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Guo Q, Gobbo D, Zhao N, Zhang H, Awuku NO, Liu Q, Fang LP, Gampfer TM, Meyer MR, Zhao R, Bai X, Bian S, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F, Huang W. Adenosine triggers early astrocyte reactivity that provokes microglial responses and drives the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6340. [PMID: 39068155 PMCID: PMC11283516 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular pathways mediating systemic inflammation entering the brain parenchyma to induce sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) remain elusive. Here, we report that in mice during the first 6 hours of peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-evoked systemic inflammation (6 hpi), the plasma level of adenosine quickly increased and enhanced the tone of central extracellular adenosine which then provoked neuroinflammation by triggering early astrocyte reactivity. Specific ablation of astrocytic Gi protein-coupled A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs) prevented this early reactivity and reduced the levels of inflammatory factors (e.g., CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL1) in astrocytes, thereby alleviating microglial reaction, ameliorating blood-brain barrier disruption, peripheral immune cell infiltration, neuronal dysfunction, and depression-like behaviour in the mice. Chemogenetic stimulation of Gi signaling in A1AR-deficent astrocytes at 2 and 4 hpi of LPS injection could restore neuroinflammation and depression-like behaviour, highlighting astrocytes rather than microglia as early drivers of neuroinflammation. Our results identify early astrocyte reactivity towards peripheral and central levels of adenosine as an important pathway driving SAE and highlight the potential of targeting A1ARs for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Guo
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Center for Gender-specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Davide Gobbo
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Na Zhao
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hong Zhang
- Biophysics, CIPMM, University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nana-Oye Awuku
- Molecular Neurophysiology, CIPMM, University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Qing Liu
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Li-Pao Fang
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Center for Gender-specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tanja M Gampfer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Renping Zhao
- Biophysics, CIPMM, University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Xianshu Bai
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Center for Gender-specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Shan Bian
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Center for Gender-specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
- Center for Gender-specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
- Center for Gender-specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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Agrawal B, Boulos S, Khatib S, Feuermann Y, Panov J, Kaphzan H. Molecular Insights into Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Effects: Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analyses. Cells 2024; 13:205. [PMID: 38334596 PMCID: PMC10854682 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an evolving non-invasive neurostimulation technique. Despite multiple studies, its underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Several previous human studies of the effect of tDCS suggest that it generates metabolic effects. The induction of metabolic effects by tDCS could provide an explanation for how it generates its long-term beneficial clinical outcome. AIM Given these hints of tDCS metabolic effects, we aimed to delineate the metabolic pathways involved in its mode of action. METHODS To accomplish this, we utilized a broad analytical approach of co-analyzing metabolomics and transcriptomic data generated from anodal tDCS in rat models. Since no metabolomic dataset was available, we performed a tDCS experiment of bilateral anodal stimulation of 200 µA for 20 min and for 5 consecutive days, followed by harvesting the brain tissue below the stimulating electrode and generating a metabolomics dataset using LC-MS/MS. The analysis of the transcriptomic dataset was based on a publicly available dataset. RESULTS Our analyses revealed that tDCS alters the metabolic profile of brain tissue, affecting bioenergetic-related pathways, such as glycolysis and mitochondrial functioning. In addition, we found changes in calcium-related signaling. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that tDCS affects metabolism by modulating energy production-related processes. Given our findings concerning calcium-related signaling, we suggest that the immediate effects of tDCS on calcium dynamics drive modifications in distinct metabolic pathways. A thorough understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of tDCS has the potential to revolutionize its applicability, enabling the generation of personalized medicine in the field of neurostimulation and thus contributing to its optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanumita Agrawal
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3103301, Israel
| | - Soad Boulos
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3103301, Israel
| | - Soliman Khatib
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
| | - Yonatan Feuermann
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3103301, Israel
| | - Julia Panov
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3103301, Israel
- Tauber Bioinformatics Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa 3103301, Israel
| | - Hanoch Kaphzan
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3103301, Israel
- Tauber Bioinformatics Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa 3103301, Israel
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3
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Kim DS, Santana Maldonado CM, Giulivi C, Rumbeiha WK. Metabolomic Signatures of Brainstem in Mice following Acute and Subchronic Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure. Metabolites 2024; 14:53. [PMID: 38248856 PMCID: PMC10819975 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an environmental toxicant of significant health concern. The brain is a major target in acute H2S poisoning. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that acute and subchronic ambient H2S exposures alter the brain metabolome. Male 7-8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were exposed by whole-body inhalation to 1000 ppm H2S for 45 min and euthanized at 5 min or 72 h for acute exposure. For subchronic study, mice were exposed to 5 ppm H2S 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 5 weeks. Control mice were exposed to room air. The brainstem was removed for metabolomic analysis. Enrichment analysis showed that the metabolomic profiles in acute and subchronic H2S exposures matched with those of cerebral spinal fluid from patients with seizures or Alzheimer's disease. Acute H2S exposure decreased excitatory neurotransmitters, aspartate, and glutamate, while the inhibitory neurotransmitter, serotonin, was increased. Branched-chain amino acids and glucose were increased by acute H2S exposure. Subchronic H2S exposure within OSHA guidelines surprisingly decreased serotonin concentration. In subchronic H2S exposure, glucose was decreased, while polyunsaturated fatty acids, inosine, and hypoxanthine were increased. Collectively, these results provide important mechanistic clues for acute and subchronic ambient H2S poisoning and show that H2S alters brainstem metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.-S.K.); (C.M.S.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Cristina M. Santana Maldonado
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.-S.K.); (C.M.S.M.); (C.G.)
- MRI Global, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.-S.K.); (C.M.S.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Wilson Kiiza Rumbeiha
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.-S.K.); (C.M.S.M.); (C.G.)
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4
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Yin P, Liang W, Han B, Yang Y, Sun D, Qu X, Hai Y, Luo D. Hydrogel and Nanomedicine-Based Multimodal Therapeutic Strategies for Spinal Cord Injury. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301173. [PMID: 37884459 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurodegenerative disease caused by mechanical and biological factors, manifesting as a loss of motor and sensory functions. Inhibition of injury expansion and even reversal of injury in the acute damage stage of SCI are important strategies for treating this disease. Hydrogels and nanoparticle (NP)-based drugs are the most effective, widely studied, and clinically valuable therapeutic strategies in the field of repair and regeneration. Hydrogels are 3D flow structures that fill the pathological gaps in SCI and provide a microenvironment similar to that of the spinal cord extracellular matrix for nerve cell regeneration. NP-based drugs can easily penetrate the blood-spinal cord barrier, target SCI lesions, and are noninvasive. Hydrogels and NPs as drug carriers can be loaded with various drugs and biological therapeutic factors for slow release in SCI lesions. They help drugs function more efficiently by exerting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and nerve regeneration effects to promote the recovery of neurological function. In this review, the use of hydrogels and NPs as drug carriers and the role of both in the repair of SCI are discussed to provide a multimodal strategic reference for nerve repair and regeneration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research & Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Weishi Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research & Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research & Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yihan Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research & Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Duan Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research & Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xianjun Qu
- Joint Laboratory for Research & Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yong Hai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research & Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
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5
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Sahay S, Devine EA, McCullumsmith RE, O’Donovan SM. Adenosine Receptor mRNA Expression in Frontal Cortical Neurons in Schizophrenia. Cells 2023; 13:32. [PMID: 38201235 PMCID: PMC10778287 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder associated with the dysregulation of glutamate and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. The adenosine system is an important neuroregulatory system in the brain that modulates glutamate and dopamine signaling via the ubiquitously expressed adenosine receptors; however, adenosine A1 and A2A receptor (A1R and A2AR) mRNA expression is poorly understood in specific cell subtypes in the frontal cortical brain regions implicated in this disorder. In this study, we assayed A1R and A2AR mRNA expression via qPCR in enriched populations of pyramidal neurons, which were isolated from postmortem anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) tissue from schizophrenia (n = 20) and control (n = 20) subjects using laser microdissection (LMD). A1R expression was significantly increased in female schizophrenia subjects compared to female control subjects (t(13) = -4.008, p = 0.001). A1R expression was also significantly decreased in female control subjects compared to male control subjects, suggesting sex differences in basal A1R expression (t(17) = 2.137, p = 0.047). A significant, positive association was found between dementia severity (clinical dementia rating (CDR) scores) and A2AR mRNA expression (Spearman's r = 0.424, p = 0.009). A2AR mRNA expression was significantly increased in unmedicated schizophrenia subjects, suggesting that A2AR expression may be normalized by chronic antipsychotic treatment (F(1,14) = 9.259, p = 0.009). Together, these results provide novel insights into the neuronal expression of adenosine receptors in the ACC in schizophrenia and suggest that receptor expression changes may be sex-dependent and associated with cognitive decline in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Sahay
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.S.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Emily A. Devine
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Robert E. McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.S.); (R.E.M.)
- Neuroscience Institute Promedica, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sinead M. O’Donovan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.S.); (R.E.M.)
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Oliva P, Suresh RR, Pasquini S, Salmaso V, Will EJ, Tosh DK, Gao ZG, Liu N, Gavrilova O, Vincenzi F, Varani K, Jacobson KA. 2-Amino-5-arylethynyl-thiophen-3-yl-(phenyl)methanones as A 1 Adenosine Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1640-1646. [PMID: 38116442 PMCID: PMC10726435 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) agonists have cerebroprotective, cardioprotective, antinociceptive, and other pharmaceutical applications. We explored the structure-activity relationship of 5-arylethynyl aminothiophenes as A1AR positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). The derivatives were compared in binding and functional assays at the human A1AR, indicating that some fluoro-substituted analogues have enhanced PAM activity. We identified substitution of the terminal phenyl ring in 12 (2-F-Ph), 15 (3,4-F2-Ph, MRS7935), and 21 (2-CF3-Ph) as particularly enhancing the PAM activity. 15 was also shown to act as an A1 ago-PAM with EC50 ≈ 2 μM, without activity (30 μM) at other ARs. Molecular modeling indicated that both the 5-arylethynyl and the 4-neopentyl groups are located in a region outside the receptor transmembrane helix bundle that is in contact with the phospholipid bilayer, consistent with the preference for nonpolar substitution of the aryl moiety. Although they are hydrophobic, these PAMs could provide potential drug candidate molecules for engaging protective A1ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Oliva
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Mouse Metabolism Core, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - R. Rama Suresh
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Mouse Metabolism Core, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Mouse Metabolism Core, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Edward J. Will
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Mouse Metabolism Core, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Dilip K. Tosh
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Mouse Metabolism Core, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Mouse Metabolism Core, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Naili Liu
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Mouse Metabolism Core, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Mouse Metabolism Core, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department
of Translational Medicine, University of
Ferrara, Via Fossato
di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department
of Translational Medicine, University of
Ferrara, Via Fossato
di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Mouse Metabolism Core, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Liu D, Liu X, Huang S, Shen X, Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Simultaneous Mapping of Amino Neurotransmitters and Nucleoside Neuromodulators on Brain Tissue Sections by On-Tissue Chemoselective Derivatization and MALDI-MSI. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16549-16557. [PMID: 37906039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters (NTs) and neuromodulators (NMs) are two of the most important neurochemicals in the brain, and their imbalances in specific brain regions are thought to underlie certain neurological disorders. We present an on-tissue chemoselective derivatization mass spectrometry imaging (OTCD-MSI) method for the simultaneous mapping of NTs and NMs. Our derivatization system consists of a pyridiniumyl-benzylboronic acid based derivatization reagent and pyrylium salt, which facilitate covalent charge labeling of molecules containing cis-diol and primary amino, respectively. These derivatization systems improved the detection sensitivity of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MSI and simplified the identification of amino NTs and nucleoside NMs by the innate chemoselectivity of derivatization reagents and the unique isotopic pattern of boron-derivative reagents. We demonstrated the ability of the developed method on brain sections from a hypoxia mouse model and control. The simultaneous imaging of NTs and NMs provided a method for exploring how hypoxic stress and drugs affect specific brain regions through neurotransmitter modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Shuai Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Xue Shen
- Innovative Drug Research Center of Shanxi Province, Northwestern University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
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8
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Bhattacharya D, Górska-Andrzejak J, Abaquita TAL, Pyza E. Effects of adenosine receptor overexpression and silencing in neurons and glial cells on lifespan, fitness, and sleep of Drosophila melanogaster. Exp Brain Res 2023:10.1007/s00221-023-06649-y. [PMID: 37335362 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
A single adenosine receptor gene (dAdoR) has been detected in Drosophila melanogaster. However, its function in different cell types of the nervous system is mostly unknown. Therefore, we overexpressed or silenced the dAdoR gene in eye photoreceptors, all neurons, or glial cells and examined the fitness of flies, the amount and daily pattern of sleep, and the influence of dAdoR silencing on Bruchpilot (BRP) presynaptic protein. Furthermore, we examined the dAdoR and brp gene expression in young and old flies. We found that a higher level of dAdoR in the retina photoreceptors, all neurons, and glial cells negatively influenced the survival rate and lifespan of male and female Drosophila in a cell-dependent manner and to a different extent depending on the age of the flies. In old flies, expression of both dAdoR and brp was higher than in young ones. An excess of dAdoR in neurons improved climbing in older individuals. It also influenced sleep by lengthening nighttime sleep and siesta. In turn, silencing of dAdoR decreased the lifespan of flies, although it increased the survival rate of young flies. It hindered the climbing of older males and females, but did not change sleep. Silencing also affected the daily pattern of BRP abundance, especially when dAdoR expression was decreased in glial cells. The obtained results indicate the role of adenosine and dAdoR in the regulation of fitness in flies that is based on communication between neurons and glial cells, and the effect of glial cells on synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elżbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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Saecker L, Häberlein H, Franken S. Investigation of adenosine A1 receptor-mediated β-arrestin 2 recruitment using a split-luciferase assay. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1172551. [PMID: 37324481 PMCID: PMC10268005 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1172551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) plays a prominent role in neurological and cardiac diseases and inflammatory processes. Its endogenous ligand adenosine is known to be one of the key players in the sleep-wake cycle. Like other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), stimulation of A1AR leads to the recruitment of arrestins in addition to the activation of G proteins. So far, little is known about the role of these proteins in signal transduction and regulation of A1AR compared to the activation of G proteins. In this work, we characterized a live cell assay for A1AR-mediated β-arrestin 2 recruitment. We have applied this assay to a set of different compounds that interact with this receptor. Methods: Based on NanoBit® technology, a protein complementation assay was developed in which the A1AR is coupled to the large part of the nanoluciferase (LgBiT), whereas its small part (SmBiT) is fused to the N-terminus of β-arrestin 2. Stimulation of A1AR results in the recruitment of β-arrestin 2 and subsequent complementation of a functional nanoluciferase. For comparison, corresponding data on the effect of receptor stimulation on intracellular cAMP levels were collected for some data sets using the GloSensor™ assay. Results: The assay gives highly reproducible results with a very good signal-to-noise ratio. Capadenoson, in contrast to adenosine, CPA, or NECA, shows only partial agonism in this assay with respect to the recruitment of β-arrestin 2, whereas it shows full agonism in the case of the inhibitory effect of A1AR on cAMP production. By using a GRK2 inhibitor, it becomes clear that the recruitment is at least partially dependent on the phosphorylation of the receptor by this kinase. Interestingly, this was also the first time that we demonstrate the A1AR-mediated recruitment of β-arrestin 2 by stimulation with a valerian extract. Conclusion: The presented assay is a useful tool for the quantitative study of A1AR-mediated β-arrestin 2 recruitment. It allows data collection for stimulatory, inhibitory, and modulatory substances and is also suitable for more complex substance mixtures such as valerian extract.
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10
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Maszka P, Kwasniak-Butowska M, Cysewski D, Slawek J, Smolenski RT, Tomczyk M. Metabolomic Footprint of Disrupted Energetics and Amino Acid Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Perspectives for Early Diagnosis and Monitoring of Therapy. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030369. [PMID: 36984809 PMCID: PMC10057046 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is increasing due to the aging population and improved longevity. They are characterized by a range of pathological hallmarks, including protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. The aim of this review is to summarize the alterations in brain energy and amino acid metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD). Based on our findings, we proposed a group of selected metabolites related to disturbed energy or mitochondrial metabolism as potential indicators or predictors of disease. We also discussed the hidden challenges of metabolomics studies in NDs and proposed future directions in this field. We concluded that biochemical parameters of brain energy metabolism disruption (obtained with metabolomics) may have potential application as a diagnostic tool for the diagnosis, prediction, and monitoring of the effectiveness of therapies for NDs. However, more studies are needed to determine the sensitivity of the proposed candidates. We suggested that the most valuable biomarkers for NDs studies could be groups of metabolites combined with other neuroimaging or molecular techniques. To attain clinically applicable results, the integration of metabolomics with other “omic” techniques might be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Maszka
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kwasniak-Butowska
- Division of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, 80-462 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dominik Cysewski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Slawek
- Division of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, 80-462 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ryszard T. Smolenski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (R.T.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Marta Tomczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (R.T.S.); (M.T.)
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11
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Wang X, Yang X, Hou Z, Tian S, Xu G, Li J, Wen L, Bi D, Gao F, Shen Y, Huang G. Whole-brain mapping of metabolic alterations in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Talanta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Understanding the Role of ATP Release through Connexins Hemichannels during Neurulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032159. [PMID: 36768481 PMCID: PMC9916920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurulation is a crucial process in the formation of the central nervous system (CNS), which begins with the folding and fusion of the neural plate, leading to the generation of the neural tube and subsequent development of the brain and spinal cord. Environmental and genetic factors that interfere with the neurulation process promote neural tube defects (NTDs). Connexins (Cxs) are transmembrane proteins that form gap junctions (GJs) and hemichannels (HCs) in vertebrates, allowing cell-cell (GJ) or paracrine (HCs) communication through the release of ATP, glutamate, and NAD+; regulating processes such as cell migration and synaptic transmission. Changes in the state of phosphorylation and/or the intracellular redox potential activate the opening of HCs in different cell types. Cxs such as Cx43 and Cx32 have been associated with proliferation and migration at different stages of CNS development. Here, using molecular and cellular biology techniques (permeability), we demonstrate the expression and functionality of HCs-Cxs, including Cx46 and Cx32, which are associated with the release of ATP during the neurulation process in Xenopus laevis. Furthermore, applications of FGF2 and/or changes in intracellular redox potentials (DTT), well known HCs-Cxs modulators, transiently regulated the ATP release in our model. Importantly, the blockade of HCs-Cxs by carbenoxolone (CBX) and enoxolone (ENX) reduced ATP release with a concomitant formation of NTDs. We propose two possible and highly conserved binding sites (N and E) in Cx46 that may mediate the pharmacological effect of CBX and ENX on the formation of NTDs. In summary, our results highlight the importance of ATP release mediated by HCs-Cxs during neurulation.
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13
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Metabolites of De Novo Purine Synthesis: Metabolic Regulators and Cytotoxic Compounds. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121210. [PMID: 36557247 PMCID: PMC9788633 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxicity of de novo purine synthesis (DNPS) metabolites is critical to the pathogenesis of three known and one putative autosomal recessive disorder affecting DNPS. These rare disorders are caused by biallelic mutations in the DNPS genes phosphoribosylformylglycineamidine synthase (PFAS), phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxylase/phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase (PAICS), adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL), and aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase/inosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase (ATIC) and are clinically characterized by developmental abnormalities, psychomotor retardation, and nonspecific neurological impairment. At a biochemical level, loss of function of specific mutated enzymes results in elevated levels of DNPS ribosides in body fluids. The main pathogenic effect is attributed to the accumulation of DNPS ribosides, which are postulated to be toxic to the organism. Therefore, we decided to characterize the uptake and flux of several DNPS metabolites in HeLa cells and the impact of DNPS metabolites to viability of cancer cell lines and primary skin fibroblasts. We treated cells with DNPS metabolites and followed their flux in purine synthesis and degradation. In this study, we show for the first time the transport of formylglycinamide ribotide (FGAR), aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR), succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide (SAICAR), and aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide (AICAR) into cells and their flux in DNPS and the degradation pathway. We found diminished cell viability mostly in the presence of FGAR and AIR. Our results suggest that direct cellular toxicity of DNPS metabolites may not be the primary pathogenetic mechanism in these disorders.
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14
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Zhao H, Long L, Xiao B. Advances in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 2022; 146:716-722. [DOI: 10.1111/ane.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiting Zhao
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha China
| | - Lili Long
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha China
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15
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Zhu F, Chen H, Han J, Zhou W, Tang Q, Yu Q, Ma S, Liu X, Huo S, Chen K. Proteomic and Targeted Metabolomic Studies on a Silkworm Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2114-2123. [PMID: 35959672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive movement disorder that is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Animal models of PD have become very popular in the past two decades to understand the etiology, pathology, and molecular and cellular pathways associated with PD. In this study, we report the first neurotoxin-induced silkworm model for PD by chronic feeding with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and explore the possible molecular mechanisms associated with PD using proteomic and targeted metabolomic approaches. Although silkworm is phylogenetically distant from humans and rats, 6-OHDA treatment produced similar PD phenotypes, including motor dysfunction, dopaminergic neuron degeneration, and decreased levels of dopamine. Major neurotransmitters in the silkworm head tissue were profiled, revealing key molecules implicating neurodegenerative disorder. Proteomics analysis revealed a major downregulation of nearly 50 structural proteins constituting cuticles and microfilaments, indicating mechanical damage in the silkworm tissues. The results suggest that 6-OHDA treatment could induce PD-like symptoms in silkworms and activate similar proteomic and metabolic pathways to those in rats or higher animals. This study demonstrates the feasibility and value of the silkworm-based PD model, which may provide important clues for understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying PD. The mass spectrometry raw files have been deposited to iProx via the project ID IPX0004206000.
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16
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Wall MJ, Puddefoot K, Yin W, Bingham C, Seifi M, Swinny JD, Ngomba RT. Adenosine is released during thalamic oscillations to provide negative feedback control. Neuropharmacology 2022; 216:109172. [PMID: 35780977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Physiological oscillations in the cortico-thalamo-cortical loop occur during processes such as sleep, but these can become dysfunctional in pathological conditions such as absence epilepsy. The purine neuromodulator adenosine can act as an endogenous anticonvulsant: it is released into the extracellular space during convulsive seizures to activate A1 receptors suppressing on-going activity and delaying the occurrence of the next seizure. However, the role of adenosine in thalamic physiological and epileptiform oscillations is less clear. Here we have combined immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, and fixed potential amperometry (FPA) biosensor measurements to characterise the release and actions of adenosine in thalamic oscillations measured in rodent slices. In the thalamus, A1 receptors are highly expressed particularly in the ventral basal (VB) thalamus and reticular thalamic nucleus (nRT) supporting a role for adenosine signalling in controlling oscillations. In agreement with previous studies, both adenosine and adenosine A1 receptor agonists inhibited thalamic oscillations in control (spindle-like) and in epileptic conditions. Here we have shown for the first time that both control and epileptiform oscillations are enhanced (i.e., increased number of oscillatory cycles) by blocking A1 receptors consistent with adenosine release occurring during oscillations. Although increases in extracellular adenosine could not be directly detected during control oscillations, clear increases in adenosine concentration could be detected with a biosensor during epileptiform oscillation activity. Thus, adenosine is released during thalamic oscillations and acts via A1 receptors to feedback and reduce thalamic oscillatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Wall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Katie Puddefoot
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | - Mohsen Seifi
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Jerome D Swinny
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO12DT, UK
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17
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Saggu S, Chen Y, Chen L, Pizarro D, Pati S, Law WJ, McMahon L, Jiao K, Wang Q. A peptide blocking the ADORA1-neurabin interaction is anticonvulsant and inhibits epilepsy in an Alzheimer's model. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155002. [PMID: 35674133 PMCID: PMC9220929 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epileptic seizures are common sequelae of stroke, acute brain injury, and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and cannot be effectively controlled in approximately 40% of patients, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic agents. Activation of the A1 receptor (A1R) by endogenous adenosine is an intrinsic mechanism to self-terminate seizures and protect neurons from excitotoxicity. However, targeting A1R for neurological disorders has been hindered by side effects associated with its broad expression outside the nervous system. Here we aim to target the neural-specific A1R/neurabin/regulator of G protein signaling 4 (A1R/neurabin/RGS4) complex that dictates A1R signaling strength and response outcome in the brain. We developed a peptide that blocks the A1R-neurabin interaction to enhance A1R activity. Intracerebroventricular or i.n. administration of this peptide shows marked protection against kainate-induced seizures and neuronal death. Furthermore, in an AD mouse model with spontaneous seizures, nasal delivery of this blocking peptide reduces epileptic spike frequency. Significantly, the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of this peptide are achieved through enhanced A1R function in response to endogenous adenosine in the brain, thus, avoiding side effects associated with A1R activation in peripheral tissues and organs. Our study informs potentially new anti-seizure therapy applicable to epilepsy and other neurological illness with comorbid seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Saggu
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology
| | - Yunjia Chen
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology
| | - Liping Chen
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology
| | | | | | - Wen Jing Law
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology
| | - Lori McMahon
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology
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18
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Agrawal S, Singh V, Singh C, Singh A. A review on pathophysiological aspects of Sleep Deprivation. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 22:CNSNDDT-EPUB-123413. [PMID: 35549867 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220512092718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) (also referred as insomnia) is a condition in which peoples fails to get enough sleep due to excessive yawning, facing difficulty to learn new concepts, forgetfulness as well as depressed mood. This could be occurs due to several possible reasons including medications, stress (caused by shift work). Despite the fact that sleep is important for the normal physiology, it currently affects millions of people around the world US (70 million) and Europe (45 million). Due to increase work demand nowadays lots of peoples experiencing sleep deprivation hence, this could be the reason for several car accident followed by death and morbidity. This review highlighted the impact of SD on neurotransmitter release and functions, theories (Flip-flop theory, oxidative stress theory, neuroinflammation theory, neurotransmitter theory, and hormonal theory) associated with SD pathogenesis apart from this it also demonstrate the molecular pathways underlying SD (PI3K and Akt , NF-κB, Nrf2, and adenosine pathway. However, this study also elaborates the SD induced changes in the level of neurotransmitters, hormonal, and mitochondrial functions. Along with this, it also covers several molecular aspects associated with SD as well. Through this study a link is made between SD and associated causes, which will further help to develop potential therapeutic strategy against SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Agrawal
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Vishesh Singh
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University Jalandhar, Punjab, India
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19
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Hersh AM, Alomari S, Tyler BM. Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier: Advances in Nanoparticle Technology for Drug Delivery in Neuro-Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4153. [PMID: 35456971 PMCID: PMC9032478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes a microvascular network responsible for excluding most drugs from the brain. Treatment of brain tumors is limited by the impermeability of the BBB and, consequently, survival outcomes for malignant brain tumors remain poor. Nanoparticles (NPs) represent a potential solution to improve drug transport to brain tumors, given their small size and capacity to target tumor cells. Here, we review the unique physical and chemical properties of NPs that aid in BBB transport and discuss mechanisms of NP transport across the BBB, including paracellular transport, carrier-mediated transport, and adsorptive- and receptor-mediated transcytosis. The major types of NPs investigated for treatment of brain tumors are detailed, including polymeric NPs, liposomes, solid lipid NPs, dendrimers, metals, quantum dots, and nanogels. In addition to their role in drug delivery, NPs can be used as imaging contrast agents and can be conjugated with imaging probes to assist in visualizing tumors, demarcating lesion boundaries and margins, and monitoring drug delivery and treatment response. Multifunctional NPs can be designed that are capable of targeting tumors for both imaging and therapeutic purposes. Finally, limitations of NPs for brain tumor treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Betty M. Tyler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.M.H.); (S.A.)
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20
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Pannexin1 channels regulate mechanically stimulated but not spontaneous adenosine release. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3781-3789. [PMID: 35381855 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is a rapid technique to measure neuromodulators, and using FSCV, two modes of rapid adenosine have been discovered. Spontaneous transients occur randomly in the brain, while mechanical stimulation also causes a rapid adenosine event. Pannexin1 channels are membrane channels that transport ions, including ATP, out of the cell where it is rapidly broken down into adenosine. Pannexin 1 channels (Panx1) have a flickering mode of rapid opening and are also mechanically stimulated. Here, we test the extent to which pannexin channels, specifically pannexin1 (Panx1) channels, are responsible for rapid adenosine events. Spontaneous adenosine release or mechanosensitive adenosine release were measured using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in hippocampal (CA1) brain slices. In global Panx1KO mice, there is no significant difference in the frequency or concentration of spontaneous adenosine release, indicating Panx1 is not a release mechanism for spontaneous adenosine. Spontaneous adenosine frequency decreased slightly after administration of a large (100 µM) dose of carbenoxolone, a nonspecific inhibitor of many pannexin and connexin channels, suggesting other hemichannels only play a small role at most. For mechanically stimulated adenosine release, the concentration of each adenosine event significantly decreased 30% in Panx1KO mice and the frequency of stimulations that evoked adenosine also decreased. The response was similar in WT mice with carbenoxolone. Thus, Panx1 is a release mechanism for mechanically stimulated adenosine release, but not the only mechanism. These results demonstrate that pannexin channels differentially regulate rapid adenosine release and could be targeted to differentially affect mechanically stimulated adenosine due to brain damage.
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21
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Chang Y, Venton BJ. Dual-Channel Electrochemical Measurements Reveal Rapid Adenosine is Localized in Brain Slices. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:477-485. [PMID: 35077156 PMCID: PMC8867919 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid adenosine signaling has been detected spontaneously or after mechanical stimulation in the brain, providing rapid neuromodulation in a local area. To measure rapid adenosine signaling, a single carbon-fiber microelectrode has traditionally been used, which limits spatial resolution and an understanding of regional coordination. In this study, we utilized dual-channel fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to measure the spontaneous or mechanically stimulated adenosine release at two electrodes placed at different spacings in hippocampal CA1 mouse brain slices. For mechanically stimulated adenosine release, adenosine can be detected up to 150 μm away from where it was stimulated, although the signal is smaller and delayed. While spontaneous adenosine transients were detected at both electrodes, only 10 percent of the events were detected concurrently, and that number was similar at 50 and 200 μm electrode spacings. Thus, most adenosine transients were not caused by the widespread coordination of release. There was no evidence of diffusion of spontaneous transients to a second electrode 50-200 μm away. This study shows that spontaneous adenosine events are very localized and thus provide only local neuromodulation. Injury, such as mechanical stimulation, allows adenosine to diffuse farther, but the neuroprotective effects are still regional. These results provide a better understanding of the spatial and temporal profiles of adenosine available to act at receptors, which is crucial for future studies that design neuroprotective treatments based on rapid adenosine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
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22
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Verkhratsky A, Parpura V, Li B, Scuderi C. Astrocytes: The Housekeepers and Guardians of the CNS. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 26:21-53. [PMID: 34888829 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia are a diverse group of cells in the central nervous system. They are of the ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin and vary in morphology and function, yet, they can be collectively defined as cells having principle function to maintain homeostasis of the central nervous system at all levels of organisation, including homeostasis of ions, pH and neurotransmitters; supplying neurones with metabolic substrates; supporting oligodendrocytes and axons; regulating synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier; contributing to operation of the glymphatic system; and regulation of systemic homeostasis being central chemosensors for oxygen, CO2 and Na+. Their basic physiological features show a lack of electrical excitability (inapt to produce action potentials), but display instead a rather active excitability based on variations in cytosolic concentrations of Ca2+ and Na+. It is expression of neurotransmitter receptors, pumps and transporters at their plasmalemma, along with transports on the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria that exquisitely regulate the cytosolic levels of these ions, the fluctuation of which underlies most, if not all, astroglial homeostatic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Baoman Li
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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23
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Guo M, Bakhoda A, Gao ZG, Ramsey JM, Li Y, O’Conor KA, Kelleher AC, Eisenberg SM, Kang Y, Yan X, Javdan C, Fowler JS, Rice KC, Hooker JM, Jacobson KA, Kim SW, Volkow ND. Discovery of Highly Potent Adenosine A 1 Receptor Agonists: Targeting Positron Emission Tomography Probes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3410-3417. [PMID: 34469110 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptor (AR) radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) have provided knowledge on the in vivo biodistribution of ARs in the central nervous system (CNS), which is of therapeutic interest for various neuropsychiatric disorders. Additionally, radioligands that can image changes in endogenous adenosine levels in different physiological and pathological conditions are still lacking. The binding of known antagonist adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) radiotracer, [11C]MDPX, failed to be inhibited by elevated endogenous adenosine in a rodent PET study. Since most of the known AR PET radiotracers were antagonists, we propose that an A1R agonist radioligand may possess higher sensitivity to measure changes in endogenous adenosine concentration. Herein, we report our latest findings toward the development of a full agonist adenosine A1 radioligand for PET. Based on a 3,5-dicyanopyridine template, 16 new derivatives were designed and synthesized to optimize both binding affinity and functional activity, resulting in two full agonists (compounds 27 and 29) with single-digit nanomolar affinities and good subtype selectivity (A1/A2A selectivity of ∼1000-fold for compound 27 and 29-fold for compound 29). Rapid O-[11C]methylation provided [11C]27 and [11C]29 in high radiochemical yields and radiochemical purity. However, subsequent brain PET imaging in rodents showed poor brain permeability for both radioligands. An in vivo PET study using knockout mice for MDR 1a/a, BCRP, and MRP1 indicated that these compounds might be substrates for brain efflux pumps. In addition, in silico evaluation using multiparameter optimization identified high molecular weight and high polar surface area as the main molecular descriptors responsible for low brain penetration. These results will provide further insight toward development of full agonist adenosine A1 radioligands and also highly potent CNS A1AR drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Abolghasem Bakhoda
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Joseph M. Ramsey
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Yang Li
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Kelly A. O’Conor
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Andrew C. Kelleher
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Seth M. Eisenberg
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Yeona Kang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Xuefeng Yan
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Cameron Javdan
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Joanna S. Fowler
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
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He Y, Huang L, Wang K, Pan X, Cai Q, Zhang F, Yang J, Fang G, Zhao X, You F, Feng Y, Li Y, Chen JF. α-Synuclein Selectively Impairs Motor Sequence Learning and Value Sensitivity: Reversal by the Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonists. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:808-823. [PMID: 34339491 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized pathologically by alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates and clinically by the motor as well as cognitive deficits, including impairments in sequence learning and habit learning. Using intracerebral injection of WT and A53T mutant α-Syn fibrils, we investigate the behavioral mechanism of α-Syn for procedure-learning deficit in PD by critically determining the α-Syn-induced effects on model-based goal-directed behavior, model-free (probability-based) habit learning, and hierarchically organized sequence learning. 1) Contrary to the widely held view of habit-learning deficit in early PD, α-Syn aggregates in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS) did not affect acquisition of habit learning, but selectively impaired goal-directed behavior with reduced value sensitivity. 2) α-Syn in the DLS (but not DMS) and SNc selectively impaired the sequence learning by affecting sequence initiation with the reduced first-step accuracy. 3) Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist KW6002 selectively improved sequence learning by preferentially improving sequence initiation and shift of sequence learning as well as behavioral reactivity. These findings established a casual role of α-Syn in the SN-DLS pathway in sequence-learning deficit and DMS α-Syn in goal-directed behavior deficit and suggest a novel therapeutic strategy to improve sequence-learning deficit in PD with enhanced sequence initiation by A2AR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Linshan Huang
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ke Wang
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xinran Pan
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Qionghui Cai
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Feiyang Zhang
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Gengjing Fang
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Feng You
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yijia Feng
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.,Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
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Purnell B, Murugan M, Jani R, Boison D. The Good, the Bad, and the Deadly: Adenosinergic Mechanisms Underlying Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:708304. [PMID: 34321997 PMCID: PMC8311182 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.708304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an inhibitory modulator of neuronal excitability. Neuronal activity results in increased adenosine release, thereby constraining excessive excitation. The exceptionally high neuronal activity of a seizure results in a surge in extracellular adenosine to concentrations many-fold higher than would be observed under normal conditions. In this review, we discuss the multifarious effects of adenosine signaling in the context of epilepsy, with emphasis on sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). We describe and categorize the beneficial, detrimental, and potentially deadly aspects of adenosine signaling. The good or beneficial characteristics of adenosine signaling in the context of seizures include: (1) its direct effect on seizure termination and the prevention of status epilepticus; (2) the vasodilatory effect of adenosine, potentially counteracting postictal vasoconstriction; (3) its neuroprotective effects under hypoxic conditions; and (4) its disease modifying antiepileptogenic effect. The bad or detrimental effects of adenosine signaling include: (1) its capacity to suppress breathing and contribute to peri-ictal respiratory dysfunction; (2) its contribution to postictal generalized EEG suppression (PGES); (3) the prolonged increase in extracellular adenosine following spreading depolarization waves may contribute to postictal neuronal dysfunction; (4) the excitatory effects of A2A receptor activation is thought to exacerbate seizures in some instances; and (5) its potential contributions to sleep alterations in epilepsy. Finally, the adverse effects of adenosine signaling may potentiate a deadly outcome in the form of SUDEP by suppressing breathing and arousal in the postictal period. Evidence from animal models suggests that excessive postictal adenosine signaling contributes to the pathophysiology of SUDEP. The goal of this review is to discuss the beneficial, harmful, and potentially deadly roles that adenosine plays in the context of epilepsy and to identify crucial gaps in knowledge where further investigation is necessary. By better understanding adenosine dynamics, we may gain insights into the treatment of epilepsy and the prevention of SUDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benton Purnell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Madhuvika Murugan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Raja Jani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Rutgers Neurosurgery H.O.P.E. Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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26
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Raza MZ, Cadassou O, Dumontet C, Cros-Perrial E, Jordheim LP. CD73 and cN-II regulate the cellular response to chemotherapeutic and hypoxic stress in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129842. [PMID: 33434633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II (cN-II) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) are enzymes involved in the nucleotide metabolism by dephosphorylating nucleoside monophosphates. Both enzymes are involved in cancer by modifying anticancer drug activity, cancer cell biology and immune modulation. METHODS We have modified lung cancer cells (NCI-H292) to become deficient for either or both enzymes using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique, and studied the implication of the two enzymes in the cellular response to different stress condition i.e. chemotherapeutic agents, hypoxia and nucleotide stress. RESULTS Our results show that there is no significant role of these enzymes in cell proliferation under hypoxic stress. Similarly, cN-II and CD73 are not involved in wound healing ability under CoCl2-mediated HIF-1α stabilization. Furthermore, our results show that CD73-deficiency is associated with increased apoptosis in response to 1600 μM adenosine, decreased sensitivity to mitomycin and enhanced sensitivity to vincristine. cN-II deficiency increased in vivo tumor growth and sensitivity to vincristine and mitomycin C. CONCLUSIONS Our study gives new insights into the biological roles of cN-II and CD73 under stress conditions in this particular cancer cell line. Further experiments will help deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad-Zawwad Raza
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Octavia Cadassou
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, F-69495 Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Emeline Cros-Perrial
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Lars Petter Jordheim
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France.
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Kwiatkowski MA, Roberts BZ, van Enkhuizen J, Ji B, Zhou X, Young JW. Chronic nicotine, but not suramin or resveratrol, partially remediates the mania-like profile of dopamine transporter knockdown mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 42:75-86. [PMID: 33191077 PMCID: PMC8853461 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness affecting 2% of the global population. Current pharmacotherapies provide incomplete symptom remediation, highlighting the need for novel therapeutics. BD is characterized by fluctuations between mania and depression, likely driven by shifts between hyperdopaminergia and hypercholinergia, respectively. Hyperdopaminergia may result from insufficient activity of the dopamine transporter (DAT), the primary mediator of synaptic dopamine clearance. The DAT knockdown (DAT KD) mouse recreates this mechanism and exhibits a highly reproducible hyperexploratory profile in the cross-species translatable Behavioral Pattern Monitor (BPM) that is: (a) consistent with that observed in BD mania patients; and (b) partially normalized by chronic lithium and valproate treatment. The DAT KD/BPM model of mania therefore exhibits high levels of face-, construct-, and predictive-validity for the pre-clinical assessment of putative anti-mania drugs. Three different drug regimens - chronic nicotine (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist; 40 mg/kg/d, 26 d), subchronic suramin (anti-purinergic; 20 mg/kg, 1 × /wk, 4 wks), and subchronic resveratrol (striatal DAT upregulator; 20 mg/kg/d, 4 d) - were administered to separate cohorts of male and female DAT KD- and wildtype (WT) littermate mice, and exploration was assessed in the BPM. Throughout, DAT KD mice exhibited robust hyperexploratory profiles relative to WTs. Nicotine partially normalized this behavior. Resveratrol modestly upregulated DAT expression but did not normalize DAT KD behavior. These results support the mania-like profile of DAT KD mice, which may be partially remediated by nAChR agonists via restoration of disrupted catecholaminergic/cholinergic equilibrium. Delineating the precise mechanism of action of nicotine could identify more selective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Kwiatkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Benjamin Z Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Baohu Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Xianjin Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0804, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, United States.
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Frinchi M, Verdi V, Plescia F, Ciruela F, Grillo M, Garozzo R, Condorelli DF, Di Iorio P, Caciagli F, Ciccarelli R, Belluardo N, Di Liberto V, Mudò G. Guanosine-Mediated Anxiolytic-Like Effect: Interplay with Adenosine A 1 and A 2A Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239281. [PMID: 33291390 PMCID: PMC7729560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute or chronic administration of guanosine (GUO) induces anxiolytic-like effects, for which the adenosine (ADO) system involvement has been postulated yet without a direct experimental evidence. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether adenosine receptors (ARs) are involved in the GUO-mediated anxiolytic-like effect, evaluated by three anxiety-related paradigms in rats. First, we confirmed that acute treatment with GUO exerts an anxiolytic-like effect. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of pretreatment with ADO or A1R (CPA, CCPA) or A2AR (CGS21680) agonists 10 min prior to GUO on a GUO-induced anxiolytic-like effect. All the combined treatments blocked the GUO anxiolytic-like effect, whereas when administered alone, each compound was ineffective as compared to the control group. Interestingly, the pretreatment with nonselective antagonist caffeine or selective A1R (DPCPX) or A2AR (ZM241385) antagonists did not modify the GUO-induced anxiolytic-like effect. Finally, binding assay performed in hippocampal membranes showed that [3H]GUO binding became saturable at 100–300 nM, suggesting the existence of a putative GUO binding site. In competition experiments, ADO showed a potency order similar to GUO in displacing [3H]GUO binding, whereas AR selective agonists, CPA and CGS21680, partially displaced [3H]GUO binding, but the sum of the two effects was able to displace [3H]GUO binding to the same extent of ADO alone. Overall, our results strengthen previous data supporting GUO-mediated anxiolytic-like effects, add new evidence that these effects are blocked by A1R and A2AR agonists and pave, although they do not elucidate the mechanism of GUO and ADO receptor interaction, for a better characterization of GUO binding sites in ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Frinchi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (M.F.); (V.V.); (M.G.); (N.B.); (V.D.L.)
| | - Vincenzo Verdi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (M.F.); (V.V.); (M.G.); (N.B.); (V.D.L.)
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Fulvio Plescia
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria Grillo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (M.F.); (V.V.); (M.G.); (N.B.); (V.D.L.)
| | - Roberta Garozzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.G.); (D.F.C.)
| | - Daniele F. Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.G.); (D.F.C.)
- Laboratory of Complex Systems, Scuola Superiore di Catania, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.D.I.); (F.C.); (R.C.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.D.I.); (F.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.D.I.); (F.C.); (R.C.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (M.F.); (V.V.); (M.G.); (N.B.); (V.D.L.)
| | - Valentina Di Liberto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (M.F.); (V.V.); (M.G.); (N.B.); (V.D.L.)
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (M.F.); (V.V.); (M.G.); (N.B.); (V.D.L.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (G.M.)
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Brown RW, Bhide PG, Gill WD, Peeters LD. The adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist CGS 21680 alleviates auditory sensorimotor gating deficits and increases in accumbal CREB in rats neonatally treated with quinpirole. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3519-3527. [PMID: 32772144 PMCID: PMC7686116 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE The adenosine A(2A) receptor forms a mutually inhibitory heteromer with the dopamine D2 receptor, and A(2A) agonists decrease D2 signaling. This study analyzed whether an adenosine A(2A) agonist would alleviate deficits in sensorimotor gating and increases in cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the neonatal quinpirole model of schizophrenia (SZ). METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were neonatally treated with saline (NS) or quinpirole HCl (NQ; 1 mg/kg) from postnatal days (P) 1-21. Animals were raised to P44 and behaviorally tested on auditory sensorimotor gating as measured through prepulse inhibition (PPI) from P44 to P48. Approximately 15 min before each session, animals were given an ip administration of saline or the adenosine A(2A) agonist CGS 21680 (0.03 or 0.09 mg/kg). One day after PPI was complete on P49, animals were administered a locomotor activity test in the open field after saline or CGS 21680 treatment, respectively. On P50, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was evaluated for CREB protein. RESULTS NQ-treated rats demonstrated a deficit in PPI that was alleviated to control levels by either dose of CGS 21680. The 0.03 mg/kg dose of CGS 21680 increased startle amplitude in males. The 0.09 mg/kg dose of CGS 21680 resulted in an overall decrease in locomotor activity. NQ treatment significantly increased NAc CREB that was attenuated to control levels by either dose of CGS 21680. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that an adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist was effective to alleviate PPI deficits in the NQ model of SZ in both male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine East Tennessee State University Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Pradeep G. Bhide
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Neuroscience, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - W. Drew Gill
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine East Tennessee State University Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Loren D. Peeters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine East Tennessee State University Johnson City, TN 37614
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30
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Zhao Y, Chen H, Iqbal J, Liu X, Zhang H, Xiao S, Jin N, Yao F, Shen L. Targeted metabolomics study of early pathological features in hippocampus of triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease male mice. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:927-946. [PMID: 33197957 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious neurodegenerative disease in people of age 65 or above. The detailed etiology and pathogenesis of AD have not been elucidated yet. In this study, the hippocampi of 2- and 6-month-old triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease male mice and age-sex-matched wild-type (WT) mice were analyzed by using targeted metabolomics approach. Compared with WT mice, 24 and 60 metabolites were found with significant differences in 2- and 6-month-old AD mice. Among these, 14 metabolites were found common while 10 metabolites showed consistent variable trends in both groups. These differential metabolites are found associated with amino acid, lipid, vitamin, nucleotide-related base, neurotransmitter and energy metabolisms, and oxidative stress. The results suggest that these differential metabolites might play a critical role in AD pathophysiology, and may serve as potential biomarkers for AD. Moreover, the results highlight the involvement of abnormal purine, pyrimidine, arginine, and proline metabolism, along with glycerophospholipid metabolism in early pathology of AD. For the first time, several differential metabolites are found to be associated with AD in this study. Targeted metabolomics can be used for rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of specific target metabolites associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Haiquan Chen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Javed Iqbal
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Xukun Liu
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Huajie Zhang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Shifeng Xiao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Na Jin
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Fang Yao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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31
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Augusto-Oliveira M, Arrifano GP, Takeda PY, Lopes-Araújo A, Santos-Sacramento L, Anthony DC, Verkhratsky A, Crespo-Lopez ME. Astroglia-specific contributions to the regulation of synapses, cognition and behaviour. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:331-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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LC-MS/MS Determination of Modified Nucleosides in The Urine of Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonian Syndromes Patients. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214959. [PMID: 33120888 PMCID: PMC7663364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications play a key role in gene regulation and expression and are involved in numerous cellular processes. Due to the limited research on nucleosides in Parkinson's disease (PD), it is very important to consider epigenetic factors and their role in the development of PD. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the levels of modified nucleosides, such as O-methylguanosine, N6-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine, 1-methyladenosine, 1-methylguanine, 7-methylguanine, 3-methyladenine and 7-methylguanosine in the urine of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and the control group, and to verify that the results obtained differ in a subgroup of patients with parkinsonian syndromes. The study group comprised 18 patients with diagnosed idiopathic Parkinson's disease and four parkinsonian syndromes. The control group consisted of 30 age- and sex-matched neurological patients without confirmation by neuroimaging brain damage and extrapyramidal symptoms. The levels of nucleosides were determined by validated liquid chromatography coupled with the mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Lower levels of O-methylguanosine, 3-methyladenine, 1-methylguanine, N6-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine and a higher level of 7-methylguanine in the urine of 22 PD patients were observed. Moreover, elevated levels of 1-methyladenosine, 7-methylguanine, and O-methylguanosine were observed in the parkinsonian syndrome subgroup. These preliminary results may indicate that modified nucleosides describe metabolic disturbances in the metabolism of purine, which was the most severely affected pathway that mediated the detrimental effects of neuroinflammation on PD.
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Zhou X, Chen Q, Huang H, Zhang J, Wang J, Chen Y, Peng Y, Zhang H, Zeng J, Feng Z, Xu Z. Inhibition of p38 MAPK regulates epileptic severity by decreasing expression levels of A1R and ENT1. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:5348-5357. [PMID: 33174009 PMCID: PMC7647013 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic nervous system disease. Excessive increase of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the body results in an imbalance of neurotransmitters and excessive excitation of neurons, leading to epileptic seizures. Long‑term recurrent seizures lead to behavior and cognitive changes, and even increase the risk of death by 2‑ to 3‑fold relative to the general population. Adenosine A1 receptor (A1R), a member of the adenosine system, has notable anticonvulsant effects, and adenosine levels are controlled by the type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1); in addition the p38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of ENT1, although the effect of its inhibitors on the expression levels of A1R and ENT1 is unclear. Therefore, in the present study, SB203580 was used to inhibit the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in rats, and the expression levels of A1R and ENT1 in the brain tissue of rats with acute LiCl‑pilocarpine‑induced status epilepticus was detected. SB203580 decreased pathological damage of hippocampal neurons, prolonged seizure latency, reduced the frequency of seizures, and decreased levels of A1R and ENT1 protein in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Ya Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Zhanhui Feng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
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Kang HJ, Kim KT, Yoo KH, Park Y, Kim JW, Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim JH, Kim JM. Genetic Markers for Later Remission in Response to Early Improvement of Antidepressants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144884. [PMID: 32664413 PMCID: PMC7402334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Planning subsequent treatment strategies based on early responses rather than waiting for delayed antidepressant action can be helpful. We identified genetic markers for later non-remission in patients exhibiting poor early improvement using whole-exome sequencing data of depressive patients treated in a naturalistic manner. Among 1000 patients, early improvement at 2 weeks (reduction in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAM-D] score ≥ 20%) and remission at 12 weeks (HAM-D score ≤ 7) were evaluated. Gene- and variant-level analyses were conducted to compare patients who did not exhibit early improvement and did not eventually achieve remission (n = 126) with those who exhibited early improvement and achieved remission (n = 385). Genes predicting final non-remission in patients who exhibited poor early improvement (COMT, PRNP, BRPF3, SLC25A40, and CGREF1 in males; PPFIBPI, LZTS3, MEPCE, MAP1A, and PFAS in females; ST3GAL5 in the total population) were determined. Among the significant genes, variants in the PRNP (rs1800014), COMT (rs6267), BRPF3 (rs200565609), and SLC25A40 genes (rs3213633) were identified. However, interpretations should be made cautiously, as complex pharmacotherapy involves various genes and pathways. Early detection of poor early improvement and final non-remission based on genetic risk would be helpful for decision-making in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Ju Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (J.-W.K.); (S.-W.K.); (I.-S.S.)
| | - Ki-Tae Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Hun Yoo
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (K.-H.Y.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yoomi Park
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (K.-H.Y.); (Y.P.)
| | - Ju-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (J.-W.K.); (S.-W.K.); (I.-S.S.)
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (J.-W.K.); (S.-W.K.); (I.-S.S.)
| | - Il-Seon Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (J.-W.K.); (S.-W.K.); (I.-S.S.)
| | - Ju Han Kim
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (K.-H.Y.); (Y.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.K.); (J.-M.K.)
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (J.-W.K.); (S.-W.K.); (I.-S.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.K.); (J.-M.K.)
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Jamwal S, Mittal A, Kumar P, Alhayani DM, Al-Aboudi A. Therapeutic Potential of Agonists and Antagonists of A1, A2a, A2b and A3 Adenosine Receptors. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2892-2905. [PMID: 31333104 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside and an essential component of the energy production and utilization systems of the body. Adenosine is formed by the degradation of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) during energy-consuming processes. Adenosine regulates numerous physiological processes through activation of four subtypes of G-protein coupled membrane receptors viz. A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Its physiological importance depends on the affinity of these receptors and the extracellular concentrations reached. ATP acts as a neurotransmitter in both peripheral and central nervous systems. In the peripheral nervous system, ATP is involved in chemical transmission in sensory and autonomic ganglia, whereas in central nervous system, ATP, released from synaptic terminals, induces fast excitatory postsynaptic currents. ATP provides the energetics for all muscle movements, heart beats, nerve signals and chemical reactions inside the body. Adenosine has been traditionally considered an inhibitor of neuronal activity and a regulator of cerebral blood flow. Since adenosine is neuroprotective against excitotoxic and metabolic dysfunctions observed in neurological and ocular diseases, the search for adenosinerelated drugs regulating adenosine transporters and receptors can be important for advancement of therapeutic strategies against these diseases. This review will summarize the therapeutic potential and recent SAR and pharmacology of adenosine and its receptor agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Jamwal
- School of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences, Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies, Baddi, India
| | - Ashish Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.R.S. Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.R.S. Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Dana M Alhayani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, PO Box - 1, 19392, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amal Al-Aboudi
- Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
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Verkhratsky A, Rose CR. Na +-dependent transporters: The backbone of astroglial homeostatic function. Cell Calcium 2019; 85:102136. [PMID: 31835178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the principal homeostatic cells of the central nerves system (CNS) that support the CNS function at all levels of organisation, from molecular to organ. Several fundamental homeostatic functions of astrocytes are mediated through plasmalemmal pumps and transporters; most of which are also regulated by the transplasmalemmal gradient of Na+ ions. Neuronal activity as well as mechanical or chemical stimulation of astrocytes trigger plasmalemmal Na+ fluxes, which in turn generate spatio-temporally organised transient changes in the cytosolic Na+ concentration, which represent the substrate of astroglial Na+ signalling. Astroglial Na+ signals link and coordinate neuronal activity and CNS homeostatic demands with the astroglial homeostatic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Gubert C, Andrejew R, Leite CE, Moritz CEJ, Scholl J, Figueiro F, Kapczinski F, da Silva Magalhães PV, Battastini AMO. P2X7 Purinergic Receptor Is Involved in the Pathophysiology of Mania: a Preclinical Study. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1347-1360. [PMID: 31729632 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of bipolar disorder remains incompletely elucidated. The purinergic receptor, P2X7 (P2X7R), plays a central role in neuroinflammation, the establishment, and maintenance of microglial activation and neuronal damage/death, all characteristics of bipolar disorder pathology. The present study aims to explore the participation of the P2X7R in a preclinical pharmacological model of mania. We analyzed the modulatory effects of the P2X7R antagonist, brilliant blue, on behavior, monoamines, gene expression, serum purine levels, and cell typing in a pharmacological model of mania induced by D-amphetamine (AMPH) in mice. Our results corroborate an association between the P2X7 receptor and the preclinical animal model of mania, as demonstrated by the decreased responsiveness to AMPH in animals with pharmacologically blocked P2X7R. This study further suggests a possible dopaminergic mechanism for the action of P2X7 receptor antagonism. Additionally, we observed increased peripheral levels of adenosine, a neuroprotective molecule, and increased central expression of Entpd3 and Entpd1 leading to the hydrolysis of ATP, a danger signal, possibly as an attempt to compensate for the damage induced by AMPH. Lastly, P2X7R antagonism in the AMPH model was found to potentially modulate astrogliosis. Our results support the hypothesis that P2X7R plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of mania, possibly by modulating the dopaminergic pathway and astrogliosis, as reflected in the behavioral changes observed. Taken together, this study suggests that a purinergic system imbalance is associated with the AMPH-induced preclinical animal model of mania. P2X7R may represent a promising molecular therapeutic target for bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gubert
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Roberta Andrejew
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Leite
- Instituto de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Cesar Eduardo Jacintho Moritz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliete Scholl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Figueiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MacMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Pedro Vieira da Silva Magalhães
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
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38
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Phillips TJ, Gom RC, Wolff MD, Teskey GC. Caffeine Exacerbates Postictal Hypoxia. Neuroscience 2019; 422:32-43. [PMID: 31678341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A stroke-like event follows seizures which may be responsible for the postictal state and a contributing factor to the development of seizure-induced brain abnormalities and behavioral dysfunction associated with epilepsy. Caffeine is the world's most popular drug with ∼85% of people in the USA consuming it daily. Thus, persons with epilepsy are likely to have caffeine in their body and brain during seizures. This preclinical study investigated the effects of acute caffeine on local hippocampal tissue oxygenation pre and post seizure. We continuously measured local oxygen levels in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and utilized the electrical kindling model in rats. Rats were acutely administered either caffeine, or one of its metabolites, or agonists and antagonists at adenosine sub-receptor types or ryanodine receptors prior to the elicitation of seizures. Acute caffeine administration caused a significant drop in pre-seizure hippocampal pO2. Following a seizure, caffeine, as well as two of its metabolites paraxanthine, and theophylline, increased the time below the severe hypoxic threshold (10 mmHg). Likewise, the specific A2A receptor antagonist, SCH-58261, mimicked caffeine by causing a significant drop in pre-seizure pO2 and the area and time below the severe hypoxic threshold. Moreover, the A2A receptor agonist, CGS-21680 was able to prevent the effect of both caffeine and SCH-58261 adding further evidence that caffeine is likely acting through the A2A receptor. Clinical tracking and investigations are needed to determine the effect of caffeine on postictal symptomology and blood flow in persons with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Phillips
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Renaud C Gom
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marshal D Wolff
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Salgado ASI, Stramosk J, Ludtke DD, Kuci ACC, Salm DC, Ceci LA, Petronilho F, Florentino D, Danielski LG, Gassenferth A, Souza LR, Rezin GT, Santos ARS, Mazzardo-Martins L, Reed WR, Martins DF. Manual Therapy Reduces Pain Behavior and Oxidative Stress in a Murine Model of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9080197. [PMID: 31405150 PMCID: PMC6721404 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9080197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I) is a chronic painful condition. We investigated whether manual therapy (MT), in a chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP) model, is capable of reducing pain behavior and oxidative stress. Male Swiss mice were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) to mimic CRPS-I. Animals received ankle joint mobilization 48h after the IR procedure, and response to mechanical stimuli was evaluated. For biochemical analyses, mitochondrial function as well as oxidative stress thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls, antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were determined. IR induced mechanical hyperalgesia which was subsequently reduced by acute MT treatment. The concentrations of oxidative stress parameters were increased following IR with MT treatment preventing these increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyls protein. IR diminished the levels of SOD and CAT activity and MT treatment prevented this decrease in CAT but not in SOD activity. IR also diminished mitochondrial complex activity, and MT treatment was ineffective in preventing this decrease. In conclusion, repeated sessions of MT resulted in antihyperalgesic effects mediated, at least partially, through the prevention of an increase of MDA and protein carbonyls levels and an improvement in the antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso S I Salgado
- Coordinator of Integrative Physical Therapy Residency-Philadelphia University Center, Londrina 86020-000, Paraná, Brazil
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Juliana Stramosk
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daniela D Ludtke
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ana C C Kuci
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daiana C Salm
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lisandro A Ceci
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão 88704-900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Drielly Florentino
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão 88704-900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lucineia G Danielski
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão 88704-900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aline Gassenferth
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, University Federal of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luana R Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine T Rezin
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-1212, USA
| | - Adair R S Santos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, University Federal of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Leidiane Mazzardo-Martins
- Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - William R Reed
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-1212, USA
| | - Daniel F Martins
- Coordinator of Integrative Physical Therapy Residency-Philadelphia University Center, Londrina 86020-000, Paraná, Brazil.
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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40
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Krawczyk H. The stilbene derivatives, nucleosides, and nucleosides modified by stilbene derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2019; 90:103073. [PMID: 31234131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this short review, including 187 references, the issues of biological activity of stilbene derivatives and nucleosides and the biological and medicinal potential of fusion of these two classes are discussed. The stilbenes, especially the stilbenoids, and nucleosides are both biologically active. Hybrids formed from binding of these compounds have not yet been broadly studied. However, those that have been investigated exhibit desirable medicinal properties. The review is divided in such parts: I. Derivative of stilbene (biomedical investigations, biological activities in cells, enzymes and hazard), parts II. naturally occurred nucleoside and its derivatives: uridine, thymidine and 5-methyluridine, cytidine, adenosine, guanosine and part III. hybrid molecules- drugs and hybrid molecules- nucleoside - stilbene and its derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Krawczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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41
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Marx D, Schnakenburg G, Grimme S, Müller CE. Structural and Conformational Studies on Carboxamides of 5,6-Diaminouracils-Precursors of Biologically Active Xanthine Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112168. [PMID: 31181839 PMCID: PMC6600361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Arylethynylxanthine derivatives are potent, selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonists, which represent (potential) therapeutics for Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, and the immunotherapy of cancer. 6-Amino-5-amidouracil derivatives are important precursors for the synthesis of such xanthines. We noticed an unexpected duplication of NMR signals in many of these uracil derivatives. Here, we present a detailed analytical study of structurally diverse 6-amino-5-carboxamidouracils employing dynamic and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and X-ray analysis to explain the unexpected properties of these valuable drug intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Marx
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
- Pharma Center Bonn, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
- Pharma Center Bonn, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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42
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Sánchez-Melgar A, Albasanz JL, Guixà-González R, Saleh N, Selent J, Martín M. The antioxidant resveratrol acts as a non-selective adenosine receptor agonist. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 135:261-273. [PMID: 30898665 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenolic antioxidant with a proven protective role in several human diseases involving oxidative stress, although the molecular mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. The present work tried to elucidate the molecular mechanism of RSV's role on signal transduction modulation. Our biochemical analysis, including radioligand binding, real time PCR, western blotting and adenylyl cyclase activity, and computational studies provide insights into the RSV binding pathway, kinetics and the most favored binding pose involving adenosine receptors, mainly A2A subtype. In this study, we show that RSV target adenosine receptors (AdoRs), affecting gene expression, receptor levels, and the downstream adenylyl cyclase (AC)/PKA pathway. Our data demonstrate that RSV activates AdoRs. Moreover, RSV activate A2A receptors by directly binding to the classical orthosteric binding site. Intriguingly, RSV-induced receptor activation can stimulate or inhibit AC activity depending on concentration and exposure time. Such subtle and multifaceted regulation of the AdoRs/AC/PKA pathway might contribute to the protective role of RSV. Our findings suggest that RSV molecular action is mediated, at least in part, by activation of adenosine receptors and create the opportunity to interrogate the therapeutic use of RSV in pathological conditions involving AdoRs, such as Alzheimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sánchez-Melgar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, CRIB, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J L Albasanz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, CRIB, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Camino Moledores s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - R Guixà-González
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N Saleh
- Section for Biomolecular Sciences, Biology Department, Biocenter, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Selent
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) & Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Martín
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, CRIB, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Camino Moledores s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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43
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Mura S, Fattal E, Nicolas J. From poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) to squalene as core material for the design of nanomedicines. J Drug Target 2019; 27:470-501. [PMID: 30720372 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1579822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article covers the most important steps of the pioneering work of Patrick Couvreur and tries to shed light on his outstanding career that has been a source of inspiration for many decades. His discovery of biodegradable poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) nanoparticles (NPs) has opened large perspectives in nanomedicine. Indeed, NPs made from various types of alkyl cyanoacrylate monomers have been used in different applications, such as the treatment of intracellular infections or the treatment of multidrug resistant hepatocarcinoma. This latest application led to the Phase III clinical trial of Livatag®, a PACA nanoparticulate formulation of doxorubicin. Despite the success of PACA NPs, the development of a novel type of NP with higher drug loadings and lower burst release was tackled by the discovery of squalene-based nanomedicines where the drug is covalently linked to the lipid derivative and the resulting conjugate is self-assembled into NPs. This pioneering work was accompanied by a wide range of novel applications which mainly dealt with the management of unmet medical needs (e.g. pancreatic cancer, brain ischaemia and spinal cord injury).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mura
- a Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Châtenay-Malabry , France
| | - Elias Fattal
- a Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Châtenay-Malabry , France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- a Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Châtenay-Malabry , France
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Tosh DK, Rao H, Bitant A, Salmaso V, Mannes P, Lieberman DI, Vaughan KL, Mattison JA, Rothwell AC, Auchampach JA, Ciancetta A, Liu N, Cui Z, Gao ZG, Reitman ML, Gavrilova O, Jacobson KA. Design and in Vivo Characterization of A 1 Adenosine Receptor Agonists in the Native Ribose and Conformationally Constrained (N)-Methanocarba Series. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1502-1522. [PMID: 30605331 PMCID: PMC6467784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
(N)-Methanocarba ([3.1.0]bicyclohexyl) adenosines and corresponding ribosides were synthesized to identify novel A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) agonists for CNS or peripheral applications. Human and mouse AR binding was determined to assess the constrained ring system's A1AR compatibility. N6-Dicyclobutylmethyl ribose agonist (9, MRS7469, >2000-fold selective for A1AR) and known truncated N6-dicyclopropylmethyl methanocarba 7 (MRS5474) were drug-like. The pure diastereoisomer of known riboside 4 displayed high hA1AR selectivity. Methanocarba modification reduced A1AR selectivity of N6-dicyclopropylmethyl and endo-norbornyladenosines but increased ribavirin selectivity. Most analogues tested (ip) were inactive or weak in inducing mouse hypothermia, despite mA1AR full agonism and variable mA3AR efficacy, but strong hypothermia by 9 depended on A1AR, which reflects CNS activity (determined using A1AR or A3AR null mice). Conserved hA1AR interactions were preserved in modeling of 9 and methanocarba equivalent 24 (∼400-fold A1AR-selective). Thus, we identified, and characterized in vivo, ribose and methanocarba nucleosides, including with A1AR-enhancing N6-dicyclobutylmethyl-adenine and 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (40, MRS7451) nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K. Tosh
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Harsha Rao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Amelia Bitant
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA 53226
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Philip Mannes
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - David I. Lieberman
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Kelli L. Vaughan
- SoBran BioSciences, SoBran, Inc., 4000 Blackburn Lane, Burtonsville, MD, USA 20866
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 16701 Elmer School Rd., Bldg. 103, Dickerson, MD, USA 20842
| | - Julie A. Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 16701 Elmer School Rd., Bldg. 103, Dickerson, MD, USA 20842
| | - Amy C. Rothwell
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA 53226
| | - John A. Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA 53226
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Queen’s University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, 96 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Naili Liu
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Zhenzhong Cui
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Marc L. Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
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Huang L, Otrokocsi L, Sperlágh B. Role of P2 receptors in normal brain development and in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Brain Res Bull 2019; 151:55-64. [PMID: 30721770 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purinergic signaling system, including P2 receptors, plays an important role in various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Over the last few decades, a substantial amount of accumulated data suggest that most P2 receptor subtypes (P2X1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7, and P2Y1, 2, 6, 12, and 13) regulate neuronal/neuroglial developmental processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration of neuronal precursors, and neurite outgrowth. However, only a few of these subtypes (P2X2, P2X3, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y2) have been investigated in the context of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. The activation of these potential target receptors and their underlying mechanisms mainly influence the process of neuroinflammation. In particular, P2 receptor-mediated inflammatory cytokine release has been indicated to contribute to the complex mechanisms of a variety of CNS disorders. The released inflammatory cytokines could be utilized as biomarkers for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders to improve the early diagnosis intervention, and prognosis. The population changes in gut microbiota after birth are closely linked to neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric disorders in later life; thus, the dynamic expression and function of P2 receptors on gut epithelial cells during disease processes indicate a novel avenue for the evaluation of disease progression and for the discovery of related therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumei Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Otrokocsi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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Emerging Role of Purine Metabolizing Enzymes in Brain Function and Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113598. [PMID: 30441833 PMCID: PMC6274932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing evidence of the involvement of purine compounds in signaling, of nucleotide imbalance in tumorigenesis, the discovery of purinosome and its regulation, cast new light on purine metabolism, indicating that well known biochemical pathways may still surprise. Adenosine deaminase is important not only to preserve functionality of immune system but also to ensure a correct development and function of central nervous system, probably because its activity regulates the extracellular concentration of adenosine and therefore its function in brain. A lot of work has been done on extracellular 5′-nucleotidase and its involvement in the purinergic signaling, but also intracellular nucleotidases, which regulate the purine nucleotide homeostasis, play unexpected roles, not only in tumorigenesis but also in brain function. Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) appears to have a role in the purinosome formation and, therefore, in the regulation of purine synthesis rate during cell cycle with implications in brain development and tumors. The final product of purine catabolism, uric acid, also plays a recently highlighted novel role. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological manifestations of purine dysmetabolisms, focusing on the newly described/hypothesized roles of cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase II, adenosine kinase, adenosine deaminase, HPRT, and xanthine oxidase.
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Hackett TA. Adenosine A 1 Receptor mRNA Expression by Neurons and Glia in the Auditory Forebrain. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1882-1905. [PMID: 30315630 PMCID: PMC6282551 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, purines such as ATP and adenosine can function as neurotransmitters and co‐transmitters, or serve as signals in neuron–glial interactions. In thalamocortical (TC) projections to sensory cortex, adenosine functions as a negative regulator of glutamate release via activation of the presynaptic adenosine A1 receptor (A1R). In the auditory forebrain, restriction of A1R‐adenosine signaling in medial geniculate (MG) neurons is sufficient to extend LTP, LTD, and tonotopic map plasticity in adult mice for months beyond the critical period. Interfering with adenosine signaling in primary auditory cortex (A1) does not contribute to these forms of plasticity, suggesting regional differences in the roles of A1R‐mediated adenosine signaling in the forebrain. To advance understanding of the circuitry, in situ hybridization was used to localize neuronal and glial cell types in the auditory forebrain that express A1R transcripts (Adora1), based on co‐expression with cell‐specific markers for neuronal and glial subtypes. In A1, Adora1 transcripts were concentrated in L3/4 and L6 of glutamatergic neurons. Subpopulations of GABAergic neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia expressed lower levels of Adora1. In MG, Adora1 was expressed by glutamatergic neurons in all divisions, and subpopulations of all glial classes. The collective findings imply that A1R‐mediated signaling broadly extends to all subdivisions of auditory cortex and MG. Selective expression by neuronal and glial subpopulations suggests that experimental manipulations of A1R‐adenosine signaling could impact several cell types, depending on their location. Strategies to target Adora1 in specific cell types can be developed from the data generated here. Anat Rec, 301:1882–1905, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Hackett
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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48
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Luna-Munguia H, Zestos AG, Gliske SV, Kennedy RT, Stacey WC. Chemical biomarkers of epileptogenesis and ictogenesis in experimental epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 121:177-186. [PMID: 30304705 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy produces chronic chemical changes induced by altered cellular structures, and acute ones produced by conditions leading into individual seizures. Here, we aim to quantify 24 molecules simultaneously at baseline and during periods of lowered seizure threshold in rats. Using serial hippocampal microdialysis collections starting two weeks after the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, we evaluated how this chronic epilepsy model affects molecule levels and their interactions. Then, we quantified the changes occurring when the brain moves into a pro-seizure state using a novel model of physiological ictogenesis. Compared with controls, pilocarpine animals had significantly decreased baseline levels of adenosine, homovanillic acid, and serotonin, but significantly increased levels of choline, glutamate, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. Step-wise linear regression identified that choline, homovanillic acid, adenosine, and serotonin are the most important features to characterize the difference in the extracellular milieu between pilocarpine and control animals. When increasing the hippocampal seizure risk, the concentrations of normetanephrine, serine, aspartate, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were the most prominent; however, there were no specific, consistent changes prior to individual seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiram Luna-Munguia
- Departamento de Neurobiologia Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Alexander G Zestos
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington D.C. 20016, USA
| | - Stephen V Gliske
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William C Stacey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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49
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Weng YT, Chien T, Kuan II, Chern Y. The TRAX, DISC1, and GSK3 complex in mental disorders and therapeutic interventions. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:71. [PMID: 30285728 PMCID: PMC6171312 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders (such as bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia) affect the lives of millions of individuals worldwide. Despite the tremendous efforts devoted to various types of psychiatric studies and rapidly accumulating genetic information, the molecular mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorder development remain elusive. Among the genes that have been implicated in schizophrenia and other mental disorders, disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) have been intensively investigated. DISC1 binds directly to GSK3 and modulates many cellular functions by negatively inhibiting GSK3 activity. The human DISC1 gene is located on chromosome 1 and is highly associated with schizophrenia and other mental disorders. A recent study demonstrated that a neighboring gene of DISC1, translin-associated factor X (TRAX), binds to the DISC1/GSK3β complex and at least partly mediates the actions of the DISC1/GSK3β complex. Previous studies also demonstrate that TRAX and most of its interacting proteins that have been identified so far are risk genes and/or markers of mental disorders. In the present review, we will focus on the emerging roles of TRAX and its interacting proteins (including DISC1 and GSK3β) in psychiatric disorders and the potential implications for developing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting Chien
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - I-I Kuan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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50
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Bahreyni A, Rezaei M, Khazaei M, Fuiji H, Ferns GA, Ryzhikov M, Avan A, Hassanian SM. The potential role of adenosine signaling in the pathogenesis of melanoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:451-457. [PMID: 30232037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma cancer cell proliferation, motility, invasion, and tumor growth is affected by the adenosine pathway that consists of adenosine-synthesizing enzymes, receptors, and their respective agonists/antagonists. Accumulating evidence suggests that ischemia and inflammation, two conditions associated with melanoma, display dysregulated adenosine metabolism, which implicates it as the mechanism responsible for the pathogenesis of melanoma, thereby resulting in advanced diagnosis and therapy. Suppression of adenosine signaling by inhibiting adenosine receptors or adenosine-generating enzymes (CD39 and CD73) on melanoma cells presents a novel therapeutic target for patients with melanoma. This review summarizes the role of adenosine signaling in the pathogenesis of melanoma to advance its understanding and hence improve therapeutics and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Melika Rezaei
- Department of Biology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Fuiji
- Department of Biochemistry, Payam-e-Noor University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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