Çankaya
- Department of Ophtalmology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Merve Berker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | | | | | - Osman Melih Ceylan
- Department of Ophtalmology, Sağlık Bilimleri University, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Yap KH, Abdul Manan H, Sharip S. Heterogeneity in brain functional changes of cognitive processing in ADHD across age: A systematic review of task-based fMRI studies. Behav Brain Res 2020; 397:112888. [PMID: 32882284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to establish the cognitive processing of patients with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) across age. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on children and adult populations were conducted, thus delineating deficits that could have been maintained and ameliorated across age. This allowed for the examination of the correlation between patterns of brain activation and the corresponding development of functional heterogeneity in ADHD. A systematic literature search of fMRI studies on ADHD was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus electronic databases based on PRISMA guidelines. References and citations were verified in Scopus database. The present study has identified 14 studies on children, 16 studies on adults, and one study on both populations of ADHD consisting of 1371 participants. Functional heterogeneity is present in ADHD across age, which can manifest either as different brain activation patterns, intra-subject variability, or both. This is shown in the increased role of the frontal regions and the specialized network in adults with ADHD from inefficient non-specific activation in childhood. Functional heterogeneity may manifest when delayed maturation is insufficient to normalize frontal lobe functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Hui Yap
- Department of Psychiatry, UKM Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanani Abdul Manan
- Makmal Pemprosesan Imej Kefungsian, Department of Radiology, UKM Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shalisah Sharip
- Department of Psychiatry, UKM Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Wang H, Rolls ET, Du X, Du J, Yang D, Li J, Li F, Cheng W, Feng J. Severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: psychiatric and cognitive problems and brain structure in children. BMC Med 2020; 18:228. [PMID: 32867775 PMCID: PMC7460800 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two studies have suggested that severe prolonged nausea and vomiting during pregnancy is associated with emotional and behavioral problems in offspring, with smaller sample size and short-term follow-up. Moreover, little information is available on the role of the brain structure in the associations. METHODS In a US-based cohort, the association was investigated between severe prolonged nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (extending after the second trimester and termed SNVP), psychiatric and cognitive problems, and brain morphology, from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, from 10,710 children aged 9-11 years. We validated the emotional including psychiatric findings using the Danish National Cohort Study with 2,092,897 participants. RESULTS SNVP was significantly associated with emotional and psychiatric problems (t = 8.89, Cohen's d = 0.172, p = 6.9 × 10-19) and reduced global cognitive performance (t = - 4.34, d = - 0.085, p = 1.4 × 10-5) in children. SNVP was associated with low cortical area and volume, especially in the cingulate cortex, precuneus, and superior medial prefrontal cortex. These lower cortical areas and volumes significantly mediated the relation between SNVP and the psychiatric and cognitive problems in children. In the Danish National Cohort, severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy were significantly associated with increased risks of behavioral and emotional disorders in children (hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.33). CONCLUSIONS SNVP is strongly associated with psychiatric and cognitive problems in children, with mediation by brain structure. These associations highlight the clinical importance and potential benefits of the treatment of SNVP, which could reduce the risk of psychiatric disorder in the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric & Child Primary Care/MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Edmund T Rolls
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, OX1 4BH, UK
| | - Xiujuan Du
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric & Child Primary Care/MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingnan Du
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dexin Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric & Child Primary Care/MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric & Child Primary Care/MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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Nugiel T, Roe MA, Engelhardt LE, Mitchell ME, Zheng A, Church JA. Pediatric ADHD symptom burden relates to distinct neural activity across executive function domains. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28:102394. [PMID: 32971467 PMCID: PMC7511724 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent childhood disorder marked by inattention and/or hyperactivity symptoms. ADHD may also relate to impaired executive function (EF), but is often studied in a single EF task per sample. The current study addresses the question of unique vs. overlapping relations in brain activity across multiple EF tasks and ADHD symptom burden. Three in-scanner tasks drawn from distinct EF domains (cognitive flexibility, working memory, and inhibition) were collected from children with and without an ADHD diagnosis (N = 63). Whole-brain activity and 11 regions of interest were correlated with parent reports of inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. Across the three EF domains, brain activity related to ADHD symptom burden, but the direction and location of these associations differed across tasks. Overall, activity in sensory and default mode network regions related to ADHD, and these relations did not consistently overlap across EF domains. We observed both distinct and overlapping patterns for inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. By studying multiple EF tasks in the same sample, we identified a heterogenous neural profile related to attention symptom burden in children. Our results inform ADHD characterization and treatment and explain some of the variable brain results related to EF and ADHD reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehila Nugiel
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Mary Abbe Roe
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Laura E Engelhardt
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Mackenzie E Mitchell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Annie Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jessica A Church
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Biomedical Imaging Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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Ulucan Atas PB, Ceylan OM, Dönmez YE, Ozel Ozcan O. Ocular findings in patients with attention deficit and hyperactivity. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:3105-3113. [PMID: 32666167 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate ocular findings, contrast sensitivity, color perception, and macular and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study included a group of 37 patients aged 6-16 years diagnosed with combined ADHD and a healthy control group of 37 children. The participants underwent an ophthalmological examination. Color vision testing was administered using the Ishihara plates test. Contrast sensitivity test was performed using the Functional Acuity Contrast Test. Macular thickness and RNFL thickness were measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS No significant difference was found between the patient and control groups with regard to ocular findings, color vision, and convergence insufficiency (p > 0.05). Contrast sensitivity level was significantly lower at four out of five spatial frequencies (1.5, 3, 12, and 18 cpd) in the patient group compared to the control group. The RNFL thickness in nasal quadrant and macular thickness was significantly higher in the healthy control group compared to the ADHD group. CONCLUSION Contrast sensitivity levels and the nasal quadrant RNFL thickness were significantly lower in the patient group compared to the control group. Based on the findings of the study, we suggest that the level of contrast in the tools used by ADHD patients in daily life settings should be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Ulucan Atas
- Department of Ophtalmology, Elazig Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - O M Ceylan
- Department of Ophtalmology, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Sağlık Bilimleri University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Y E Dönmez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Diseases, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - O Ozel Ozcan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Diseases, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
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Saad JF, Griffiths KR, Korgaonkar MS. A Systematic Review of Imaging Studies in the Combined and Inattentive Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:31. [PMID: 32670028 PMCID: PMC7327109 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Insights to underlying neural mechanisms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have emerged from neuroimaging research; however, the neural mechanisms that distinguish ADHD subtypes remain inconclusive. Method: We reviewed 19 studies integrating magnetic resonance imaging [MRI; structural (sMRI), diffusion, functional MRI (fMRI)] findings into a framework exploring pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the combined (ADHD-C) and predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I) ADHD subtypes. Results: Despite equivocal structural MRI results, findings from fMRI and DTI imaging modalities consistently implicate disrupted connectivity in regions and tracts involving frontal striatal thalamic in ADHD-C and frontoparietal neural networks in ADHD-I. Alterations of the default mode, cerebellum, and motor networks in ADHD-C and cingulo-frontoparietal attention and visual networks in ADHD-I highlight network organization differences between subtypes. Conclusion: Growing evidence from neuroimaging studies highlight neurobiological differences between ADHD clinical subtypes, particularly from a network perspective. Understanding brain network organization and connectivity may help us to better conceptualize the ADHD types and their symptom variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Fifi Saad
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristi R Griffiths
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Mayuresh S Korgaonkar
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Sánchez-Guillén I, Almorín-Fernández-Vigo I, Fernández-Vigo JI, de-Pablo-Gómez-de-Liaño L, Kudsieh B, Fernández-Vigo JA. Assessment of changes in the macula and optic nerve head using optical coherence tomography in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 95:271-278. [PMID: 32423628 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To assess if there are any differences in macular and papillary thickness using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with a control group, including if there are differences between ADHD patients with and without treatment. METHODS Prospective observational study including 92 eyes of 46 patients divided into 2 groups: 46 eyes of 23 patients with ADHD, and a control group of 46 eyes of 23 healthy patients. The group of patients with ADHD was subdivided into those on treatment with methylphenidate (n=28) and those not on treatment (n=18). The macular thickness, the ganglion cell complex (GCC), and the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) at the papillary level were measured in 12 sectors. RESULTS A lower central macular thickness was observed in the ADHD patients than in the controls (257.4±20μm versus 267.5±20μm, P=.013), with no differences observed in the GCC (P=.566), or in the RNFL (P=.095). There were no differences in the patients with ADHD with and without treatment, as regards macular thickness and the GCC (P=.160 and P=.375 respectively), but a lower foveal thickness (P=.018) and RNFL in 5/12 sectors at the papillary level (P=.033) were observed in those without treatment. CONCLUSIONS A lower macular thickness was observed in patients with ADHD than in controls. In addition, patients with ADHD without treatment had a lower thickness of the fovea and RNFL than those patients on treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sánchez-Guillén
- Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Badajoz, España; Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital de Zafra, Zafra, Badajoz, España.
| | | | - J I Fernández-Vigo
- Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Madrid, España; Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, España
| | - L de-Pablo-Gómez-de-Liaño
- Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Madrid, España; Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
| | - B Kudsieh
- Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Madrid, España; Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
| | - J A Fernández-Vigo
- Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Badajoz, España; Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Madrid, España; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, España
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Wigal S, Chappell P, Palumbo D, Lubaczewski S, Ramaker S, Abbas R. Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2020; 30:104-118. [PMID: 31967914 PMCID: PMC7047251 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2019.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), classifies attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a neurodevelopmental disorder, with symptoms becoming apparent as early as the preschool years. Early recognition can lead to interventions such as parent/teacher-administered behavior therapy, the recommended first-line treatment for preschool patients. There are few data, however, to inform the use of second-line, pharmacotherapy options in this population. In this review, we identified recent literature on the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in preschool children. Methods: A PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov search was conducted for trials assessing efficacy or safety of ADHD medications in children aged <6 years. Diagnostic methods and criteria focusing on recognition of ADHD in preschool children were also surveyed. Results: The DSM-5 describes different manifestations of ADHD in preschool versus school-aged children, but does not list separate criteria by age group. Importantly, behaviors indicative of ADHD in older children may be developmentally appropriate in preschool children. Several behavioral rating scales have been validated in children younger than 6 years of age for assessing ADHD. The Preschool ADHD Treatment Study (PATS) has provided the most extensive efficacy and safety data on methylphenidate (MPH) for ADHD in preschoolers to date, with significant improvement in ADHD symptoms observed with MPH compared with placebo, although adverse event-related discontinuation was higher in PATS compared with studies of MPH for ADHD in school-aged children. Since PATS was conducted, few studies designed to assess ADHD medication effectiveness in preschool children have been published. One article reported significant improvement in ADHD symptoms with MPH (immediate release) versus placebo, two studies showed no difference between MPH and risperidone or MPH plus risperidone in relief of ADHD symptoms, and one study demonstrated the efficacy of atomoxetine versus placebo for ADHD symptoms in preschoolers. Conclusions: Further research is needed on pharmacotherapy for preschool children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Wigal
- AVIDA Inc., Newport Beach, California.,Address correspondence to: Sharon Wigal, PhD, AVIDA Inc., 1133 Camelback Street #9802, Newport Beach, CA 92658
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Visual Perceptual Skills in Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Children: The Mediating Role of Comorbidities. Optom Vis Sci 2020; 96:655-663. [PMID: 31479020 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been commonly associated with alterations in visual perception. However, the individual behavior of visual perceptual skills and its relationship with different comorbidities remain unknown. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine whether visual perceptual skills are impaired in children with ADHD, as well as to test the possible mediating role of comorbidities. METHODS Thirty-five nonmedicated ADHD (20 pure and 15 with comorbidities) and 35 age-matched controls completed the performance-based Test of Visual Perceptual Skills. RESULTS The analysis between total ADHD and controls favored the alternative hypothesis (greater values for children with ADHD) for visual memory, spatial relationships, sequential memory, and all the composite measures (Bayes factor [BF] range, 4.26 to 366.85). The analysis between pure ADHD and controls showed that data are more likely under the alternative hypothesis for spatial relationships, sequential memory, overall, basic, and sequencing (BF range, 3.82 to 21.71), whereas the comparison between ADHD with comorbidities and controls additionally favored the alternative hypothesis for visual discrimination (BF = 5.37). Lastly, data from the comparison between pure ADHD and ADHD with comorbidities were insensitive for favoring the null or alternative hypotheses in any subtest or composite scaled score (BF range, 0.33 to 0.66). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that some specific patterns of visual perception are altered in ADHD, especially for the total ADHD group. The current findings also evidence that comorbidities play an important role in the association between ADHD and visual perceptual skills. Future studies should address the mediating role of each specific type of comorbidity.
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Behavioral and Electrophysiological Correlates of Performance Monitoring and Development in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020079. [PMID: 32024242 PMCID: PMC7071615 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves deficits in performance monitoring and adaptive adjustments. Yet, the developmental trajectory and underlying neural correlates of performance monitoring deficits in youth with ADHD remain poorly understood. To address the gap, this study recruited 77 children and adolescents with ADHD and 77 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC), ages 8–18 years, who performed an arrow flanker task during electroencephalogram recording. Compared to HC, participants with ADHD responded more slowly and showed larger reaction time variability (RTV) and reduced post-error slowing; they also exhibited reduced error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity effects, and reduced N2 and P3 congruency effects. Age effects were observed across groups: with increasing age, participants responded faster, with less variability, and with increased post-error slowing. They also exhibited increased ERN effects and increased N2 and P3 congruency effects. Increased RTV and reduced P3 amplitude in incongruent trials were associated with increased ADHD Problems Scale scores on the Child Behavior Checklist across groups. The altered behavioral and ERP responses in ADHD are consistent with the pattern associated with younger age across groups. Further research with a longitudinal design may determine specific aspects of developmental alteration and deficits in ADHD during performance monitoring.
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Gorgoni M, Scarpelli S, Reda F, De Gennaro L. Sleep EEG oscillations in neurodevelopmental disorders without intellectual disabilities. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 49:101224. [PMID: 31731102 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Gorgoni M, D'Atri A, Scarpelli S, Reda F, De Gennaro L. Sleep electroencephalography and brain maturation: developmental trajectories and the relation with cognitive functioning. Sleep Med 2020; 66:33-50. [PMID: 31786427 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - A D'Atri
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - S Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - F Reda
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - L De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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47
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Işik Ü, Kaygisiz M. Assessment of intraocular pressure, macular thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer, and ganglion cell layer thicknesses: ocular parameters and optical coherence tomography findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 42:309-313. [PMID: 32022160 PMCID: PMC7236169 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) and macular, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thicknesses in treatment-naive children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), children with ADHD on regular methylphenidate (MPH) treatment for at least 3 months, and healthy controls. Methods: A total of 58 treatment-naive children with ADHD, 45 children with ADHD on regular MPH treatment, and 44 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. All participants underwent a comprehensive eye examination. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to assess global RNFL thickness, central macular thickness, and GCL thickness in both eyes. Results: Separate univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) on the outcome variables revealed a significant difference among the research groups with respect to IOP in the left eye. Post-hoc univariate analyses indicated that left IOP was significantly higher in children with ADHD under MPH treatment than among healthy controls. However, global RNFL thickness, central macular thickness, and GCL thickness of both eyes, as well as IOP in the right eye, were not significantly different across groups. Conclusion: Further longitudinal follow-up studies are needed to determine whether MPH treatment has any effect on IOP or OCT findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ümit Işik
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Süleyman Demirel University Medicine Faculty, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kaygisiz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Salihli Can Private Hospital, Manisa, Turkey
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48
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Chamakalayil S, Strasser J, Vogel M, Brand S, Walter M, Dürsteler KM. Methylphenidate for Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Adult Patients With Substance Use Disorders: Good Clinical Practice. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:540837. [PMID: 33574770 PMCID: PMC7870681 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.540837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a widespread neurodevelopmental disorder in children and adolescents, persisting into adulthood in a majority of them. ADHD and substance use disorders (SUDs) commonly co-occur in the clinical adult population. The higher-than-normal prevalence rates of SUDs in people with ADHD indicate increased risk for developing SUD. This narrative review deals with the question of whether or not adults with both disorders should be treated with methylphenidate (MPH), addressing specific issues surrounding this form of treatment. MPH is considered as first-line pharmacotherapy for ADHD. However, because of its stimulant-like reinforcing properties, MPH has a significant addictive potential to which persons with SUDs are especially susceptible. Appropriate treatment is therefore complex. Because of concerns about misuse and diversion of MPH medication, clinicians may be reluctant to use MPH to manage ADHD symptoms in these patients. However, it is essential to diagnose and treat ADHD adequately as appropriate therapy reduces the impairments, as well as the risk of developing comorbid disorders and poor treatment response. MPH should not be deprived of these patients because of the risk for misuse, especially as several strategies can be applied to minimize this risk. To conclude, carefully applied guideline-based diagnostics to clarify the potential presence of ADHD as well as a responsible prescription practice in a well-defined therapeutic setting with reliable monitoring of medication intake and regular consultations are essential conditions for a safe and proficient MPH treatment of ADHD in patients with SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunsha Chamakalayil
- Department of Addictive Disorders, Psychiatric University Clinic Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Strasser
- Department of Addictive Disorders, Psychiatric University Clinic Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Vogel
- Department of Addictive Disorders, Psychiatric University Clinic Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Addictive Disorders, Psychiatric Services Thurgau, Münsterlingen, Switzerland
| | - Serge Brand
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Sport and Psychosocial Health, Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center and Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehrren, Iran
| | - Marc Walter
- Department of Addictive Disorders, Psychiatric University Clinic Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth M Dürsteler
- Department of Addictive Disorders, Psychiatric University Clinic Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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49
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Sun Y, Zhao L, Lan Z, Jia XZ, Xue SW. Differentiating Boys with ADHD from Those with Typical Development Based on Whole-Brain Functional Connections Using a Machine Learning Approach. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:691-702. [PMID: 32210565 PMCID: PMC7071874 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s239013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, machine learning techniques have received increasing attention as a promising approach to differentiating patients from healthy subjects. Therefore, some resting-state functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging (R-fMRI) studies have used interregional functional connections as discriminative features. The aim of this study was to investigate ADHD-related spatially distributed discriminative features derived from whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity patterns using machine learning. PATIENTS AND METHODS We measured the interregional functional connections of the R-fMRI data from 40 ADHD patients and 28 matched typically developing controls. Machine learning was used to discriminate ADHD patients from controls. Classification performance was assessed by permutation tests. RESULTS The results from the model with the highest classification accuracy showed that 85.3% of participants were correctly identified using leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOV) with support vector machine (SVM). The majority of the most discriminative functional connections were located within or between the cerebellum, default mode network (DMN) and frontoparietal regions. Approximately half of the most discriminative connections were associated with the cerebellum. The cerebellum, right superior orbitofrontal cortex, left olfactory cortex, left gyrus rectus, right superior temporal pole, right calcarine gyrus and bilateral inferior occipital cortex showed the highest discriminative power in classification. Regarding the brain-behaviour relationships, some functional connections between the cerebellum and DMN regions were significantly correlated with behavioural symptoms in ADHD (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study indicated that whole-brain resting-state functional connections might provide potential neuroimaging-based information for clinically assisting the diagnosis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkai Sun
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Institute of Psychological Sciences and the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Institute of Psychological Sciences and the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Lan
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Institute of Psychological Sciences and the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Ze Jia
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Institute of Psychological Sciences and the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Wei Xue
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Institute of Psychological Sciences and the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China
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50
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Muthuraman M, Moliadze V, Boecher L, Siemann J, Freitag CM, Groppa S, Siniatchkin M. Multimodal alterations of directed connectivity profiles in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20028. [PMID: 31882672 PMCID: PMC6934806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional and effective connectivity measures for tracking brain region interactions that have been investigated using both electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) bringing up new insights into clinical research. However, the differences between these connectivity methods, especially at the source level, have not yet been systematically studied. The dynamic characterization of coherent sources and temporal partial directed coherence, as measures of functional and effective connectivity, were applied to multimodal resting EEG and MEG data obtained from 11 young patients (mean age 13.2 ± 1.5 years) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and age-matched healthy subjects. Additionally, machine-learning algorithms were applied to the extracted connectivity features to identify biomarkers differentiating the two groups. An altered thalamo-cortical connectivity profile was attested in patients with ADHD who showed solely information outflow from cortical regions in comparison to healthy controls who exhibited bidirectional interregional connectivity in alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands. We achieved an accuracy of 98% by combining features from all five studied frequency bands. Our findings suggest that both types of connectivity as extracted from EEG or MEG are sensitive methods to investigate neuronal network features in neuropsychiatric disorders. The connectivity features investigated here can be further tested as biomarkers of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthuraman Muthuraman
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Vera Moliadze
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lena Boecher
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Siemann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Ev. Hospital Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Siniatchkin
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Ev. Hospital Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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