1
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de Water E, Demurie E, Mies GW, Scheres A. Temporal discounting in children and adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a comparison of four scoring methods. Child Neuropsychol 2024; 30:702-721. [PMID: 37860876 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2023.2268768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Temporal discounting (TD) tasks measure the preference for immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards and have been widely used to study impulsivity in children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Relatively impulsive individuals tend to show high inconsistency in their choices, which makes it difficult to determine commonly used TD outcome measures (e.g., area under the curve, AUC). In this study, we leveraged two published datasets to compare four methods to compute TD outcome measures in children and adolescents (8-17 years) with (n = 107) and without ADHD (n = 128): two predetermined rules methods, a proportion method, and logistic regression. In both datasets, when using the two predetermined rules methods and the proportion method, TD outcomes were highly correlated and group differences in TD were similar. When using logistic regression, a large proportion of AUCs (95% in dataset 1; 33% in dataset 2) could not be computed due to inconsistent choice patterns. These findings indicate that predetermined rules methods (for studies with small sample sizes and experienced raters) and a proportion method (for studies with larger sample sizes or less experienced raters) are recommended over logistic regression when determining subjective reward values for participants with inconsistent choice patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Demurie
- Research in Developmental Disorders Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gabry W Mies
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Chan WWY, Shum KKM, Downs J, Liu NT, Sonuga-Barke EJS. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in cultural context II: a comparison of the links between ADHD symptoms and waiting-related responses in Hong Kong and UK. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02506-7. [PMID: 38935132 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The concept of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered to have cross-cultural validity, but direct comparisons of its psychological characteristics across cultures are limited. This study investigates whether preschool children's ADHD symptoms expressed in two cultures with different views about child behaviour and parenting, Hong Kong and the UK, show the same pattern of associations with their waiting-related abilities and reactions, an important marker of early self-regulation. A community sample of 112 preschoolers (mean age = 46.22 months; 55 from UK, 57 from HK) completed three tasks measuring different waiting elements - waiting for rewards, choosing the amount of time to wait, and having to wait unexpectedly when a task is interrupted. Participants' waiting-related behavioural and emotional reactions were coded. Parents rated their children's ADHD symptoms and delay aversion. Our findings revealed that the associations between ADHD symptoms and waiting-related responses were comparable in both UK and HK samples. This suggests that the core psychological characteristics of ADHD, particularly in relation to waiting behaviours, may exhibit similarity across cultural contexts. Future research can extend this cross-cultural analysis to other ADHD-related psychological domains and explore additional cultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W Y Chan
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Johnny Downs
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ngai Tsit Liu
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, DeCrespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK.
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3
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Bado PP, Salum GA, Rohde LA, Gadelha A, Pan PM, Miguel EC, Tripp G, Furukawa E. Is waiting for rewards good for you? No association between impulsive choice, psychopathology, and functional outcomes in a large cohort sample. JCPP ADVANCES 2024; 4:e12231. [PMID: 38827985 PMCID: PMC11143955 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A stronger preference for immediate rewards has been reported in individuals with ADHD and other disorders. However, the consistency of the associations between this preference and psychiatric conditions as well as functional outcomes have been questioned. Research on its association with longitudinal outcomes is scarce. Methods The current study used data on a choice delay task (CDT) from a school-based cohort of Brazilian children with those at higher risk for psychiatric disorders over-sampled (n = 1917). The sample included typically developing children (n = 1379), those with ADHD (n = 213), and other disorders. The frequency of the trials where children chose a larger later reward versus a smaller sooner reward was compared for those with ADHD and typically developing children. Cross-sectionally and longitudinally, the study also evaluated whether children's preference for larger delayed rewards at baseline predicted the presence of psychiatric disorders and functional life outcomes (academic performance, alcohol use, early pregnancy, criminal conviction, BMI). Results Children with ADHD and their typically developing peers performed similarly on the CDT. Their baseline task performance was not related to psychiatric conditions or life outcomes. Conclusions The current results raise questions regarding the use of the CDT with diverse populations and whether a preference for larger delayed rewards is predictive of positive long-term outcomes as widely assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P. Bado
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA)Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC‐Rio)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Giovanni A. Salum
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA)Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents & National Center for Innovation and Research in Mental HealthSão PauloBrazil
| | - Luis A. Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents & National Center for Innovation and Research in Mental HealthSão PauloBrazil
- ADHD Outpatient Program & Developmental Psychiatry ProgramHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreFederal University of Rio Grande Do SulPorto AlegreBrazil
- Medical Council UniEduKSão PauloBrazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents & National Center for Innovation and Research in Mental HealthSão PauloBrazil
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
- Laboratório de Neurociências Integrativas (Linc)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Pedro M. Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents & National Center for Innovation and Research in Mental HealthSão PauloBrazil
- Laboratório de Neurociências Integrativas (Linc)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Eurípedes C. Miguel
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents & National Center for Innovation and Research in Mental HealthSão PauloBrazil
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Gail Tripp
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate UniversityOnna‐sonOkinawaJapan
| | - Emi Furukawa
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate UniversityOnna‐sonOkinawaJapan
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4
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Schiros A, Rother Y, Wilcutt EG, Flory KH, Canu WH, Stevens A, Antshel KM. College during COVID-19: The pandemic's effect on college adjustment in first year students with ADHD. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38743863 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2024.2338427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Objective: The current study aims to compare college adjustment and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on first-year students with and without ADHD. Participants: Two cohorts (pre-pandemic, during the pandemic) of first-year, undergraduate college students (N = 3,006; Mage=18.32) were recruited from a multisite research consortium across several universities. Methods: First-year participants self-reported on ADHD diagnosis and symptoms, functional impairments, and experiences transitioning to college. Results: First-year college students with and without ADHD reported significantly greater academic, daily living, and overall functional impairments during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic. Compared to college students without ADHD, college students with ADHD reported greater functional impairment, more difficulty adjusting to the academic demands of college, and were less likely to feel valued at their institution. Conclusions: First-year college students with and without ADHD experienced greater difficulties navigating the transition to college during the pandemic. Psychosocial and academic supports to help students transition to college are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Schiros
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Yvette Rother
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Erik G Wilcutt
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kate H Flory
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Will H Canu
- Department of Psychology, Appalachian State University, Boone, SC, USA
| | - Anne Stevens
- Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Kevin M Antshel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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5
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Smith JN, Jusko ML, Fosco WD, Musser ED, Raiker JS. A critical review of hot executive functioning in youth attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Methodological limitations, conceptual considerations, and future directions. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:601-615. [PMID: 36734223 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422001432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hot executive functioning (EF) - EF under emotionally or motivationally salient conditions - is a putative etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), disruptive behavior problems (DBPs), and their related impairments. Despite two decades of research, the present study is the first review of the construct in youth ADHD, with a particular focus on the role of task design, age, and DBPs, as well as relevant conceptual and methodological considerations. While certain hot EF tasks have been investigated extensively (e.g., choice impulsivity), substantial inconsistency in measurement of the broader construct remains, severely limiting conclusions. Future research should a) consider the extent to which various hot EF tasks relate to one another, a higher order factor, and other related constructs; b) further investigate task design, particularly the elicitation of emotion or motivation and its anticipated effect on EF; and c) incorporate multiple levels of analysis to validate similarities and differences among tasks with regard to the affective experiences and cognitive demands they elicit. With improved measurement and conceptual clarity, hot EF has potential to advance the literature on etiological pathways to ADHD, DBPs and associated impairments and, more broadly, may represent a useful tool for understanding the influence of emotion and motivation on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erica D Musser
- Florida International University (FIU), USA
- FIU Center for Children and Families, USA
- FIU Embrace, USA
| | - Joseph S Raiker
- Florida International University (FIU), USA
- FIU Center for Children and Families, USA
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6
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Chen C, Zhang S, Hong H, Qiu S, Zhou Y, Zhao M, Pan M, Si F, Dong M, Li H, Wang Y, Liu L, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Qian Q. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Quick Delay Questionnaire (C-QDQ) and ecological characteristics of reward-delay impulsivity of adults with ADHD. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:251. [PMID: 38566048 PMCID: PMC10988885 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Quick Delay Questionnaire (QDQ) is a short questionnaire designed to assess delay-related difficulties in adults. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the QDQ (C-QDQ) in Chinese adults, and explore the ecological characteristics of delay-related impulsivity in Chinese adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Data was collected from 302 adults, including ADHD (n = 209) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 93). All participants completed the C-QDQ. The convergent validity, internal consistency, retest reliability and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the C-QDQ were analyzed. The correlations between C-QDQ and two laboratory measures of delay-related difficulties and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), the comparison of C-QDQ scores between ADHD subgroups and HCs were also analyzed. RESULTS The Cronbach's α of C-QDQ was between 0.83 and 0.89. The intraclass correlation coefficient of C-QDQ was between 0.80 and 0.83. The results of CFA of C-QDQ favoured the original two-factor model (delay aversion and delay discounting). Significant positive associations were found between C-QDQ scores and BIS-11 total score and performance on the laboratory measure of delay-related difficulties. Participants with ADHD had higher C-QDQ scores than HCs, and female ADHD reported higher scores on delay discounting subscale than male. ADHD-combined type (ADHD-C) reported higher scores on delay aversion subscale than ADHD-inattention type (ADHD-I). CONCLUSION The C-QDQ is a valid and reliable tool to measure delay-related responses that appears to have clinical utility. It can present the delay-related impulsivity of patients with ADHD. Compared to HCs, the level of reward-delay impulsivity was higher in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caili Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Haiheng Hong
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Sunwei Qiu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjie Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Meirong Pan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Si
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Min Dong
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Haimei Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China.
| | | | - Qiujin Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China.
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7
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Yang Y, Zhu X, Auyeung B, Obsuth I, Murray A. Associations Between Reward and Future-Related Orientations and General and Specific Mental Health Issues in Adolescence. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:385-397. [PMID: 37804397 PMCID: PMC10896876 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is characterised by a peak in sensation seeking accompanied by gradually developing self-control skills. Adolescents typically show steeper delay discounting performance than other age groups; a feature that is transdiagnostically related to a variety of mental health disorders. However, delay discounting performance is not a singular mental process but involves both risk/reward and future orientation elements, usually operationalised as probability/risk and time discounting tasks, respectively. To clarify the specific relations between the risk/reward and future orientation elements of delay discounting and different types of mental health problems, two bi-factor models and a series of structural equation models (SEMs) were fitted to multi-informant (parent and adolescent self-reported) mental health data from a large UK study. A transdiagnostic promotive role of future orientation was found using bi-factor modelling to separate general and dimension-specific mental health variation; however, this was limited to parent reports. In addition, future orientation was negatively associated with conduct problems and ADHD symptoms, but positively associated with emotional problems. Risk aversion was negatively associated with conduct problems, but positively associated with emotional and peer problems. The findings highlight that risk/reward and future orientation elements of delay discounting play partly distinct roles in different mental health problems and can serve both promotive and risk roles during adolescence. Findings also illuminate which elements of delay discounting should be intervention targets for different mental health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Xinxin Zhu
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ingrid Obsuth
- Clinical Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aja Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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8
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Bombonato C, Del Lucchese B, Ruffini C, Di Lieto MC, Brovedani P, Sgandurra G, Cioni G, Pecini C. Far Transfer Effects of Trainings on Executive Functions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:98-133. [PMID: 36633797 PMCID: PMC10920464 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Executive Functions are a set of interrelated, top-down processes essential for adaptive goal-directed behaviour, frequently impaired across different neurodevelopmental disorders with variable degrees of severity. Many executive-function-training studies in children with neurodevelopmental disorders have focused on near effects, investigating post-treatment improvements on directly trained processes, while enhancements of skills not directly trained, defined as far effects, are less considered, albeit these could be extremely relevant for reducing the negative impact of a disorder's core symptomatology. This systematic review and metanalysis aims to investigate the far effect outcomes after EF training in children with different types of neurodevelopmental disorders. 17 studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review, while 15 studies were selected in the metanalysis. An overall statistically significant effect size was found in the majority of far effect outcome measures considered in the studies. In particular, trainings on executive functions determine significant far effects on daily life functioning (0.46, 95% CI: [0.05-0.87]) and clinical symptoms (0.33, 95% CI: [0.15-0.51]). Despite a high variability of the results, intensity, frequency and the laboratory/life contexts dimension seem to be the most influential variables in determining far effects. This systematic review and metanalysis highlights the need to measure far effects of executive function training in neurodevelopmental disorders, selecting treatments not only on directly targeted processes, but also according to far impacts on the functional weakness of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bombonato
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
- Tuscan Programme of Neuroscience, University of Florence, Pisa and Siena, Italy
| | - Benedetta Del Lucchese
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
- Tuscan Programme of Neuroscience, University of Florence, Pisa and Siena, Italy
| | - Costanza Ruffini
- Department of Education, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology (FORLIPSI), University of Florence, Languages, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Di Lieto
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Brovedani
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sgandurra
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Pecini
- Department of Education, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology (FORLIPSI), University of Florence, Languages, Florence, Italy
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Tripp G, Wickens J. Using rodent data to elucidate dopaminergic mechanisms of ADHD: Implications for human personality. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 7:e2. [PMID: 38384667 PMCID: PMC10877278 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2023.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
An altered behavioral response to positive reinforcement has been proposed to be a core deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a congenic animal strain, displays a similarly altered response to reinforcement. The presence of this genetically determined phenotype in a rodent model allows experimental investigation of underlying neural mechanisms. Behaviorally, the SHR displays increased preference for immediate reinforcement, increased sensitivity to individual instances of reinforcement relative to integrated reinforcement history, and a steeper delay of reinforcement gradient compared to other rat strains. The SHR also shows less development of incentive to approach sensory stimuli, or cues, that predict reward after repeated cue-reward pairing. We consider the underlying neural mechanisms for these characteristics. It is well known that midbrain dopamine neurons are initially activated by unexpected reward and gradually transfer their responses to reward-predicting cues. This finding has inspired the dopamine transfer deficit (DTD) hypothesis, which predicts certain behavioral effects that would arise from a deficient transfer of dopamine responses from actual rewards to reward-predicting cues. We argue that the DTD predicts the altered responses to reinforcement seen in the SHR and individuals with ADHD. These altered responses to reinforcement in turn predict core symptoms of ADHD. We also suggest that variations in the degree of dopamine transfer may underlie variations in personality dimensions related to altered reinforcement sensitivity. In doing so, we highlight the value of rodent models to the study of human personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Tripp
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jeff Wickens
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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10
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Bullard CC, Roberts DK, Tatsuki MO, Sullivan MA, Kofler MJ, Alderson RM. Social functioning in children with ADHD: an examination of inhibition, self-control, and working memory as potential mediators. Child Neuropsychol 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38269494 PMCID: PMC11269528 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2024.2304375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience a host of social problems, in addition to significant impairments in behavioral inhibition, working memory, and self-control. Behavioral inhibition and working memory difficulties have been linked with social functioning deficits, but to date, most studies have examined these neurocognitive problems either in isolation or as an aggregate measure in relation to social problems, and none has considered the role of self-control. Thus, it remains unclear whether all of these executive functions are linked with social problems or if the link can be more parsimoniously explained by construct overlap. Fifty-eight children with ADHD and 63 typically developing (TD) children completed tests assessing self-control, behavioral inhibition, and working memory; parents and teachers rated children's social functioning. Examination of potential indirect effects with the bootstrapping procedure indicated that working memory mediated the relation between group membership (ADHD, TD) and child social functioning based on teacher but not parent ratings. Behavioral inhibition and self-control did not have direct relations with either parent- or teacher-rated social functioning. These findings point to important differences regarding how executive functioning difficulties manifest at school compared to home, as well as the specific executive function components that predict ADHD-related social difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delanie K. Roberts
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Psychology
- Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles
| | - Miho O. Tatsuki
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Psychology
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology
| | | | | | - R. Matt Alderson
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Psychology
- Posthumous author
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11
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Chan WWY, Shum KKM, Downs J, Sonuga-Barke EJS. An experimental task to measure preschool children's frustration induced by having to wait unexpectedly: The role of sensitivity to delay and culture. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 237:105763. [PMID: 37647841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manage frustration induced by having to wait for valued outcomes emerges across childhood and is an important marker of self-regulatory capacity. However, approaches to measure this capacity in preschool children are lacking. In this study, we introduced a new task, the Preschool Delay Frustration Task (P-DeFT), designed specifically to identify children's behavioral and emotional markers of waiting-induced frustration during the imposed wait period and after the release from waiting. We then explored how waiting-induced frustration relates to individual differences in delay sensitivity and whether it differs between two cultural groups thought to have different attitudes toward children's conduct and performance: Hong Kong (HK) and the United Kingdom (UK). A total of 112 preschool children (mean age = 46.22 months) completed the P-DeFT in a quiet laboratory. Each trial had two stages; first, a button press elicited a Go signal; second, this Go signal allowed children to go to a "supermarket" to pick a target toy. On most trials, the Go signal occurred immediately on the first press. On 6 trials, an unexpected/unsignaled 5- or 10-s pre-Go-signal period was imposed. Frustration was indexed by performance (button presses and press duration), behavioral agitation, and negative affect during the pre-Go-signal wait period and the post-Go-signal shopping task. Parents rated their children's delay sensitivity. Waiting-related frustration expressed during both the pre-Go-signal wait period and the post-Go-signal task varied with (a) the length of wait and (b) individual differences in parent-rated delay sensitivity. UK children displayed more negative affect during delay than their HK counterparts, although the relationship between delay sensitivity and frustration was culturally invariant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Wing-Ying Chan
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Johnny Downs
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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12
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Schachar RJ. Fifty years of executive control research in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:What we have learned and still need to know. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105461. [PMID: 37949153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
For 50 years, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been considered a disorder of executive control (EC), the higher-order, cognitive skills that support self-regulation, goal attainment and what we generally call "attention." This review surveys our current understanding of the nature of EC as it pertains to ADHD and considers the evidence in support of eight hypotheses that can be derived from the EC theory of ADHD. This paper provides a resource for practitioners to aid in clinical decision-making. To support theory building, I draw a parallel between the EC theory of ADHD and the common gene-common variant model of complex traits such as ADHD. The conclusion offers strategies for advancing collaborative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Schachar
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada.
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13
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Smith TR, Southern R, Kirkpatrick K. Mechanisms of impulsive choice: Experiments to explore and models to map the empirical terrain. Learn Behav 2023; 51:355-391. [PMID: 36913144 PMCID: PMC10497727 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-023-00577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Impulsive choice is preference for a smaller-sooner (SS) outcome over a larger-later (LL) outcome when LL choices result in greater reinforcement maximization. Delay discounting is a model of impulsive choice that describes the decaying value of a reinforcer over time, with impulsive choice evident when the empirical choice-delay function is steep. Steep discounting is correlated with multiple diseases and disorders. Thus, understanding the processes underlying impulsive choice is a popular topic for investigation. Experimental research has explored the conditions that moderate impulsive choice, and quantitative models of impulsive choice have been developed that elegantly represent the underlying processes. This review spotlights experimental research in impulsive choice covering human and nonhuman animals across the domains of learning, motivation, and cognition. Contemporary models of delay discounting designed to explain the underlying mechanisms of impulsive choice are discussed. These models focus on potential candidate mechanisms, which include perception, delay and/or reinforcer sensitivity, reinforcement maximization, motivation, and cognitive systems. Although the models collectively explain multiple mechanistic phenomena, there are several cognitive processes, such as attention and working memory, that are overlooked. Future research and model development should focus on bridging the gap between quantitative models and empirical phenomena.
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Parhoon K, Aita SL, Mohammadi A, Roth RM. Do executive functions differentiate Iranian children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid obesity? Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 38:1659-1670. [PMID: 37494423 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare multiple dimensions of executive function between children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without comorbid obesity. METHOD Participants were 90 Iranian children (ages 8-13, 50% female) who were equally dispersed across three study groups: typically developing (TD), ADHD with obesity (ADHD+O), and ADHD without obesity (ADHD-O). Study participants were administered a comprehensive battery of Iranian-adapted "cool" executive function tasks including Digit Span from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V), Victoria Stroop Test (VST), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Tower of London, and dot-probe task (i.e., a task of attentional bias). Parents completed the Children's Scale for Future Thinking Questionnaire, which assesses future-oriented cognition (e.g., saving, planning, episodic foresight, delay of gratification), aligning more with "hot" executive functions. Groups were compared using multivariate and post-hoc univariate general linear models. RESULTS Significant group effects were observed for all executive function variables, broadly with the gradient pattern of TD > ADHD-O > ADHD+O. ADHD+O had poorer performances than ADHD-O for WISC-V Digit Span (d = -0.84), WCST Categories Completed (d = -0.55) and Perseverative Responses (d = 1.15), VST Interference Errors (d = 0.83) and Interference Time (d = 1.38), and Dot-Probe Task (d = 0.84). Relative to the ADHD-O group, ADHD+O had also poorer parent-reported Prospective Memory (d = -0.62), Episodic Foresight (d = -0.63), and Delay of Gratification (d = -0.54). CONCLUSIONS Children with ADHD-O have poorer executive functioning than those without obesity. We observed stronger effects for "cool" rather than "hot" domains of executive function, though this could be due to the former being performance-based and the latter parent-reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Parhoon
- Postdoc Researcher in Cognitive Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719, Iran
| | - Stephen L Aita
- Department of Mental Health, VA Maine Healthcare System, Augusta ME, 04330, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Azad Mohammadi
- Educational Neuroscience, University of Tehran, Tehran 15719, Iran
| | - Robert M Roth
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center / Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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15
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Chong TTJ, Fortunato E, Bellgrove MA. Amphetamines Improve the Motivation to Invest Effort in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6898-6908. [PMID: 37666665 PMCID: PMC10573750 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0982-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevailing frameworks propose that a key feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is lower motivation. An important component of motivation is the willingness to engage in cognitively or physically effortful behavior. However, the degree to which effort sensitivity is impaired in ADHD has rarely been tested, and the efficacy of stimulant medication in ameliorating any such impairments is unclear. Here, we tested 20 individuals with ADHD (11 males, 9 females) who were managed with amphetamine-based medication (dexamfetamine, lisdexamfetamine), and 24 controls (8 males, 16 females). Individuals with ADHD were tested over two counterbalanced sessions, ON and OFF their usual amphetamine-based medication. In each session, participants performed an effort-based decision-making task, in which they were required to choose how much cognitive or physical effort they were willing to engage in return for reward. Our results revealed three main findings. First, individuals with ADHD had lower motivation relative to controls to invest effort in both the cognitive and physical domains. Second, amphetamine increased motivation uniformly across both domains. Finally, the net effect of amphetamine treatment was to mostly restore motivation across both domains of effort relative to healthy controls. These data provide clear evidence for a heightened sensitivity to both cognitive and physical effort in ADHD, and reveal the efficacy of amphetamine-based drugs in restoring effort sensitivity to levels similar to controls. These findings confirm the existence of reduced motivational drive in ADHD, and more broadly provide direct causal evidence for a domain-general role of catecholamines in motivating effortful behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A core feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is thought to be a heightened aversion to effort. Surprisingly, however, the degree to which effort sensitivity is impaired in ADHD has rarely been tested. More broadly, the relative efficacy of catecholamines in motivating the investment of cognitive and physical effort is unclear. We tested 20 individuals with ADHD ON and OFF amphetamines, and compared their behavior on an effort-based decision-making task to 24 controls. When tested OFF medication, the ADHD group was less cognitively and physically motivated than controls. However, amphetamines led to a comparable increase in motivation across both domains. This demonstrates the efficacy of catecholamines in facilitating domain-general effort, and highlights the broader potential of such drugs to treat disorders of motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor T-J Chong
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Erika Fortunato
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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16
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Yan X, Huang-Pollock C. Preferential Choice to Exert Cognitive Effort in Children with ADHD: a Diffusion Modelling Account. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1497-1509. [PMID: 37233896 PMCID: PMC10543603 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Greater sensitivity to the cost of effortful engagement has long been implicated in the development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The current study evaluated preferential choice to engage in demanding tasks, and did so in combination with computational methods to interrogate the process of choice. Children aged 8-12 with (n = 49) and without (n = 36) ADHD were administered the cognitive effort discounting paradigm (COG-ED, adapted from Westbrook et al., 2013). Diffusion modelling was subsequently applied to the choice data to allow for a better description of the process of affective decision making. All children showed evidence of effort discounting, but, contrary to theoretical expectations, there was no evidence that children with ADHD judged effortful tasks to be lower in subjective value, or that they maintained a bias towards less effortful tasks. However, children with ADHD developed a much less differentiated mental representation of demand than their non-ADHD counterparts even though familiarity with and exposure to the experience of effort was similar between groups. Thus, despite theoretical arguments to the contrary, and colloquial use of motivational constructs to explain ADHD-related behavior, our findings strongly argue against the presence of greater sensitivity to costs of effort or reduced sensitivity to rewards as an explanatory mechanism. Instead, there appears to be a more global weakness in the metacognitive monitoring of demand, which is a critical precursor for cost-benefit analyses that underlie decisions to engage cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
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Tallberg P, Rastam M, Hallin AL, Perrin S, Gustafsson P. A longitudinal investigation of parental ratings and performance metrics for executive functioning and symptom severity in clinically referred youth with ADHD. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2023; 12:259-271. [PMID: 36126650 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2022.2093113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There remains a knowledge gap concerning the persistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) over the longer term. The current study aimed to investigate the change in parent-rated, and performance-based metrics of executive functioning (EF) and the relationship between these EF metrics and ADHD symptoms in individuals with ADHD from childhood/adolescence to young adulthood. This was done by examining possible improvements in parent-rated EF and performance-based measures of inattention and inhibition over a three-year interval and their relationship to ADHD outcomes in 137 clinically referred youth with ADHD (mean age = 12.4 years, SD = 3.1). Participants' parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and the Swanson-Nolan-Pelham Scale at baseline and follow-up. Participants completed the Conners' Continuous Performance Test, Version II (CPT II) at baseline and follow-up. Statistical analyses were performed with Linear Mixed Models. The sex- and age-standardized measures Commission and Hit reaction time (RT) subscales of the CPT II and parent-rated metacognitive, and behavior regulation composites of the BRIEF were largely stable between measuring points. CPT Omissions, Hit RT standard error (reaction time variability), and parent-rated ADHD symptom scores improved slightly. BRIEF composites and reaction time variability were related to ADHD symptoms using longitudinal data. Overall, behavioral aspects of EF, as observed by parents in the home context, appear to play a significant role in the trajectory of childhood ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Tallberg
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Region Skane, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Rastam
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anne-Li Hallin
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Region Skane, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sean Perrin
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peik Gustafsson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Region Skane, Lund, Sweden
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18
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Bär A, Bär HE, Rijkeboer MM, Lobbestael J. Early Maladaptive Schemas and Schema Modes in clinical disorders: A systematic review. Psychol Psychother 2023; 96:716-747. [PMID: 37026578 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although schema therapy has been predominantly applied to treat personality disorders, interest into its application in other clinical disorders is growing. Central to schema therapy are Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) and Schema Modes. Since existing EMS and Schema Modes were primarily developed in the context of personality disorders, their relevance for clinical disorders is unclear. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the presence of EMS and Schema Modes in clinical disorders according to DSM criteria. Per disorder, we evaluated which EMS and Schema Modes were more pronounced in comparison with clinical as well as non-clinical control groups and which EMS and Schema Modes were most highly endorsed within the disorder. RESULTS Although evidence concerning EMS was scarce for several disorders, and only few studies on Schema Modes survived inclusion criteria, we identified meaningful relationships and patterns for EMS and Schema Modes in various clinical disorders. CONCLUSIONS The present review highlights the relevance of EMS and Schema Modes for clinical disorders beyond personality disorders. Depending on the theme of the representation, EMS act as vulnerabilities both across diagnoses and for specific disorders. Thus, EMS and resulting Schema Modes are potential, valuable targets for the prevention and treatment of clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bär
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Hannah E Bär
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Marleen M Rijkeboer
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jill Lobbestael
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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19
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Rosch KS, Batschelett MA, Crocetti D, Mostofsky SH, Seymour KE. Sex differences in atypical fronto-subcortical structural connectivity among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Associations with delay discounting. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114525. [PMID: 37271314 PMCID: PMC10527538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atypical fronto-subcortical neural circuitry has been implicated in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including connections between prefrontal cortical regions involved in top-down cognitive control and subcortical limbic structures (striatum and amygdala) involved in bottom-up reward and emotional processing. The integrity of fronto-subcortical connections may also relate to interindividual variability in delay discounting, or a preference for smaller, immediate over larger, delayed rewards, which is associated with ADHD, with recent evidence of ADHD-related sex differences. METHODS We applied diffusion tensor imaging to compare the integrity of the white matter connections within fronto-subcortical tracts among 187 8-12 year-old children either with ADHD ((n = 106; 29 girls) or typically developing (TD) controls ((n = 81; 28 girls). Analyses focused on diagnostic group differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) within fronto-subcortical circuitry implicated in delay discounting, connecting subregions of the striatum (dorsal executive and ventral limbic areas) and amygdala with prefrontal regions of interest (dorsolateral [dlPFC], orbitofrontal [OFC] and anterior cingulate cortex [ACC]), and associations with two behavioral assessments of delay discounting. RESULTS Children with ADHD showed reduced FA in tracts connecting OFC with ventral striatum, regardless of sex, whereas reduced FA in the OFC-amygdala and ventral ACC-amygdala tracts were specific to boys with ADHD. Across diagnostic groups and sex, reduced FA in the dorsal ACC-executive striatum tract correlated with greater game time delay discounting. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a potential neurobiological substrate of heightened delay discounting in children with ADHD and support the need for additional studies including larger sample sizes of girls with ADHD to further elucidate ADHD-related sex differences in these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri S Rosch
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Neuropsychology Department, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA.
| | | | - Deana Crocetti
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Karen E Seymour
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Cavallaro J, Yeisley J, Akdoǧan B, Salazar RE, Floeder JR, Balsam PD, Gallo EF. Dopamine D2 receptors in nucleus accumbens cholinergic interneurons increase impulsive choice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1309-1317. [PMID: 37221325 PMCID: PMC10354036 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Impulsive choice, often characterized by excessive preference for small, short-term rewards over larger, long-term rewards, is a prominent feature of substance use and other neuropsychiatric disorders. The neural mechanisms underlying impulsive choice are not well understood, but growing evidence implicates nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine and its actions on dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs). Because several NAc cell types and afferents express D2Rs, it has been difficult to determine the specific neural mechanisms linking NAc D2Rs to impulsive choice. Of these cell types, cholinergic interneurons (CINs) of the NAc, which express D2Rs, have emerged as key regulators of striatal output and local dopamine release. Despite these relevant functions, whether D2Rs expressed specifically in these neurons contribute to impulsive choice behavior is unknown. Here, we show that D2R upregulation in CINs of the mouse NAc increases impulsive choice as measured in a delay discounting task without affecting reward magnitude sensitivity or interval timing. Conversely, mice lacking D2Rs in CINs showed decreased delay discounting. Furthermore, CIN D2R manipulations did not affect probabilistic discounting, which measures a different form of impulsive choice. Together, these findings suggest that CIN D2Rs regulate impulsive decision-making involving delay costs, providing new insight into the mechanisms by which NAc dopamine influences impulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna Yeisley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Başak Akdoǧan
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald E Salazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joseph R Floeder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Peter D Balsam
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo F Gallo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA.
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21
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Brynte C, Khemiri L, Stenström H, Konstenius M, Lindström NJ, Franck J. Impulsive choice in individuals with comorbid amphetamine use disorder and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:537. [PMID: 37488536 PMCID: PMC10367266 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amphetamine use disorder (AMPH) and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occur and are associated with poor treatment outcomes. Elevated impulsivity is a core feature in both disorders. Little is known however about the specific neurocognitive profile regarding different facets of impulsivity, and specifically impulsive choice, in comorbid populations. METHODS Three groups (ADHD + AMPH, ADHD only and healthy controls (HC)) were assessed with self-reported impulsivity and cognitive tasks of impulsive choice, operationalized as delay aversion (DA) and reflection impulsivity. RESULTS Twenty-nine participants with comorbid ADHD + AMPH, 25 participants with ADHD only and 116 HC completed screening, including self-rating scales, and cognitive testing. 20, 16 and 114 participants completed computerized cognitive tasks in the ADHD + AMPH group, ADHD group and HC group, respectively. The ADHD + AMPH group reported significantly higher motor, attentional and non-planning impulsiveness, and showed a significantly higher degree of impulsive choice, compared to both groups. There were no differences in task-related impulsiveness between ADHD only and HC. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that individuals with ADHD + AMPH have overall elevated levels of impulsivity compared to individuals with ADHD only. In addition, that ADHD + AMPH is specifically associated with impairments in task-related impulsive choice, which was not found in ADHD only compared to HC. The neurocognitive profile in this specific patient group may represent a need for more systematic screening within healthcare settings in order to develop effective and targeted treatment for comorbid patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION EudraCT, 2012-004298-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Brynte
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lotfi Khemiri
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Stenström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maija Konstenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nitya-Jayaram Lindström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Franck
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Nejati V, Mirikaram F, Rad JA. Transcranial direct current stimulation alters the process of reward processing in children with ADHD: Evidence from cognitive modeling. Neurophysiol Clin 2023; 53:102884. [PMID: 37224617 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2023.102884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) are the neural underpinnings of reward processing, which is impaired in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In the present study, we aimed to explore the impact of the vmPFC and the dlPFC regulation on reward processing. METHODS Twenty-six children with ADHD performed the balloon analogue risk-taking task (BART) and chocolate delay discounting task (CDDT) during five different sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), separated by a one-week interval: anodal left dlPFC/cathodal right vmPFC, the reversed electrode positioning, anodal left dlPFC stimulation with extracranial return electrode, anodal right vmPFC stimulation with extracranial return electrodes, and sham stimulation. Four-parameter and constant-sensitivity models were used to model the data. RESULTS In the BART, anodal dlPFC/cathodal vmPFC stimulation facilitated conservative decision making, anodal tDCS over dlPFC with extracranial return electrode increased positive beliefs about the explosion of a balloon, and anodal vmPFC/cathodal dlPFC stimulation reduced ongoing learning in the process of decision making. In the CDDT, anodal vmPFC stimulation with extracranial return electrode decreased impatience in the process of the task. CONCLUSION These results suggest a role of the left dlPFC and right vmPFC in the outcome of decision making and the process of risky decision making and delay discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Nejati
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fateme Mirikaram
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamal Amani Rad
- Department of Cognitive Modeling, Institute of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Rastikerdar N, Nejati V, Sammaknejad N, Fathabadi J. Developmental trajectory of hot and cold executive functions in children with and without attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 137:104514. [PMID: 37105003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a delayed development. Two main cognitive models of ADHD are executive (cold) and motivational (hot) models. In this study, we aimed to compare the development of hot and cold executive functions in children with and without ADHD. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Forty-six children with ADHD symptoms (56% boys) and forty-four typically developing controls (54% boys), in three age groups of 6-8, 8-10 and 10-12 years, were participated in the study. Go/No-Go Task (GNGT), One-Back Test (OBT) and Shifting Attention Test (SAT), Delay Discounting Test (DDT) and Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) were used for assessment. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Children with ADHD showed lower performance in GNG, OBT, SAT, and BART, but intact performance in DDT. The tasks' performance was significantly different between three age groups in GNG and SAT, but similar in OBT and BART. The interaction effect was significant only for the BART measures. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Children with ADHD compared to typically developing children, experience impaired hot and cold executive functions. The cognitive delay was found only in risky decision making as a hot executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Rastikerdar
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Nejati
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Negar Sammaknejad
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Fathabadi
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Balasubramani PP, Diaz-Delgado J, Grennan G, Alim F, Zafar-Khan M, Maric V, Ramanathan D, Mishra J. Distinct neural activations correlate with maximization of reward magnitude versus frequency. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:6038-6050. [PMID: 36573422 PMCID: PMC10422923 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Choice selection strategies and decision-making are typically investigated using multiple-choice gambling paradigms that require participants to maximize expected value of rewards. However, research shows that performance in such paradigms suffers from individual biases towards the frequency of gains such that users often choose smaller frequent gains over larger rarely occurring gains, also referred to as melioration. To understand the basis of this subjective tradeoff, we used a simple 2-choice reward task paradigm in 186 healthy human adult subjects sampled across the adult lifespan. Cortical source reconstruction of simultaneously recorded electroencephalography suggested distinct neural correlates for maximizing reward magnitude versus frequency. We found that activations in the parahippocampal and entorhinal areas, which are typically linked to memory function, specifically correlated with maximization of reward magnitude. In contrast, maximization of reward frequency was correlated with activations in the lateral orbitofrontal cortices and operculum, typical areas involved in reward processing. These findings reveal distinct neural processes serving reward frequency versus magnitude maximization that can have clinical translational utility to optimize decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragathi Priyadharsini Balasubramani
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Juan Diaz-Delgado
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gillian Grennan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fahad Alim
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mariam Zafar-Khan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vojislav Maric
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dhakshin Ramanathan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, United States
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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25
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Ikegami M, Sorama M. Differential Neural Correlates in the Prefrontal Cortex during a Delay Discounting Task in Healthy Adults: An fNIRS Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050758. [PMID: 37239230 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of future rewards being devalued as a function of delay is referred to as delay discounting (DD). It is considered a measure of impulsivity, and steep DD characterizes psychiatric problems such as addictive disorders and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This preliminarily study examined prefrontal hemodynamic activity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in healthy young adults performing a DD task. Prefrontal activity during a DD task with hypothetical monetary rewards was measured in 20 participants. A discounting rate (k-value) in the DD task was determined on the basis of a hyperbolic function. To validate the k-value, a DD questionnaire and the Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS) were administered after fNIRS. The DD task induced a significant increase in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) concentration bilaterally in the frontal pole and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) compared with a control task. Significant positive correlations were detected between left PFC activity and discounting parameters. Right frontal pole activity, however, showed significantly negative correlation with motor impulsivity as a BIS subscore. These results suggest that left and right PFCs have differential contributions when performing the DD task. The present findings suggest the idea that fNIRS measurement of prefrontal hemodynamic activity can be useful for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying DD and is applicable for assessing PFC function among psychiatric patients with impulsivity-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanaga Ikegami
- Department of Psychology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Michiko Sorama
- Department of Psychology, Kyoto Notre Dame University, Kyoto 606-0847, Japan
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26
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Thapaliya G, Carnell S, Mostofsky SH, Rosch KS. Neurobehavioral phenotypes of delay discounting and cognitive control in child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity: Shared or distinct? Pediatr Obes 2023; 18:e13001. [PMID: 36655309 PMCID: PMC9993809 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity have been independently associated with deficient cognitive control (CC) and heightened preference for immediate reward. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify specific shared and distinct neurobehavioral phenotypes of child obesity and ADHD by simultaneously measuring CC and preference for immediate reward in children with and without ADHD who varied in body weight. METHODS This case-control study included 323 8-12 year olds (ADHD n = 215, typically developing (TD) screened for ADHD symptoms [TD] controls n = 108) varying in body weight. Children completed a go/no-go task (assessing CC), as well as a classical money delay discounting (DD) task and novel experiential game time DD task (assessing preference for immediate over delayed rewards). RESULTS For game time DD, there was a body mass index z-score (BMIz)*ADHD interaction, such that TD children with overweight/obesity showed game time DD levels that were greater than those of TD children without overweight/obesity and similar to those of children with ADHD. Only children with ADHD showed poorer CC compared to TD children, with no effects of body weight. CONCLUSIONS Heightened game time DD with delays and rewards experienced in real-time may represent a neurobehavioral phenotype that is shared between ADHD and overweight/obesity in childhood, whereas deficient CC may be specific to children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Thapaliya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Carnell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Keri S Rosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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27
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Nejati V, Derakhshan Z, Mohtasham A. The effect of comprehensive working memory training on executive functions and behavioral symptoms in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 81:103469. [PMID: 36669291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of working memory training on executive functions and behavioral symptoms in children with ADHD. Thirty children with ADHD were randomly assigned to active control or Active Memory Intervention (AMIN) group. Executive functions and rating scales were used for assessment in three baseline, post-intervention, and 1-month follow-up sessions. The results show AMIN improves working memory and inhibitory control as well as ameliorates ADHD symptoms at home and school. Working memory training is beneficial and transferable intervention in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Nejati
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Po box: 1983969411, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Zahra Derakhshan
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Po box: 1983969411, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ahdiyeh Mohtasham
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Po box: 1983969411, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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28
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Cavallaro J, Yeisley J, Akdoǧan B, Floeder J, Balsam PD, Gallo EF. Dopamine D2 receptors in nucleus accumbens cholinergic interneurons increase impulsive choice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.20.524596. [PMID: 36711450 PMCID: PMC9882257 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.20.524596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Impulsive choice, often characterized by excessive preference for small, short-term rewards over larger, long-term rewards, is a prominent feature of substance use and other neuropsychiatric disorders. The neural mechanisms underlying impulsive choice are not well understood, but growing evidence implicates nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine and its actions on dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs). Because several NAc cell types and afferents express D2Rs, it has been difficult to determine the specific neural mechanisms linking NAc D2Rs to impulsive choice. Of these cell types, cholinergic interneurons (CINs) of the NAc, which express D2Rs, have emerged as key regulators of striatal output and local dopamine release. Despite these relevant functions, whether D2Rs expressed specifically in these neurons contribute to impulsive choice behavior is unknown. Here, we show that D2R upregulation in CINs of the mouse NAc increases impulsive choice as measured in a delay discounting task without affecting reward magnitude sensitivity or interval timing. Conversely, mice lacking D2Rs in CINs showed decreased delay discounting. Furthermore, CIN D2R manipulations did not affect probabilistic discounting, which measures a different form of impulsive choice. Together, these findings suggest that CIN D2Rs regulate impulsive decision-making involving delay costs, providing new insight into the mechanisms by which NAc dopamine influences impulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna Yeisley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
| | - Başak Akdoǧan
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Joseph Floeder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
| | - Peter D. Balsam
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, New York, NY
| | - Eduardo F. Gallo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
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29
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Furukawa E, Alsop B, Alves H, Vorderstrasse V, Carrasco KD, Chuang CC, Tripp G. Disrupted waiting behavior in ADHD: exploring the impact of reward availability and predictive cues. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:76-95. [PMID: 35532317 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2068518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Altered motivational processing is purported to contribute to ADHD symptoms. A stronger preference for immediate over delayed reward is well documented in ADHD. However, little attention has been paid to children's capacity to withhold responding until a "better" reward becomes available, and their actions while waiting. Using a novel computer task, we examine the ability of children with and without ADHD to wait to collect a large reward in the presence of a small available reward. The effects of a reward-predicting cue on response times and response choices are also explored. Data from 136 children (6-12 years), 90 with ADHD and 46 typically developing (TD) children, are included. The children could collect a small immediately available reward or wait to access a larger reward after a variable delay, its imminent availability sometimes signaled by a cue. Subsequent probe trials explored the effects of longer waiting times and disruption of the cue-reward association. As expected, children with ADHD collected the small immediately available reward more often than TD children. Importantly, they were more likely to terminate waiting once commenced, collecting the small reward or attempting to collect the large reward early. The cue decreased their response time but disrupted their waiting when it no longer consistently predicted reward. Children with ADHD were more likely to abandon efforts to wait, especially when wait times were extended and when expected rewards failed to appear. Behavioral interventions for ADHD should take into account reduced waiting capacity that extends beyond children's preference for immediate reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Furukawa
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Brent Alsop
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Heloisa Alves
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Valerie Vorderstrasse
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kelly D Carrasco
- Wellington Faculty of Education, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Chi-Ching Chuang
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gail Tripp
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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30
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Lambek R, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Lange AM, Carroll DJ, Daley D, Thomsen PH. Parent Training for ADHD: No Generalization of Effects From Clinical to Neuropsychological Outcomes in a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:98-107. [PMID: 36314486 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221130108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether neuropsychological function in ADHD can be improved by the New Forest Parenting Programme (NFPP), that combines standard parenting strategies with self-regulatory skills training, or predict ADHD and quality of life (QoL) treatment effects. METHOD Participants were 93 medication-naive preschool children with ADHD (3-7 years) randomized to either NFPP (n = 49) or treatment as usual (TAU; n = 44) in a recent randomized trial. Laboratory measures of executive function, reaction time variability, and delay of gratification were collected along with parent ratings of ADHD and QoL at baseline and post treatment. Ratings were collected again at 3-month follow-up. RESULTS NFPP did not improve neuropsychological function (compared to TAU), and baseline neuropsychological function did not predict treatment-related ADHD or QoL effects. CONCLUSION Although NFPP includes a neuropsychological training element and has been shown to improve several clinical outcomes, it did not improve the neuropsychological functions it targets.
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31
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Shapiro ZR, Bray B, Huang-Pollock C. Mechanism-based groups of children with ADHD are associated with distinct domains of impairment. Psychiatry Res 2023; 319:115018. [PMID: 36549097 PMCID: PMC9835004 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.115018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Person-oriented analyses are commonly used to identify subgroups of children with mental health conditions in the hopes that they will meaningfully inform the taxonomy, assessment, and treatment of psychological disorder. However, whether these data-driven groups are demonstrably better at predicting important aspects of adaptive functioning than standard DSM taxonomy has not been established. Using Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity-Disorder (ADHD) as a model condition, we utilized dimensions of personality and cognitive ability to identify person-centered profiles of school-aged children (N=246) and evaluated the association of these profiles with critical areas of adaptive functioning. A single profile ("Conscientious") represented non-ADHD controls and was characterized by faster drift rate and higher executive functioning scores. Three profiles ("Disagreeable," "Negative Emotionality," and "Extraverted") were identified for children with ADHD. Drift rate, but not executive functioning, distinguished among ADHD profiles, which were also distinctly associated with comorbid externalizing and internalizing psychopathology, social skills, and academic achievement. In contrast, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) presentations were not informative and showed similar patterns of impairment across domains. Person-centered profiles of children with ADHD are associated with distinct adaptive functioning deficits and may be useful in informing clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi R Shapiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Bethany Bray
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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32
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Remonde CG, Gonzales EL, Adil KJ, Jeon SJ, Shin CY. Augmented impulsive behavior in febrile seizure-induced mice. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:37-51. [PMID: 36726823 PMCID: PMC9839938 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizure (FS) is one of the most prevalent etiological events in childhood affecting 2-5% of children from 3 months to 5 years old. Debates on whether neurodevelopmental consequences rise in later life following a febrile seizure or not are still ongoing however there is limited evidence of its effect, especially in a laboratory setting. Moreover, the comparative study using both male and female animal models is sparse. To examine the effect of FS on the behavioral features of mice, both sexes of ICR mice were induced with hyperthermic seizures through exposure to an infrared heat lamp. The mice were divided into two groups, one receiving a single febrile seizure at postnatal day 11 (P11) and one receiving three FS at P11, P13, and P15. Starting at P30 the FS-induced mice were subjected to a series of behavioral tests. Mice with seizures showed no locomotor and motor coordination deficits, repetitive, and depressive-like behavior. However, the FS-induced mice showed impulsive-like behavior in both elevated plus maze and cliff avoidance tests, which is more prominent in male mice. A greater number of mice displayed impaired CAT in both males and females in the three-time FS-induced group compared to the single induction group. These results demonstrate that after induction of FS, male mice have a higher susceptibility to consequences of febrile seizure than female mice and recurrent febrile seizure has a higher chance of subsequent disorders associated with decreased anxiety and increased impulsivity. We confirmed the dysregulated expression of impulsivity-related genes such as 5-HT1A and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 from the prefrontal cortices of FS-induced mice implying that the 5-HT system would be one of the mechanisms underlying the increased impulsivity after FS. Taken together, these findings are useful in unveiling future discoveries about the effect of childhood febrile seizure and the mechanism behind it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chilly Gay Remonde
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Edson Luck Gonzales
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Keremkleroo Jym Adil
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
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33
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Furukawa E, Bado P, da Costa RQM, Melo B, Erthal P, de Oliveira IP, Wickens JR, Moll J, Tripp G, Mattos P. Reward modality modulates striatal responses to reward anticipation in ADHD: Effects of affiliative and food stimuli. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 327:111561. [PMID: 36334392 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Altered reward sensitivity has been proposed to underlie symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have reported hypoactivation to reward-predicting cues in the ventral striatum among individuals with ADHD, using experimental designs with and without behavioral response requirements. These studies have typically used monetary incentives as rewards; however, it is unclear if these findings extend to other reward types. The current study examined striatal responses to anticipation and delivery of both affiliative and food reward images using a classical conditioning paradigm. Data from 20 typically developing young adults, and 20 individuals diagnosed with ADHD were included in a region-of-interest analysis for a priori striatal regions. Consistent with findings from studies using monetary rewards, individuals with ADHD showed decreased activation to cues predicting affiliative rewards in the bilateral ventral and dorsal striatum and increased activation to the delivery of affiliative rewards in the ventral striatum. No group differences were found in striatal responses to food reward cues or images. These results suggest hyposensitivity to reward-predicting cues in ADHD extends to affiliative rewards, with important implications for understanding and managing the learning and social functioning of those with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Furukawa
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Patricia Bado
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Melo
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pilar Erthal
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Jeff R Wickens
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jorge Moll
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gail Tripp
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Paulo Mattos
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Winter D, Braw Y. Validating Embedded Validity Indicators of Feigned ADHD-Associated Cognitive Impairment Using the MOXO-d-CPT. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1907-1913. [PMID: 35861241 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221112947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study aimed to validate the utility of previously established validity indicators derived from MOXO-d-CPT's continuous performance test. METHOD Healthy simulators feigned impairment after searching online for relevant information, an ecologically valid coaching condition (n = 39). They were compared to ADHD patients (n = 36) and healthy controls (n = 38). RESULTS Simulators performed significantly worse than ADHD patients in all MOXO-d-CPT indices, as well as a scale that integrates their contributions (feigned ADHD scale). Three indices (attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity) and the latter scale exhibited adequate discriminative capacity. Higher education was associated with an exaggerated impairment among simulators, easing their detection. CONCLUSION Similarity between the current study and a previous study which examned the utlity of the MOXO-d-CPT validity indicators, increases our confidence in the efficacy of the latters embedded validity indicators. Though the findings provide initial validation of these validity indicators, generalizing beyond highly functioning participants necessitates further research.
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35
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Dekkers TJ, van Hoorn J. Understanding Problematic Social Media Use in Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Narrative Review and Clinical Recommendations. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121625. [PMID: 36552085 PMCID: PMC9776226 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is consistently associated with a host of social problems, such as victimization and difficulties in maintaining close friendships. These problems are not limited to offline relations but also manifest in the online social world, as previous research shows that ADHD is associated with problematic use of social media. Given the ubiquitous nature of social media, the goal of the current review is to understand why adolescents with ADHD demonstrate more problematic social media use than their typically developing peers. To this end, we provide a narrative review on the evidence for the link between ADHD and social media use, and consequently present an integrative framework, which encompasses neurobiological mechanisms (i.e., imbalance theory of brain development and dual pathway model of ADHD) and social mechanisms, including influences from peers and parents. We conclude that empirical work shows most consistent evidence for the link between problematic social media use and ADHD (symptoms), while intensity of social media use is also associated with several other behaviors and outcomes. Finally, we hypothesize how existing interventions for ADHD may work on the identified mechanisms and provide at-hand clinical recommendations for therapists working with adolescents with ADHD who exhibit problematic social media use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho J. Dekkers
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, 9723 HE Groningen, The Netherlands
- Accare Child Study Center, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Jorien van Hoorn
- Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands
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36
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Veloso AS, Vicente SG, Filipe MG. Assessment of 'Cool' and 'Hot' Executive Skills in Children with ADHD: The Role of Performance Measures and Behavioral Ratings. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:1657-1672. [PMID: 36421322 PMCID: PMC9689464 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive dysfunction is an underlying characteristic of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Therefore, this study explored which measures of executive functions (EF) may lead to a better diagnostic prediction and evaluated whether participants were adequately assigned to the ADHD group based on the identified predictors. Seventeen 6- to 10-year-old children with ADHD were matched with 17 typically developing peers (TD) by age, gender, and non-verbal intelligence. Performance-based measures and behavior ratings of 'cool' and 'hot' EF were used. As expected, there was a significant group effect on the linear combination of measures, indicating that children with ADHD showed significant difficulties with EF compared to the TD group. In fact, significant differences were found in measures of short-term and working memory, planning, delay aversion, and EF-related behaviors, as reported by parents and teachers. However, the discriminant function analysis only revealed three significant predictors: the General Executive Composite of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (Parent and Teacher Forms) and the Delay of Gratification Task, with 97.1% correct classifications. These findings highlight the importance and contribution of both behavioral ratings and 'hot' measures of EF for the characterization of ADHD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia S. Veloso
- Centre for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Selene G. Vicente
- Centre for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marisa G. Filipe
- Center for Linguistics, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Lisbon, Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal
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Jiang K, Liu X, Su R. Contrasting effects of DOI and lisuride on impulsive decision-making in delay discounting task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3551-3565. [PMID: 36107207 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The 5-HT2A receptor is the major target of classic hallucinogens. Both DOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine) and lisuride act at 5-HT2A receptors, and lisuride shares comparable affinity with DOI and acts as a partial agonist at 5-HT2A receptors. However, not like DOI, lisuride lacks hallucinogenic properties. Impulsive decision-making refers to the preference for an immediate small reinforcer (SR) over a delayed large reinforcer (LR). OBJECTIVES The current study aims to compare the effects of DOI and lisuride on impulsive decision-making and further to investigate the possible receptor mechanisms responsible for the actions of the two drugs. METHODS Impulsive decision-making was evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley rats by the percentage of choice for the LR in delay discounting task (DDT). Delay to the LR changed in an ascending order (0, 4, 8, 16, and 32 s) across one session. RESULTS DOI (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) increased impulsive decision-making, and the effects of DOI (1.0 mg/kg) were blocked by the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin (1.0 mg/kg) rather than the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB-242084 (1.0 mg/kg). Contrarily, lisuride (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/kg) decreased impulsive decision-making. The effects of lisuride (0.3 mg/kg) were not antagonized by ketanserin (1.0 mg/kg), selective 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635 (1.0 mg/kg), or selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonist L-745870 (1.0 mg/kg) but were attenuated by the selective dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist tiapride (40 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS DOI and lisuride have contrasting effects on impulsive decision-making via distinct receptors. DOI-induced increase of impulsivity is mediated by the 5-HT2A receptor, while lisuride-induced inhibition of impulsivity is regulated by the dopamine D2/D3 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Ruibin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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The Homework Problems Checklist: Psychometric Properties and Usefulness in teens with and without ADHD. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-022-09548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Dutta CN, Christov-Moore L, Ombao H, Douglas PK. Neuroprotection in late life attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of pharmacotherapy and phenotype across the lifespan. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:938501. [PMID: 36226261 PMCID: PMC9548548 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.938501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, psychostimulants have been the gold standard pharmaceutical treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In the United States, an astounding 9% of all boys and 4% of girls will be prescribed stimulant drugs at some point during their childhood. Recent meta-analyses have revealed that individuals with ADHD have reduced brain volume loss later in life (>60 y.o.) compared to the normal aging brain, which suggests that either ADHD or its treatment may be neuroprotective. Crucially, these neuroprotective effects were significant in brain regions (e.g., hippocampus, amygdala) where severe volume loss is linked to cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Historically, the ADHD diagnosis and its pharmacotherapy came about nearly simultaneously, making it difficult to evaluate their effects in isolation. Certain evidence suggests that psychostimulants may normalize structural brain changes typically observed in the ADHD brain. If ADHD itself is neuroprotective, perhaps exercising the brain, then psychostimulants may not be recommended across the lifespan. Alternatively, if stimulant drugs are neuroprotective, then this class of medications may warrant further investigation for their therapeutic effects. Here, we take a bottom-up holistic approach to review the psychopharmacology of ADHD in the context of recent models of attention. We suggest that future studies are greatly needed to better appreciate the interactions amongst an ADHD diagnosis, stimulant treatment across the lifespan, and structure-function alterations in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintya Nirvana Dutta
- Biostatistics Group, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- School of Modeling, Simulation, and Training, and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Leonardo Christov-Moore
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hernando Ombao
- Biostatistics Group, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pamela K. Douglas
- School of Modeling, Simulation, and Training, and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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40
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Arnett AB, McGrath LM, Flaherty BP, Pennington BF, Willcutt E. Heritability and Clinical Characteristics of Neuropsychological Profiles in Youth With and Without Elevated ADHD Symptoms. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1422-1436. [PMID: 35102766 PMCID: PMC9283222 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221075842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the last decade, there has been an increase in research that aims to parse heterogeneity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study tests heritability of latent class neuropsychological subtypes. METHOD Latent class analysis was used to derive subtypes in a sample of school-age twins (N = 2,564) enriched for elevated ADHD symptoms. RESULTS Five neuropsychological profiles replicated across twin 1 and twin 2 datasets. Latent class membership was heritable overall, but heritability varied by profile and was lower than heritability of ADHD status. Variability in neuropsychological performance across domains was the strongest predictor of elevated ADHD symptoms. Neuropsychological profiles showed distinct associations with age, psychiatric symptoms and reading ability. CONCLUSION Neuropsychological profiles are associated with unique neurocognitive presentations, but are not strong candidate endophenotypes for ADHD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B. Arnett
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Brookline, MA
| | | | | | | | - Erik Willcutt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
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41
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Bibriescas N, Wainwright K, Thomas R, Lopez V, Romanowich P. Differential relationships between discount rates and health behaviors in an ethnically diverse college sample. Front Public Health 2022; 10:943499. [PMID: 36016889 PMCID: PMC9396243 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.943499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated associations between delay discount rate and engagement in several health behaviors. The delay discount rate is also inversely associated with social discount rates, a putative measure for sharing. However, there is little research that examines whether delay and social discount rates are differentially associated with health behavior engagement, and even less research examining the impact of ethnicity on these relationships. This study investigated whether delay and/or social discount rates predict three health behaviors varying in sociality: sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, alcohol consumption and exercise frequency in an ethnically diverse university sample. The results showed that neither delay nor social discount rate significantly predicted alcohol consumption and exercise frequency. However, increasing social discount rates (i.e., decreased sharing) was associated with a decreased likelihood to be tested for STIs. Ethnicity significantly contributed to two models, indicating differences in STI testing and alcohol consumption across ethnicities. Ethnic differences in these health behaviors were consistent with many previous health behavior studies, suggesting a profitable way to research cultural contingencies and test the reliability of the ethnically diverse data. These findings indicate that the social discount rate is differentially associated with health behaviors with more social aspects (i.e., health behaviors related to sex) in college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natashia Bibriescas
- Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Katherine Wainwright
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Rebecca Thomas
- Ecampus Research Unit, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Victoria Lopez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Paul Romanowich
- Department of Psychology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Paul Romanowich
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Véronneau-Veilleux F, Robaey P, Ursino M, Nekka F. A mechanistic model of ADHD as resulting from dopamine phasic/tonic imbalance during reinforcement learning. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:849323. [PMID: 35923915 PMCID: PMC9342605 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.849323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children. Although the involvement of dopamine in this disorder seems to be established, the nature of dopaminergic dysfunction remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to test whether the key response characteristics of ADHD could be simulated by a mechanistic model that combines a decrease in tonic dopaminergic activity with an increase in phasic responses in cortical-striatal loops during learning reinforcement. To this end, we combined a dynamic model of dopamine with a neurocomputational model of the basal ganglia with multiple action channels. We also included a dynamic model of tonic and phasic dopamine release and control, and a learning procedure driven by tonic and phasic dopamine levels. In the model, the dopamine imbalance is the result of impaired presynaptic regulation of dopamine at the terminal level. Using this model, virtual individuals from a dopamine imbalance group and a control group were trained to associate four stimuli with four actions with fully informative reinforcement feedback. In a second phase, they were tested without feedback. Subjects in the dopamine imbalance group showed poorer performance with more variable reaction times due to the presence of fast and very slow responses, difficulty in choosing between stimuli even when they were of high intensity, and greater sensitivity to noise. Learning history was also significantly more variable in the dopamine imbalance group, explaining 75% of the variability in reaction time using quadratic regression. The response profile of the virtual subjects varied as a function of the learning history variability index to produce increasingly severe impairment, beginning with an increase in response variability alone, then accumulating a decrease in performance and finally a learning deficit. Although ADHD is certainly a heterogeneous disorder, these results suggest that typical features of ADHD can be explained by a phasic/tonic imbalance in dopaminergic activity alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Véronneau-Veilleux
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Florence Véronneau-Veilleux
| | - Philippe Robaey
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mauro Ursino
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi,” University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fahima Nekka
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Applied Mathematics in Bioscience and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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43
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Nermend M, Flaga-Gieruszyńska K, Kroplewski Z, Nermend K. Neurological Mechanisms of Diagnosis and Therapy in School Children with ADHD in Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137615. [PMID: 35805275 PMCID: PMC9265331 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The paper aims to present a holistic view of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in pedagogical, psychological, legal, and social dimensions in Polish schools. The authors present the benefits of neurofeedback therapy for elementary school pupils. In order to verify the validity, the paper compares the concordance of a medical diagnosis confirming ADHD syndrome with the occurrence of abnormal electrical brain function recording and abnormalities therein as well as the effectiveness of the neurofeedback therapy. The study confirms that the reported problems faced by pupils and affecting their emotional functioning are reflected in their EEG records. Conclusions from the study lead to the proposal that the neurofeedback assessment should be performed at schools, which should result in the implementation of effective therapy. Moreover, the neurofeedback method should be promoted in Polish schools as an alternative to pharmacological therapy, which, as the research proves, is not always effective. Neurofeedback therapy, similarly to behavioral therapy, is very much needed and useful because it provides optimal conditions for the child’s development and shapes their relations with the environment effectively and harmlessly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Nermend
- Department of Early Education, University of Szczecin, 71-004 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Kinga Flaga-Gieruszyńska
- Research Team on Civil Procedural Law and Informatization of the Justice, Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Szczecin, 71-101 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Zdzisław Kroplewski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Krakowska 69, 71-017 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Kesra Nermend
- Department of Decision Support Methods and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Management, University of Szczecin, 71-004 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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44
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Colombo B, Iannello P. The combined effect of music-induced emotions and neuromodulation on economic decision making: a tDCS study. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2084546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colombo
- Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, Champlain College, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Paola Iannello
- Psychology Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
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45
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Morsink S, Van der Oord S, Antrop I, Danckaerts M, Scheres A. Studying Motivation in ADHD: The Role of Internal Motives and the Relevance of Self Determination Theory. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1139-1158. [PMID: 34794343 PMCID: PMC9066661 DOI: 10.1177/10870547211050948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motivation is what moves us to act, what engages us in goal-directed behavior. The Self Determination Theory (SDT) is a motivational framework conceptualizing motivation-or internal motives-as a continuum of motivation qualities fueled by satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs Autonomy, Relatedness, and Competence. ADHD has been associated with motivational alterations that contribute to academic difficulties. However, ADHD theories and research are mainly focused on the effects of reinforcement on behavior, with little attention for the broader definition of motivation, that is, internal motives. Therefore, the main objective here was to introduce the SDT as theoretical framework within which we can develop relevant research questions about motivation in the field of ADHD. METHOD To this end, we (i) present the SDT as a comprehensive motivational framework, and (ii) describe current motivation-related ADHD theories and research. RESULTS Based on this, we suggest how SDT can be used as a guiding framework in generating relevant research questions that can help broaden our understanding of the role motivation plays in individuals with ADHD. CONCLUSION We conclude that ADHD research on motivation would benefit from (i) including internal motives as potential key mediators in the relation between environmental factors and behavior/symptoms; (ii) studying potential negative effects of external reinforcers intrinsic motivation, affect, and well-being. Finally, we conclude that this framework carries value for further development of clinical interventions for those with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anouk Scheres
- Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Anouk Scheres, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University,
Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, Nijmegen 6525 GD, The Netherlands.
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46
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Campez M, Raiker JS, Little K, Altszuler AR, Merrill BM, Macphee FL, Gnagy EM, Greiner AR, Musser ED, Coles EK, Pelham WE. An evaluation of the effect of methylphenidate on working memory, time perception, and choice impulsivity in children with ADHD. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:209-219. [PMID: 33475395 PMCID: PMC8406432 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) consistently exhibit a stronger preference for immediate rewards than for larger rewards available following a delay on tasks measuring choice impulsivity (CI). Despite this, however, there remains a dearth of studies examining the impact of stimulant treatment on CI as well as associated higher order (e.g., working memory [WM]) and perceptual (e.g., time perception) cognitive processes. The present study examines the effect of osmotic release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) on CI, WM and time perception processes as well as the relation among these processes before and after taking a regimen of OROS-MPH. Thirty-five children (aged 7-12 years) with a diagnosis of ADHD participating in a concurrent stimulant medication study were recruited to complete computerized assessments of CI, WM, and time perception. Children completed the assessments after administration of a placebo as well as their lowest effective dose of OROS-MPH following a 2-week titration period. The results from one-sample t-tests indicated that OROS-MPH improves both CI and WM in youth with ADHD but does not impact time perception. Further, results revealed no significant association among the various indices of cognitive performance while taking placebo or OROS-MPH. Overall, the findings suggest that while OROS-MPH improves both CI and WM in youth with ADHD, improvements in CI as a result of OROS-MPH are unlikely to be associated with the improvements in WM given the lack of association among the two. Future studies should consider alternate cognitive, emotional, and motivational mechanisms that may account for the impact of OROS-MPH on CI. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mileini Campez
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families
| | - Joseph S. Raiker
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families
| | | | - Amy R. Altszuler
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families
| | | | - Fiona L. Macphee
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families
| | | | | | - Erica D. Musser
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families
| | - Erika K. Coles
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families
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González-Barriga F, Orduña V. Spontaneously hypertensive rats show higher impulsive action, but equal impulsive choice with both positive and aversive consequences. Behav Brain Res 2022; 427:113858. [PMID: 35339564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Both positive and aversive delayed consequences play an important role in decision making. However, most of research has studied the temporal discounting of the positive consequences, while the study of the aversives is scarce in general and null in some areas. This is the case of research on impulsivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), an animal model of ADHD. To evaluate SHRs' sensitivity to aversive delayed consequences, we employed a choice procedure in which subjects chose between a smaller-amount alternative and a larger-amount alternative plus a shock; when preference for the smaller-amount alternative stabilized, five different delays to the shock were presented with the objective of analyzing the recovery of preference for the larger-amount alternative, which is related to the sensitivity to the delayed aversive consequence. To analyze the sensitivity to delayed positive consequences we employed a procedure that evaluated the preference between a smaller-amount alternative and a larger-amount alternative as a function of the delay to the later. Finally, to evaluate impulsive action we employed a DRL 10s schedule. In all tasks, Wistar rats were evaluated as control strain. The results indicated that choice impulsivity was equivalent between strains, both for positive and for aversive consequences. In contrast, we found a higher level of impulsive action in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Orduña
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, México.
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Hoorn J, Water E, Dekkers TJ, Pollak Y, Popma A, Jansen BRJ, Huizenga HM, Duijvenvoorde ACK. Peer feedback decreases impulsive choice in adolescents with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JCPP ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorien Hoorn
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden The Netherlands
- Levvel Academic Center for Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Tycho J. Dekkers
- Levvel Academic Center for Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Yehuda Pollak
- Seymour Fox School of Education Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Arne Popma
- Levvel Academic Center for Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Brenda R. J. Jansen
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Yield Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M. Huizenga
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Yield Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anna C. K. Duijvenvoorde
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden The Netherlands
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49
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Heal DJ, Gosden J, Smith SL. New Drugs to Treat ADHD: Opportunities and Challenges in Research and Development. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 57:79-126. [PMID: 35507283 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the landmark MTA (Multimodal Treatment of ADHD) trial unequivocally demonstrated the efficacy of methylphenidate, catecholaminergic drugs, especially stimulants, have been the therapeutic mainstay in treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). We review the new drugs which have entered the ADHD formulary. The lessons learned from drug-candidates that have succeeded in clinical trials together with those that have not have also been considered. What emerges confirms and consolidates the hypothesis that clinically effective ADHD drugs indirectly or directly increase catecholaminergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Attempts to enhance catecholaminergic signalling through modulatory neurotransmitter systems or cognitive-enhancing drugs have all failed. New drugs approved for ADHD are catecholaminergic reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents, or selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors. Triple reuptake inhibitors with preferential effects on dopamine have not been successful. The substantial number of failures probably accounts for a continued focus on developing novel catecholaminergic and noradrenergic drugs, and a dearth of drug-candidates with novel mechanisms entering clinical development. However, substantial improvements in ADHD pharmacotherapy have been achieved by the almost exclusive use of once-daily medications and prodrugs, e.g. lisdexamfetamine and Azstarys®, which improve compliance, deliver greater efficacy and reduce risks for diversion and abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Heal
- DevelRx Ltd, Nottingham, UK.
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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50
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Ferré S, Belcher AM, Bonaventura J, Quiroz C, Sánchez-Soto M, Casadó-Anguera V, Cai NS, Moreno E, Boateng CA, Keck TM, Florán B, Earley CJ, Ciruela F, Casadó V, Rubinstein M, Volkow ND. Functional and pharmacological role of the dopamine D 4 receptor and its polymorphic variants. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1014678. [PMID: 36267569 PMCID: PMC9578002 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1014678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional and pharmacological significance of the dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) has remained the least well understood of all the dopamine receptor subtypes. Even more enigmatic has been the role of the very prevalent human DRD4 gene polymorphisms in the region that encodes the third intracellular loop of the receptor. The most common polymorphisms encode a D4R with 4 or 7 repeats of a proline-rich sequence of 16 amino acids (D4.4R and D4.7R). DRD4 polymorphisms have been associated with individual differences linked to impulse control-related neuropsychiatric disorders, with the most consistent associations established between the gene encoding D4.7R and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders. The function of D4R and its polymorphic variants is being revealed by addressing the role of receptor heteromerization and the relatively avidity of norepinephrine for D4R. We review the evidence conveying a significant and differential role of D4.4R and D4.7R in the dopaminergic and noradrenergic modulation of the frontal cortico-striatal pyramidal neuron, with implications for the moderation of constructs of impulsivity as personality traits. This differential role depends on their ability to confer different properties to adrenergic α2A receptor (α2AR)-D4R heteromers and dopamine D2 receptor (D2R)-D4R heteromers, preferentially localized in the perisomatic region of the frontal cortical pyramidal neuron and its striatal terminals, respectively. We also review the evidence to support the D4R as a therapeutic target for ADHD and other impulse-control disorders, as well as for restless legs syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Sergi Ferré,
| | - Annabelle M. Belcher
- Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jordi Bonaventura
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Neuropharmacology & Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - César Quiroz
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marta Sánchez-Soto
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ning-Sheng Cai
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Comfort A. Boateng
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point, NC, United States
| | - Thomas M. Keck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Benjamín Florán
- Departament of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christopher J. Earley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Neuropharmacology & Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelo Rubinstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
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