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Grinde B. Consciousness makes sense in the light of evolution. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024:105824. [PMID: 39047928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
I believe consciousness is a property of advanced nervous systems, and as such a product of evolution. Thus, to understand consciousness we need to describe the trajectory leading to its evolution and the selective advantages conferred. A deeper understanding of the neurology would be a significant contribution, but other advanced functions, such as hearing and vision, are explained with a comparable lack of detailed knowledge of the brain processes responsible. In this paper, I try to add details and credence to a previously suggested, evolution-based model of consciousness. According to this model, the feature started to evolve in early amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) some 320 million years ago. The reason was the introduction of feelings as a strategy for making behavioral decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Grinde
- Professor Emeritus, University of Oslo, Problemveien 11, 0313 Oslo, Norway.
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2
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Terzi A, Ngo KJ, Mourrain P. Phylogenetic conservation of the interdependent homeostatic relationship of sleep regulation and redox metabolism. J Comp Physiol B 2024; 194:241-252. [PMID: 38324048 PMCID: PMC11233307 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is an essential and evolutionarily conserved process that affects many biological functions that are also strongly regulated by cellular metabolism. The interdependence between sleep homeostasis and redox metabolism, in particular, is such that sleep deprivation causes redox metabolic imbalances in the form of over-production of ROS. Likewise (and vice versa), accumulation of ROS leads to greater sleep pressure. Thus, it is theorized that one of the functions of sleep is to act as the brain's "antioxidant" at night by clearing oxidation built up from daily stress of the active day phase. In this review, we will highlight evidence linking sleep homeostasis and regulation to redox metabolism by discussing (1) the bipartite role that sleep-wake neuropeptides and hormones have in redox metabolism through comparing cross-species cellular and molecular mechanisms, (2) the evolutionarily metabolic changes that accompanied the development of sleep loss in cavefish, and finally, (3) some of the challenges of uncovering the cellular mechanism underpinning how ROS accumulation builds sleep pressure and cellularly, how this pressure is cleared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Terzi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Keri J Ngo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Mourrain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- INSERM 1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.
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3
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Donahue CC, Walton SR, Oldham JR, Beidler E, Larson MJ, Broshek D, Cifu DX, Resch JE. Influence of sleep symptoms on recovery from concussion in collegiate athletes: a LIMBIC MATARS consortium investigation. Brain Inj 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38679931 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2347542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Changes in sleep quality and quantity are commonly endorsed by individuals following a concussion. Limited data exists examining the role of sleep disturbances within 72 hours, and throughout recovery, from concussion. The objective of this study was to determine if the number of days to symptom resolution varied between collegiate athletes with or without sleep-related symptoms following a concussion. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. METHODS Collegiate athletes (n = 539) who were diagnosed with a concussion between the 2015-2020 sport seasons participated in this retrospective chart review. Participants were divided into groups based on the presence or absence of sleep symptoms within 72 hours of a diagnosed concussion. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare days to symptom resolution between groups with α = 0.05. RESULTS Of the 539 participants, 250 (46.3%) reported sleep-related symptoms. Participants with sleep-related symptoms took significantly longer (U = 30656, p = 0.002) to report symptom resolution at rest (median [full range] = 8.00[0-423]) as compared to participants who did not report sleep-related symptoms (6.00[0-243] days). CONCLUSION Collegiate athletes that report sleep-related symptoms immediately following concussion (<72 hours) were observed to take, on median, two days longer to achieve symptom resolution at rest when compared to athletes who did not endorse the same symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Donahue
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Sports Medicine Center, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Samuel R Walton
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jessie R Oldham
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Erica Beidler
- Department of Athletic Training, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael J Larson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Donna Broshek
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia Health, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - David X Cifu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jacob E Resch
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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4
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Haynes PR, Pyfrom ES, Li Y, Stein C, Cuddapah VA, Jacobs JA, Yue Z, Sehgal A. A neuron-glia lipid metabolic cycle couples daily sleep to mitochondrial homeostasis. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:666-678. [PMID: 38360946 PMCID: PMC11001586 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is thought to be restorative to brain energy homeostasis, but it is not clear how this is achieved. We show here that Drosophila glia exhibit a daily cycle of glial mitochondrial oxidation and lipid accumulation that is dependent on prior wake and requires the Drosophila APOE orthologs NLaz and GLaz, which mediate neuron-glia lipid transfer. In turn, a full night of sleep is required for glial lipid clearance, mitochondrial oxidative recovery and maximal neuronal mitophagy. Knockdown of neuronal NLaz causes oxidative stress to accumulate in neurons, and the neuronal mitochondrial integrity protein, Drp1, is required for daily glial lipid accumulation. These data suggest that neurons avoid accumulation of oxidative mitochondrial damage during wake by using mitophagy and passing damage to glia in the form of lipids. We propose that a mitochondrial lipid metabolic cycle between neurons and glia reflects a fundamental function of sleep relevant for brain energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Haynes
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elana S Pyfrom
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yongjun Li
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carly Stein
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vishnu Anand Cuddapah
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jack A Jacobs
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhifeng Yue
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Dunton KL, Hedrick NG, Meamardoost S, Ren C, Howe JR, Wang J, Root CM, Gunawan R, Komiyama T, Zhang Y, Hwang EJ. Divergent Learning-Related Transcriptional States of Cortical Glutamatergic Neurons. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0302232023. [PMID: 38238073 PMCID: PMC10919205 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0302-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Experience-dependent gene expression reshapes neural circuits, permitting the learning of knowledge and skills. Most learning involves repetitive experiences during which neurons undergo multiple stages of functional and structural plasticity. Currently, the diversity of transcriptional responses underlying dynamic plasticity during repetition-based learning is poorly understood. To close this gap, we analyzed single-nucleus transcriptomes of L2/3 glutamatergic neurons of the primary motor cortex after 3 d motor skill training or home cage control in water-restricted male mice. "Train" and "control" neurons could be discriminated with high accuracy based on expression patterns of many genes, indicating that recent experience leaves a widespread transcriptional signature across L2/3 neurons. These discriminating genes exhibited divergent modes of coregulation, differentiating neurons into discrete clusters of transcriptional states. Several states showed gene expressions associated with activity-dependent plasticity. Some of these states were also prominent in the previously published reference, suggesting that they represent both spontaneous and task-related plasticity events. Markedly, however, two states were unique to our dataset. The first state, further enriched by motor training, showed gene expression suggestive of late-stage plasticity with repeated activation, which is suitable for expected emergent neuronal ensembles that stably retain motor learning. The second state, equally found in both train and control mice, showed elevated levels of metabolic pathways and norepinephrine sensitivity, suggesting a response to common experiences specific to our experimental conditions, such as water restriction or circadian rhythm. Together, we uncovered divergent transcriptional responses across L2/3 neurons, each potentially linked with distinct features of repetition-based motor learning such as plasticity, memory, and motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Dunton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881, Rhode Island
| | - Nathan G Hedrick
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neurosciences, and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California
| | - Saber Meamardoost
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo 14260, New York
| | - Chi Ren
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neurosciences, and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California
| | - James R Howe
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881, Rhode Island
| | - Cory M Root
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California
| | - Rudiyanto Gunawan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo 14260, New York
| | - Takaki Komiyama
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neurosciences, and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881, Rhode Island
| | - Eun Jung Hwang
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neurosciences, and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago 60064, Illinois
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6
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Constantino NJ, Carroll CM, Williams HC, Yuede CM, Sheehan PW, Andy Snipes J, Musiek ES, Johnson LA, Macauley SL. Kir6.2-K ATP channels alter glycolytic flux to modulate cortical activity, arousal, and sleep-wake homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.23.581817. [PMID: 38464274 PMCID: PMC10925108 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.23.581817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Metabolism plays an important role in the maintenance of vigilance states (e.g. wake, NREM, and REM). Brain lactate fluctuations are a biomarker of sleep. Increased interstitial fluid (ISF) lactate levels are necessary for arousal and wake-associated behaviors, while decreased ISF lactate is required for sleep. ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP ) channels couple glucose-lactate metabolism with neuronal excitability. Therefore, we explored how deletion of neuronal K ATP channel activity (Kir6.2-/- mice) affected the relationship between glycolytic flux, neuronal activity, and sleep/wake homeostasis. Kir6.2-/- mice shunt glucose towards glycolysis, reduce neurotransmitter synthesis, dampen cortical EEG activity, and decrease arousal. Kir6.2-/- mice spent more time awake at the onset of the light period due to altered ISF lactate dynamics. Together, we show that Kir6.2-K ATP channels act as metabolic sensors to gate arousal by maintaining the metabolic stability of each vigilance state and providing the metabolic flexibility to transition between states. Highlights Glycolytic flux is necessary for neurotransmitter synthesis. In its absence, neuronal activity is compromised causing changes in arousal and vigilance states despite sufficient energy availability. With Kir6.2-K ATP channel deficiency, the ability to both maintain and shift between different vigilance states is compromised due to changes in glucose utilization. Kir6.2-K ATP channels are metabolic sensors under circadian control that gate arousal and sleep/wake transitions.
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7
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Kim J, Barcus R, Lipford ME, Yuan H, Ririe DG, Jung Y, Vlasova RM, Styner M, Nader MA, Whitlow CT. Effects of multiple anesthetic exposures on rhesus macaque brain development: a longitudinal structural MRI analysis. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad463. [PMID: 38142289 PMCID: PMC10793576 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns about the potential neurotoxic effects of anesthetics on developing brain exist. When making clinical decisions, the timing and dosage of anesthetic exposure are critical factors to consider due to their associated risks. In our study, we investigated the impact of repeated anesthetic exposures on the brain development trajectory of a cohort of rhesus monkeys (n = 26) over their first 2 yr of life, utilizing longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging data. We hypothesized that early or high-dose anesthesia exposure could negatively influence structural brain development. By employing the generalized additive mixed model, we traced the longitudinal trajectories of brain volume, cortical thickness, and white matter integrity. The interaction analysis revealed that age and cumulative anesthetic dose were variably linked to white matter integrity but not to morphometric measures. Early high-dose exposure was associated with increased mean, axial, and radial diffusivities across all white matter regions, compared to late-low-dose exposure. Our findings indicate that early or high-dose anesthesia exposure during infancy disrupts structural brain development in rhesus monkeys. Consequently, the timing of elective surgeries and procedures that require anesthesia for children and pregnant women should be strategically planned to account for the cumulative dose of volatile anesthetics, aiming to minimize the potential risks to brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongchul Kim
- Radiology Informatics and Image Processing Laboratory (RIIPL), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Richard Barcus
- Radiology Informatics and Image Processing Laboratory (RIIPL), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Megan E Lipford
- Radiology Informatics and Image Processing Laboratory (RIIPL), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Radiology Informatics and Image Processing Laboratory (RIIPL), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Douglas G Ririe
- Pain Mechanisms Lab, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Youngkyoo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Roza M Vlasova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michael A Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Center for Research on Substance Use and Addiction, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Christopher T Whitlow
- Radiology Informatics and Image Processing Laboratory (RIIPL), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Center for Research on Substance Use and Addiction, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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8
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Franken P, Dijk DJ. Sleep and circadian rhythmicity as entangled processes serving homeostasis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:43-59. [PMID: 38040815 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is considered essential for the brain and body. A predominant concept is that sleep is regulated by circadian rhythmicity and sleep homeostasis, processes that were posited to be functionally and mechanistically separate. Here we review and re-evaluate this concept and its assumptions using findings from recent human and rodent studies. Alterations in genes that are central to circadian rhythmicity affect not only sleep timing but also putative markers of sleep homeostasis such as electroencephalogram slow-wave activity (SWA). Perturbations of sleep change the rhythmicity in the expression of core clock genes in tissues outside the central clock. The dynamics of recovery from sleep loss vary across sleep variables: SWA and immediate early genes show an early response, but the recovery of non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep follows slower time courses. Changes in the expression of many genes in response to sleep perturbations outlast the effects on SWA and time spent asleep. These findings are difficult to reconcile with the notion that circadian- and sleep-wake-driven processes are mutually independent and that the dynamics of sleep homeostasis are reflected in a single variable. Further understanding of how both sleep and circadian rhythmicity contribute to the homeostasis of essential physiological variables may benefit from the assessment of multiple sleep and molecular variables over longer time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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9
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Pache A, van Rossum MCW. Energetically efficient learning in neuronal networks. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102779. [PMID: 37672980 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Human and animal experiments have shown that acquiring and storing information can require substantial amounts of metabolic energy. However, computational models of neural plasticity only seldom take this cost into account, and might thereby miss an important constraint on biological learning. This review explores various ways to reduce energy requirements for learning in neural networks. By comparing the resulting learning rules to cognitive and neurophysiological observations, we discuss how energy efficiency might have shaped biological learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Pache
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C W van Rossum
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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10
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Fernandes M, Spanetta M, Placidi F, Izzi F, Negri F, Nuccetelli M, Bernardini S, Mercuri NB, Liguori C. A preliminary study investigating the clinical potential of measuring cerebrospinal-fluid lactate levels in patients with narcolepsy type 1 and 2. Physiol Behav 2023; 272:114371. [PMID: 37802459 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Besides the quantification of orexin-A/hypocretin-1 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels in narcolepsy for diagnostic purposes, several other CSF biomarkers have been evaluated, although with controversial results. Since CSF lactate concentrations fluctuate according to the sleep-wake cycle with higher levels during wakefulness and lower levels during sleep, as documented in animal model studies, the present study aimed at quantifying the CSF lactate levels in patients with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and 2 (NT2), which are two sleep disorders featured by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). METHODS Patients with NT1 and NT2 were enrolled in this study and compared to a control group of similar age and sex. All the subjects included in the study underwent a polysomnographic study followed by lumbar puncture for the quantification of CSF lactate levels at awakening. RESULTS 23 NT1 (43.5 % male; 36.43 ± 11.89 years) and 15 NT2 patients (46.7 % male; 37.8 ± 14.1 years) were compared to 17 controls (58.8 % male; 32.3 ± 8.4 years). CSF lactate concentrations were reduced in patients with NT1 and NT2 compared to controls but no differences were found between the two groups of patients. ROC curves analysis showed that CSF lactate ≤1.3 mmol/l had a sensitivity of 96.49 and a specificity of 82.35 % for discriminating patients with narcolepsy from controls. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed a decrease in CSF lactate levels in patients with narcolepsy. Notably, the reduction of lactate levels was present in both NT1 and NT2 patients, independently of CSF orexin levels. Narcolepsy patients present EDS with daytime napping and REM-related episodes, possibly substantiating the CSF lactate levels reduction related to the impaired daytime wakefulness which was demonstrated in animal studies. Moreover, CSF lactate levels present a good sensitivity and adequate specificity for differentiating narcolepsy from controls. Further studies are needed to understand the role of CSF lactate and its usefulness for monitoring daytime vigilance in patients with narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Fernandes
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Matteo Spanetta
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Fabio Placidi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; Sleep Medicine Centre, Neurology Unit, University Hospital of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Francesca Izzi
- Sleep Medicine Centre, Neurology Unit, University Hospital of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Francesco Negri
- Sleep Medicine Centre, Neurology Unit, University Hospital of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Marzia Nuccetelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; Sleep Medicine Centre, Neurology Unit, University Hospital of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Claudio Liguori
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; Sleep Medicine Centre, Neurology Unit, University Hospital of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy.
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11
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Gobert F, Corneyllie A, Bastuji H, Berthomier C, Thevenet M, Abernot J, Raverot V, Dailler F, Guérin C, Gronfier C, Luauté J, Perrin F. Twenty-four-hour rhythmicities in disorders of consciousness are associated with a favourable outcome. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1213. [PMID: 38030756 PMCID: PMC10687012 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations of consciousness and their rhythmicities have been rarely studied in patients with a disorder of consciousness after acute brain injuries. 24-h assessment of brain (EEG), behaviour (eye-opening), and circadian (clock-controlled hormones secretion from urine) functions was performed in acute brain-injured patients. The distribution, long-term predictability, and rhythmicity (circadian/ultradian) of various EEG features were compared with the initial clinical status, the functional outcome, and the circadian rhythmicities of behaviour and clock-controlled hormones. Here we show that more physiological and favourable patterns of fluctuations are associated with a higher 24 h predictability and sharp up-and-down shape of EEG switches, reminiscent of the Flip-Flop model of sleep. Multimodal rhythmic analysis shows that patients with simultaneous circadian rhythmicity for brain, behaviour, and hormones had a favourable outcome. Finally, both re-emerging EEG fluctuations and homogeneous 24-h cycles for EEG, eye-opening, and hormones appeared as surrogates for preserved functionality in brainstem and basal forebrain, which are key prognostic factors for later improvement. While the recovery of consciousness has previously been related to a high short-term complexity, we suggest in this exploratory study the importance of the high predictability of the 24 h long-term generation of brain rhythms and highlight the importance of circadian body-brain rhythms in awakening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Gobert
- Neuro-Intensive care unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neurological hospital Pierre-Wertheimer, 59 Boulevard Pinel, Bron, France.
- Trajectoires Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), Bâtiment Inserm 16 avenue Doyen Lépine, Bron, France.
- CAP Team (Cognition Auditive et Psychoacoustique), Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), 95 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France.
| | - Alexandra Corneyllie
- CAP Team (Cognition Auditive et Psychoacoustique), Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), 95 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Hélène Bastuji
- Sleep medicine centre, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, F-69677, France
- Neuropain Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), 59 Boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | | | - Marc Thevenet
- CAP Team (Cognition Auditive et Psychoacoustique), Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), 95 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Jonas Abernot
- CAP Team (Cognition Auditive et Psychoacoustique), Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), 95 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Véronique Raverot
- Hormone Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neurological hospital Pierre-Wertheimer, 59 Boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Frédéric Dailler
- Neuro-Intensive care unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neurological hospital Pierre-Wertheimer, 59 Boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Claude Guérin
- Intensive care unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse hospital, 103 Grande-Rue de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
- Intensive care unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Édouard Herriot hospital, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69003, Lyon, France
| | - Claude Gronfier
- Waking team (Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal Systems), Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, INSERM UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jacques Luauté
- Trajectoires Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), Bâtiment Inserm 16 avenue Doyen Lépine, Bron, France
- Neuro-rehabilitation unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neurological hospital Pierre-Wertheimer, 59 Boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Fabien Perrin
- CAP Team (Cognition Auditive et Psychoacoustique), Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), 95 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
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12
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Carlucci M, Lett T, Chavez S, Malinowski A, Lobaugh NJ, Petronis A. Diurnal oscillations of MRI metrics in the brains of male participants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7044. [PMID: 37923728 PMCID: PMC10624685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of biological processes according to a 24-hr rhythm is essential for the normal functioning of an organism. Temporal variation in brain MRI data has often been attributed to circadian or diurnal oscillations; however, it is not clear if such oscillations exist. Here, we provide evidence that diurnal oscillations indeed govern multiple MRI metrics. We recorded cerebral blood flow, diffusion-tensor metrics, T1 relaxation, and cortical structural features every three hours over a 24-hr period in each of 16 adult male controls and eight adult male participants with bipolar disorder. Diurnal oscillations are detected in numerous MRI metrics at the whole-brain level, and regionally. Rhythmicity parameters in the participants with bipolar disorder are similar to the controls for most metrics, except for a larger phase variation in cerebral blood flow. The ubiquitous nature of diurnal oscillations has broad implications for neuroimaging studies and furthers our understanding of the dynamic nature of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Carlucci
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, M5T 1R8, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Tristram Lett
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Sofia Chavez
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandra Malinowski
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, M5T 1R8, ON, Canada
| | - Nancy J Lobaugh
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Art Petronis
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, M5T 1R8, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-10257, Lithuania.
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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13
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Alitalo O, González-Hernández G, Rosenholm M, Kohtala P, Matsui N, Müller HK, Theilmann W, Klein A, Kärkkäinen O, Rozov S, Rantamäki T, Kohtala S. Linking Hypothermia and Altered Metabolism with TrkB Activation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3212-3225. [PMID: 37551888 PMCID: PMC10485900 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many mechanisms have been proposed to explain acute antidepressant drug-induced activation of TrkB neurotrophin receptors, but several questions remain. In a series of pharmacological experiments, we observed that TrkB activation induced by antidepressants and several other drugs correlated with sedation, and most importantly, coinciding hypothermia. Untargeted metabolomics of pharmacologically dissimilar TrkB activating treatments revealed effects on shared bioenergetic targets involved in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) breakdown and synthesis, demonstrating a common perturbation in metabolic activity. Both activation of TrkB signaling and hypothermia were recapitulated by administration of inhibitors of glucose and lipid metabolism, supporting a close relationship between metabolic inhibition and neurotrophic signaling. Drug-induced TrkB phosphorylation was independent of electroencephalography slow-wave activity and remained unaltered in knock-in mice with the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met allele, which have impaired activity-dependent BDNF release, alluding to an activation mechanism independent from BDNF and neuronal activity. Instead, we demonstrated that the active maintenance of body temperature prevents activation of TrkB and other targets associated with antidepressants, including p70S6 kinase downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). Increased TrkB, GSK3β, and p70S6K phosphorylation was also observed during recovery sleep following sleep deprivation, when a physiological temperature drop is known to occur. Our results suggest that the changes in bioenergetics and thermoregulation are causally connected to TrkB activation and may act as physiological regulators of signaling processes involved in neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okko Alitalo
- Laboratory
of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology
and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- SleepWell
Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Gemma González-Hernández
- Laboratory
of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology
and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- SleepWell
Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Marko Rosenholm
- Laboratory
of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology
and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- SleepWell
Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Center
for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Piia Kohtala
- Laboratory
of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology
and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- SleepWell
Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department
of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Nobuaki Matsui
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical
Science, 4-3-3 Nijigaoka,
Kani, Gifu 509-0293, Japan
| | - Heidi Kaastrup Müller
- Translational
Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Wiebke Theilmann
- Laboratory
of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology
and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Anders Klein
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
- Department
of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Olli Kärkkäinen
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
- Afekta
Technologies Ltd., Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Stanislav Rozov
- Laboratory
of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology
and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- SleepWell
Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tomi Rantamäki
- Laboratory
of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology
and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- SleepWell
Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Samuel Kohtala
- Laboratory
of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology
and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- SleepWell
Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department
of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, United States
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14
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Naderi Z, Amra B, Ahmadi F, Emami Ardestani M. Evaluation of sleep quality in faculty members of Isfahan university of medical sciences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 15:125-133. [PMID: 37736504 PMCID: PMC10509560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disorders can significantly impair the quality of life and daily functions. Evaluating sleep quality can provide valuable information about working conditions. This study aims to evaluate the sleep quality of faculty members at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS). METHODS This descriptive-analytic study was conducted from 2020 to 2021, involving 106 faculty members from the medical school. A questionnaire collected demographic information, including age, sex, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), level of education, history of faculty membership, major, working hours during the day and night, residency place, and medical history. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Symptom Checklist-25 (SCL-25) questionnaire were used to assess participants' sleep quality. Data were compared between clinicians and basic science faculty members. RESULTS PSQI subtypes were examined among the participants. The total PSQI score was 6.20±3.4. A comparison of PSQI scores and subtypes based on age categories did not show any significant differences (P > 0.05 for all). Clinicians had significantly lower total PSQI scores (P=0.044), sleep latency (P=0.024), sleep disturbances (P=0.012), and daytime dysfunction (P=0.022). Additionally, clinicians had a lower severity of sleep latency (P=0.024), sleep disturbances (P=0.012), and total PSQI score (P=0.044). However, clinicians exhibited a higher intensity of daytime dysfunction (P=0.022). CONCLUSION Faculty members exhibited a high prevalence of sleep disorders, with the most common disorders being sleep disturbance and high sleep latency. The prevalence of sleep disorders was higher among basic science faculty members compared to clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Naderi
- Assistant Professor of Pulmonary Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical ScienceIsfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Amra
- Assistant Professor of Pulmonary Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical ScienceIsfahan, Iran
- Bamdad Respiratory and Sleep Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical ScienceIsfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Emami Ardestani
- Assistant Professor of Pulmonary Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical ScienceIsfahan, Iran
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15
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Caporale AS, Barclay AM, Xu J, Rao H, Lee H, Langham MC, Detre JA, Wehrli FW. Superior sagittal sinus flow as a proxy for tracking global cerebral blood flow dynamics during wakefulness and sleep. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1340-1350. [PMID: 36927172 PMCID: PMC10369151 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231164423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Sleep, a state of reduced consciousness, affects brain oxygen metabolism and lowers cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2). Previously, we quantified CMRO2 during sleep via Fick's Principle, with a single-band MRI sequence measuring both hemoglobin O2 saturation (SvO2) and superior sagittal sinus (SSS) blood flow, which was upscaled to obtain total cerebral blood flow (tCBF). The procedure involves a brief initial calibration scan to determine the upscaling factor (fc), assumed state-invariant. Here, we used a dual-band sequence to simultaneously provide SvO2 in SSS and tCBF in the neck every 16 seconds, allowing quantification of fc dynamically. Ten healthy subjects were scanned by MRI with simultaneous EEG for 80 minutes, yielding 300 temporal image frames per subject. Four volunteers achieved slow-wave sleep (SWS), as evidenced by increased δ-wave activity (per American Academy of Sleep Medicine criteria). SWS was maintained for 13.5 ± 7.0 minutes, with CMRO2 28.6 ± 5.5% lower than pre-sleep wakefulness. Importantly, there was negligible bias between tCBF obtained by upscaling SSS-blood flow, and tCBF measured directly in the inflowing arteries of the neck (intra-class correlation 0.95 ± 0.04, averaged across all subjects), showing that the single-band approach is a valid substitute for quantifying tCBF, simplifying image data collection and analysis without sacrificing accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra S Caporale
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiological, and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio University’ of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), ‘G. d’Annunzio University’ of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alexander M Barclay
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiological, and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiological, and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hengyi Rao
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hyunyeol Lee
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiological, and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Michael C Langham
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiological, and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John A Detre
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiological, and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Felix W Wehrli
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiological, and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Segeroth M, Wachsmuth L, Gagel M, Albers F, Hess A, Faber C. Disentangling the impact of cerebrospinal fluid formation and neuronal activity on solute clearance from the brain. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:43. [PMID: 37316849 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent attention, pathways and mechanisms of fluid transposition in the brain are still a matter of intense discussion and driving forces underlying waste clearance in the brain remain elusive. Consensus exists that net solute transport is a prerequisite for efficient clearance. The individual impact of neuronal activity and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formation, which both vary with brain state and anesthesia, remain unclear. METHODS To separate conditions with high and low neuronal activity and high and low CSF formation, different anesthetic regimens in naive rat were established, using Isoflurane (ISO), Medetomidine (MED), acetazolamide or combinations thereof. With dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, after application of low molecular weight contrast agent (CA) Gadobutrol to cisterna magna, tracer distribution was monitored as surrogate for solute clearance. Simultaneous fiber-based Ca2+-recordings informed about the state of neuronal activity under different anesthetic regimen. T2-weighted MRI and diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) provided size of subarachnoidal space and aqueductal flow as surrogates for CSF formation. Finally, a pathway and mechanism-independent two-compartment model was introduced to provide a measure of efficiency for solute clearance from the brain. RESULTS Anatomical imaging, DWI and Ca2+-recordings confirmed that conditions with distinct levels of neuronal activity and CSF formation were achieved. A sleep-resembling condition, with reduced neuronal activity and enhanced CSF formation was achieved using ISO+MED and an awake-like condition with high neuronal activity using MED alone. CA distribution in the brain correlated with the rate of CSF formation. The cortical brain state had major influence on tracer diffusion. Under conditions with low neuronal activity, higher diffusivity suggested enlargement of extracellular space, facilitating a deeper permeation of solutes into brain parenchyma. Under conditions with high neuronal activity, diffusion of solutes into parenchyma was hindered and clearance along paravascular pathways facilitated. Exclusively based on the measured time signal curves, the two-compartment model provided net exchange ratios, which were significantly larger for the sleep-resembling condition than for the awake-like condition. CONCLUSIONS Efficiency of solute clearance in brain changes with alterations in both state of neuronal activity and CSF formation. Our clearance pathway and mechanism agnostic kinetic model informs about net solute transport, solely based on the measured time signal curves. This rather simplifying approach largely accords with preclinical and clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Segeroth
- Translational Research Imaging Center (TRIC), Clinic of Radiology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A16, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Translational Research Imaging Center (TRIC), Clinic of Radiology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A16, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mathias Gagel
- Translational Research Imaging Center (TRIC), Clinic of Radiology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A16, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Franziska Albers
- Translational Research Imaging Center (TRIC), Clinic of Radiology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A16, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Hess
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- FAU NeW, Research Center for New Bioactive Compounds, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Translational Research Imaging Center (TRIC), Clinic of Radiology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A16, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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17
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Padamsey Z, Rochefort NL. Paying the brain's energy bill. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 78:102668. [PMID: 36571958 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
How have animals managed to maintain metabolically expensive brains given the volatile and fleeting availability of calories in the natural world? Here we review studies in support of three strategies that involve: 1) a reallocation of energy from peripheral tissues and functions to cover the costs of the brain, 2) an implementation of energy-efficient neural coding, enabling the brain to operate at reduced energy costs, and 3) efficient use of costly neural resources during food scarcity. Collectively, these studies reveal a heterogeneous set of energy-saving mechanisms that make energy-costly brains fit for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Padamsey
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Nathalie L Rochefort
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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18
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Natsubori A, Hirai S, Kwon S, Ono D, Deng F, Wan J, Miyazawa M, Kojima T, Okado H, Karashima A, Li Y, Tanaka KF, Honda M. Serotonergic neurons control cortical neuronal intracellular energy dynamics by modulating astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle. iScience 2023; 26:105830. [PMID: 36713262 PMCID: PMC9881222 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The central serotonergic system has multiple roles in animal physiology and behavior, including sleep-wake control. However, its function in controlling brain energy metabolism according to the state of animals remains undetermined. Through in vivo monitoring of energy metabolites and signaling, we demonstrated that optogenetic activation of raphe serotonergic neurons increased cortical neuronal intracellular concentration of ATP, an indispensable cellular energy molecule, which was suppressed by inhibiting neuronal uptake of lactate derived from astrocytes. Raphe serotonergic neuronal activation induced cortical astrocytic Ca2+ and cAMP surges and increased extracellular lactate concentrations, suggesting the facilitation of lactate release from astrocytes. Furthermore, chemogenetic inhibition of raphe serotonergic neurons partly attenuated the increase in cortical neuronal intracellular ATP levels as arousal increased in mice. Serotonergic neuronal activation promoted an increase in cortical neuronal intracellular ATP levels, partly mediated by the facilitation of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, contributing to state-dependent optimization of neuronal intracellular energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Natsubori
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan,Corresponding author
| | - Shinobu Hirai
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Soojin Kwon
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ono
- Department of Neuroscience Ⅱ, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan,Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinxia Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Momoka Miyazawa
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan,Faculty of Science Division Ⅱ, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Haruo Okado
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Akihiro Karashima
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai 982-8577, Japan
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kenji F. Tanaka
- Division of Brain Sciences, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Honda
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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19
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Cortical waste clearance in normal and restricted sleep with potential runaway tau buildup in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13740. [PMID: 35961995 PMCID: PMC9374764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of waste in cortical tissue and glymphatic waste clearance via extracellular voids partly drives the sleep-wake cycle and modeling has reproduced much of its dynamics. Here, new modeling incorporates higher void volume and clearance in sleep, multiple waste compounds, and clearance obstruction by waste. This model reproduces normal sleep-wake cycles, sleep deprivation effects, and performance decreases under chronic sleep restriction (CSR). Once fitted to calibration data, it successfully predicts dynamics in further experiments on sleep deprivation, intermittent CSR, and recovery after restricted sleep. The results imply a central role for waste products with lifetimes similar to tau protein. Strong tau buildup is predicted if pathologically enhanced production or impaired clearance occur, with runaway buildup above a critical threshold. Predicted tau accumulation has timescales consistent with the development of Alzheimer’s disease. The model unifies a wide sweep of phenomena, clarifying the role of glymphatic clearance and targets for interventions against waste buildup.
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20
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Keil SA, Braun M, O’Boyle R, Sevao M, Pedersen T, Agarwal S, Jansson D, Iliff JJ. Dynamic infrared imaging of cerebrospinal fluid tracer influx into the brain. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:031915. [PMID: 35602461 PMCID: PMC9113559 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.3.031915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The glymphatic system has been described recently as a series of perivascular channels that facilitate fluid exchange and solute clearance in the brain. Glymphatic dysfunction has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, and stroke. Existing methods for assessing glymphatic function have been challenging: dynamic methods, such as two-photon microscopy and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging require expensive instrumentation and specific technical skills; slice-based fluorescent imaging is more readily implemented but lacks temporal resolution. Aim: To develop a straightforward and adaptable dynamic imaging approach for assessing glymphatic function in vivo in mice. Approach: Using a widely available small animal infrared (IR) imaging system (LICOR Pearl), visualization of IR cerebrospinal fluid tracer distribution over the cortical surface enables time-resolved measurement of the dynamics of glymphatic exchange. Using co-injection of IR and conventional fixable fluorescent tracers, dynamic imaging can be paired with whole-slice fluorescence imaging, permitting the quantification of glymphatic function throughout the brain as well as subsequent histological assessment. Results: These techniques were validated against one another, comparing differences between animals anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine and isoflurane. Conclusions: This technique permits sensitive dynamic imaging of glymphatic function, with the concurrent visualization of resolution of deeper structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Keil
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Molly Braun
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ryan O’Boyle
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Mathew Sevao
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Taylor Pedersen
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Sanjana Agarwal
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Deidre Jansson
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Iliff
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Seattle, Washington, United States
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21
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Abstract
The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while homeostatic functions predominate during sleep. The blood-brain barrier establishes a stable environment that is optimal for neuronal function, yet the barrier imposes a physiological problem; transcapillary filtration that forms extracellular fluid in other organs is reduced to a minimum in brain. Consequently, the brain depends on a special fluid [the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] that is flushed into brain along the unique perivascular spaces created by astrocytic vascular endfeet. We describe this pathway, coined the term glymphatic system, based on its dependency on astrocytic vascular endfeet and their adluminal expression of aquaporin-4 water channels facing toward CSF-filled perivascular spaces. Glymphatic clearance of potentially harmful metabolic or protein waste products, such as amyloid-β, is primarily active during sleep, when its physiological drivers, the cardiac cycle, respiration, and slow vasomotion, together efficiently propel CSF inflow along periarterial spaces. The brain's extracellular space contains an abundance of proteoglycans and hyaluronan, which provide a low-resistance hydraulic conduit that rapidly can expand and shrink during the sleep-wake cycle. We describe this unique fluid system of the brain, which meets the brain's requisites to maintain homeostasis similar to peripheral organs, considering the blood-brain-barrier and the paths for formation and egress of the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaag Rasmussen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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22
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Jiang X, Xu Z, Yao D, Liu X, Liu W, Wang N, Li X, Diao Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Q. An integrated multi-omics approach revealed the regulation of melatonin on age-dependent mitochondrial function impair and lipid dyshomeostasis in mice hippocampus. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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DiNuzzo M, Mangia S, Moraschi M, Mascali D, Hagberg GE, Giove F. Perception is associated with the brain's metabolic response to sensory stimulation. eLife 2022; 11:71016. [PMID: 35225790 PMCID: PMC9038191 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of incoming sensory stimulation triggers an increase of cerebral perfusion and blood oxygenation (neurovascular response) as well as an alteration of the metabolic neurochemical profile (neurometabolic response). Here we show in human primary visual cortex (V1) that perceived and unperceived isoluminant chromatic flickering stimuli designed to have similar neurovascular responses as measured by blood oxygenation level dependent functional MRI (BOLD-fMRI) have markedly different neurometabolic responses as measured by functional MRS. In particular, a significant regional buildup of lactate, an index of aerobic glycolysis, and glutamate, an index of malate-aspartate shuttle, occurred in V1 only when the flickering was perceived, without any relation with behavioral or physiological variables. Whereas the BOLD-fMRI signal in V1, a proxy for input to V1, was insensitive to flickering perception by design, the BOLD-fMRI signal in secondary visual areas was larger during perceived than unperceived flickering, indicating increased output from V1. These results demonstrate that the upregulation of energy metabolism induced by visual stimulation depends on the type of information processing taking place in V1, and that 1H-fMRS provides unique information about local input/output balance that is not measured by BOLD fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro DiNuzzo
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Marta Moraschi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Mascali
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Gabriele D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gisela E Hagberg
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics and Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Federico Giove
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy
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24
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DiNuzzo M, Mangia S, Giove F. Manipulations of sleep‐like slow‐wave activity by noninvasive brain stimulation. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1218-1225. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro DiNuzzo
- Magnetic Resonance for Brain Investigation Laboratory Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi Rome Italy
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Federico Giove
- Magnetic Resonance for Brain Investigation Laboratory Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi Rome Italy
- Laboratory of Neurophysics and Neuroimaging Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS Rome Italy
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25
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Szczygielski J, Kopańska M, Wysocka A, Oertel J. Cerebral Microcirculation, Perivascular Unit, and Glymphatic System: Role of Aquaporin-4 as the Gatekeeper for Water Homeostasis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:767470. [PMID: 34966347 PMCID: PMC8710539 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.767470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, water homeostasis of the brain was understood as a certain quantitative equilibrium of water content between intravascular, interstitial, and intracellular spaces governed mostly by hydrostatic effects i.e., strictly by physical laws. The recent achievements in molecular bioscience have led to substantial changes in this regard. Some new concepts elaborate the idea that all compartments involved in cerebral fluid homeostasis create a functional continuum with an active and precise regulation of fluid exchange between them rather than only serving as separate fluid receptacles with mere passive diffusion mechanisms, based on hydrostatic pressure. According to these concepts, aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays the central role in cerebral fluid homeostasis, acting as a water channel protein. The AQP4 not only enables water permeability through the blood-brain barrier but also regulates water exchange between perivascular spaces and the rest of the glymphatic system, described as pan-cerebral fluid pathway interlacing macroscopic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces with the interstitial fluid of brain tissue. With regards to this, AQP4 makes water shift strongly dependent on active processes including changes in cerebral microcirculation and autoregulation of brain vessels capacity. In this paper, the role of the AQP4 as the gatekeeper, regulating the water exchange between intracellular space, glymphatic system (including the so-called neurovascular units), and intravascular compartment is reviewed. In addition, the new concepts of brain edema as a misbalance in water homeostasis are critically appraised based on the newly described role of AQP4 for fluid permeation. Finally, the relevance of these hypotheses for clinical conditions (including brain trauma and stroke) and for both new and old therapy concepts are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Szczygielski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marta Kopańska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Anna Wysocka
- Chair of Internal Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine in Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joachim Oertel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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26
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Vallianatou T, Bèchet NB, Correia MSP, Lundgaard I, Globisch D. Regional Brain Analysis of Modified Amino Acids and Dipeptides during the Sleep/Wake Cycle. Metabolites 2021; 12:metabo12010021. [PMID: 35050142 PMCID: PMC8780251 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a state in which important restorative and anabolic processes occur. Understanding changes of these metabolic processes during the circadian rhythm in the brain is crucial to elucidate neurophysiological mechanisms important for sleep function. Investigation of amino acid modifications and dipeptides has recently emerged as a valuable approach in the metabolic profiling of the central nervous system. Nonetheless, very little is known about the effects of sleep on the brain levels of amino acid analogues. In the present study, we examined brain regional sleep-induced alterations selective for modified amino acids and dipeptides using Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS) based metabolomics. Our approach enabled the detection and identification of numerous amino acid-containing metabolites in the cortex, the hippocampus, the midbrain, and the cerebellum. In particular, analogues of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan were significantly altered during sleep in the investigated brain regions. Cortical levels of medium and long chain N-acyl glycines were higher during sleep. Regional specific changes were also detected, especially related to tyrosine analogues in the hippocampus and the cerebellum. Our findings demonstrate a strong correlation between circadian rhythms and amino acid metabolism specific for different brain regions that provide previously unknown insights in brain metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosia Vallianatou
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (T.V.); (M.S.P.C.)
| | - Nicholas B. Bèchet
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden; (N.B.B.); (I.L.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mario S. P. Correia
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (T.V.); (M.S.P.C.)
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden; (N.B.B.); (I.L.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Globisch
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (T.V.); (M.S.P.C.)
- Correspondence:
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27
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Vallianatou T, Lin W, Bèchet NB, Correia MSP, Shanbhag NC, Lundgaard I, Globisch D. Differential regulation of oxidative stress, microbiota-derived, and energy metabolites in the mouse brain during sleep. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:3324-3338. [PMID: 34293940 PMCID: PMC8669215 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211033358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sleep has evolved as a universal core function to allow for restorative biological processes. Detailed knowledge of metabolic changes necessary for the sleep state in the brain is missing. Herein, we have performed an in-depth metabolic analysis of four mouse brain regions and uncovered region-specific circadian variations. Metabolites linked to oxidative stress were altered during sleep including acylcarnitines, hydroxylated fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and thiol-containing metabolites. These findings provide molecular evidence of a significant metabolic shift of the brain energy metabolism. Specific alterations were observed for brain metabolites that have previously not been associated with a circadian function including the microbiome-derived metabolite ergothioneine that suggests a regulatory function. The pseudopeptide β-citryl-glutamate has been linked to brain development and we have now discovered a previously unknown regioisomer. These metabolites altered by the circadian rhythm represent the foundation for hypothesis-driven studies of the underlying metabolic processes and their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosia Vallianatou
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Weifeng Lin
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicholas B Bèchet
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mario SP Correia
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nagesh C Shanbhag
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Globisch
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Circadian Clocks, Sleep, and Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34773224 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A molecular circadian clock exists not only in the brain, but also in most cells of the body. Research over the past two decades has demonstrated that it directs daily rhythmicity of nearly every aspect of metabolism. It also consolidates sleep-wake behavior each day into an activity/feeding period and a sleep/fasting period. Otherwise, sleep-wake states are mostly controlled by hypothalamic and thalamic regulatory circuits in the brain that direct overall brain state. Recent evidence suggests that hypothalamic control of appetite and metabolism may be concomitant with sleep-wake regulation, and even share the same control centers. Thus, circadian control of metabolic pathways might be overlaid by sleep-wake control of the same pathways, providing a flexible and redundant system to modify metabolism according to both activity and environment.
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29
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Matsumoto S, Tsunematsu T. Association between Sleep, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's Disease. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1127. [PMID: 34827122 PMCID: PMC8614785 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The majority of neurodegenerative diseases are pathologically associated with protein misfolding and aggregation. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of dementia that slowly affects memory and cognitive function, and is characterized by the aggregation of the β-amyloid protein and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder typically resulting in rigidity and tremor, which is pathologically linked to the aggregation of α-synuclein, particularly in dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Sleep disorders commonly occur in AD and PD patients, and it can precede the onset of these diseases. For example, cognitively normal older individuals who have highly fragmented sleep had a 1.5-fold increased risk of subsequently developing AD. This suggests that sleep abnormalities may be a potential biomarker of these diseases. In this review, we describe the alterations of sleep in AD and PD, and discuss their potential in the early diagnosis of these diseases. We further discuss whether sleep disturbance could be a target for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Matsumoto
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Division, Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan;
| | - Tomomi Tsunematsu
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Division, Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan;
- Super-Network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
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30
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Sfera A, Osorio C, Rahman L, Zapata-Martín del Campo CM, Maldonado JC, Jafri N, Cummings MA, Maurer S, Kozlakidis Z. PTSD as an Endothelial Disease: Insights From COVID-19. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:770387. [PMID: 34776871 PMCID: PMC8586713 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.770387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus, the etiologic agent of COVID-19, has affected almost every aspect of human life, precipitating stress-related pathology in vulnerable individuals. As the prevalence rate of posttraumatic stress disorder in pandemic survivors exceeds that of the general and special populations, the virus may predispose to this disorder by directly interfering with the stress-processing pathways. The SARS-CoV-2 interactome has identified several antigens that may disrupt the blood-brain-barrier by inducing premature senescence in many cell types, including the cerebral endothelial cells. This enables the stress molecules, including angiotensin II, endothelin-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, to aberrantly activate the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex, increasing the vulnerability to stress related disorders. This is supported by observing the beneficial effects of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in both posttraumatic stress disorder and SARS-CoV-2 critical illness. In this narrative review, we take a closer look at the virus-host dialog and its impact on the renin-angiotensin system, mitochondrial fitness, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. We discuss the role of furin cleaving site, the fibrinolytic system, and Sigma-1 receptor in the pathogenesis of psychological trauma. In other words, learning from the virus, clarify the molecular underpinnings of stress related disorders, and design better therapies for these conditions. In this context, we emphasize new potential treatments, including furin and bromodomains inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Carolina Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Leah Rahman
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | - Jose Campo Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Nyla Jafri
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | - Steve Maurer
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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31
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Benaroya H. Brain energetics, mitochondria, and traumatic brain injury. Rev Neurosci 2021; 31:363-390. [PMID: 32004148 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We review current thinking about, and draw connections between, brain energetics and metabolism, and between mitochondria and traumatic brain injury. Energy is fundamental to proper brain function. Its creation in a useful form for neurons and glia, and consistently in response to the brain's high energy needs, is critical for physiological pathways. Dysfunction in the mechanisms of energy production is at the center of neurological and neuropsychiatric pathologies. We examine the connections between energetics and mitochondria - the organelle responsible for almost all the energy production in the cell - and how secondary pathologies in traumatic brain injury result from energetic dysfunction. This paper interweaves these topics, a necessity since they are closely coupled, and identifies where there exist a lack of understanding and of data. In addition to summarizing current thinking in these disciplines, our goal is to suggest a framework for the mathematical modeling of mechanisms and pathways based on optimal energetic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haym Benaroya
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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32
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Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA. Prefrontal Cortex Metabolome Is Modified by Opioids, Anesthesia, and Sleep. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:203-219. [PMID: 34159803 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00043.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obtundation of wakefulness caused by opioids and loss of wakefulness caused by anesthetics and sleep significantly alter concentrations of molecules comprising the prefrontal cortex (PFC) metabolome. Quantifying state-selective changes in the PFC metabolome is essential for advancing functional metabolomics. Diverse functions of the PFC suggest the PFC metabolome as a potential therapeutic entry point for countermeasures to state-selective autonomic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Lydic
- Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Helen A Baghdoyan
- Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
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33
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Gobbo D, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F. From Physiology to Pathology of Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Oscillations: Astroglia as a Target for Further Research. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661408. [PMID: 34177766 PMCID: PMC8219957 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrographic hallmark of childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and other idiopathic forms of epilepsy are 2.5-4 Hz spike and wave discharges (SWDs) originating from abnormal electrical oscillations of the cortico-thalamo-cortical network. SWDs are generally associated with sudden and brief non-convulsive epileptic events mostly generating impairment of consciousness and correlating with attention and learning as well as cognitive deficits. To date, SWDs are known to arise from locally restricted imbalances of excitation and inhibition in the deep layers of the primary somatosensory cortex. SWDs propagate to the mostly GABAergic nucleus reticularis thalami (NRT) and the somatosensory thalamic nuclei that project back to the cortex, leading to the typical generalized spike and wave oscillations. Given their shared anatomical basis, SWDs have been originally considered the pathological transition of 11-16 Hz bursts of neural oscillatory activity (the so-called sleep spindles) occurring during Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep, but more recent research revealed fundamental functional differences between sleep spindles and SWDs, suggesting the latter could be more closely related to the slow (<1 Hz) oscillations alternating active (Up) and silent (Down) cortical activity and concomitantly occurring during NREM. Indeed, several lines of evidence support the fact that SWDs impair sleep architecture as well as sleep/wake cycles and sleep pressure, which, in turn, affect seizure circadian frequency and distribution. Given the accumulating evidence on the role of astroglia in the field of epilepsy in the modulation of excitation and inhibition in the brain as well as on the development of aberrant synchronous network activity, we aim at pointing at putative contributions of astrocytes to the physiology of slow-wave sleep and to the pathology of SWDs. Particularly, we will address the astroglial functions known to be involved in the control of network excitability and synchronicity and so far mainly addressed in the context of convulsive seizures, namely (i) interstitial fluid homeostasis, (ii) K+ clearance and neurotransmitter uptake from the extracellular space and the synaptic cleft, (iii) gap junction mechanical and functional coupling as well as hemichannel function, (iv) gliotransmission, (v) astroglial Ca2+ signaling and downstream effectors, (vi) reactive astrogliosis and cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gobbo
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
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34
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Abstract
The glymphatic system hypothesis is associated with the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull and interstitial fluid (ISF) in the brain. There are several imaging techniques to visualize the dynamics of CSF and ISF. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the promising modalities for glymphatic imaging and diffusion MRI is expected imaging tool. Several disorders are associated with glymphatic dysfunction or impairment in the dynamics of CSF or ISF. The Central Nervous System interstitial fluidopathy concept has been proposed to encompass diseases with pathologies that are predominantly associated with abnormal ISF/CSF dynamics.
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35
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Verheggen ICM, Freeze WM, de Jong JJA, Jansen JFA, Postma AA, van Boxtel MPJ, Verhey FRJ, Backes WH. Application of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier integrity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:171-183. [PMID: 33930471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
VERHEGGEN, I.C.M., W. Freeze, J. de Jong, J. Jansen, A. Postma, M. van Boxtel, F. Verhey and W. Backes. The application of contrast-enhanced MRI in the assessment of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier integrity. Choroid plexus epithelial cells form a barrier that enables active, bidirectional exchange between the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), known as the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB). Through its involvement in CSF composition, the BCSFB maintains homeostasis in the central nervous system. While the relation between blood-brain barrier disruption, aging and neurodegeneration is extensively studied using contrast-enhanced MRI, applying this technique to investigate BCSFB disruption in age-related neurodegeneration has received little attention. This review provides an overview of the current status of contrast-enhanced MRI to assess BCSFB permeability. Post-contrast ventricular gadolinium enhancement has been used to indicate BCSFB permeability. Moreover, new techniques highly sensitive to low gadolinium concentrations in the CSF, for instance heavily T2-weighted imaging with cerebrospinal fluid suppression, seem promising. Also, attempts are made at using other contrast agents, such as manganese ions or very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles, that seem to be cleared from the brain at the choroid plexus. Advancing and applying new developments such as these could progress the assessment of BCSFB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge C M Verheggen
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Whitney M Freeze
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joost J A de Jong
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacobus F A Jansen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Alida A Postma
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martin P J van Boxtel
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frans R J Verhey
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Walter H Backes
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
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36
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Ruggiero A, Katsenelson M, Slutsky I. Mitochondria: new players in homeostatic regulation of firing rate set points. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:605-618. [PMID: 33865626 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuit functions are stabilized by homeostatic processes at long timescales in response to changes in behavioral states, experience, and learning. However, it remains unclear which specific physiological variables are being stabilized and which cellular or neural network components compose the homeostatic machinery. At this point, most evidence suggests that the distribution of firing rates among neurons in a neuronal circuit is the key variable that is maintained around a set-point value in a process called 'firing rate homeostasis.' Here, we review recent findings that implicate mitochondria as central players in mediating firing rate homeostasis. While mitochondria are known to regulate neuronal variables such as synaptic vesicle release or intracellular calcium concentration, the mitochondrial signaling pathways that are essential for firing rate homeostasis remain largely unknown. We used basic concepts of control theory to build a framework for classifying possible components of the homeostatic machinery that stabilizes firing rate, and we particularly emphasize the potential role of sleep and wakefulness in this homeostatic process. This framework may facilitate the identification of new homeostatic pathways whose malfunctions drive instability of neural circuits in distinct brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Ruggiero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maxim Katsenelson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Slutsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
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37
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Cucchiara F, Frumento P, Banfi T, Sesso G, Di Galante M, D'Ascanio P, Valvo G, Sicca F, Faraguna U. Electrophysiological features of sleep in children with Kir4.1 channel mutations and Autism-Epilepsy phenotype: a preliminary study. Sleep 2021; 43:5625283. [PMID: 31722434 PMCID: PMC7157183 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Recently, a role for gain-of-function (GoF) mutations of the astrocytic potassium channel Kir4.1 (KCNJ10 gene) has been proposed in subjects with Autism–Epilepsy phenotype (AEP). Epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are common and complexly related to sleep disorders. We tested whether well characterized mutations in KCNJ10 could result in specific sleep electrophysiological features, paving the way to the discovery of a potentially relevant biomarker for Kir4.1-related disorders. Methods For this case–control study, we recruited seven children with ASD either comorbid or not with epilepsy and/or EEG paroxysmal abnormalities (AEP) carrying GoF mutations of KCNJ10 and seven children with similar phenotypes but wild-type for the same gene, comparing period-amplitude features of slow waves detected by fronto-central bipolar EEG derivations (F3-C3, F4-C4, and Fz-Cz) during daytime naps. Results Children with Kir4.1 mutations displayed longer slow waves periods than controls, in Fz-Cz (mean period = 112,617 ms ± SE = 0.465 in mutated versus mean period = 105,249 ms ± SE = 0.375 in controls, p < 0.001). An analog result was found in F3-C3 (mean period = 125,706 ms ± SE = 0.397 in mutated versus mean period = 120,872 ms ± SE = 0.472 in controls, p < 0.001) and F4-C4 (mean period = 127,914 ms ± SE = 0.557 in mutated versus mean period = 118,174 ms ± SE = 0.442 in controls, p < 0.001). Conclusion This preliminary finding suggests that period-amplitude slow wave features are modified in subjects carrying Kir4.1 GoF mutations. Potential clinical applications of this finding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cucchiara
- SONNOLab, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Frumento
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommaso Banfi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sesso
- Neuropsychiatry Complex Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Di Galante
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola D'Ascanio
- SONNOLab, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Valvo
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, Azienda USL Toscana Sudest, Grosseto, Italy
| | - Federico Sicca
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Faraguna
- SONNOLab, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
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38
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Transient changes in white matter microstructure during general anesthesia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247678. [PMID: 33770816 PMCID: PMC7997710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction after surgery under general anesthesia is a well-recognized clinical phenomenon in the elderly. Physiological effects of various anesthetic agents have been studied at length. Very little is known about potential effects of anesthesia on brain structure. In this study we used Diffusion Tensor Imaging to compare the white matter microstructure of healthy control subjects under sevoflurane anesthesia with their awake state. Fractional Anisotropy, a white mater integrity index, transiently decreases throughout the brain during sevoflurane anesthesia and then returns back to baseline. Other DTI metrics such as mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity and radial diffusivity were increased under sevoflurane anesthesia. Although DTI metrics are age dependent, the transient changes due to sevoflurane were independent of age and sex. Volumetric analysis shows various white matter volumes decreased whereas some gray matter volumes increased during sevoflurane anesthesia. These results suggest that sevoflurane anesthesia has a significant, but transient, effect on white matter microstructure. In spite of the transient effects of sevoflurane anesthesia there were no measurable effects on brain white matter as determined by the DTI metrics at 2 days and 7 days following anesthesia. The role of white matter in the loss of consciousness under anesthesia will need to be studied and MRI studies with subjects under anesthesia will need to take these results into account.
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39
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Vaidyanathan TV, Collard M, Yokoyama S, Reitman ME, Poskanzer KE. Cortical astrocytes independently regulate sleep depth and duration via separate GPCR pathways. eLife 2021; 10:63329. [PMID: 33729913 PMCID: PMC7968927 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, characterized by slow-wave electrophysiological activity, underlies several critical functions, including learning and memory. However, NREM sleep is heterogeneous, varying in duration, depth, and spatially across the cortex. While these NREM sleep features are thought to be largely independently regulated, there is also evidence that they are mechanistically coupled. To investigate how cortical NREM sleep features are controlled, we examined the astrocytic network, comprising a cortex-wide syncytium that influences population-level neuronal activity. We quantified endogenous astrocyte activity in mice over natural sleep and wake, then manipulated specific astrocytic G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways in vivo. We find that astrocytic Gi- and Gq-coupled GPCR signaling separately control NREM sleep depth and duration, respectively, and that astrocytic signaling causes differential changes in local and remote cortex. These data support a model in which the cortical astrocyte network serves as a hub for regulating distinct NREM sleep features. Sleep has many roles, from strengthening new memories to regulating mood and appetite. While we might instinctively think of sleep as a uniform state of reduced brain activity, the reality is more complex. First, over the course of the night, we cycle between a number of different sleep stages, which reflect different levels of sleep depth. Second, the amount of sleep depth is not necessarily even across the brain but can vary between regions. These sleep stages consist of either rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or non-REM (NREM) sleep. REM sleep is when most dreaming occurs, whereas NREM sleep is particularly important for learning and memory and can vary in duration and depth. During NREM sleep, large groups of neurons synchronize their firing to create rhythmic waves of activity known as slow waves. The more synchronous the activity, the deeper the sleep. Vaidyanathan et al. now show that brain cells called astrocytes help regulate NREM sleep. Astrocytes are not neurons but belong to a group of specialized cells called glia. They are the largest glia cell type in the brain and display an array of proteins on their surfaces called G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These enable them to sense sleep-wake signals from other parts of the brain and to generate their own signals. In fact, each astrocyte can communicate with thousands of neurons at once. They are therefore well-poised to coordinate brain activity during NREM sleep. Using innovative tools, Vaidyanathan et al. visualized astrocyte activity in mice as the animals woke up or fell asleep. The results showed that astrocytes change their activity just before each sleep–wake transition. They also revealed that astrocytes control both the depth and duration of NREM sleep via two different types of GPCR signals. Increasing one of these signals (Gi-GPCR) made the mice sleep more deeply but did not change sleep duration. Decreasing the other (Gq-GPCR) made the mice sleep for longer but did not affect sleep depth. Sleep problems affect many people at some point in their lives, and often co-exist with other conditions such as mental health disorders. Understanding how the brain regulates different features of sleep could help us develop better – and perhaps more specific – treatments for sleep disorders. The current study suggests that manipulating GPCRs on astrocytes might increase sleep depth, for example. But before work to test this idea can begin, we must first determine whether findings from sleeping mice also apply to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha V Vaidyanathan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Max Collard
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sae Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael E Reitman
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kira E Poskanzer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, San Francisco, United States
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40
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Tobore TO. On the theory of mental representation block. a novel perspective on learning and behavior. Commun Integr Biol 2021; 14:41-50. [PMID: 33796209 PMCID: PMC7971303 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2021.1898752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms behind memory, learning, and behavior is crucial to human development and significant research has been done in this area. Classical and operant conditioning and other theories of learning have elucidated different mechanisms of learning and how it modulates behavior. Even with advances in this area, questions remain on how to unlearn faulty ideas or extinguish maladaptive behaviors. In this paper, a novel theory to improve our understanding of this area is proposed. The theory proposes that as a consequence of the brain's energy efficiency evolutionary adaptations, all learning following memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and repeated reinforcements or strengthening over time, results in a phenomenon called mental representation block. The implications of this block on learning and behavior are significant and broad and include cognitive biases, belief in a creator or God, close-mindedness, dogmatism, physician misdiagnosis, racism, homophobia, and transphobia, susceptibility to deception and indoctrination, hate and love, artificial intelligence and creativity.
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41
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The anabolic role of the Warburg, Cori-cycle and Crabtree effects in health and disease. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:2988-2998. [PMID: 33674148 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In evolution, genes survived that could code for metabolic pathways, promoting long term survival during famines or fasting when suffering from trauma, disease or during physiological growth. This requires utilization of substrates, already present in some form in the body. Carbohydrate stores are limited and to survive long, their utilization is restricted to survival pathways, by inhibiting glucose oxidation and glycogen synthesis. This leads to insulin resistance and spares muscle protein, because being the main supplier of carbon for new glucose production. In these survival pathways, part of the glucose is degraded in glycolysis in peripheral (muscle) tissues to pyruvate and lactate (Warburg effect), which are partly reutilized for glucose formation in liver and kidney, completing the Cori-cycle. Another part of the glucose taken up by muscle contributes, together with muscle derived amino acids, to the production of substrates consisting of a complete amino acid mix but extra non-essential amino acids like glutamine, alanine, glycine and proline. These support cell proliferation, matrix deposition and redox regulation in tissues, specifically active in host response and during growth. In these tissues, also glucose is taken up delivering glycolytic intermediates, that branch off and act as building blocks and produce reducing equivalents. Lactate is also produced and released in the circulation, adding to the lactate released by muscle in the Cori-cycle and completing secondary glucose cycles. Increased fluxes through these cycles lead to modest hyperglycemia and hyperlactatemia in states of healthy growth and disease and are often misinterpreted as induced by hypoxia.
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42
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Taoka T, Naganawa S. Imaging for central nervous system (CNS) interstitial fluidopathy: disorders with impaired interstitial fluid dynamics. Jpn J Radiol 2021; 39:1-14. [PMID: 32653987 PMCID: PMC7813706 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-020-01017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After the introduction of the glymphatic system hypothesis, an increasing number of studies on cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid dynamics within the brain have been investigated and reported. A series of diseases are known which develop due to abnormality of the glymphatic system including Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, or other disorders. These diseases or disorders share the characteristics of the glymphatic system dysfunction or other mechanisms related to the interstitial fluid dynamics. In this review article, we propose "Central Nervous System (CNS) Interstitial Fluidopathy" as a new concept encompassing diseases whose pathologies are majorly associated with abnormal interstitial fluid dynamics. Categorizing these diseases or disorders as "CNS interstitial fluidopathies," will promote the understanding of their mechanisms and the development of potential imaging methods for the evaluation of the disease as well as clinical methods for disease treatment or prevention. In other words, having a viewpoint of the dynamics of interstitial fluid appears relevant for understanding CNS diseases or disorders, and it would be possible to develop novel common treatment methods or medications for "CNS interstitial fluidopathies."
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Taoka
- Department of Innovative Biomedical Visualization (iBMV), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan. .,Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Shinji Naganawa
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Brancaccio M, Wolfes AC, Ness N. Astrocyte Circadian Timekeeping in Brain Health and Neurodegeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1344:87-110. [PMID: 34773228 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Brancaccio
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Anne C Wolfes
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie Ness
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
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44
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[Brain death criterion and organ donation: current neuroscientific perspective]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2020; 63:1519-1530. [PMID: 33180159 PMCID: PMC7686223 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-020-03245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In der akademischen und öffentlichen Debatte wird der irreversible Hirnfunktionsausfall als Kriterium des Todes (Hirntodkriterium) immer wieder hinterfragt. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden 6 prototypische Thesen gegen das Hirntodkriterium diskutiert: 1) Nichtsuperiorität des Gehirns gegenüber anderen Organen, 2) Unsicherheit der Hirntoddiagnostik, 3) erhaltene Schmerzempfindung Hirntoter, 4) (spontane) sexuelle Reifung und erhaltene Reproduktionsfunktion Hirntoter, 5) Symmetrie von Hirntod und Embryonalphase, 6) Gleichsetzung des intensivmedizinisch erhaltenen Restorganismus Hirntoter mit dem lebenden Menschen. Keine dieser Thesen hält einer kritischen Analyse stand. In Deutschland wird das Ganzhirntodkriterium angewendet. Der Hirntod geht mit dem völligen Ausfall jeglicher Empfindung, Bewusstheit, Mimik, Augen‑, Zungen- und Schlundmotorik, Willkürmotorik und Sexualfunktion einher (funktionelle „Enthauptung“). Medizinisch-technisch können andere Organe bzw. ihre Primitivsteuerung ersetzt werden, nicht aber das Gehirn. Das Gehirn, nicht der Körper, ist bestimmend für das menschliche Individuum. Die Gleichsetzung des künstlich erhaltenen Restorganismus, naturphilosophisch als lebendiges System interpretierbar, mit dem Organismus desselben lebenden Menschen wird durch die beliebige Reduzierbarkeit der Anzahl beteiligter Organe ad absurdum geführt. Der irreversible Hirnfunktionsausfall führt unausweichlich zum Herzstillstand, unbehandelt innerhalb von Minuten, unter Intensivtherapie i. d. R. innerhalb von Tagen. Auch beim Embryo/Fötus führt die Fehlanlage des gesamten Gehirns zum (vorgeburtlichen) Tod. Die in Deutschland gesetzliche Richtlinie zur Hirntodfeststellung hat eine im internationalen Vergleich hohe Diagnosesicherheit, es sind damit keine bestätigten Fehldiagnosen aufgetreten.
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Błaszczyk JW. Energy Metabolism Decline in the Aging Brain-Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110450. [PMID: 33171879 PMCID: PMC7695180 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidencethat indicates that the aging of the brain results from the decline of energy metabolism. In particular, the neuronal metabolism of glucose declines steadily, resulting in a growing deficit of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production-which, in turn, limits glucose access. This vicious circle of energy metabolism at the cellular level is evoked by a rising deficiency of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in the mitochondrial salvage pathway and subsequent impairment of the Krebs cycle. A decreasing NAD level also impoverishes the activity of NAD-dependent enzymes that augments genetic errors and initiate processes of neuronal degeneration and death.This sequence of events is characteristic of several brain structures in which neurons have the highest energy metabolism. Neurons of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia with long unmyelinated axons and these with numerous synaptic junctions are particularly prone to senescence and neurodegeneration. Unfortunately, functional deficits of neurodegeneration are initially well-compensated, therefore, clinical symptoms are recognized too late when the damages to the brain structures are already irreversible. Therefore, future treatment strategies in neurodegenerative disorders should focus on energy metabolism and compensation age-related NAD deficit in neurons. This review summarizes the complex interrelationships between metabolic processes on the systemic and cellular levels and provides directions on how to reduce the risk of neurodegeneration and protect the elderly against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Wiesław Błaszczyk
- Department of Human Motor Behavior, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
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46
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Shao YR, Kahali P, Houle TT, Deng H, Colvin C, Dickerson BC, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Low Frontal Alpha Power Is Associated With the Propensity for Burst Suppression: An Electroencephalogram Phenotype for a "Vulnerable Brain". Anesth Analg 2020; 131:1529-1539. [PMID: 33079876 PMCID: PMC7553194 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of recent studies have reported an association between intraoperative burst suppression and postoperative delirium. These studies suggest that anesthesia-induced burst suppression may be an indicator of underlying brain vulnerability. A prominent feature of electroencephalogram (EEG) under propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia is the frontal alpha oscillation. This frontal alpha oscillation is known to decline significantly during aging and is generated by prefrontal brain regions that are particularly prone to age-related neurodegeneration. Given that burst suppression and frontal alpha oscillations are both associated with brain vulnerability, we hypothesized that anesthesia-induced frontal alpha power could also be associated with burst suppression. METHODS We analyzed EEG data from a previously reported cohort in which 155 patients received propofol (n = 60) or sevoflurane (n = 95) as the primary anesthetic. We computed the EEG spectrum during stable anesthetic maintenance and identified whether or not burst suppression occurred during the anesthetic. We characterized the relationship between burst suppression and alpha power using logistic regression. We proposed 5 different models consisting of different combinations of potential contributing factors associated with burst suppression: (1) a Base Model consisting of alpha power; (2) an Extended Mechanistic Model consisting of alpha power, age, and drug dosing information; (3) a Clinical Confounding Factors Model consisting of alpha power, hypotension, and other confounds; (4) a Simplified Model consisting only of alpha power and propofol bolus administration; and (5) a Full Model consisting of all of these variables to control for as much confounding as possible. RESULTS All models show a consistent significant association between alpha power and burst suppression while adjusting for different sets of covariates, all with consistent effect size estimates. Using the Simplified Model, we found that for each decibel decrease in alpha power, the odds of experiencing burst suppression increased by 1.33-fold. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show how a decrease in anesthesia-induced frontal alpha power is associated with an increased propensity for burst suppression, in a manner that captures individualized information above and beyond a patient's chronological age. Lower frontal alpha band power is strongly associated with higher propensity for burst suppression and, therefore, potentially higher risk of postoperative neurocognitive disorders. We hypothesize that low frontal alpha power and increased propensity for burst suppression together characterize a "vulnerable brain" phenotype under anesthesia that could be mechanistically linked to brain metabolism, cognition, and brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Raymond Shao
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pegah Kahali
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy T. Houle
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hao Deng
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher Colvin
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bradford C. Dickerson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emery N. Brown
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick L. Purdon
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kovalzon VM, Panchin YV. [D-lactate as a novel somnogenic factor?]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:22-25. [PMID: 33076641 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012009222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate an influence of intracerebral L-lactate concentration on sleep-wake cycle. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty adult male white rats preliminary implanted (under general anesthesia) with the electrodes for neocortical EEG and a single cannula to a lateral ventricle were used as subjects. A 5 µl bolus of either saline or a solution of sodium L- or D-lactate (0.1 mg, 0.2 M, Sigma-Aldrich) was injected through the cannula and followed by a 6-hr recording. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Administration of L-lactate does not influence sleep-wake cycle of experimental animals. At the same time, its artificial optical analog D-lactate induces the significant (as compared to the control) decrease in wake (34.8% to 26.5%) and increase in slow wave sleep (57.4% to 69.2%). It has been suggested that D-lactate may be the antagonist of one or several L-lactate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Kovalzon
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Kharkhevich Institute of Information Transmission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu V Panchin
- Kharkhevich Institute of Information Transmission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Belozerskiy Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Inoue D, Furubayashi T, Tanaka A, Sakane T, Sugano K. Effect of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation on Nose-to-Brain Direct Delivery and Distribution of Caffeine in Rats. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4067-4076. [PMID: 32955898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Direct drug delivery from nose to brain has drawn much attention as an effective strategy for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. After intranasal administration, drug molecules can be directly delivered from the nose to the brain. However, the detailed mechanism for this direct delivery to the brain has not been elucidated. In the present study, the effect of the activation of the cerebral fluid circulation (the glymphatic system) on the efficacy of direct delivery from nose to brain was investigated. Because the glymphatic system is activated by some anesthetic regimens, the differences in brain delivery and the pharmacokinetics under anesthetic and conscious conditions were compared in rats. Under urethane anesthesia, direct delivery from the nose to the brain was facilitated, whereas the brain uptake from the systemic circulation via the blood-brain barrier was decreased. In addition, both the brain uptake of caffeine injected into the subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the extracerebral clearance of caffeine after intrastriatal injection were enhanced under anesthesia. For intranasal administration, caffeine was transported directly from the nose to the CSF and then delivered into the brain parenchyma by the CSF circulation. The results obtained in the present study clarified that the direct delivery from nose to brain could be facilitated by anesthesia. These findings suggest that fluid circulation in the brain can contribute to a wider cerebral distribution of the drug after direct delivery from nose to brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Inoue
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furubayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sakane
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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Natsubori A, Tsunematsu T, Karashima A, Imamura H, Kabe N, Trevisiol A, Hirrlinger J, Kodama T, Sanagi T, Masamoto K, Takata N, Nave KA, Matsui K, Tanaka KF, Honda M. Intracellular ATP levels in mouse cortical excitatory neurons varies with sleep-wake states. Commun Biol 2020; 3:491. [PMID: 32895482 PMCID: PMC7477120 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the brain is assumed to exert homeostatic functions to keep the cellular energy status constant under physiological conditions, this has not been experimentally proven. Here, we conducted in vivo optical recordings of intracellular concentration of adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP), the major cellular energy metabolite, using a genetically encoded sensor in the mouse brain. We demonstrate that intracellular ATP levels in cortical excitatory neurons fluctuate in a cortex-wide manner depending on the sleep-wake states, correlating with arousal. Interestingly, ATP levels profoundly decreased during rapid eye movement sleep, suggesting a negative energy balance in neurons despite a simultaneous increase in cerebral hemodynamics for energy supply. The reduction in intracellular ATP was also observed in response to local electrical stimulation for neuronal activation, whereas the hemodynamics were simultaneously enhanced. These observations indicate that cerebral energy metabolism may not always meet neuronal energy demands, consequently resulting in physiological fluctuations of intracellular ATP levels in neurons. Akiyo Natsubori et al. use a genetically encoded sensor to measure intracellular ATP levels in mouse cortical excitatory neurons in vivo. They show cortex-wide variations in ATP levels across sleep-wake states, and that cerebral energy metabolism does not always meet neuronal energy demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Natsubori
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Tsunematsu
- Super-network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan.,Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Division, Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Akihiro Karashima
- Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1, Yagiyama Kasumi-cho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, 982-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromi Imamura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoya Kabe
- Neural Prosthesis Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Andrea Trevisiol
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Johannes Hirrlinger
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, 37075, Germany.,Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 27, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tohru Kodama
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sanagi
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Division, Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Norio Takata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Ko Matsui
- Super-network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Honda
- Sleep Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
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50
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Brain Glymphatic/Lymphatic Imaging by MRI and PET. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 54:207-223. [PMID: 33088350 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-020-00665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since glymphatic was proposed and meningeal lymphatic was discovered, MRI and even PET were introduced to investigate brain parenchymal interstitial fluid (ISF), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and lymphatic outflow in rodents and humans. Previous findings by ex vivo fluorescent microscopic, and in vivo two-photon imaging in rodents were reproduced using intrathecal contrast (gadobutrol and the similar)-enhanced MRI in rodents and further in humans. On dynamic MRI of meningeal lymphatics, in contrast to rodents, humans use mainly dorsal meningeal lymphatic pathways of ISF-CSF-lymphatic efflux. In mice, ISF-CSF exchange was examined thoroughly using an intra-cistern injection of fluorescent tracers during sleep, aging, and neurodegeneration yielding many details. CSF to lymphatic efflux is across arachnoid barrier cells over the dorsal dura in rodents and in humans. Meningeal lymphatic efflux to cervical lymph nodes and systemic circulation is also well-delineated especially in humans onintrathecal contrast MRI. Sleep- or anesthesia-related changes of glymphatic-lymphatic flow and the coupling of ISF-CSF-lymphatic drainage are major confounders ininterpreting brain glymphatic/lymphatic outflow in rodents. PET imaging in humans should be interpreted based on human anatomy and physiology, different in some aspects, using MRI recently. Based on the summary in this review, we propose non-invasive and longer-term intrathecal SPECT/PET or MRI studies to unravel the roles of brain glymphatic/lymphatic in diseases.
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